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Готові списки джерел за темами / Rain forests – Papua New Guinea / Статті в журналах

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Статті в журналах з теми "Rain forests – Papua New Guinea"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 19 лютого 2022

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1

Tvardikova, Katerina, and Vojtech Novotny. "Predation on exposed and leaf-rolling artificial caterpillars in tropical forests of Papua New Guinea." Journal of Tropical Ecology 28, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467412000235.

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Abstract:Although predation is generally seen as one of the key factors determining the abundance and composition of insect herbivore communities in tropical rain forests, quantitative estimates of predation pressure in rain-forest habitats remain rare. We compared incidence of attacks of different natural enemies on semi-concealed and exposed caterpillars (Lepidoptera) in lowland and montane tropical rain forests, using plasticine models of caterpillars. We recorded attacks on caterpillars in four habitats: primary forest, secondary forest and forest fragment in lowlands (200 m asl), and montane primary forest (1700 m asl). We used 300 exposed and 300 semi-concealed caterpillars daily, and conducted the experiment for 6 d in every habitat. Daily incidence of attacks was higher on exposed caterpillars (4.95%) than on semi-concealed (leaf-rolling) caterpillars (2.99%). Attack pressure of natural enemies differed also among habitats. In the lowlands, continuous primary and secondary forests had similar daily incidence of attacks (2.39% and 2.36%) which was however lower than that found in a primary forest fragment (4.62%). This difference was caused by higher incidence of attacks by birds, ants and wasps in the forest fragment. The most important predators were birds in montane rain forests (61.9% of identified attacks), but insect predators, mostly ants, in the lowlands (58.3% of identified attacks). These results suggest that rapid decrease in the abundance of ants with altitude may be compensated by increased importance of birds as predators in montane forests. Further, it suggests that small rain-forest fragments may suffer from disproportionately high pressure from natural enemies, with potentially serious consequences for survival of their herbivorous communities.

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2

Rogers, Howard M. "Litterfall, decomposition and nutrient release in a lowland tropical rain forest, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea." Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, no. 3 (March 26, 2002): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002304.

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The analysis of litter quantity, litter decomposition and its pattern of nutrient release is important for understanding nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Plant growth and maintenance are partly met through nutrient cycling (O'Connell & Sankaran 1997) which is dominated by litter production and decomposition. Litter fall is a major process for transferring nutrients from above-ground vegetation to soils (Vitousek & Sanford 1986), while decomposition of litter releases nutrients (Maclean & Wein 1978). The rate at which nutrients are recycled influences the net primary productivity of a forest. Knowledge of these processes from tropical rain forests is relatively poor (O'Connell & Sankaran 1997), and in particular there are no known published studies on nutrient cycling from lowland tropical forests in Papua New Guinea. The few studies from Papua New Guinea are confined to the mid-montane forest zone (Edwards 1977, Edwards & Grubb 1982, Enright 1979, Lawong et al. 1993).

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3

Read, Jennifer, Geoffrey Hope, and Robert Hill. "The Dynamics of Some Nothofagus-Dominated Rain Forests in Papua New Guinea." Journal of Biogeography 17, no. 2 (March 1990): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2845326.

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4

Dahl, Chris, Stephen J. Richards, and Vojtech Novotny. "The Sepik River (Papua New Guinea) is not a dispersal barrier for lowland rain-forest frogs." Journal of Tropical Ecology 29, no. 6 (September 11, 2013): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467413000527.

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Abstract:Major tropical rivers have been suggested to be important dispersal barriers that increase the beta diversity of animal communities in lowland rain forests. We tested this hypothesis using assemblages of frogs in the floodplains of the Sepik River, a major river system in Papua New Guinea. We surveyed frogs at five sites within a continuous 150 × 500-km area of lowland rain forest bisected by the Sepik, using standardized visual and auditory survey techniques. We documented 769 frogs from 44 species. The similarity in species composition decreased with logarithm of geographical distance between the sites, which ranged from 82 to 465 km. The similarity decay did not depend on whether or not the compared sites were separated by the Sepik River or whether the species were aquatic or terrestrial breeders. Likewise, a DCA ordination of frog assemblages did not show separation of sites by the river as a significant factor explaining their composition. Our results suggest that even major rivers, such as the Sepik, may not act as dispersal barriers. Rivers may not limit the distribution of frogs and therefore have a limited effect on determining frog species abundance and assemblage structure in rain forests.

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5

Standen, Valerie. "Oligochaetes in fire climax grassland and conifer plantations in Papua New Guinea." Journal of Tropical Ecology 4, no. 1 (February 1988): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400002480.

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ABSTRACTEarthworm populations in grassland and plantations in the area of Bulolo, Papua New Guinea were compared with populations in nearby undisturbed rain forest. The grasslands had been maintained by burning for many years. The Pinus plantation had been developed on a burned grassland site and the Araucaria plantation on a site which had been cleared of secondary forest.The grasslands and the Pinus plantation supported moderate populations of exotic earthworms including Pontoscolex corethrurus, but no indigenous species. The Araucaria site supported a native species, Amynthas zebrus only, which was also found together with two other native species at very low density in rain forest.Exotic earthworm species widespread throughout the tropics, were present in disturbed soils and formed moderately high density populations in burned grasslands. There was no evidence that they displaced native Megascolecidae in rain forest.

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6

Saulei, S. M., and M. D. Swaine. "Rain Forest Seed Dynamics During Succession at Gogol, Papua New Guinea." Journal of Ecology 76, no. 4 (December 1988): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2260639.

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7

Lepš, Jan, Vojtěch Novotný, Lukáš Čížek, Kenneth Molem, Brus Isua, Boen William, Richard Kutil, et al. "Successful invasion of the neotropical species Piper aduncum in rain forests in Papua New Guinea." Applied Vegetation Science 5, no. 2 (February 24, 2002): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109x.2002.tb00555.x.

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8

Arihafa, Arison, and Andrew L. Mack. "Treefall Gap Dynamics in a Tropical Rain Forest in Papua New Guinea." Pacific Science 67, no. 1 (January 2013): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2984/67.1.4.

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9

Doaemo, Willie, Midhun Mohan, Esmaeel Adrah, Shruthi Srinivasan, and Ana Paula Dalla Corte. "Exploring Forest Change Spatial Patterns in Papua New Guinea: A Pilot Study in the Bumbu River Basin." Land 9, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9090282.

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Papua New Guinea is a country in Oceania that hosts unique rain forests and forest ecosystems which are crucial for sequestering atmospheric carbon, conserving biodiversity, supporting the livelihood of indigenous people, and underpinning the timber market of the country. As a result of urban sprawl, agricultural expansion, and illegal logging, there has been a tremendous increase in land-use land cover (LULC) change happening in the country in the past few decades and this has triggered massive deforestation and forest degradation. However, only a few studies have ventured into quantifying the long-term trends and their associated spatial patterns—and have often presented contrasting responses. Herein, we intended to assess the extent of deforestation and the rate of urbanization that happened in the past 33 years (1987–2020) in the Bumbu river basin in Papua New Guinea using satellite imagery—for the years 1987, 2002, 2010, and 2020—and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. On performing image classification, land use maps were developed and later compared with Google Earth’s high-resolution satellite images for accuracy assessment purposes. For probing into the spatial aspects of the land-use change issues, the study area was divided into four urban zones and four forest zones according to the four main cardinal directions centered in the urban and forest area centers of the 1987 image; subsequently, the rate of urban area expansion in each urban zone was separately calculated. From our preliminary analysis and literature survey, we observed several hurdles regarding the classification of regenerative forests and mixed pixels and gaps in LULC studies that have happened in Papua New Guinea to date. Through this communication paper, we aim to disseminate our preliminary results, which highlight a rapid increase in urban extent from 14.39 km2 in 1987 to 23.06 km2 in 2020 accompanied by a considerable decrease in forest extent from 76.29 km2 in 1987 to 59.43 km2 in 2020; this observation favors the presumption that urban and agricultural land expansion is happening at the cost of forest cover. Moreover, strategies for addressing technical issues and for integrating land-use change with various socioeconomic and environmental variables are presented soliciting feedback.

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10

Sam, Katerina, Richard Ctvrtecka, Scott E. Miller, Margaret E. Rosati, Kenneth Molem, Kipiro Damas, Bradley Gewa, and Vojtech Novotny. "Low host specificity and abundance of frugivorous lepidoptera in the lowland rain forests of Papua New Guinea." PLOS ONE 12, no. 2 (February 23, 2017): e0171843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171843.

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11

McInnes, Brent I. A., Colin E. Dunn, Eion M. Cameron, and Linus Kameko. "Biogeochemical exploration for gold in tropical rain forest regions of Papua New Guinea." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 57, no. 1-3 (December 1996): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-6742(96)00039-8.

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12

Dwyer, Peter D., and Monica Minnegal. "Yams and megapode mounds in the lowland rain forest of Papua New Guinea." Human Ecology 18, no. 2 (June 1990): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00889181.

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13

Bryan, Jane, Phil Shearman, Julian Ash, and J. B. Kirkpatrick. "Impact of logging on aboveground biomass stocks in lowland rain forest, Papua New Guinea." Ecological Applications 20, no. 8 (December 2010): 2096–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/09-1818.1.

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14

Sutton, S. L. "Exploiting the Tropical Rain Forest. An account of pulpwood logging in Papua New Guinea." Journal of Arid Environments 22, no. 2 (March 1992): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)30596-2.

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15

Whitmore, T. C., and D. Lamb. "Exploiting the Tropical Rain Forest. An Account of Pulpwood Logging in Papua New Guinea." Journal of Vegetation Science 2, no. 2 (April 1991): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3235963.

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16

Novotny, Vojtech, Anthony R. Clarke, Richard A. I. Drew, Solomon Balagawi, and Barbara Clifford. "Host specialization and species richness of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a New Guinea rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 1 (January 2005): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404002044.

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Frugivorous dacine fruit flies were studied in a lowland tropical rain forest in Papua New Guinea to determine their host specificity, abundance, and the number of species attacking various plant species. Plant species hosted 0–3 fruit fly species at median (1–3 quartile) densities of 1 (0–17) fruit flies per 100 fruits. Fruit flies were mostly specialized to a single plant family (83% species) and within each family to a single genus (88% species), while most of the species (66%) were able to feed on >1 congeneric plant species. Only 30 from the 53 studied plant species were colonized by fruit flies. The plant–fruit fly food web, including these 30 plant species and the total of 29 fruit fly species feeding on them, was divided into 14 compartments, each including 1–8 plant species hosting mutually disjunct assemblages of fruit flies. This structure minimizes indirect interactions among plant species via shared herbivores. The local species pool was estimated at 152±32 (±SE) fruit fly species. Forty per cent of all taxonomically described species known from Papua New Guinea were reared or trapped in our study area. Such a high proportion indicates low beta-diversity of fruit flies. Steiner traps were highly efficient in sampling the lure-responsive fruit fly species as they re-collected 84% of all species trapped in the same area 5 y before. Fruit fly monitoring by these traps is a cheap, simple and efficient method for the study of spatial and temporal changes in rain-forest communities.

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17

McCreath, P. S., C. R. Neill, L. F. Sawatsky, and M. C. Mannerstrom. "River intake works for a hydroelectric plant in Papua New Guinea." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-066.

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The Ok Tedi mining development in Papua New Guinea is served by a 50 MW hydroelectric plant completed in 1988. The plant draws water from a run-of-river intake on the Ok Menga, a torrential mountain stream in tropical rain forest subject to frequent flash floods and carrying substantial sediment loads. Design and construction of a diversion weir and intake posed a number of severe problems, such as difficult access, the torrential and flashy nature of the river flows, severe constraints on location due to unstable banks and substrata, and uncertain loads of sediment and debris. Site investigations of a hydro technical nature included monitoring of precipitation, streamflow and flood levels, sampling of suspended sediment, and special measurements of bed material and bed load. On the basis of these investigations, preliminary concepts were developed for a diversion weir and intake chamber. A hydraulic model was then constructed to examine alternative forms of weir construction and to study the hydraulic behaviour of various intake chamber designs with special attention to exclusion and ejection of coarse sediment. The final design was based largely on the indications of the model study. Initial operating experience generally confirmed the validity of the design, although one or two problems arose that were not sufficiently appreciated at the design stage. These were mainly associated with organic debris and with excessive inflow of coarse sediment due to inexperienced operation. Relatively minor changes were made in operational procedures and equipment in order to remedy these problems. Key words: river, intake, sediment, diversion, weir, bedload, debris, torrent.

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18

Gullan, Penny J., Ralf C. Buckley, and Philip S. Ward. "Ant-tended scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae: Myzolecanium) within lowland rain forest trees in Papua New Guinea." Journal of Tropical Ecology 9, no. 1 (February 1993): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400006994.

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ABSTRACTEight species of Myzolecanium Beccari (Hemiptera: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) are reported from ant nests in stem cavities of living lowland rain forest trees in Papua New Guinea. The coccids are confined to this microhabitat but are associated with a taxonomically broad range of ants and host trees. Attendant ants belonged to six species in three genera and two subfamilies: Anonychomyrma Donisthorpe (Dolichoderinae), Crematogaster Lund (Myrmicinae) and Podomyrma F. Smith (Myrmicinae). Host plants belonged to at least five families and included both apparently specialized (with domatia) and unspecialized species. Saplings containing the nests of Anonychomyrma scrutator (F. Smith), Anonychomyrma sp. 1 and Podomyrma laevifrons F. Smith were dissected and the structure of nest chambers and their contents recorded. Only some chambers had entrance holes, but many were interconnected by transverse passages. The coccids were in low numbers and fairly evenly distributed between ant-occupied chambers. The characteristics of the Myzolecanium-ant association, the role of the coccids as trophobionts, and the nature of the plant associations are discussed. Taxonomically, new combinations are proposed by P. J. Gullan for three species previously placed in Cryptostigma Ferris: Myzolecanium endoeucalyptus (Qin & Gullan), M. magnetinsulae (Qin & Gullan), and M. robertsi (Williams & Watson).

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19

Dem, Francesca F., Alan J. A. Stewart, Amos Gibson, George D. Weiblen, and Vojtech Novotny. "Low host specificity in species-rich assemblages of xylem- and phloem-feeding herbivores (Auchenorrhyncha) in a New Guinea lowland rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 29, no. 6 (September 11, 2013): 467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467413000540.

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Abstract:We documented one of the most species-rich assemblages of tropical rain-forest Auchenorrhyncha, comprising 402 phloem- and xylem-feeding species, by sampling adults from forest vegetation. Further, we reared 106 species from larvae sampled on 14 plant species. Both xylem- and phloem-feeding guilds exhibited wide host-plant ranges, as 74% of species fed on more than one plant family. In comparison, using data extracted from the temperate-zone literature, phloem-feeders exhibited lower host specificity in Papua New Guinea than in Germany, because in Papua New Guinea they were dominated by generalist Fulgoroidea while in Germany by specialist Membracoidea. The similarity of Auchenorrhyncha assemblages from different plant species was unrelated to the phylogenetic distance between their hosts. Host specificity, abundance and species composition of Auchenorrhyncha assemblages were unrelated to the optimum of their host plant species on succession gradient from secondary to primary forest. Higher host specificity did not lead to greater species richness in Auchenorrhyncha assemblages feeding on different plant species, but the number of species feeding on a particular plant species was a strong predictor of the Auchenorrhyncha abundance on that plant. These patterns suggest that Auchenorrhyncha assemblages on these plant species are not saturated with species and determined by division of limited resources among competitors, but instead are dependent on the number of colonizers from the regional species pool.

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20

Sam, Katerina, Bonny Koane, Legi Sam, Anna Mrazova, Simon Segar, Martin Volf, Martin Moos, Petr Simek, Mentap Sisol, and Vojtech Novotny. "Insect herbivory and herbivores of Ficus species along a rain forest elevational gradient in Papua New Guinea." Biotropica 52, no. 2 (March 2020): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12741.

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21

Vlasanek, Petr, and Vojtech Novotny. "Demography and mobility of three common understory butterfly species from tropical rain forest of Papua New Guinea." Population Ecology 57, no. 2 (February 8, 2015): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10144-015-0480-7.

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22

Ctvrtecka, Richard, Katerina Sam, Erik Brus, George D. Weiblen, and Vojtech Novotny. "Frugivorous weevils are too rare to cause Janzen–Connell effects in New Guinea lowland rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 30, no. 6 (August 7, 2014): 521–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467414000406.

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Abstract:A community of frugivorous weevils was studied by quantitative rearing of 57 weevil species represented by 10485 individuals from 326 woody plant species in lowland rain forest in Papua New Guinea. Only fruits from 35% of plant species were attacked by weevils. On average, weevils were reared from only 1 in 33 fruits and 1 kg of fruit was attacked by 2.51 individuals. Weevil host specificity was relatively high: 42% of weevil species fed on a single plant genus, 19% on a single plant family and only 16% were reared from more than one family. However, monophagous specialists represented only 23% of all reared individuals. The average 1 kg of fruits was infested by 1.84 individuals of generalist weevils (feeding on allogeneric or allofamilial host species), 0.52 individual of specialists (feeding on a single or several congeneric species), and 0.15 individual of unknown host specificity. Large-seeded fruits with thin mesocarp tended to host specialist species whereas those with thick, fleshy mesocarp were often infested with both specialists and generalists. Weevils tended to avoid small-seeded, fleshy fruits. The low incidence of seed damage (3% of seeds) suggests that weevils are unlikely to play a major role in regulating plant populations via density-dependent mortality processes outlined by the Janzen–Connell hypothesis.

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23

Lan, Ping, Anthony J. Herlt, Anthony C. Willis, Walter C. Taylor, and Lewis N. Mander. "Structures of New Alkaloids from Rain Forest Trees Galbulimima belgraveana and Galbulimima baccata in Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, and Northern Australia." ACS Omega 3, no. 2 (February 14, 2018): 1912–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b02065.

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24

Mitchell, William E. "The Ethnography of Change in New Guinea: Ancestral Rain Forests and the Mountain of Gold: Indigenous Peoples and Mining in New Guinea. David Hyndman.: Hard Times on Kairiru Island: Poverty, Development, and Morality in a Papua New Guinea Village. Michael." American Anthropologist 98, no. 3 (September 1996): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1996.98.3.02a00250.

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25

Novotny, Vojtech, and Yves Basset. "Body size and host plant specialization: a relationship from a community of herbivorous insects on Ficus from Papua New Guinea." Journal of Tropical Ecology 15, no. 3 (May 1999): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646749900084x.

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The relationships between body size and host specificity were studied in leaf-chewing and sap-sucking insect communities, including 792 species, feeding locally on 15 species of Ficus in a lowland rain forest in Papua New Guinea. A negative correlation between body size and host specificity, i.e., the tendency for large species to feed on numerous Ficus hosts and those smaller to have a more restricted host range, was found within both the sap-sucking and the leaf-chewing community. A more detailed analysis, which divided herbivorous species into three sap-sucking and four leaf-chewing guilds, revealed that the correlation between body size and host specificity was caused by differences in these traits between the guilds, while no such correlation was detected within any of the guilds. As the changes in feeding mode, defining various guilds, were unique evolutionary events, it is uncertain whether there is a functional relationship between feeding mode, body size and host specificity, or whether their correlation is only coincidental. It is suggested that, in the sap-sucking community at least, the positive body size versus host specificity correlation is a coincidental by-product of the causal relationship between the feeding mode and both the body size and host specificity. The causes of analogous patterns in a leaf-chewing community require further investigation. Methodological problems in the analysis of tropical insect communities, dominated by rare species, are discussed.

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26

Framenau, Volker W. "Review of the wolf spider genus Artoria Thorell (Araneae : Lycosidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 16, no. 2 (2002): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it01028.

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The Australasian wolf spider genus Artoria, with A. parvula Thorell, 1877 as type species, is revised in part. In addition to A. parvula (=A. luwamata Barrion & Litsinger, 1995, new synonymy), recorded from the Philippines and Indonesia, and A. palustris Dahl, 1908 from Papua New Guinea, it includes the Australian A. albopedipalpis, sp. nov., A. avona, sp. nov., A. cingulipes Simon, 1909, A. flavimanus Simon, 1909 (=Lycosa neboissi McKay, 1976, new synonymy), A. howquaensis, sp. nov., A. lineata (L. Koch, 1877), A. mckayi, sp. nov., A. quadrata, sp. nov., A. taeniifera Simon, 1909, A. triangularis, sp. nov., A. ulrichi, sp. nov. and A. versicolor (L. Koch, 1877). Artoriella flavimanus, the type species of Artoriella Roewer, 1960, is returned to Artoria. Of the remaining species of Artoriella, the Western Australian species A. cingulipes and A. taeniifera are transferred to Artoria, the African species Artoriella amoena Roewer, 1960, A. maculatipes Roewer, 1960 and A. lycosimorpha (Strand, 1909) are considered incertae sedis and Artoriella maura (Urquhart, 1891) from New Zealand is considered a nomen dubium. Trabaeola Roewer is a junior synonym of Artoria, as its type species, T. lineata, is transferred to Artoria. Trabea australiensis (L. Koch, 1877) is considered a nomen dubium. The genus Artoria is characterised by a unique apophysis near the base of the embolus of the male pedipalp. It does not fit into the existing lycosid subfamilies, which have been established by investigation of mainly Northern Hemisphere taxa. Artoria is widespread in Australia and species can be found in a range of habitats (swamps and riverbanks, open areas, rain and dry sclerophyll forests).

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27

Dike, M. C. "D. Lamb 1990. Exploiting the tropical rain forest: an account of pulpwood logging in Papua New Guinea. Parthenon Publishing Group Limited. 259 pages. ISBN 1-85070-266-7. Price: $45.00 (hardback)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 7, no. 4 (November 1991): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400005952.

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28

Lembang, Hendricus. "POTENSI PENGEMBANGAN BADAN USAHA MILIK KAMPUNG SOTA, DISTRIK SOTA, KABUPATEN MERAUKE." Musamus Journal of Economics Development 1, no. 1 (October 18, 2018): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35724/feb.v1i1.1230.

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Base on the Village Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Village, namely villages have the right, authority and obligation to regulate and manage their own government affairs and community interests based on their rights of origin and local customs. In this authority, the village provides services to the community and conducts community empowerment. Sota village is a border region with Papua New Guinea. The location of Kampung Sota is relatively close to the seafront of the city of Merauke, has a population of 1,270 in 2014 and the resources of forests, rivers and swamps. This research use Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach and SWOT analysis. The results of the study found: Strength Aspects namely 1). Raw materials are easily available, 2). Strategic business location, 3). Product prices begin to increase, 4). The products produced are export products, 5). Availability of Village Land, 6). Commitment from the village government. Weakness aspects are: 1). The lack of business capital, small production quantity, 2). Transportation for raw materials, 3). Unattractive packaging, 4). Cooperatives in the village are controlled by individuals / traditional leaders who control the local land. Opportunity Aspect namely 1). Products that have a prospective market share, 2). Production capacity can be reproduced, 3). Increased consumer needs and public awareness to use local products, 4). Development of technology and information, 5). Additional workforce. Threat aspects, namely: 1). Still depends on the rainy and dry seasons, 2). Increased bargaining position of raw material suppliers, 3). The emergence of new competitors, 4). Government regulations on National Parks. So that the type of potential business that can be developed is the management of eucalyptus oil. While the alternative business sector is tourism, clean water, nine basic commodities and arwana fish. Keywords: Development, Village Owned Enterprises, prospective

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29

Saulei, S. M. "P. J. Grubb & P. F. Stevens 1985. The forests of Fatima Basin and Mt. Kerigomna, Papua New Guinea with a review of montane and subalpine rain forests in Papuasia. Publication BG5. Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra. 221 pages. ISBN 0-7081-1300-1. Price: Aus $20.00 (paperback)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 3, no. 3 (August 1987): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400002133.

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30

Schultes, Richard Evans. "Exploiting the Tropical Rain Forest: An Account of Pulpwood Logging in Papua New Guinea, by D. Lamb. (Man and the Biosphere Series, Volume 3.) The Parthenon Publishing Group, Park Ridge, New Jersey 07656, USA: pp. xx + 258, plates and figs, $49.00, 1990." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 4 (1991): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900022888.

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31

Schultes, Richard Evans. "Exploiting the Tropical Rain Forest: An Account of Pulpwood Logging in Papua New Guinea, by D. Lamb. (Man and the Biosphere Series, Volume 3.) The Parthenon Publishing Group, Park Ridge, New Jersey 07656, USA: xx + 258 pp., illustr., 23 × 16 × 2.5 cm, $49.00, 1990." Environmental Conservation 20, no. 1 (1993): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900037486.

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32

Thompson, Herb. "Environment and Development: The Forests of Papua New Guinea." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 6, no. 2 (July 1995): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9500600203.

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The uniqueness and importance of island tropical moist rainforests, such as that of Papua New Guinea is well recognised. It can be safely argued that tropical islands with their rainforests and adjacent coral reefs may well comprise the most biologically rich complexes of ecosystems on the planet. Therefore, those who pursue economic growth or developmental processes on these islands must be particularly cognizant of the environment. This paper examines, with particular reference to Papua New Guinea, the relationship between development and the environment. Papua New Guinea incorporates the largest continuous tract of lowland tropical moist rainforest in the Southeast Asia/Pacific region. The forestry sector in Papua New Guinea is described. This is followed by a conceptualisation of the environmental/economic dilemma. It is then argued that economic criteria and legal/juridical policies, used by international agencies and the State to resolve the problem of forest degradation, have proved to be a failure in Papua New Guinea. Those people most affected, villagers and peasants, have no control over the incursion of international capital and are forced or enticed to sell off their own and future generation’s customary land rights. Social relationships have been commercialised in a most effective manner. In return the villagers receive roads without maintenance, schools without teachers and royalty agreements without payment. To date no consensus has yet been achieved on the relationship between the protagonists of economic growth and those of ecological or social sustainability

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33

OLIVER, PAUL, STEPHEN RICHARDS, and BURHAN TJATURADI. "Two new species of Callulops (Anura: Microhylidae) from montane forests in New Guinea." Zootaxa 3178, no. 1 (January 31, 2012): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3178.1.3.

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Two new species of microhylid frogs assigned to the genus Callulops are described from the mountains of New Guinea.Callulops fojaensis sp. nov. is known only from mid-montane forest in the Foja Mountains of Papua Province, IndonesianNew Guinea, and can be distinguished from congeners by the combination of moderate size, short limbs, slightly expandedfinger and toe discs, and uniform brown dorsal and lateral colouration. Callulops mediodiscus sp. nov. is known from asingle site in mid-montane forest in Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea, and can be distinguished from allcongeners by its wide finger and toe discs, moderate size and short advertisement call. Description of these two new frogspecies brings the number of Callulops known to 18, of which at least nine are only known from montane regions (>1000 m above sea level).

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34

Gabriel, Jennifer, and Michael Wood. "The Rimbunan Hijau Group in the Forests of Papua New Guinea." Journal of Pacific History 50, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 322–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2015.1060925.

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35

Laurance, William F. "“Special Agricultural and Business Leases” imperil forests in Papua New Guinea." Pacific Conservation Biology 17, no. 4 (2011): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110297.

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Verbeken, A., and E. Horak. "Lactarius (Basidiomycota) in Papua New Guinea. 1. Species of tropical lowland habitats." Australian Systematic Botany 12, no. 6 (1999): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb98026.

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The extant herbarium material of the genus Lactarius (L. novoguineensis P.Henn.) collected in tropical Papua New Guinean lowland forests is studied. In addition, four new taxa, L. leucophaeus, L. paleus, L. leoninus and L. walleynii are introduced. A key to the five species, illustrations and discussionabout their infrageneric position are presented.

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37

Hyndman, David C., and James I. Menzies. "Rain Forests of the Ok Tedi Headwaters, New Guinea: An Ecological Analysis." Journal of Biogeography 17, no. 3 (May 1990): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2845122.

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38

OLIVER, PAUL M., STEPHEN J. RICHARDS, and STEPHEN C. DONNELLAN. "Two new species of treefrog (Pelodrydidae: Litoria) from southern New Guinea elucidated by DNA barcoding." Zootaxa 4609, no. 3 (May 24, 2019): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4609.3.4.

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New Guinea is home to the world’s most diverse insular frog biota, but only a small number of taxa have been included in genetically informed assessments of species diversity. Here we describe two new species of New Guinea treefrog in the genus Litoria that were first flagged during assessments of genetic diversity (DNA barcoding) and are currently only known from the holotypes. Litoria pterodactyla sp. nov. is a large green species in the Litoria graminea species complex from hill forests in Western Province, Papua New Guinea and is the third member of this group known from south of the Central Cordillera. Litoria vivissimia sp. nov. is a small, spike-nosed species from mid-montane forests on the Central Cordillera. It is morphologically very similar to Litoria pronimia, but occurs nearly 1000 m higher than any known locality for that species. More extensive genetically informed assessment of diversity in New Guinea frogs seems certain to reveal many more as-yet-unrecognised taxa in complexes of morphologically similar species.

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39

Laurance, William F., Titus Kakul, Rodney J. Keenan, Jeffrey Sayer, Simon Passingan, Gopalasamy R. Clements, Felipe Villegas, and Navjot S. Sodhi. "Predatory corporations, failing governance, and the fate of forests in Papua New Guinea." Conservation Letters 4, no. 2 (December 16, 2010): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263x.2010.00156.x.

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40

Belleville, Benoit, Ravu Iru, Charles Tsiritsi, and Barbara Ozarska. "Planing characteristics of Papua New Guinea timber species from plantations and regrowth forests." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 78, no. 2 (January 29, 2020): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01495-z.

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41

RICHARDS, STEPHEN J., PAUL OLIVER, CHRIS DAHL, and BURHAN TJATURADI. "A new species of large green treefrog (Anura: Hylidae: Litoria) from northern New Guinea." Zootaxa 1208, no. 1 (May 22, 2006): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1208.1.4.

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A new species of large green frog of the hylid genus Litoria is described from northern New Guinea. The new species is superficially similar to Litoria graminea and L. infrafrenata. It can be distinguished from L. graminea by the possession of a poorly defined white labial stripe that does not extend beyond the ear, and from L. infrafrenata by the combination of comparatively small adult size (males 57.9–60.4 mm), fully webbed fingers and a call that is a long (0.7–0.9 s) deep guttural growl. It is known from lowland forests around the village of Utai in north-western Papua New Guinea.

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42

Chua, Zhi-Weng, Yuriy Kuleshov, and Andrew B. Watkins. "Drought Detection over Papua New Guinea Using Satellite-Derived Products." Remote Sensing 12, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 3859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233859.

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This study evaluates the World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) Space-based Weather and Climate Extremes Monitoring (SWCEM) Demonstration Project precipitation products over Papua New Guinea (PNG). The products evaluated were based on remotely-sensed precipitation, vegetation health, soil moisture, and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data. The satellite precipitation estimates of the Climate Prediction Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (CPC/NOAA) morphing technique (CMORPH) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s (JAXA) Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) were assessed on a monthly timescale over an 18-year period from 2001 to 2018. Station data along with the ERA5 reanalysis were used as the reference datasets for assessment purposes. In addition, a case study was performed to investigate how well the SWCEM precipitation products characterised drought in PNG associated with the 2015–2016 El Niño. Overall statistics from the validation study suggest that although there remains significant variability between satellite and ERA5 rainfall data in remote areas, this difference is much less at locations where rain gauges exist. The case study illustrated that the Vegetation Health Index (VHI), OLR anomaly and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) were able to reliably capture the spatial and temporal aspects of the severe 2015–2016 El Niño-induced drought in PNG. Of the three, VHI appeared to be the most effective, in part due to its reduced incidence of false alarms. This study is novel as modern-day satellite-derived products have not been evaluated over PNG before. A focus on their value in monitoring drought can bring great value in mitigating the impact of future droughts. It is concluded that these satellite-derived precipitation products could be recommended for operational use for drought detection and monitoring in PNG, and that even a modest increase in ground-based observations will increase the accuracy of satellite-derived observations remotely.

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43

Arents, F. "Stand-level dieback etiology and its consequences in the forests of Papua New Guinea." GeoJournal 17, no. 2 (September 1988): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02432924.

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44

Burger, Joanna, Mark Laska, and Michael Gochfeld. "Metal concentrations in feathers of birds from Papua New Guinea forests: Evidence of pollution." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12, no. 7 (July 1993): 1291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620120719.

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45

Arihafa, Arison, Sebastian Dalgarno, and Ezra Neale. "An estimate of above-ground carbon stock in tropical rainforest on Manus Island, Papua New Guinea." Pacific Conservation Biology 21, no. 4 (2015): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15015.

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Forest carbon emission mitigation schemes seek to protect tropical forest, combat effects of climate change, and offer potential cash and development opportunities. Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) projects based on a foundation of accurate carbon stock assessment provide such an opportunity for Papua New Guinea. The objective of this study was to quantify the carbon stock of the central forests of Manus Island, Papua New Guinea, and identify factors that underpin any observed variation within it. We employed the Winrock Standard Operating Procedures for Terrestrial Carbon Measurement for plots and associated measurements. In 75 variable-radius nested plots (total area = 14.4 ha), we assessed above-ground and total carbon stock of stems ≥5 cm diameter at breast height via general linear models in a model-selection framework. The top models described variation in average carbon stock at 95% lower and upper confidence interval in above-ground biomass solely in terms of forest type: primary hill forest 165.0 Mg C ha–1 (148.3–183.7, n = 48), primary plain forest 100.9 Mg C ha–1 (78.0–130.6, n = 10) and secondary hill forests 99.7 Mg C ha–1 (80.9–122.9, n = 17). To a lesser extent, above-ground carbon stock increased with slope and varied idiosyncratically by the nearest village. Our estimates are comparable with published studies for Papua New Guinea and the wider tropical region. These data should strengthen pre-existing knowledge and inform policies on carbon accounting for REDD+ projects in the region.

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46

Duke, NC. "A mangrove hybrid Sonneratia xurama (Sonneratiaceae) from northern Australia and southern New Guinea." Australian Systematic Botany 7, no. 5 (1994): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9940521.

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The putative hybrid tree taxon, Sonneratia alba x S. lanceolata, previously reported for two incomplete herbarium specimens from northern Australia and south-east West Irian, has since been observed and collected in mangrove forests of southern Papua New Guinea. It is morphologically uniform and is described as S. xurama. Notes on its floral phenology, distribution and ecology are given, including a key to all major Sonneratia taxa in this region.

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47

MacKinnon, Kathy. "From Planning to Action: Forest Conservation and Management in Papua New Guinea." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 4 (2000): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc010277.

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Papua New Guinea (PNG) occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and still boasts 33 million hectares of closed natural forest (77% of the country), home to numerous endemic species. Overall PNG is sparsely populated with some 700 distinct cultural/ language groups. Economic growth over the past two decades has been spurred by large-scale mining, petroleum and logging operations though the majority of the population continues to rely upon subsistence agriculture (swidden) and collection and utilization of forest products. Some 15 million hectares of forests are accessible for logging, of which 1.5 million hectares have already been logged, generally in an unsustainable manner. Of the over 6 million ha of approved timber blocks more than 1.5 million hectares have been located in areas of high biological value. Forest loss and degradation is now becoming a serious problem.

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48

Brodie, Jedediah F., and Margaretha Pangau-Adam. "Human impacts on two endemic cassowary species in Indonesian New Guinea." Oryx 51, no. 2 (November 10, 2015): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315001039.

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AbstractCassowaries are important seed dispersers in tropical rainforests of New Guinea, but little is known about their population ecology or their responses to human disturbance. We used camera traps to measure the occurrence, local abundance, and activity patterns of northern cassowaries Casuarius unappendiculatus in lowland forests near Nimbokrang, Papua, and dwarf cassowaries Casuarius bennetti in the Arfak Mountains, West Papua. Our goals were to assess human impacts on cassowaries at multiple spatial scales and to measure their activity patterns over an elevational divide. At fine spatial scales local abundance of cassowaries was strongly reduced in areas frequented by humans. At larger spatial scales the distance to the nearest village or drivable road did not affect local abundance but altered the stage structure of the individuals detected, with a higher proportion of juveniles relative to adults. Local abundance of cassowaries was unrelated to site usage by introduced pigs. Both populations studied were strongly diurnal and their activity patterns were not significantly different. Efforts to control hunting remain critical to sustaining cassowaries and the seed dispersal services they provide.

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49

Wickneswari, R., and M. Norwati. "Genetic Diversity of Natural-Populations of Acacia auriculiformis." Australian Journal of Botany 41, no. 1 (1993): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9930065.

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Seeds from 18 populations of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. from natural riverine and coastal forests in Australia and Papua New Guinea were electrophoretically analysed at 22 isozyme loci representing 17 enzyme systems. Genetic variability measures were determined using 12 isozyme loci. On average, 39.8% of the loci were polymorphic (0.99 criterion). Average and effective numbers of alleles per locus were 1.5 and 1.1 respectively. Mean expected heterozygosity was 0.081 with values ranging from 0.002 (South Alligator River, Northern Territory) to 0.180 (North Mibini, Papua New Guinea). The genetic differentiation between populations was high (GST = 0.270), indicating that about 73% of the isozyme variation was among progenies within populations. Hence, both intra- and inter-population genetic variations are important in initial selections in A. auriculiformis improvement programs. Nei's unbiased genetic distance between populations ranged from 0.000 to 0.120, with populations from the Northern Territory, Australia, generally being very closely related to each other. UPGMA cluster analysis using Nei's unbiased genetic distance revealed three distinct clusters of populations corresponding to the geographic distribution of the species in the Northern Territory and Queensland, Australia, and Papua New Guinea. Populations from Queensland were closely related to populations from Papua New Guinea rather than to populations from the Northern Territory, which is in the same land mass.

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DAVIS, ROBERT A., GUY DUTSON, and JUDIT K. SZABO. "Conservation status of threatened and endemic birds of New Britain, Papua New Guinea." Bird Conservation International 28, no. 3 (July 27, 2017): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270917000156.

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SummaryNew Britain in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea supports 14 endemic bird species and together with New Ireland, forms an Endemic Bird Area that supports 38 restricted range species. Extensive conversion of lowland forest to oil palm plantations resulted in the loss of over 20% of forest under 100 m altitude between 1989 and 2000. However the rate of loss has subsequently slowed (2.2% loss across all altitudes between 2002 and 2014), and much forest remains at higher altitudes: 72% of New Britain remained forested (including secondary forest) in 2014. Despite the ongoing high threat and rich endemic bird fauna, the state of knowledge of the conservation status of birds in New Britain is very poor. We use an unprecedented dataset based on 415 hours of bird surveys conducted in oil palm plantations, as well as primary and secondary forests at all altitudes, to revise the IUCN status of New Britain’s birds. These data indicate that six species of elevated conservation concern are less dependent on old-growth forest than previously assessed. We recommend reduced population size estimates for one species, New Britain Kingfisher Todiramphus albonotatus. We recommend increased population size estimates for seven species: Pied Cuckoo-dove Reinwardtoena browni, Yellowish Imperial Pigeon Ducula subflavescens, Green-fronted Hanging Parrot Loriculus tener, Blue-eyed Cockatoo Cacatua opthalmica, Violaceous Coucal Centropus violaceous, New Britain Boobook Ninox odiosa and New Britain Thrush Zoothera talaseae. Despite our comprehensive surveys, Slaty-backed Goshawk Accipiter luteoschistaceus, New Britain Sparrowhawk Accipiter brachyurus, New Britain Bronzewing Henicophaps foersteri and Golden Masked-owl Tyto aurantia remain very rarely recorded and require further assessment. With ongoing habitat loss, particularly in lowland areas, New Britain’s birds urgently require more attention.

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