Статті в журналах: "Railway Earthwork"

1

Deng, Naifu, Xuyang Li, and Yanmin Su. "Optimization of Earthwork Allocation Path as Vehicle Route Problem Based on Genetic Algorithm." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 04057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016504057.

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In civil engineering, earthwork, prior to the construction of most engineering projects, is a lengthy and time-consuming work involving iterative processes. The cost of many AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) projects is highly dependent on the efficiency of earthworks (e.g. road, embankment, railway and slope engineering). Therefore, designing proper earthwork planning is of importance. This paper simplifies the earthwork allocation problem to Vehicle Route Problem (VRP) which is commonly discussed in the field of transportation and logistics. An optimization model for the earthwork allocation path based on the modified Genetic Algorithm with a self-adaptive mechanism is developed to work out the global optimal hauling path for earthwork. The research results also instruct the initial topographic shaping of the Winter Olympic Skiing Courses Project. Furthermore, this optimization model is highly compatible with other evolutionary algorithms due to its flexibility, therefore, further improvement in this model is feasible and practical.

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2

Bezgin, Niyazi Özgür. "Use of geosynthetics to reduce the required right-of-way for roadways and railways." Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 4, no. 2 (June 9, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2018.02.003.

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Roadway and railway routes require a right-of-way (ROW) to provide the necessary width for the required travelled way, drainage and earthwork. Correct understanding of ROW along a route is necessary in order to establish a correct width for the intended transportation corridor. Availability of land becomes scarce and cost of land increases in urban zones. Therefore, the costs of establishing a ROW in rural areas and in urban areas are not the same. Earthworks are an important component of route establishment. The required excavations and fills necessitate the use of proper side slopes for the stability of the excavation or the fill. These side slopes directly relate to the mechanical properties of the soil and the depth of the earthwork. This study provides a quantitative and a qualitative understanding of the ROW requirements of roadways and railways and the influence of the earthworks on the determined values of the ROW. The study further investigates the benefits of using geogrids to reduce the necessary ROW for a transportation route through finite element analysis.

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3

Zhang, Qinglong, Naifu Deng, Yanwen Zhu, and Zhenping Huang. "Multidepot Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem for Earthwork Allocation Optimization." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (January 29, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8373138.

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Prior to the construction of most engineering projects, earthwork is a complex and time-consuming task, requiring iterative operations in civil engineering. The effectiveness of earthworks determines the cost of many AEC (architecture, engineering, and construction) projects (e.g., road, embankment, railway, and slope engineering). As a result, creating effective earthwork planning is critical. The earthwork allocation problem is simplified in this study to the vehicle route problem (VRP), which is often studied in the field of transportation and logistics. An optimization model for the earthwork allocation path based on the modified genetic algorithm with a self-adaptive mechanism is developed to work out the global optimal hauling path for earthwork. The findings of the study are also used to shape the basic topographic shape of the Winter Olympic Skiing Course Project. Furthermore, a comparative study with the former methods is conducted to validate the performance of our proposed method on tackling such a multidepot two-echelon vehicle routing problem. Because of its flexibility, this optimization model is extremely compatible with various evolutionary methods in many fields, making future development viable and practicable.

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4

Dostanova, Saule, Zaure Kalpenova, Saulet Shayakhmetov, Gulsum Kasymova, and Kamilya Tokpanova. "Nonlinear models of the soil base for slab culculations." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 5 (September 10, 2024): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2024.003484.

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The proposed algorithm for calculating the base of dense clay soils was used in the calculation of rigid airfield and automobile coverings, railway embankments and slab foundations of large structures and in the body of earthworks (earthwork of hydraulic structures, earthwork of railways and highways, earthen dams) under static influences. The results of their numerical calculations showed that the linear models of such structures differ significantly from the real behavior of the soil, taking into account their plastic and rheological properties (sediments are underestimated by 2–3 times). The modules of soil deformation G (shear resistance) decrease when using nonlinear models, which leads to an increase in rheological and plastic properties, this process depends on the rate of intensity of deformations and stresses. All this must be taken into account when constructing and operating large and responsible structures. This requires a deeper study of the soil properties, confirmed by experimental data. In this work the equations of the soil state, experimentally obtained using triaxial compression devices, were used and an algorithm for calculating the soil base was compiled on their basis. The advantage of this algorithm is that it allows to obtain solutions for 3 base models and evaluate their effect on the stress-strain state inside the considered array and under the sole of the slab foundation. This is especially important for predicting the sediment of foundations for large-scale buildings and structures and the operation of the body of earthworks

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5

Gumus, K. A., and V. E. Gulal. "A COMPARATIVE EARTHWORK AND COST ANALYSIS OF IMPROVING AN EXISTING RAILWAY LINE AND CONSTRUCTING A NEW HIGH-SPEED LINE IN TURKEY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W1 (October 26, 2016): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w1-13-2016.

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In the past few decades, high-speed railways have become an important transportation system due to their high operational speed, and globally, the networks of these railways have been extended. In addition, there is ongoing work on the construction of new high-speed railways as well as improving existing lines to achieve the same operational speed. To contribute to high-speed railway works in Turkey, this study compared two high-speed railway lines; an existing conventional line, the design of which was improved, and a new high-speed line. The design of an existing conventional railway line was improved according to optimal geometric characteristics of high-speed railways and an alternative line was simulated. These two lines were evaluated on three different types of land in terms of the required volume of earthworks, engineering structures and total cost. The results show that the length of the conventional line was reduced after the improvement process; however, new engineering structures are needed. Furthermore, compared to the alternative line, the track length and total length of engineering structures required for the improvement of the existing line was shorter and the volume of required earthworks was less resulting in lower costs.

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6

Ižvolt, Libor, and Peter Dobeš. "Measurements Result Analysis of Deformation Characteristics of Transition Zones on the Modernized Line Púchov – Považská Teplá." Civil and Environmental Engineering 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2021-0037.

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Abstract The current trend in Europe and worldwide is to support the development of so-called green transport, characterized by lower energy consumption and lower CO2 emissions. Rail transport meets these conditions and therefore considerable funding is being spent not only on the construction of high-speed lines but also on the modernization of existing railways, especially those forming part of the trans-European corridors. Three corridors of the basic TEN-T network pass through the territory of the Slovak Republic. In the Žilina Region, there are two corridors, Balt – Adriatic and Rhine – Danube, with a common section Púchov – Žilina, which is currently being modernized. It is a known fact that railway lines often show a greater degree of degradation in the transition zones between the earthwork and the structures of sub-ballast layers. Since every railway infrastructure management aims to minimize maintenance costs, while ensuring the safety and comfort of passengers, it is necessary to pay increased attention also to transiton zones. In this context, the presented paper deals with the analysis of values of deformation characteristics on the modernized line section Púchov – Považská Teplá, which is characterized by several bridge structures and tunnels. The values were obtained within the quality inspection of work in transition zones located between the earthwork and the structures of sub-ballast layers.

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7

Kazarina, V. V., and V. A. Podverbniy. "Decision-Making on Choosing a Railway Line Option." World of Transport and Transportation 17, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2019-17-3-140-151.

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This article proposes a solution to the problem of choosing an option for routing of a railway line among two previously developed options. As initial data, materials were used for designing Elegest–Kyzyl–Kuragino railway line. On this section, two routing options are considered, which must be compared in order to choose the best one. The first option of the line (Eastern) takes place in a recess outside the village of Podgorny, which excludes the cost of demolition of residential buildings and relocation of residents, but provides for a large amount of earthwork. In the second option (Western), the line is laid through the village of Podgorny. With this development of the line, the volume of earthwork is much smaller, but it is necessary to take into account demolition of residential buildings, relocation of residents, as well as installation of noise barriers.The conclusion drawn by the designers of CJSC Vostsibtransproekt was reviewed and analyzed. During the study, the applied decision-making method required some refinement with regard to this problem and additional analysis. To select the best option, the analytic hierarchy process was used.

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8

Chumyen, P., D. P. Connolly, P. K. Woodward, and V. Markine. "A comparison of earthwork designs for railway transition zones." Construction and Building Materials 395 (September 2023): 132295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132295.

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9

Briggs, K. M., J. A. Smethurst, W. Powrie, A. S. O’Brien, and D. J. E. Butcher. "Managing the extent of tree removal from railway earthwork slopes." Ecological Engineering 61 (December 2013): 690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.12.076.

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10

Qian, Luyu, and Xueying Bao. "On the Optimal Allocation of Earthwork in Railway Subgrade Based on Green Construction." Journal of Engineering Studies 11, no. 01 (February 1, 2019): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1224.2019.00064.

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11

Bergamo, Paolo, Ben Dashwood, Sebastian Uhlemann, Russell Swift, Jonathan E. Chambers, David A. Gunn, and Shane Donohue. "Time-lapse monitoring of fluid-induced geophysical property variations within an unstable earthwork using P-wave refraction." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 4 (July 2016): EN17—EN27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0276.1.

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A significant portion of the UK’s transportation system relies on a network of geotechnical earthworks (cuttings and embankments) that were constructed more than 100 years ago, whose stability is affected by the change in precipitation patterns experienced over the past few decades. The vulnerability of these structures requires a reliable, cost- and time-effective monitoring of their geomechanical condition. We have assessed the potential application of P-wave refraction for tracking the seasonal variations of seismic properties within an aged clay-filled railway embankment, located in southwest England. Seismic data were acquired repeatedly along the crest of the earthwork at regular time intervals, for a total period of 16 months. P-wave first-break times were picked from all available recorded traces, to obtain a set of hodocrones referenced to the same spatial locations, for various dates along the surveyed period of time. Traveltimes extracted from each acquisition were then compared to track the pattern of their temporal variability. The relevance of such variations over time was compared with the data experimental uncertainty. The multiple set of hodocrones was subsequently inverted using a tomographic approach, to retrieve a time-lapse model of [Formula: see text] for the embankment structure. To directly compare the reconstructed [Formula: see text] sections, identical initial models and spatial regularization were used for the inversion of all available data sets. A consistent temporal trend for P-wave traveltimes, and consequently for the reconstructed [Formula: see text] models, was identified. This pattern could be related to the seasonal distribution of precipitation and soil-water content measured on site.

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12

Kaewunruen, Sakdirat, Jessada Sresakoolchai, and Junying Peng. "Life Cycle Cost, Energy and Carbon Assessments of Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010206.

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The Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway (HSR) is one of the most important railways in China, but it also has impacts on the economy and the environment while creating social benefits. This paper uses a life cycle assessment (LCA) method and a life cycle cost (LCC) analysis method to summarize the energy consumption, carbon emissions and costs of the Beijing-Shanghai HSR from the perspective of life cycle, and proposes some corresponding suggestions based on the results. The research objective of this paper is to analyse the carbon emissions, energy consumption, and costs of the rail system which includes the structure of the track and earthwork of the Beijing-Shanghai HSR during four stages: conception stage, construction stage, operation and maintenance stage, and disposal stage. It is concluded that the majority of the carbon emissions and energy consumption of the entire rail system are from the construction stage, accounting for 64.86% and 54.31% respectively. It is followed by the operation and maintenance stage with 31.60% and 35.32% respectively. In contrast, the amount of carbon emissions and energy consumption from the conception stage is too small to be considered. Furthermore, cement is the major contributor to the carbon emissions and energy consumption during the construction stage. As for the cost, the construction stage spends the largest amount of money (US$4614.00 million), followed by the operation and maintenance stage (US$910.61 million). Improving production technologies and choosing construction machinery are proposed to reduce the cost and protect the environment.

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13

Bogdanov, Andrei Ivanovich, and Sergey Vladimirovich Kvashuk. "Analysis of the operation of the railway track in conditions of low-draining mares and high-temperature permafrost (on the example of the area of the Bureysky reservoir bypass)." Арктика и Антарктика, no. 1 (January 2022): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2453-8922.2022.1.37649.

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The subject of research is the earthwork of the railway track and artificial structures on hazy weak-draining areas in the areas of permafrost distribution on the bypass of the Bureyskaya HPP reservoir within the Verkhnebureinskaya depression. The purpose is to identify the conditions and causes of adverse processes and phenomena that have arisen during operation. The objectives of the research are to identify the main causes and conditions for the manifestation of unfavorable geocryological processes and phenomena вЂ“ waterlogging, flooding, stagnation of water, degradation of permafrost, sediment of the roadbed. Design errors are analyzed and recommendations are given for the application of design solutions in accordance with the state and dynamics of geocryological conditions and the requirements of the current regulatory documents for the areas of distribution of low-level marys and high-temperature permafrost. For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the conditions and causes causing adverse processes and phenomena was carried out for the described territory. Inefficient constructions and design solutions have been identified. Optimal design solutions and measures are recommended to ensure the stable and safe operation of transport facilities in the region in conditions of low-drainpipe and high-temperature permafrost. For the studied area, the characteristic features are the significant swampiness of the territory, and the wide distribution of lowвЂ“ and high-temperature permafrost soils of the merging type. There are cases of irrational and inefficient design. It is not uncommon to use unsuitable soils for filling the roadbed and its elements. Also, the excess of the volume of earthworks during construction. Under these conditions, it is recommended: When designing a railway track plan, trace the line through local elevated terrain areas, in order to ensure the necessary slope of the design profile of drainage ditches of at least 4 ppm. Drainage ditches along the path should be located at a distance that excludes the inflow of water into the base of the roadbed.

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14

Kim, Young-Ha, Ki-Young Eum, Sang-Jae Han, Yong-Gul Park, and Jae-Hyun Jung. "A Study on Settlement Characteristics of Earthwork Subgrade with Lowering the Groundwater in High-speed Railway." Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society 31, no. 5 (May 31, 2015): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2015.31.5.67.

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15

Woch, Marcin, and Magdalena Hawryluk. "Flora of xerothermic sites of the Zachodniowołyńska Dolina Bugu Special area of conservation (Eastern Poland): The influence of habitat on rare grassland species." Archives of Biological Sciences 66, no. 1 (2014): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1401209w.

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The aim of the investigation was to study the flora of grasslands within the Zachodniowo?y?ska Dolina Bugu Special Area of Conservation and to identify the types of habitats with the highest concentration of grassland species. In the years 2011-2012, floristic analyses covered the slopes of the valley of the Bug river, balks and places of shallow bedrock deposition, roadsides, as well as railway and earthwork sites. One hundred and fifty eight plant species belonging to 37 families were found. Though considered extinct in Polish flora, Dianthus collinus subsp. glabriusculus was discovered. Close to half of the recorded species (47%) were grassland taxa and 15% rare and/or protected plants, which make the studied area particularly valuable for the conservation of biodiversity. The fewest grassland plants occurred on habitats that are under the influence of agriculture, where the dominance of nitrophilous and herbicide resistant plant species was observed.

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16

Svatovskaya, Larisa, Maxim Sychov, and Ivan Drobychev. "Lithosphere preservation in geoconstruction on the base of geoecochemical reactions." MATEC Web of Conferences 265 (2019): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926506001.

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The paper deals with modern geosystem problems and suggests ways of solving them. The main aim of the study is to develop new methods of geosystem preservation on the base of geoecochemistry through geoecochemical reactions. Both theoretical, namely thermodynamic, method and experimental one are used in the research. Three new geoecochemical techniques such as energy economy, soil restoration and alternative technologies are introduced for natural resource preservation. Every technique is estimated with relation to negative changes of Gibb’s free energy. These changes take place as a result of geoecochemical reactions and determine a level of geosystem preservation. Using the first technique it is possible to save energy, a few hundreds of kilojoules per mol, due to formation silicates, phosphates, etc. Other techniques of geosystem restoration are heavy metal ion detoxication and alternative technologies, e.g. lithosynthesis, for natural resource preservation. Geoecochemical techniques of lithosphere preservation can be useful for any geoconstruction technology like soil strengthening, highway and railway construction and other earthwork operations.

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17

Huang, Jianling, Xiaoye Zeng, Jing Fu, Yang Han, and Huihua Chen. "Safety Risk Assessment Using a BP Neural Network of High Cutting Slope Construction in High-Speed Railway." Buildings 12, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050598.

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High-speed railway construction is extending to mountainous areas, and the harsh environment and complex climate pose various risks to the slope construction. This seriously threatens human lives and causes huge economic losses. The existing research results on the construction safety risks of high cutting slope construction in HSRs are limited, and a complete set of safety risk assessment processes and methods has not yet been formed. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop a safety risk assessment model, including factor identification and classification and assessment data processing, to help project managers evaluate safety risks in high cutting slope construction. In this study, comprehensive identification of high cutting slope construction safety risks was carried out from three dimensions, risk technical specification, literature analysis, and case statistical analysis, and a list of risk-influencing factors was formed. Based on the historical data, a high side slope risk evaluation model was established using a BP neural network algorithm. The model was applied to the risk evaluation of HF high cutting slopes. The results show that the risk evaluation level is II; the main risks are earthwork excavation method, scaffolding equipment, slope height, slope rate, groundwater, personnel safety awareness, and construction safety risk management system. Finally, a case study was used to verify the proposed model, and control measures for safety risks were proposed. Our findings will help conduct effective safety management, add to the knowledge of construction safety risk management in terms of implementation, and offer lessons and references for future construction safety management of HSR.

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18

Shah, R. K. "Earthwork Planning and Visualisation of Time-Location Information in Road Construction Projects." Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 1 (May 13, 2016): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v1i0.14924.

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Accurate information of locations from visual aspect is vital for efficient resource planning and managing the workspace conflicts in the earthwork operations, which are missing in the existing linear schedules. Hence, the construction managers have to depend on the subjective decisions and intangible imagining for resources allocation, workspace conflicts and location-based progress monitoring in the earthwork projects. This has caused uncertainties in planning and scheduling of earthworks, and consequently delays and cost overruns of the projects. To overcome these issues, a framework of computer based prototype model was developed using the theory of location-based planning. This paper focuses on the case study experiments to demonstrate the functions of the model, which includes automatic generation of location-based earthwork schedules and visualisation of cut-fill locations on a weekly basis. The experiment results confirmed the model’s capability in identifying precise weekly locations of cut-fill and also visualising the time-space conflicts at the earthwork projects. Hence, the paper concludes that the model is a useful decision supporting tool to improve site productivity and reduce production cost of earthworks in the construction projects like roads and railways. Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, Vol. 1, 2015, pp. 75-84

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19

Kostianaia, Evgeniia A., and Andrey G. Kostianoy. "Railway Transport Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change at High Latitudes: A Review of Experience from Canada, Sweden and China." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 24, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 180–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2023-0016.

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Abstract Impact of climate change on railway transport manifests in a variety of consequences, such as rail buckling, rail flooding, expansion of swing bridges, overheating of electrical equipment and its damage, bridge scour, failure of earthworks, ground settlement, pavement deterioration, damage to sea walls, coastal erosion of tracks and earthworks, and an increased number of railway accidents in general. Such impacts can cause considerable disruption of railway operations and lead to substantial financial expenses for repair of the railway infrastructure. Therefore, it is crucial to include adaptation strategies already in the design phase of the railway construction to ensure stability and integrity of the railway operations. This paper provides a literature review of adaptation considerations in Canada, China and Sweden and discusses climate change challenges that these countries face in their railway systems. In conclusion, the authors provide recommendations for adaptation approaches based on the reviewed international experience which can be useful for policymakers and managers of railway companies.

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20

Duchnowska, Magdalena, Paweł Strzałkowski, Alicja Bakalarz, Urszula Kaźmierczak, Ekin Köken, Piotr Karwowski, Michał Wolny, and Tomasz Stępień. "Influence of Basalt Aggregate Crushing Technology on Its Geometrical Properties—Preliminary Studies." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 8, 2023): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020602.

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The use of mineral aggregates is related to the increasing demand in construction, railway and road infrastructures. However, mineral aggregates can appear to be of variable quality, directly affecting their suitability for respective earthwork applications. Since the production of mineral aggregates should ensure the standardized, high-quality requirements of the final product, rock-crushing mechanisms should be investigated in a detailed manner. In this context, the aim of the present study is to evaluate and analyze the geometric parameters of basalt aggregates as a result of several rock comminution processes. Basalt aggregates from two deposits in Poland were used in the study. The samples are differentiated regarding both lithological variances, mineral composition as well as the host rock’s tuff content. The rock comminution processes were conducted using two types of crushers, namely the laboratory-scale jaw and cone crushers. The feed for crushing was designed based on the original geometric grain composition and the separated feed in the form of flaky and non-flaky particles. The crushability test results demonstrated that the interparticle compression in the jaw crusher resulted in finer products compared to the one in the cone crusher. It was also observed that the flakiness and shape indexes decreased after crushing, both in the feed with the original geometric composition of the grains and those with flaky and non-flaky particles. Nevertheless, a higher flakiness index was obtained after the crushing of non-flaky particles and a lower one after the crushing of flaky particles. The flakiness index for grains below 16 mm after the crushing process was less than 10%, which indicates a more favorable result compared to the original feed. In addition, it was shown that flaky and non-cubical particles were accumulated in the finest (below 8 mm) and coarsest (above 20 mm) fractions in jaw and cone crushing processes, receiving flakiness and shape indexes ranging up to 80–100%. Finally, it was also observed that the lithological variances of the feed material have a significant impact on the particle size distribution of the product. More profoundly, basalt aggregates with a higher tuff content and weathering degree have a higher degree of crushing. The present study, in this context, provides accurate and satisfying information on understanding the crushing mechanisms of two important crushing equipment as well as their rock-crusher interactions.

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21

Crapper, Martin, Michael Fell, and Imad Gammoh. "Earthworks risk assessment on a heritage railway." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 167, no. 4 (August 2014): 344–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.12.00099.

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22

Braun, Adam. "The potential of the IT support in monitoring and maintaining of railway earthworks." Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny 2016, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_16_10_03.

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This paper addresses the sources and problems about obtaining archival documentation of railway construction research for ongoing investments. It aims at indication of the guidelines for monitoring of buildings during its erection and operation. The article presents technical possibilities of the continuous monitoring of earthworks and civil engineering facilities. The author offers architecture of data flow which is helpful in monitoring and maintaining the rail networks and takes into account modern IT technologies.

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23

Lyu, Pengju, Qiang Luo, Guishuai Feng, David P. Connolly, Kaiwen Liu, and Tengfei Wang. "Development of an in-situ shaker for evaluating railway earthworks." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 179 (April 2024): 108550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2024.108550.

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24

Tarasov, P. I., M. L. Khazin, and O. V. Golubev. "The evolution of quarry vehicles." Herald of the Ural State University of Railway Transport, no. 2 (2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/2079-0392-2021-2-67-74.

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The article considers the possibility of using quarry technology in the construction of a roadbed. Stable roadbed is the basis of a railway track, for its construction rocky, clay soils or sedimentary massifs are usually used. During the construction of the roadbed, heavy vehicles and special equipment (ice rinks, excavators, bulldozers, etc.) are used. Mining and road construction works, despite their diversity, consist of repeated identical operations: digging of the earth (mountain) mass, its loading and transportation, unloading into the dump or laying. For the production of these works, the same type of equipment is used: excavators, bulldozers, scrapers, graders and dump trucks. Most of the newly discovered explored deposits are located in the northern territories of Russia, so there is a high probability of launching intensive construction of railways and roads. The construction of transport high-ways is the most material-intensive area for the use of non-metallic materials and is associated with the movement of significant volumes of earth mass. In addition, the cost of performing earthworks is quite significant, so the correct choice of the method and means of mechanization of these works is a necessary condition for their successful implementation. For the construction of transport corridors under conditions of low-load soils and off-road conditions of the Arctic and northern territories of Russia, it is proposed to develop new types of vehicles based on BelAZ heavy duty quarry vehicles, which allow building embankments for roads and railways up to 10 m high (and in exceptional cases even more). When building transport highways and, if possible, preserving the environment, it is of great importance to reduce the cost of transporting earthen mass by reducing the consumption of fuel and lubricants, which account for 15-25 % of the total cost of operating powerful off-road vehicles.

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25

Rosone, Marco, and Clara Celauro. "A Sustainable Option to Reuse Scaly Clays as Geomaterial for Earthworks." Geosciences 14, no. 1 (January 5, 2024): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14010017.

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Scaly clays are structurally complex clay formations found throughout the world. Their typical fissured structure, the low shear strength and the high swelling potential often make them unsuitable for earthworks in road and railway infrastructure. This research has attempted to extend the possibilities of using this geomaterial in this field after appropriate lime treatment. A laboratory test programme was carried out to evaluate the response of the treated geomaterial to typical loads acting on road infrastructures. Unconfined and confined compression tests as well as cyclic triaxial tests, in undrained conditions, were carried out to investigate the static and dynamic mechanical behaviour. The results show that lime treatment induces significant improvements in the geomechanical properties and limits the swelling behaviour upon saturation of the geomaterial. Dynamic tests showed that, after only 28 days of curing, the treated scaly clay became insensitive to the damaging cyclic loading caused by vehicular traffic. The collected results show that the scaly clay can be properly used as a subgrade and embankment layer in road and railway construction with limited economic and environmental costs, after accurate treatment with lime. These results are significant for researchers and practitioners to increase sustainability in the construction of linear infrastructures involving excavations in scaly clays and to avoid landfill, which in some cases represented the only option.

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Zhang, Qinglong, Zaizhan An, Zehua Huangfu, and Qingbin Li. "A Review on Roller Compaction Quality Control and Assurance Methods for Earthwork in Five Application Scenarios." Materials 15, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 2610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072610.

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Successful quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) of earthwork compaction is critical to the long-term performance of roads, railways, airports, dams, and embankments. The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into the current practice, existing problems, challenges, and future development trends of QC/QA methods from the perspective of bibliometrics and the development stage. A bibliometric analysis is presented. Through quantitative analysis of literature and qualitative analysis of the development stage, insights into the current research practices and future directions of QC/QA methods have been derived from the perspectives of literature, cluster analysis, classification, different types of QC/QA methods, conclusions, and recommendations. It is found that the current QC/QA methods can be roughly divided into conventional compaction, digital rolling compaction, automatic rolling compaction, and intelligent control compaction. Currently, QC/QA methods are mainly confronted with the issues of accurate detection of compaction quality, autonomous optimization and intelligent decision-making of compaction process, multi-machine coordination, QC/QA-related specification formulation, and process standardization. To address these issues, several critical potential research directions are further identified: comprehensive CCI measurement system; simple and realistic mathematical representation of the complex compaction dynamics; parallel computing and distributed management of multi-source heterogeneous data; standardized application workflow and the cost–benefit assessment in the context of the full life cycle; intelligent control theories, methods, and technologies of earthwork compaction based on multidisciplinary integration. The paper enables researchers to obtain a comprehensive understanding of QC/QA methods for earthwork compaction as well as the suggested solutions for future work.

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Bergamo, Paolo, Ben Dashwood, Sebastian Uhlemann, Russell Swift, Jonathan E. Chambers, David A. Gunn, and Shane Donohue. "Time-lapse monitoring of climate effects on earthworks using surface waves." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): EN1—EN15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0275.1.

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The UK’s transportation network is supported by critical geotechnical assets (cuttings/embankments/dams) that require sustainable, cost-effective management, while maintaining an appropriate service level to meet social, economic, and environmental needs. Recent effects of extreme weather on these geotechnical assets have highlighted their vulnerability to climate variations. We have assessed the potential of surface wave data to portray the climate-related variations in mechanical properties of a clay-filled railway embankment. Seismic data were acquired bimonthly from July 2013 to November 2014 along the crest of a heritage railway embankment in southwest England. For each acquisition, the collected data were first processed to obtain a set of Rayleigh-wave dispersion and attenuation curves, referenced to the same spatial locations. These data were then analyzed to identify a coherent trend in their spatial and temporal variability. The relevance of the observed temporal variations was also verified with respect to the experimental data uncertainties. Finally, the surface wave dispersion data sets were inverted to reconstruct a time-lapse model of S-wave velocity for the embankment structure, using a least-squares laterally constrained inversion scheme. A key point of the inversion process was constituted by the estimation of a suitable initial model and the selection of adequate levels of spatial regularization. The initial model and the strength of spatial smoothing were then kept constant throughout the processing of all available data sets to ensure homogeneity of the procedure and comparability among the obtained [Formula: see text] sections. A continuous and coherent temporal pattern of surface wave data, and consequently of the reconstructed [Formula: see text] models, was identified. This pattern is related to the seasonal distribution of precipitation and soil water content measured on site.

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Stipanovic, Irina, Zaharah Allah Bukhsh, Cormac Reale, and Kenneth Gavin. "A Multiobjective Decision-Making Model for Risk-Based Maintenance Scheduling of Railway Earthworks." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11030965.

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Aged earthworks constitute a major proportion of European rail infrastructures, the replacement and remediation of which poses a serious problem. Considering the scale of the networks involved, it is infeasible both in terms of track downtime and money to replace all of these assets. It is, therefore, imperative to develop a rational means of managing slope infrastructure to determine the best use of available resources and plan maintenance in order of criticality. To do so, it is necessary to not just consider the structural performance of the asset but also to consider the safety and security of its users, the socioeconomic impact of remediation/failure and the relative importance of the asset to the network. This paper addresses this by looking at maintenance planning on a network level using multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT). MAUT is a methodology that allows one to balance the priorities of different objectives in a harmonious fashion allowing for a holistic means of ranking assets and, subsequently, a rational means of investing in maintenance. In this situation, three different attributes are considered when examining the utility of different maintenance options, namely availability (the user cost), economy (the financial implications) and structural reliability (the structural performance and subsequent safety of the structure). The main impact of this paper is to showcase that network maintenance planning can be carried out proactively in a manner that is balanced against the needs of the organization.

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Burzawa, A., L. Bodet, A. Dhemaied, M. Dangeard, S. Pasquet, Q. Vitale, J. Boisson-Gaboriau, and Y. J. Cui. "Detecting mechanical property anomalies along railway earthworks by Bayesian appraisal of MASW data." Construction and Building Materials 404 (November 2023): 133224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133224.

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Brzeziński, Karol, Tomasz Rybicki, and Kazimierz Józefiak. "Analysis of stability of railway embankment including horizontal forces in light of Eurocode." MATEC Web of Conferences 196 (2018): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819603016.

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The subject of this paper is analysis of the influence of horizontal forces estimated on the basis of Eurocode on the stability of an exemplary railway embankment located in the horizontal curve. The work begins with an overview of the methods for determining the earthworks stability. The methods are presented along with a reference to the recommendations contained in Eurocode 7. On the basis of the Eurocode, the loads acting on the analyzed embankment are presented together. In addition to the standard vertical interactions (from the rolling stock, the weight of the track structure and ground), the calculations also take into account horizontal forces caused by: wind forces on rolling stock, centrifugal forces and nosing force of the rolling stock as well as thermal stresses in the rails. Next, there are 15 load combinations calculated according to the Eurocode guidelines. At the end of the work the values of safety factors of the embankment obtained by shear strength reduction method are presented. The obtained results show a significant influence of horizontal forces calculated on the basis of the Eurocode on the stability of the railway embankment analyzed in the work.

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Fei, Jianbo, Yuxin Jie, Chengyu Hong, and Changsuo Yang. "Comparative Analysis of Design Parameters for High-Speed Railway Earthworks in Different Countries and a Unified Definition of Embankment Substructure." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 15, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2020-15.476.

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This paper compares design specifications and parameters for high-speed railway (HSR) earthworks in different countries (i.e., China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, Spain and Sweden) for different track types (i.e., ballasted and ballastless), and for different design aspects (i.e., HSR embankment substructure, compaction criteria, width of the substructure surface, settlement control, transition section, and design service life). Explanations for differences in HSR implementation among different countries are provided and reference values of the design parameters are obtained. In an attempt to unify different types of HSR substructures around the world, a widely applicable definition of the stratified embankment substructure based on the practices adopted in different countries is proposed. The functions and requirements of each functional layer (i.e., the blanket layer, frost protection layer and filtering layer) are summarized.

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Al Asadi, Layth Abdul Rasool, Hussein Shakir Al Bahrani, and Luay Kadhim Al Waeli. "Parametric Study for Design and Analysis of Box Culvert by Using Newton's-Raphson Method and MATLAB Software." Key Engineering Materials 870 (October 2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.870.11.

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Box culverts are the monolithic unit build to pass across railway lines, roadways, etc. earthworks are made to balance the discharge water on both sides. Box takes different types of loads created by a cushion, traffic, water, soil, etc. This paper deals with the optimum design of box culvert by using Newton's-Raphson Method and AppDesigner in MATLAB Software R2017a and studies the design parameters such as the influence of depth of earth fill at the top slab of the culvert, earth pressure, factor Dead Load, Live load, effective width, etc. In this paper, the study of the box-culvert with normal and minimum cushion analyzed for different classes of loadings and conclusions made on the basis of Newton's-Raphson Method normal and minimum cushion and normal cushioning cases.

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Dias, Ana Sofia, Paul Hughes, and David Toll. "Irreversible effects of drying-wetting cycles on shrinkage and water retention of compacted London clay." E3S Web of Conferences 382 (2023): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338206003.

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Long-linear assets, such as roads and railways, supported by earthworks are susceptible to deterioration caused by weather cycles, that translate into changes in soil hydro-mechanical properties. Failures in these earthworks are expected to become more common due to climate change as periods of drought and extreme rainfall events become more frequent. In the present study, the effect of the suction range of the moisture cycle on the soil-water retention curve (SWRC) and soil shrink-swell curve (SSC) of active London clay is investigated. Soil samples compacted at Proctor optimum conditions were subjected to drying-wetting cycles within a variable suction interval. A change in the SSC was observed when the water content reduced below a threshold that approximates to the shrinkage limit. A reduction in the ability of the soil to hold suction was observed with SWRCs becoming less steep, as the Primary Drying Line was steeper than subsequent drying phases (Scanning Drying Lines). Once the Scanning Drying Line intersects the Primary Drying Line, a yielding point is identified, and the soil loses further ability to hold suction. Irreversible deformations were observed associated with changes in the SWRC from drying-wetting cycles.

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Remarchuk, Mykola, Yaroslav Chmuzh, Oleg Halytskyi, Oleksandr Kebko, and Roman Sobolev. "METHODOLOGY OF FORMATION DETACHMENTS TECHNIQUES FOR CONSTRUCTION RAILWAY TRACKS AND HIGHWAYS." Collection of Scientific Works of the Ukrainian State University of Railway Transport, no. 201 (September 30, 2022): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18664/1994-7852.201.2022.267771.

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Based on the results of the study, on the basis of a systematic approach and referenceparameters, a methodology for the formation of detachments from various machines according totheir functional purpose for performing earthworks was created on the example of using single-bucketloaders. Studies have shown that from an array of homogeneous machines for functional purposes,it is necessary to determine one of them, which is exemplary. The exemplary machine, as shown bythe results of research, is characterized by maximum efficiency and minimum fuel consumption inrelation to its performance and zero relative fuel losses compared to known cars. Such a machine,which is defined as an example, as part of other machines recognized as exemplary, allows you toform a fleet of various machines capable of performing a given amount of work with minimal fuelconsumption and minimal duration of such amount of work.To obtain the results that are described above a number of conditions must be met, whichinclude the following:– each of the machines is treated as a complex technical system using known assumptions;– all technical and economic parameters of such machines are used from known scientificsources or on the basis of their own research;– for all homogeneous machines, it is necessary to determine the indicators in the form of totalefficiency and the value of the specific fuel consumption;– determine, on the basis of this methodology, the amount of fuel saving relative to an exemplaryvehicle, which is accepted as the most efficient and due to which the necessary squad of vehicles isformed.The result of the application of the created technique is the ability to determine the value of therelative fuel economy for the formed detachment of machines. The value of this savings depends onthe duration of the specified volume of work by the formed detachment of machines.

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Consilvio, Alice, José Solís-Hernández, Noemi Jiménez-Redondo, Paolo Sanetti, Federico Papa, and Iñigo Mingolarra-Garaizar. "On Applying Machine Learning and Simulative Approaches to Railway Asset Management: The Earthworks and Track Circuits Case Studies." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 24, 2020): 2544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062544.

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The objective of this study is to show the applicability of machine learning and simulative approaches to the development of decision support systems for railway asset management. These techniques are applied within the generic framework developed and tested within the In2Smart project. The framework is composed by different building blocks, in order to show the complete process from data collection and knowledge extraction to the real-world decisions. The application of the framework to two different real-world case studies is described: the first case study deals with strategic earthworks asset management, while the second case study considers the tactical and operational planning of track circuits’ maintenance. Although different methodologies are applied and different planning levels are considered, both the case studies follow the same general framework, demonstrating the generality of the approach. The potentiality of combining machine learning techniques with simulative approaches to replicate real processes is shown, evaluating the key performance indicators employed within the considered asset management process. Finally, the results of the validation are reported as well as the developed human–machine interfaces for output visualization.

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36

Cárdenas, J., A. Burzawa, N. Radic, L. Bodet, R. Vidal, K. Diop, M. Dangeard, and A. Dhemaied. "Deep learning contribution to the automatic picking of surface-wave dispersion for the characterization of railway earthworks." Computers & Geosciences 198 (April 2025): 105883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2025.105883.

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Gerber, Ulf, Mykola Sysyn, Jandab Zarour, and Olga Nabochenko. "Stiffness and strength of structural layers from cohesionless material." Archives of Transport 49, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2776.

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The deformation modulus and permissible stress are two independent parameters that depict the carrying capacity of foundations, including earthworks and ballast layer. Nevertheless, while designing the track superstructure or controlling its state, they are considered separate to each other, even though they are terms of the same measure. The scientific problem is due to the practical necessity of unified building rules and standards. The carrying capacity of earthworks and foundations is regulated with standards based both on deformation and on stress criteria, which are not related to each other. This plays particularly important role for railway ballast layer, as an intermediate between the solids and soil. The objective of the present research is to estimate the relationship between deformation modulus and the strength of ballast layer. An overview of modern approaches according to the relation between the stiffness, deformation modulus, elasticity and strength of soils and crushed stone is done. The strength of ballast layer is considered depending on the experimental test: the direct shear test, compressive strength in the uniaxial or biaxial stress state. Load transfer model in crushed stone is proposed. The load transfer angle and cone of loading distribution are determined based on the load transfer and compressive strength models. The relation between deformation modulus and strength is derived from two simple laboratory experiments with cohesionless ballast material. The experiment tests have shown that the ballast stiffness as well as its strength are influenced with the support stress. The measurement of elastic and residual settlements for the different support stress values enables to determine the relation. It can be potentially used for the development of methods for the ballast compaction control, unification of construction norms. The research result should be considered as an approach for unification of two different ways to reflect the carrying capacity of ballast layer.

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Bitir, Andreea Cristina, Claudiu Constantin Popa, Vasile Muşat, and Nicolae Boţu. "Settlement Reduction of an Existing Road Earthworks Using Columns Obtained by Deep Soil Mixing Method." Advanced Engineering Forum 21 (March 2017): 358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.21.358.

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Deep soil mixing methods have been applied at international level for over 40 years on numerous ground improvement projects aimed to enhance the geotechnical performances. The chemical reactions and physical processes which take place after mixing the natural soil with different stabilizing agents lead to an increase in bearing capacity of the ground foundation for new or existing buildings, settlement reduction and/or stability for road and railway embankments, stability and/or seepage control for deep excavations. This paper presents the geotechnical design of columns obtained by mixing the soil with cement slurry in order to stabilize the manifesting settlements of the earth works of an existing road. Considering the geotechnical conditions of the analyzed site as input data, in this paper various dimensions and geometric configuration of the columns are evaluated, with specific purpose to determine an optimal solution that meets the technical performances of the project. The analysis was performed by numerical modeling using the finite element software Plaxis 2D, aiming to evaluate the strain state of both the treated and untreated soil. Although the stabilised elements are usually installed prior to the construction of the road structure, this article highlights the effectiveness of their application even in cases where the road structure already exists.

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Kaminska, Katarzyna, and Piotr Dzierwa. "The influence of compaction and saturation on the compressibility of colliery waste." Thermal Science 23, Suppl. 4 (2019): 1345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci19s4345k.

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Using colliery waste to produce building materials, especially in earthworks to build different types of road and railway embankments, or to fill cavities and open-pit mines, requires us to determine the value of the settlement and the ability of fly ash to reduce its volume about its usability for mentioned purposes. Economic benefits and the need to protect the environment are the main reasons for using fly ash as secondary raw material. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of initial compaction and water conditions on the process and values of settlement as well as oedometric modulus of primary compression, decompression and secondary compression of fly ash. The tests were carried out in oedometers. The subject of the research was fly ash from Skawina Power Plant. Literature analysis covers the processes of waste production and management, types of waste depending on the grain size and composition, as well as the methods and ways of testing the compressibility of mineral and anthropogenic soils. The results of the tests allowed formulating conclusions on the influence of compaction and water conditions on the possibility of settling, consolidation and the values of compressibility moduli of the tested material. They also allowed determining the usability of the material for earth constructions and other purposes.

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Kogut, Janusz P., and Elżbieta Pilecka. "Application of the terrestrial laser scanner in the monitoring of earth structures." Open Geosciences 12, no. 1 (July 30, 2020): 503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0033.

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AbstractTerrestrial laser scanning (TLS) assists in the detection of the unsafe behaviour of slopes and scarps. It also facilitates the assessment of the stability of earthworks. Earth structures are those that are usually made of qualified ground material. One may distinguish between point structures such as mounds, forts and dams, and linear structures such as roads, railways and flood embankments. This article concerns the problem of monitoring and analysing of the effects associated with the unstable behaviour of selected earth structures. TLS enables remote sensing of surface changes in a simple and automated manner. Regular, multiple measurements with the laser scanner are applied in long-term monitoring of the behaviour of the selected objects. The discrete numerical models using, for example, the finite element method (FEM) take into account geotechnical properties of substrate and allow for the risk assessment and stability testing of such structures. The numerical model of the structure along with the parameters of the substrate are introduced into the FEM package. This allows for the analysis of stresses, strains and displacements, along with different loading cases. The work here presents a few selected earth structures for which the aforementioned analyses have been undertaken.

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Voit, Klaus, and Erik Kuschel. "Rock Material Recycling in Tunnel Engineering." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 15, 2020): 2722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082722.

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In the construction industry, especially in tunneling or large-scale earthworks projects, huge quantities of excavation material are generated as a by-product. Although at first glance such material is undesirable, in many cases this material, if suitably treated and processed, can be recycled and reused on the construction site and does not necessarily need to be removed and deposited as waste at a landfill. In the simplest case, the material can be used as filling material with the least demanding requirements with regard to rock quality. Material of better quality often can be recycled as aggregate and be used as a substitute for conventional mineral aggregates. This approach generates numerous benefits regarding the costs for material procurement, storage and transport. In addition, reduction in environmental impact and demand for landfill volume can be achieved. The challenge lies in the fact that excavation material is not a standard aggregate in terms of geometric, physical and chemical characteristics and is subject to quality deviations during tunnel driving, mainly depending on the varying geology and applied excavation method. Therefore, preliminary research and experimental testing as well as specific evaluation and continuous examination of the rock quality during tunnel driving is necessary as well as ongoing adjustment of the rock processing plant to finally accomplish a high-quality level of recycled aggregates. This article illustrates the material investigations and treatment processes for the specific example of the Brenner Base Tunnel, the longest underground railway line in the world that is currently under construction. There, material recycling has already been successfully implemented.

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TOMLINSON, M. J., SIR B. BAKER, and I. K. BRUNEL. "SOME NINETEENTH CENTURY EXPERIENCES OF EARTH-RETAINING STRUCTURES AND TUNNELLING FOR UNDERGROUND RAILWAYS IN LONDON. (A FEW EXTRACTS FROM ""THE ACTUAL LATERAL PRESSURE OF EARTHWORK"" BY SIR BENJAMIN BAKER, MINUTES OF ICE PROCEEDINGS, VOL 65, SESSION 188-1881, PP140-186)." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 125, no. 1 (January 1997): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/igeng.1997.28993.

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González, Yuderka Trinidad, Kevin M. Briggs, Aleksandra Svalova, and Stephanie Glendinning. "Evaluating the likelihood of slope failure in ageing earthworks using Bayesian updating." Infrastructure Asset Management, July 20, 2023, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jinam.23.00005.

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Earthwork assets, including cut slopes and embankments, are essential components of the infrastructure supporting road and rail transportation networks. Asset owners must assess the stability of these slopes as they deteriorate, to prevent unwanted slope failures. Assessing the stability of individual earthworks within a portfolio using slope stability analyses can be expensive and time-consuming. Hence, a Bayesian logistic regression model was developed to evaluate the probability of slope failure, using training data from published case histories of slope failures. The Bayesian model was then used to assess the probability of failure for the more specific case of clay cut slopes within a railway earthwork asset portfolio owned by Network Rail (NR). The portfolio includes earthworks at various stages of degraded strength and with different drainage conditions. The results from models with material properties that were equivalent to those for the deteriorated strength of clays compared most closely with clay cut slope failures within the NR dataset. Steeper slopes (>35 degrees) had the highest probability of failure, regardless of the drainage condition. However, for shallower slopes, the poorly-drained slopes had a ≈20% higher probability of failure than the well-drained slopes.

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Huang, Wengui, Fleur A. Loveridge, Kevin M. Briggs, Joel A. Smethurst, Nader Saffari, and Fiona Thomson. "Forecast climate change impact on pore-water pressure regimes for the design and assessment of clay earthworks." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, September 29, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2023-015.

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Understanding and mitigating the impact of climate change on the built environment is becoming increasingly important worldwide. Earthworks (embankments and cuttings) supporting road and rail transportation networks often have direct contact with the atmosphere and are therefore influenced by extreme weather events and seasonal weather patterns. Atmospheric wetting and drying alters pore-water pressures (PWP) within earthworks, potentially contributing to the deformation and failure of earthwork slopes. Consequently, it is essential to understand the influence of climate change on PWPs within earthwork slopes, to inform strategies for their design, assessment and maintenance. Extensive one-dimensional seepage analyses were carried out for typical railway embankments in the London area. The analyses showed that forecast hotter, drier summers will increase the water storage capacity of earthworks. This will lead to increased net infiltration in the winter months due to both a forecast increase in rainfall, and a longer time being required to saturate the soil pores and bring the water table back to the slope surface. Hence, despite the forecast increase in winter rainfall, this will not lead to higher design PWP regimes. The analyses were conducted for the London area, but the methodology and conceptual framework can be readily adapted for other locations. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Climate change and resilience in Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/Climate-change-and-resilience-in-engineering-geology-and-hydrogeology

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Holt, Simon J., Isaac W. Griffiths, Stuart Fielder, Jonathan Garelick, Chris Milne, Rory O’Rourke, Freddie Savill, and Ian Payne. "Railway embankment failure trends and monitoring – lessons learned from the Anglia route." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering, October 25, 2024, 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcien.24.00947.

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UK railways were constructed with little consideration of engineering practice and with climate change and the associated greater frequency of extreme weather events, comes the impact on earthworks stability and risk to public safety. Many embankments on Network Rail’s Anglia route have shown a gradual degradation through their steep upper slopes and progressive failure within predominantly clay embankment material and underlying soft deposits. A regional wholistic view allows identification of common geotechnical trends and risk categorisation to better enable prioritisation of asset management. Understanding when to intervene is crucial and monitoring the behaviour of earthworks is a vital asset management tool to control risk and extend lifespan. To be a wise investment, slope instrumentation must be properly thought out in line with a detailed interrogation of the site and alongside a well-developed conceptual model. Automated monitoring can bring greater control and allow more accurate evaluation of intervention but must be assessed in line with prioritising large areas with limited budgets. Correct targeting of ground investigation and ensuring sufficient and reliable data can optimise mitigation and provide confidence the solution has provided resilience to railway infrastructure.

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46

Fei, Jianbo, Jinfeng Xiao, Yuxin Jie, Kaihang Han, and Changsuo Yang. "In-situ test study on compaction control parameters for particular subdivisional railway earthworks." International Journal of Pavement Engineering, October 31, 2019, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2019.1683177.

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47

Burzawa, Audrey, Ludovic Bodet, Amine Dhemaied, Marine Dangeard, Sylvain Pasquet, Quentin Vitale, Josephine Boisson-Gaboriau, and Yu Jun Cui. "Detecting Mechanical Property Anomalies Along Railway Earthworks by Bayesian Appraisal of Masw Data." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4399748.

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48

Briggs, Kevin M., Yuderka Trinidad González, Gerrit J. Meijer, Andrew Ridley, William Powrie, Simon Butler, and Nick Sartain. "The influence of earthworks construction on pore water pressures in clays and mudstones of the Lias Group." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, July 19, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2024-036.

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Monitoring the changes in pore water pressure associated with the construction of earthworks can yield information on the stiffness and permeability of the ground, as well as how the natural groundwater regime might be impacted. This paper presents three years of pore water pressure measurements in weathered Lias Group mudstone, obtained from a trial cutting and a trial embankment constructed for the UK's High Speed Two (HS2) railway. The immediate changes in pore water pressure were small in relation to the changes in total stress imposed. This can be explained by the consolidation or swelling during the period of construction, combined with the sensitivity of very stiff clays and mudstones to a very small (0.5%) reduction in the degree of saturation. In the longer-term, pore water pressures reduced across the site owing to the reduction in ground level at the trial cutting. Rates of pore water pressure change were accelerated by more permeable limestone within the ground profile reducing drainage path lengths. It is concluded that construction-induced pore water pressure changes may be smaller, and their rate of dissipation more rapid, in weathered clays and mudstones such as those of the Lias Group than in younger, more compressible clay deposits.

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David, Lorant, Zoltan Ilyes, and Zoltan Baros. "Geological and geomorphological problems caused by transportation and industry." Open Geosciences 3, no. 3 (January 1, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13533-011-0026-2.

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AbstractAlterations in topography due to the construction of transport infrastructure and industrial development are the results of rather complex processes. The impact of transport constructions upsetting (topographic) equilibrium is manifested in a relatively narrow strip, and, mostly, through producing abnormally steep slopes, in reducing relief stability. The earthworks for transport routes are themselves also landscape-forming factors whereas in the case of industrial developments, planation is usually mentioned. Topographic changes related to the construction of transport infrastructure and industrial development are discussed historically in this chapter. Among the direct impacts of the first are those related to the construction of Roman and Medieval roads, hollow roads in loess, public roads, motorways, railways, canals, tunnels and airports; while of the second are those of early mining and metallurgy, cellars, sludge reservoirs, slag cones and fly-ash reservoirs, cooling ponds, industrial parks, shopping centres and waste disposal sites. Of the indirect ones, an introduction is given to impacts of surface sealing, changes in runoff, the ‘waterfall effect,’ as well as to environmental impacts under permafrost conditions.

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