Статті в журналах: "Racial gap"

1

Antecol, Heather, and Kelly Bedard. "The Racial Wage Gap." Journal of Human Resources XXXIX, no. 2 (2004): 564–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.xxxix.2.564.

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2

DeMatthews, David E. "The Racial Discipline Gap." Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership 19, no. 2 (February 5, 2016): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555458915626758.

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3

Jaffe, Eric. "Racial IQ Gap Narrows." Science News 170, no. 6 (August 5, 2006): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4017050.

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4

Oliver, Melvin L., and Thomas M. Shapiro. "Disrupting the Racial Wealth Gap." Contexts 18, no. 1 (February 2019): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536504219830672.

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African-American families possess a dime for every dollar of White families’ wealth. Among policy ideas to remedy this stark racial wealth divide, baby bonds, basic income, reducing student loan debt, and federal job guarantees hold transformative potential.

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5

Jenkins, Alan. "Bridging the racial opportunity gap." National Civic Review 98, no. 3 (September 2009): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ncr.257.

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6

Uhlenberg, Jeffrey, and Kathleen M. Brown. "Racial Gap in Teachers’ Perceptions of the Achievement Gap." Education and Urban Society 34, no. 4 (August 2002): 493–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00124502034004006.

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7

&NA;. "The Racial Gap in Prostate Cancer." Oncology Times 28, no. 9 (May 2006): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000295404.04197.93.

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8

Garcia, Jennifer R., and Christopher T. Stout. "Responding to Racial Resentment: How Racial Resentment Influences Legislative Behavior." Political Research Quarterly 73, no. 4 (July 3, 2019): 805–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912919857826.

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Despite the growing body of scholarship urging congressional scholars to consider the racialization of Congress, little attention has been given to understanding how racial resentment impacts legislative behavior. To fill this gap, we ask if and how racial resentment within a member’s home district influences the positions she takes on racially tinged issues in her press releases. Due to constituent influence, we expect legislators from districts with high levels of racial resentment to issue racially tinged press releases. Through an automated content analysis of more than fifty four thousand press releases from almost four hundred U.S. House members in the 114th Congress (2015–2017), we show that Republicans from districts with high levels of racial resentment are more likely to issue press releases that attack President Barack Obama. In contrast, we find no evidence of racial resentment being positively associated with another prominent Democratic white elected official, Hillary Clinton. Our results suggest that one reason Congress may remain racially conservative even as representatives’ cycle out of office may be attributed to the electoral process.

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9

Pearman, Francis A., F. Chris Curran, Benjamin Fisher, and Joseph Gardella. "Are Achievement Gaps Related to Discipline Gaps? Evidence From National Data." AERA Open 5, no. 4 (October 2019): 233285841987544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332858419875440.

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There is growing interest in the relation between the racial achievement gap and the racial discipline gap. However, few studies have examined this relation at the national level. This study combines data from the Stanford Education Data Archive and the Civil Rights Data Collection and employs a district fixed effects analysis to examine whether and the extent to which racial discipline gaps are related to racial achievement gaps in Grades 3 through 8 in districts across the United States. In bivariate models, we find evidence that districts with larger racial discipline gaps have larger racial achievement gaps (and vice versa). Though other district-level differences account for the positive association between the Hispanic-White discipline gap and the Hispanic-White achievement gap, we find robust evidence that the positive association between the Black-White discipline gap and the Black-White achievement gap persists after controlling for a multitude of confounding factors. We also find evidence that the mechanisms connecting achievement to disciplinary outcomes are more salient for Black than White students.

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10

Porter, Jeremy R., Emory Morrison, Sriram Chintakrindi, and Derrick Shapley. "The historically enduring gap in death penalty support." Kriminologija & socijalna integracija 26, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 136–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31299/ksi.26.2.1.

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This paper evaluates four racial‑ecological theories regarding the historically enduring racial divide in public opinion regarding death penalty support. Using geo‑coded data from the 20th century, this research examines the relative representation of African Americans, the level of black‑white economic inequality, and the extent of racial residential segregation on race‑spe‑ cific odds of supporting the death penalty. The research finds support for aspects of racial social context accounting for a portion of the black-white gap in death penalty support at the time. We find differential effects, by race, of representation and segregation as mediators of public opinion regarding the death penalty.

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11

Avenancio-León, Carlos F., and Troup Howard. "Assessment Caps and the Racial Assessment Gap." National Tax Journal 75, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 169–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/717989.

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12

Carrasco, Anthony R. "Youth homelessness and the racial knowledge gap." Journal of Children and Poverty 25, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10796126.2019.1591041.

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13

Abrajano, Marisa. "Reexamining the “Racial Gap” in Political Knowledge." Journal of Politics 77, no. 1 (January 2015): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/678767.

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14

Dickens, William T., and James R. Flynn. "Black Americans Reduce the Racial IQ Gap." Psychological Science 17, no. 10 (October 2006): 913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01802.x.

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15

Gopalan, Maithreyi, and Ashlyn Aiko Nelson. "Understanding the Racial Discipline Gap in Schools." AERA Open 5, no. 2 (April 2019): 233285841984461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332858419844613.

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We explore the discipline gap between Black and White students and between Hispanic and White students using a statewide student-level panel data set on Indiana public school students attending prekindergarten through 12th grade from 2008–2009 through 2013–2014. We demonstrate that the Black-White disciplinary gaps, defined in a variety of ways and robust to a series of specification tests, emerge as early as in prekindergarten and widen with grade progression. The magnitude of these disciplinary gaps attenuates by about half when we control for many student- and school-level characteristics, but it persists within districts and schools. In contrast, we find that Hispanic-White gaps are initially null and statistically insignificant at the prekindergarten/kindergarten level and attenuate substantially after adjustment for cross-school (district) variation and other covariates. We further disentangle the discipline gap using a decomposition technique that provides empirical support for the hypothesis that Black students nonrandomly sort into more punitive disciplinary environments.

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16

WACHTER, KERRI. "Stroke Risk Factors Don't Explain Racial Gap." Internal Medicine News 43, no. 7 (April 2010): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(10)70385-1.

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17

Brookes, Mich, and Timothy Hinks. "THE RACIAL EMPLOYMENT GAP IN SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Economics 72, no. 3 (July 6, 2005): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2004.tb00126.x.

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18

SCHNEIDER, MARY ELLEN. "Measuring Quality Could Narrow Racial Care Gap." Skin & Allergy News 37, no. 7 (July 2006): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-6337(06)71420-6.

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19

&NA;. "Racial gap persists in ED treatment patterns." Nursing 38, no. 3 (March 2008): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nurse.0000312611.28762.a1.

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20

Plutzer, Eric. "The Racial Gap in Confidence in Science." Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 33, no. 5-6 (October 2013): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0270467614528902.

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21

Simeonova, Emilia. "Doctors, patients and the racial mortality gap." Journal of Health Economics 32, no. 5 (September 2013): 895–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2013.07.002.

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22

Cunningham, Jamein P., and Jose Joaquin Lopez. "Civil Rights Enforcement and the Racial Wage Gap." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211111.

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We present new evidence on three measures of civil rights enforcement--litigation, judge dismissal, and plaintiff win rates--across US district courts from 1979 to 2016. Across courts, higher shares of Republican judges are associated with higher dismissal rates regardless of court composition in terms of gender and race. Further, we find that states with higher litigation rates also exhibit higher racial wage gaps, whereas states with higher judge dismissal (plaintiff win) rates experience higher (lower) racial wage gaps. Our results highlight the importance of legal institutions on the persistence of racial inequality.

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23

Sundstrom, William A. "Explaining the Racial Unemployment Gap: Race, Region, and the Employment Status of Men, 1940." ILR Review 50, no. 3 (April 1997): 460–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399705000305.

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Although the substantial and persistent gap between the unemployment rates of African-Americans and whites in the United States first emerged in aggregate statistics covering the 1940s and 1950s, disaggregation reveals that the gap already existed in urban areas before 1940. Using individual-level data on male workers from the 1940 Census, the author analyzes the causes of the unemployment gap. He finds that racial differences in measured human capital and other characteristics can explain all of the racial gap in the South but less than half of the gap in the North. This result contrasts with results from studies of wages, which have found a larger racial residual in the South than in the North.

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24

Hughes, M. Courtney, and Erin Vernon. "Closing the Gap in Hospice Utilization for the Minority Medicare Population." Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 5 (January 2019): 233372141985566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333721419855667.

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Background: Medicare spends about 20% more on the last year of life for Black and Hispanic people than White people. With lower hospice utilization rates, racial/ethnic minorities receive fewer hospice-related benefits such as lesser symptoms, lower costs, and improved quality of life. For-profit hospices have higher dropout rates than nonprofit hospices, yet target racial/ethnic minority communities more through community outreach. This analysis examined the relationship between hospice utilization and for-profit hospice status and conducted an economic analysis of racial/ethnic minority utilization. Method: Cross-sectional analysis of 2014 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), U.S. Census, and Hospice Analytics data. Measures included Medicare racial/ethnic minority hospice utilization, for-profit hospice status, estimated cost savings, and several demographic and socioeconomic variables. Results: The prevalence of for-profit hospices was associated with significantly increased hospice utilization among racial/ethnic minorities. With savings of about $2,105 per Medicare hospice enrollee, closing the gap between the White and racial/ethnic minority populations would result in nearly $270 million in annual cost savings. Discussion: Significant disparities in hospice use related to hospice for-profit status exist among the racial/ethnic minority Medicare population. CMS and state policymakers should consider lower racial/ethnic minority hospice utilization and foster better community outreach at all hospices to decrease patient costs and improve quality of life.

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25

Thomasson, Melissa A. "Racial Differences in Health Insurance Coverage and Medical Expenditures in the United States." Social Science History 30, no. 4 (2006): 529–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013572.

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This article uses a unique data set from 1957 to examine the racial gap in health insurance coverage and the extent to which that gap influenced racial differences in health care spending. Results indicate that black households in 1957 were statistically significantly less likely to purchase health insurance than white households, even after controlling for differences in income, years of schooling, age, family size, marital status, and other personal and job-related characteristics. Findings in the article also provide weak support for the hypothesis that a racial gap in health insurance coverage contributed to racial differences in health care spending between blacks and whites; even after controlling for differences in income, education, and other characteristics, racial differences in medical expenditures were smaller for insured than for uninsured families, although the result is not statistically significant.

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26

Katz, Lawrence F. "Roland Fryer: 2015 John Bates Clark Medalist." Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.1.207.

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Roland Fryer is an extraordinary applied microeconomist whose research output related to racial inequality, the US racial achievement gap, and the design and evaluation of educational policies make him a worthy recipient of the 2015 John Bates Clark Medal. I will divide this survey of Roland’s research into five categories: the racial achievement gap, education policies and reforms, economics of social interactions, the economics of discrimination and anti-discrimination policies, and further topics involving the black–white racial divide.

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27

Kaufman, Jay S., Corinne A. Riddell, and Sam Harper. "Black and White Differences in Life Expectancy in 4 US States, 1969-2013." Public Health Reports 134, no. 6 (October 10, 2019): 634–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354919878158.

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Objectives: Racial differences in mortality in the United States have narrowed and vary by time and place. The objectives of our study were to (1) examine the gap in life expectancy between white and black persons (hereinafter, racial gap in life expectancy) in 4 states (California, Georgia, Illinois, and New York) and (2) estimate trends in the contribution of major causes of death (CODs) to the racial gap in life expectancy by age group. Methods: We extracted data on the number of deaths and population sizes for 1969-2013 by state, sex, race, age group, and 6 major CODs. We used a Bayesian time-series model to smooth and impute mortality rates and decomposition methods to estimate trends in sex- and age-specific contributions of CODs to the racial gap in life expectancy. Results: The racial gap in life expectancy at birth decreased in all 4 states, especially among men in New York (from 8.8 to 1.1 years) and women in Georgia (from 8.0 to 1.7 years). Although few deaths occurred among persons aged 1-39, racial differences in mortality at these ages (mostly from injuries and infant mortality) contributed to the racial gap in life expectancy, especially among men in California (1.0 year of the 4.3-year difference in 2013) and Illinois (1.9 years of the 6.7-year difference in 2013). Cardiovascular deaths contributed most to the racial gap in life expectancy for adults aged 40-64, but contributions decreased among women aged 40-64, especially in Georgia (from 2.8 to 0.5 years). The contribution of cancer deaths to inequality increased in California and Illinois, whereas New York had the greatest reductions in inequality attributable to cancer deaths (from 0.6 to 0.2 years among men and from 0.2 to 0 years among women). Conclusions: Future research should identify policy innovations and economic changes at the state level to better understand New York’s success, which may help other states emulate its performance.

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28

Hamilton, Darrick, and William Darity. "Can ‘Baby Bonds’ Eliminate the Racial Wealth Gap in Putative Post-Racial America?" Review of Black Political Economy 37, no. 3-4 (January 2010): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12114-010-9063-1.

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29

Li, Yanli. "Racial Pay Gap: An Analysis of CARL Libraries." College & Research Libraries 82, no. 3 (2021): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crl.82.3.436.

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30

Christopher, Gail, and Patrick Simpson. "Improving Birth Outcomes Requires Closing the Racial Gap." American Journal of Public Health 104, S1 (February 2014): S10—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2013.301817.

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31

The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. "A widening racial and social gap in diabetes." Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 9, no. 8 (August 2021): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00183-2.

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32

Toney, Jermaine, and Cassandra L. Robertson. "Intergenerational Economic Mobility and the Racial Wealth Gap." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211113.

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A growing body of research documents the importance of wealth and the racial wealth gap in perpetuating inequality across generations. We examine the impact of wealth on child income. Our two-stage least squares regressions reveal that grandparental wealth has an important effect on the younger generation's stock, which in turn affects the younger generation's household income. We further explore the relationship between income and wealth by decomposing the child's income by race. We find that the intergroup disparity in income is mainly attributable to differences in family background. These findings indicate that wealth is an important source of income inequality.

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33

Guo, Xiaohu, Vishal K. Gupta, William E. Jackson, and Sandra C. Mortal. "Is there a racial gap in CEO compensation?" Journal of Corporate Finance 69 (August 2021): 102043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2021.102043.

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34

Wible, Brad. "Minimum wage policy and the racial earnings gap." Science 370, no. 6513 (October 8, 2020): 183.7–184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.370.6513.183-g.

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35

Flores, Stella M., Toby J. Park, and Dominique J. Baker. "The Racial College Completion Gap: Evidence From Texas." Journal of Higher Education 88, no. 6 (April 3, 2017): 894–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2017.1291259.

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36

Douglas, Jamie H., and Michael D. Steinberger. "The Sexual Orientation Wage Gap for Racial Minorities." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 54, no. 1 (December 19, 2014): 59–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irel.12077.

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37

Lozano, Fernando, and Jessica Shiwen Cheng. "Religious Workers' Density and the Racial Earnings Gap." American Economic Review 106, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20161116.

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We explore differences between Black and White Non-Hispanic workers in the relationship between childhood exposure to religious workers and a worker's labor market outcomes thirty years later. We identify this relationship by exploiting two sources of variation: we use changes in the number of religious workers within states, and we use states' differences by following workers who moved to a different state. Our results suggest that a one percent increase in the number of clergy increases the earnings of Black workers by a range from 0.027 to 0.082 percent relative to the increase in the earnings of White workers.

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38

Chiteji, N. S. "The Racial Wealth Gap and the Borrower’s Dilemma." Journal of Black Studies 41, no. 2 (November 2010): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934709353730.

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39

Toby, Jackson. "No Excuses: Closing the Racial Gap in Learning." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 33, no. 5 (September 2004): 605–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610403300562.

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40

Petre, Melinda. "Contributions of Skills to the Racial Wage Gap." Journal of Human Capital 13, no. 3 (September 2019): 479–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/704322.

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41

Seamans, Marissa J., Whitney R. Robinson, Roland J. Thorpe, Stephen R. Cole, and Thomas A. LaVeist. "Exploring racial differences in the obesity gender gap." Annals of Epidemiology 25, no. 6 (June 2015): 420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.03.010.

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42

BOSCHERT, SHERRY. "Racial Gap Persists in HIV Care, Especially HAART." Family Practice News 35, no. 20 (October 2005): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(05)71966-6.

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43

Dynan, Linda. "The Impact of Medical Education Reform on the Racial Health Status Gap, 1920–1930: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis." Review of Black Political Economy 34, no. 3-4 (December 2007): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12114-008-9012-4.

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The racial impact of a quantity–quality tradeoff in physician supply (implemented through medical education reform) made during an era of racial segregation is assessed. The reform produced differential impacts across race and region. The health status of northern blacks improved the most; that of southern blacks the least. Accordingly, the health status gap between northern whites and blacks diminished, but the gap between southern blacks and every other demographic group increased. The path of northern blacks suggests that access to and high quality of health care are both necessary to close the racial gap in health status that persists today.

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44

Quinn, David M., Tara-Marie Desruisseaux, and Akua Nkansah-Amankra. "“Achievement Gap” Language Affects Teachers’ Issue Prioritization." Educational Researcher 48, no. 7 (July 11, 2019): 484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x19863765.

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The term “achievement gap” is regularly used to describe between-group differences in educational outcomes. However, critics of the term argue that it implies the problem is merely one of student performance and may depress support for policies aimed at structural solutions. We hypothesized that the phrase “racial achievement gap” would elicit lower levels of issue prioritization than the phrase “racial inequality in educational outcomes” due to the latter’s connotations of social justice. In a randomized survey experiment with a national teacher sample ( N = 1,549), our hypothesis was confirmed. However, language did not affect teachers’ explanations for existing academic outcome disparities.

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45

Anderson, Deborah, and David Shapiro. "Racial Differences in Access to High-Paying Jobs and the Wage Gap between Black and White Women." ILR Review 49, no. 2 (January 1996): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399604900206.

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The authors examine the role that racial differences in access to high-paying occupations played in determining the racial wage gap in the 1980s. Analyzing data on black and white women aged 34–44 from the National Longitudinal Surveys for 1968–88, they estimate the effects of human capital characteristics and discrimination on segregation into high- and low-wage jobs by race. They find that differences in workers' measured characteristics explain little of either the observed occupational segregation by race or the racial wage gap in 1988. Further analysis suggests that several changes in the wage structure for women during the 1980s, notably a widening of occupational wage differentials and an increase in the returns to education, abetted direct discrimination in enlarging the racial wage gap among women.

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46

Liu, Yue, Huiqun Wang, Jinjin Liu, and Tony Huiquan Zhang. "Racial Diversity, Majority–Minority Gap, and Confidence in the Criminal Justice System." Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 64, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2021-0049.

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Racial status, that is, majority/minority identity, affects an individual’s confidence in the criminal justice system, and this effect could vary across social contexts. We analyzed people’s confidence in the criminal justice system comparatively in 88 societies using the World Values Survey (1981–2020). Results from the hierarchical linear models showed the following patterns: (1) Racial majority members display higher confidence in the criminal justice system than minority members; (2) the majority advantage in confidence is greater when racial diversity increases; (3) the majority advantage is most salient in societies with Black or Arabic majorities. The results suggest that majority members’ higher trust in order institutions is associated with perceived advantages and social comparison with minority members. Our findings reveal the profound interactive effects of racial status and context on confidence in the criminal justice system, shed light on racial diversity, and contribute new knowledge to public opinion studies.

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47

Bonam, Courtney, Caitlyn Yantis, and Valerie Jones Taylor. "Invisible middle-class Black space: Asymmetrical person and space stereotyping at the race–class nexus." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 23, no. 1 (September 7, 2018): 24–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430218784189.

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In addition to racial stereotypes about people (e.g., Black people are poor), perceivers hold parallel racial stereotypes about physical spaces (e.g., Black spaces are impoverished; Bonam, Bergsieker, & Eberhardt, 2016). Three studies extend these findings, showing that (a) Whites describe Black space as impoverished and undesirable, but describe White space as affluent and desirable, and (b) this racially polarized stereotype content is heightened for spaces compared to people (Studies 1 & 2). Perceivers are accordingly more likely to racially stereotype spaces than people (Study 3). This asymmetry in racial stereotype application is exacerbated when targets are objectively middle class versus lower class, likely because Whites have more difficulty incorporating counterstereotypic information into perceptions of Black spaces—compared to perceptions of Black people, White people, and White spaces (Study 3). Finally, we provide and discuss evidence for potential consequences of invisible middle-class Black space, relating to residential segregation and the racial wealth gap.

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48

Assari, Shervin, Pegah Khoshpouri, and Hamid Chalian. "Combined Effects of Race and Socioeconomic Status on Cancer Beliefs, Cognitions, and Emotions." Healthcare 7, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7010017.

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Aim: To determine whether socioeconomic status (SES; educational attainment and income) explains the racial gap in cancer beliefs, cognitions, and emotions in a national sample of American adults. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, data came from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2017, which included a nationally representative sample of American adults. The study enrolled 2277 adults who were either non-Hispanic Black (n = 409) or non-Hispanic White (n = 1868). Race, demographic factors (age and gender), SES (i.e., educational attainment and income), health access (insurance status, usual source of care), family history of cancer, fatalistic cancer beliefs, perceived risk of cancer, and cancer worries were measured. We ran structural equation models (SEMs) for data analysis. Results: Race and SES were associated with perceived risk of cancer, cancer worries, and fatalistic cancer beliefs, suggesting that non-Hispanic Blacks, low educational attainment and low income were associated with higher fatalistic cancer beliefs, lower perceived risk of cancer, and less cancer worries. Educational attainment and income only partially mediated the effects of race on cancer beliefs, emotions, and cognitions. Race was directly associated with fatalistic cancer beliefs, perceived risk of cancer, and cancer worries, net of SES. Conclusions: Racial gap in SES is not the only reason behind racial gap in cancer beliefs, cognitions, and emotions. Racial gap in cancer related beliefs, emotions, and cognitions is the result of race and SES rather than race or SES. Elimination of racial gap in socioeconomic status will not be enough for elimination of racial disparities in cancer beliefs, cognitions, and emotions in the United States.

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Okoye-Johnson, Ogo. "Does Multicultural Education Improve Students’ Racial Attitudes? Implications for Closing the Achievement Gap." Journal of Black Studies 42, no. 8 (June 10, 2011): 1252–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934711408901.

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The effects of multicultural education on the racial attitudes of students in prekindergarten through twelfth grade are examined in this meta-analysis. Multicultural education was operationalized for this study as programs and curricula dealing with racial and cultural diversity. The effect sizes of curricular intervention and reinforcement dimensions of multicultural education in suburban and urban settings among age groups 3-8 and 9-16 were compared to see the relative effectiveness of multicultural education on students’ racial attitudes. The mean effect size of 0.488 from a total of 60 effect sizes calculated using 30 studies shows that exposure to multicultural education led to a reduction in students’ racial attitudes. However, the mean effect size of 0.645 from curricular intervention studies was higher than the mean effect size of the reinforcement studies at 0.08, indicating that the curricular intervention dimension of multicultural education was more effective in reducing students’ racial attitudes. Multicultural education was more effective in reducing racial attitudes in urban areas with a mean effect size of 0.72, than in suburban areas with a mean effect size of 0.587. Multicultural education was also more effective in reducing racial attitudes among the 9-16 age group with a mean effect size of 0.751, than among the 3-8 age group with a mean effect size of 0.208. Implications for research and for practice with emphasis on closing the achievement gap that exists among the various student subgroups primarily in under achieving inner-city public schools are discussed.

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Lipton, Avi. "The Racial Wealth Gap and the Role of Firm Ownership." AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (May 1, 2022): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20221110.

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This paper develops an overlapping generations model that isolates the impact of the US racial wealth gap in 1962 on the long-run dynamics of wealth. The model predicts that one component of the initial gap, firm ownership, coupled with the intergenerational transfer of that ownership results in a permanent wealth gap independent of other dimensions of inequality. This implies that even if all discrimination against Black Americans had ceased upon the end of Jim Crow, the wealth gap would have persisted without a reparations policy addressing the fact that the initial firm ownership gap arose in the first place.

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