Статті в журналах: "Race dynamics"

1

Seid, Nurhussein, Kitessa Gutu, David P. Hodson, Yoseph Alemayehu, Netsanet Bacha, Daniel Mulatu, Ayele Badebo, Mohammed Yesuf, and Mogens Støvring Hovmøller. "First Report of Puccinia striiformis F. Sp. Tritici Race ME2018 in Irrigated Wheat Production in Ethiopia." Scholars International Journal of Chemistry and Material Sciences 7, no. 01 (January 24, 2024): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijcms.2024.v07i01.001.

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Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a devastating disease of wheat in Ethiopia and the globe. The disease was dynamic and quite complex with the host (variety and plant spp), the environment, and with the pathogen genetic nature. The genetic alternation or change of a pathogen could affect the resistant population in the area. New race identification helps preparedness for the needs a rise to reduce the possible losses due to the problem. The race analysis dynamics identified three yellow rust races; namely, PstS11, PstS16 and ME2018 and one other unknown new race were the major in recent years but in the 2012-2016 Psts1 and PSTS2 were the dominant once. The new race ME2018 race mixture was increased the risk of stripe race epidemics in the area because it is Yr10-virulence race. So regular monitoring, for early detection and identification of new races was crucial.

2

Huang, Zhipeng, Jinyan Wang, Yaling Zhang, Yongxiang Yao, Lifei Huang, Xueyan Yang, Ling Wang, and Qinghua Pan. "Dynamics of Race Structures of Pyricularia oryzae Populations Across 18 Seasons in Guangdong Province, China." Plant Disease 105, no. 1 (January 2021): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-20-1438-re.

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Rice blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, is one of the most damaging fungal diseases affecting rice. Understanding how the pathogen’s race structure varies over time supports the efforts of rice breeders to develop improved cultivars. Here, the race structure of P. oryzae in Guangdong province, China, where rice is cropped twice per year, was assessed over 18 seasons from 1999 through 2008. The analysis was based on the reactions of a panel of seven differential Chinese cultivars to inoculation with a set of 1,248 isolates of P. oryzae in the province. The “total race frequency” parameter ranged from 14.7 to 39.7%, and the “race diversity index” ranged from 0.63 to 0.93. Twelve (ZA63, ZA31, ZA29, ZA21, ZA13, ZA9, ZB30, ZB17, ZB8, ZB2, ZC14, and ZC8) and two (ZD8 and ZD3) races were recognized as specific to indica and japonica rice types, respectively. Of the 59 distinct races identified, only two indica type races (ZC13 and ZC15) were identified as population-common, and nine indica type races (ZB1, ZB5, ZB6, ZB7, ZB13, ZB15, ZC5, ZC13, and ZC15) and one japonica type race (ZG1) were deemed to be population-dominant; the “total top two race isolate frequency” parameter ranged from 29.8 to 74.5%. On the host side, dynamics of resistance structures of the differential set were divided into three patterns: Both Tetep and Kanto 51 expressed the highest and most stable resistance, both Sifeng 43 and Lijiangxintuanheigu conveyed much lower and unstable resistance, and Zhenlong 13, Dongnong 363, and Heijiang 18 performed intermediate and seasonally dynamic resistance. Three interesting points distinguishing race structures of P. oryzae populations in southern and northeastern China were also discussed. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

3

Andrivon, D. "Race structure and dynamics in populations of Phytophthora infestans." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 1681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-206.

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The structure and dynamics of races of the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans in several populations collected worldwide during 1966–1993 were investigated using mathematical estimates of phenotypic diversity (Shannon and Rogers indices) and of virulence complexity. As expected, the highest diversity of races was found in central Mexico, whereas European and other American populations had consistently lower numbers of races and were usually dominated by one or a few phenotypes. Rogers indices were generally close to 0.5 when calculated for populations collected over successive years from the same area and for populations from neighbouring regions collected at the same period of time, indicating that some geographical and temporal structuring was the rule. This is consistent with a metapopulation structure for P. infestans and provides evidence for evolutionary patterns driven by founder effects. The mean number of virulence genes per race was highly variable among populations. Unnecessary virulences were frequent in most if not all populations. In all populations investigated, the rarest virulence genes were found in highly complex races, indicating a predominant influence of mutation events on race evolution. Key words: potato, late blight, virulence, diversity, complexity, population structure.

4

Zhang, Yaling, Jinyan Wang, Yongxiang Yao, Xuehui Jin, James Correll, Ling Wang, and Qinghua Pan. "Dynamics of Race Structures of the Rice Blast Pathogen Population in Heilongjiang Province, China From 2006 Through 2015." Plant Disease 103, no. 11 (November 2019): 2759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-18-1741-re.

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Rice blast caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most destructive diseases of rice. Its control through the deployment of host resistance genes would be facilitated by understanding the pathogen’s race structure. Here, dynamics of race structures in this decade in Heilongjiang province were characterized by Chinese differential cultivars. Two patterns of dynamics of the race structures emerged: both race diversity and population-specific races increased gradually between 2006 and 2011, but they increased much more sharply between 2011 and 2015, with concomitant falls in both the population-common races and dominant races. Four races (ZD1, ZD3, ZD5, and ZE1) were among the top three dominant races over the whole period, indicating that the core of the race structure remained stable through this decade. On the host side, the composition of resistance in the cultivar differential set could be divided in two: the three indica-type entries of the differential set expressed a higher level of resistance to the population of M. oryzae isolates tested than did the four japonica-type entries. The cultivars Tetep and Zhenlong 13 as well as two additional resistance genes α and ε were confirmed as the most promising donors of blast resistance for the local rice improvement programs. [Formula: see text]Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

5

Gómez, Pedro, Ben Ashby, and Angus Buckling. "Population mixing promotes arms race host–parasite coevolution." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1798 (January 7, 2015): 20142297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2297.

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The consequences of host–parasite coevolution are highly contingent on the qualitative coevolutionary dynamics: whether selection fluctuates (fluctuating selection dynamic; FSD), or is directional towards increasing infectivity/resistance (arms race dynamic; ARD). Both genetics and ecology can play an important role in determining whether coevolution follows FSD or ARD, but the ecological conditions under which FSD shifts to ARD, and vice versa, are not well understood. The degree of population mixing is thought to increase host exposure to parasites, hence selecting for greater resistance and infectivity ranges, and we hypothesize this promotes ARD. We tested this by coevolving bacteria and viruses in soil microcosms and found that population mixing shifted bacteria–virus coevolution from FSD to ARD. A simple theoretical model produced qualitatively similar results, showing that mechanisms that increase host exposure to parasites tend to push dynamics towards ARD. The shift from FSD to ARD with increased population mixing may help to explain variation in coevolutionary dynamics between different host–parasite systems, and more specifically the observed discrepancies between laboratory and field bacteria–virus coevolutionary studies.

6

Jin, Y. "Races of Puccinia graminis Identified in the United States During 2003." Plant Disease 89, no. 10 (October 2005): 1125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-1125.

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Stem rust of small grain cereals, caused by Puccinia graminis, is a major disease of wheat, barley, and oat. In order to effectively utilize stem rust resistance in the improvement of small grain cereals, it is necessary to monitor the virulence composition and dynamics in the stem rust population. Races of P. graminis from barberry, wheat, barley, and oat were surveyed across the United States during 2003. Aecial infections on barberry were primarily due to P. graminis f. sp. secalis, as inoculations using aeciospores failed to produce infection on wheat and oat. Race QFCS of P. graminis f. sp. tritici was the most common race identified from wheat and barley. Race QFCS has virulence on stem rust resistance genes Sr5, 8a, 9a, 9d, 9g, 10, 17, and 21 that are used for race identification. Race TTTT was identified in 2003. This race possesses virulence to all 16 stem rust resistance genes present in the wheat stem rust differentials and should be targeted in breeding for stem rust resistance. Race QFCN appeared to be a new race in the U.S. stem rust population. Races QCCJ and MCCF were identified, but at low frequencies. Seven races of P. graminis f. sp. avenae were identified from oat, and races NA-27, NA-29, and NA-67 were the predominant races. Race NA-76 was identified for the first time in the United States.

7

Donaghy, Kieran P. "Arms Race Dynamics and Economic Stability." Conflict Management and Peace Science 14, no. 1 (February 1995): 49–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073889429501400103.

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8

Ausubel, Jesse H. "Rat-race dynamics and crazy companies." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 39, no. 1-2 (March 1991): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1625(91)90025-b.

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9

MCPHERSON, LIONEL K. "Deflating ‘Race’." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 1, no. 4 (2015): 674–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2015.19.

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ABSTRACT:‘Race’ has long searched for a stable, suitable idea, with no consensus on a master meaning in sight. What I call deflationary pluralism about the existence of race recognizes that various meanings may be true as far as they go but avoids murky disputes over whether there are races in some sense. Once we have rejected the notion that racial essences yield innate cognitive differences, there is little point to arguing over the race idea. In its place, I propose the idea of socioancestry, which jettisons racial thinking yet recognizes the social dynamics of color. For example, Black Americans, many of whom have traceable non-African ancestry, constitute an Africa-identified, socioancestrally black subgroup. ‘Race’ talk is not needed to sustain legitimate color-conscious approaches to social identity and social justice. Long-standing fixation on the race idea has obscured the simple truth that visible continental ancestry is the root of the social reality of color consciousness.

10

Byng, Michelle D. "RACE KNOWLEDGE." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 14, no. 1 (2017): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x17000042.

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AbstractThis analysis addresses race knowledge or the connection between race identity and the ability to designate what is socially legitimate. It problematizes race inequality in light of neoliberal, post-Civil Rights racial reforms. Using qualitative data from interviews with second-generation Muslim Americans, the analysis maps their understanding of the racialized social legitimacy of Brown, Black, and White identities. Findings address how racial hierarchy is organized by racial neoliberalism and the persistence of White supremacy. They show that White racial dominance continues in spite of claims of post-racialism. Moreover, second-generation Muslim Americans position their Brown and Black racial identity as subordinate to White racial identity, but Brown and Black races are different rather than hierarchically positioned in reference to one another. The respondents bring neoliberal globalism as well as U.S. racial dynamics to bear on their understandings of racial hierarchy and racialized social legitimacy.

11

Bogdevičius, Marijonas, and Viktor Skrickij. "Investigation of Dynamic Processes in Ball Bearings with Defects." Solid State Phenomena 198 (March 2013): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.198.651.

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The paper considers the dynamics of ball bearings with defects. A mathematical model of a ball bearing with defects is offered. The performed theoretical and experimental investigations of ball bearings with defects are described. Five cases of various defects are investigated, including the defective outer race, the defective inner race, the defective rolling element, the defective inner and outer races, the rolling element and a separator, the worn-out ball bearing.

12

Thomas, David A. "Racial Dynamics in Cross-Race Developmental Relationships." Administrative Science Quarterly 38, no. 2 (June 1993): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393410.

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13

Behrens, D. A., G. Feichtinger, and A. Prskawetz. "Complex dynamics and control of arms race." European Journal of Operational Research 100, no. 1 (July 1997): 192–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-2217(96)00018-5.

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14

Boehm, Thomas P., and Alan M. Schlottmann. "The dynamics of race, income, and homeownership." Journal of Urban Economics 55, no. 1 (January 2004): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2003.08.001.

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15

Rodriguez, E., G. Espinosa-Paredes, and J. Alvarez-Ramirez. "Convection–diffusion effects in marathon race dynamics." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 393 (January 2014): 498–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2013.09.051.

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16

Conrath, Ryan. "Space Race." Feminist Media Histories 7, no. 3 (2021): 19–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fmh.2021.7.3.19.

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This paper discusses the practice of contemporary artist Cauleen Smith as an ongoing exploration of the aesthetic and political possibilities of cinematic space, place, and movement. Drawing upon a range of critical frameworks from cultural geography and Black feminism, it locates in Smith’s work an aesthetics and politics of errantry that favors radically nonnormative forms of relation and mobility. Borrowing the term from Martinican novelist and critic Édouard Glissant, and drawing more broadly from his thoroughgoing elucidations of the spatial dynamics of colonialism, the plantation system, and their afterlives, the text frames Smith’s cinematic errantry both as a formal and technological operation and as a political one grounded in a Black feminist praxis of place.

17

Kuswinanti, T., B. Patandjengi, N. Amin, and M. Tuwo. "Population structures of Pyricularia oryzae Cavara in South Sulawesi." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1192, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1192/1/012005.

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Abstract Blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae is one of the major rice diseases affecting rice output in Indonesia causing a 90% reduction in yield. This study aimed to determine the distribution of Pyricularia oryzae virulence pathotypes (races) in several South Sulawesi regencies. The P. oryzae races were determined in the Green House using 7 rice differential varieties: Asahan, Cisokan, IR 64, Krueng Aceh, Cisadane, Cisanggarung, and Kencana Bali. A total of 72 P. oryzae isolates from Maros, Gowa, Bone, and Pinrang Regencies were tested. The IRRI evaluation standard assessed the disease intensity seven days after inoculation. There were a total of 24 race compositions of P. oryzae were discovered based on the reactions of different rice varieties. However, only two races were dominant. Race 001 was dominant among Pinrang and Maros isolates, whereas race 020 was dominant in Bone and Gowa. Based on this result, monitoring of disease severity and the dynamics of P. oryzae population race structures is important for the breeding and rational distribution of resistant rice varieties.

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Sullivan, M. J., T. A. Melton, and H. D. Shew. "Managing the Race Structure of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae with Cultivar Rotation." Plant Disease 89, no. 12 (December 2005): 1285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-1285.

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Deployment of tobacco cultivars with single-gene, complete resistance to race 0 of the tobacco black shank pathogen, Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, has resulted in a rapid increase in the occurrence of race 1 of the pathogen in North Carolina. Cultivar-rotation studies were conducted in three fields to assess how different levels and types of resistance affected the race structure and population dynamics of the pathogen when deployed in fields initially containing single or mixed races of the pathogen. In a field with both races present, a high level of partial resistance in cv. K 346 was most effective in reducing disease and decreasing the proportion of race 1 in the pathogen population. The deployment of complete resistance in cv. NC 71 resulted in intermediate levels of disease control and race 1 became the predominate race. The cv. K 326, with a low level of partial resistance, had the highest levels of disease, and race 0 was the dominant race recovered. In a field where no race 1 was detected initially, disease incidence was high with the use of partial resistance. Complete resistance was very effective in suppressing disease, but race 1 was recovered after only one growing season. By the end of the third growing season, race 1 was recovered from most treatments where single-gene resistance was deployed. A high level of partial resistance was most effective in suppressing disease in a field where race 1 initially was the predominant race. A rotation between cultivars with single-gene resistance and cultivars with a high level of partial resistance should provide the most effective approach to black shank management. This rotation will reduce disease incidence and minimize race shifts in the pathogen and, over time, should prolong the usefulness of the Ph gene for black shank control in commercial production of tobacco.

19

Yik Pey Tang. "Effects of Race Car's Speed on the Aerodynamic Aspect Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis." Advanced and Sustainable Technologies (ASET) 3, no. 1 (June 3, 2024): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.58915/aset.v3i1.797.

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This research employs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods to investigate the intricate relationship between race car speed and external aerodynamics during high-performance racing competitions. The primary objectives encompass the application of CFD in pre-processing and analyzing external aerodynamic aspects, coupled with a comprehensive examination of the external flow around a race car for a nuanced understanding of its aerodynamic performance. Various car speeds were considered with the RANS (k-ω SST) turbulent model. The results unveiled a direct correlation between inlet velocity and the maximum velocity attained by the race car. The aerodynamic design intricately directs the airflow, leading to higher velocities predominantly along the upper part of the car body. Noteworthy is the revelation that the highest recorded maximum velocity of 231.06 m/s coincides with a peak inlet velocity of 200 m/s, suggesting a consistent increase in maximum velocity with rising inlet velocity. This research emphasizes the pivotal role of inlet velocity in achieving peak car speed performance. It sheds light on the significance of turbulent model selection in capturing the complexities of external flow dynamics. This knowledge contributes to optimizing the external aerodynamics of race car body design, ultimately enhancing performance and competitiveness in the dynamic world of Formula 1 racing.

20

Bogdanov, K., and M. Yevtodyeva. "U.S.–China: Mechanisms and Dynamics of Arms Race." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 6 (2021): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-6-42-50.

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Received 23.12.2020. The U.S.–China confrontation, generating a military technology race, has been gradually developed over a long period of time after the end of the Cold War. The mission of countering U.S. forces in a possible armed conflict in the Southeast Asian region has led China to adopt a “counter-intervention strategy”, better known by the designation “anti-access/area denial” (A2/AD). The U.S. responded by development of sea-based missile defense systems, which has dangerously damaged the military balance. The study shows that both countries independently faced the need to accelerate one of the most destabilizing types of modern weapons – hypersonic weapons – during this race that required specific military-technical solutions. The course of this arms race has led the U.S. to development of the “AirSea Battle” concept and then other more radical operational concepts, such as “distributed lethality”, requiring a complete step-by-step restructuring of the Navy. A study of the behavior of both powers shows that, at the present stage, the “arms race” is increasingly becoming a more complex process of “technological race”, in which it is at times difficult to distinguish the components of the dynamics of the civilian and military sectors of the economy and of advanced researches and developments. The U.S. adoption of the ambitious “Third Offset Strategy” program occurred simultaneously with the deployment of Chinese research in similar directions, including the improvement of command, control and communications systems, development of lethal autonomous weapons systems and military applications of artificial intelligence. One of the main questions in this regard is to what extent the U.S. dispersed model of innovation management can compete with the Chinese centralized model of “military-civil fusion” marked by its high ability to concentrate resources and at the same time – linkages with global markets through the national champion companies. Acknowledgments. The article was prepared within the project “Post-crisis world order: challenges and technologies, competition and cooperation” supported by the grant from Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation program for research projects in priority areas of scientific and technological development (Agreement № 075-15-2020-783).

21

Clark, Peter Yuichi. "Exploring the Pastoral Dynamics of Mixed-Race Persons." Pastoral Psychology 52, no. 4 (March 2003): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:pasp.0000016936.79800.89.

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22

Marchesin, Felipe Pereira, Roberto Spinola Barbosa, Marco Gadola, and Daniel Chindamo. "High downforce race car vertical dynamics: aerodynamic index." Vehicle System Dynamics 56, no. 8 (December 14, 2017): 1269–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2017.1413196.

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23

Sugar, Steve. "The RAT race: An exercise in group dynamics." Performance + Instruction 29, no. 7 (August 1990): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pfi.4160290707.

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24

Vickerman, Milton. "RECENT IMMIGRATION AND RACE." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 4, no. 1 (2007): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x07070087.

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AbstractContemporary immigration is affecting U.S. society in many ways, particularly with respect to racial dynamics. Three aspects of these dynamics stand out: the conceptualization of race, the meaning of assimilation, and racial relations between groups. Although contemporary immigration, being largely non-White, is challenging U.S. society's entrenched conceptualization of race as revolving around a Black/White framework, this framework is not being rapidly overturned. Instead, immigrants are increasing social complexity by both adapting to the Black/White dichotomy and seeking alternatives to it through multiculturalism. The conceptualization of race is pivotally important because it determines the shape of assimilation, and, consistent with growing immigration-driven complexity, no one model of assimilation dominates the society. Instead, Anglo-conformity and multiculturalism are competing for preeminence. Blacks, because of U.S. society's failure to completely absorb them, helped to originate multiculturalism, but immigration is strengthening the model's appeal. Blacks and immigrants are adapting to U.S. society by utilizing both Anglo-conformity and multiculturalism. Immigration, increasingly, is also influencing race relations because of its volume and character. Even though Black/White conflict remains unresolved, future race relations will go beyond this nexus to incorporate other groups in complex interactions, revolving around the formation of coalitions and conflict situations as groups pursue particular interests.

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Qi, Zhongqiang, Yan Du, Muxing Liu, Junjie Yu, Rongsheng Zhang, Mingna Yu, Huijuan Cao, et al. "Dynamics of Pyricularia oryzae Population Race Structures from 2003 to 2017 in Jiangsu Province, China." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040956.

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Rice blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, is one of the most destructive rice diseases worldwide. It is essential to understand the population structure and race distribution of P. oryzae for the prevention and control of rice blast. This study collected 1584 isolates across Jiangsu province from 2003 to 2017 to determine race diversity, common and dominant race structures, and resistance profiles using eight parameters from the Chinese differential cultivars (CDC) entries. Race diversity analysis indicated that the race diversity of 1584 isolates in Jiangsu province increased from 2003 to 2006 and fluctuated steadily from 2007 to 2017. Common race structure analysis showed that the common race structure of the isolates fluctuated wildly on an annual basis. Moreover, the race ZG1 was the dominant race, suggesting that the most commonly grown rice varieties in Jiangsu are highly adaptive to race ZG1. In addition, due to a higher level (>85%) of resistance to the population of isolates from 2003 to 2017, Tetep may be conformed as the most promising donor of blast resistance for resistance breeding in Jiangsu province. In summary, it is beneficial to control rice blast by continuous monitoring of the population structure and distribution of P. oryzae with the monogenic germplasm entries and by maintaining a diversity of rice varieties.

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Grier, Sonya A., David Crockett, Guillaume D. Johnson, Kevin D. Thomas, and Tonya Williams Bradford. "Race in Consumer Research: Past, Present, and Future." Journal of Consumer Research 51, no. 1 (May 15, 2024): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucad050.

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Abstract Race has been a market force in society for centuries. Still, the question of what constitutes focused and sustainable consumer research engagement with race remains opaque. We propose a guide for scholars and scholarship that extends the current canon of race in consumer research toward understanding race, racism, and related racial dynamics as foundational to global markets and central to consumer research efforts. We discuss the nature, relevance, and meaning of race for consumer research and offer a thematic framework that critically categorizes and synthesizes extant consumer research on race along the following dimensions: (1) racial structuring of consumption and consumer markets, (2) consumer navigation of racialized markets, and (3) consumer resistance and advocacy movements. We build on our discussion to guide future research that foregrounds racial dynamics in consumer research and offers impactful theoretical and practical contributions.

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Murrell, Ben, Thomas Vollbrecht, John Guatelli, and Joel O. Wertheim. "The Evolutionary Histories of Antiretroviral Proteins SERINC3 and SERINC5 Do Not Support an Evolutionary Arms Race in Primates." Journal of Virology 90, no. 18 (June 29, 2016): 8085–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00972-16.

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ABSTRACTMolecular evolutionary arms races between viruses and their hosts are important drivers of adaptation. These Red Queen dynamics have been frequently observed in primate retroviruses and their antagonists, host restriction factor genes, such as APOBEC3F/G, TRIM5-α, SAMHD1, and BST-2. Host restriction factors have experienced some of the most intense and pervasive adaptive evolution documented in primates. Recently, two novel host factors, SERINC3 and SERINC5, were identified as the targets of HIV-1 Nef, a protein crucial for the optimal infectivity of virus particles. Here, we compared the evolutionary fingerprints of SERINC3 and SERINC5 to those of other primate restriction factors and to a set of other genes with diverse functions. SERINC genes evolved in a manner distinct from the canonical arms race dynamics seen in the other restriction factors. Despite their antiviral activity against HIV-1 and other retroviruses, SERINC3 and SERINC5 have a relatively uneventful evolutionary history in primates.IMPORTANCERestriction factors are host proteins that block viral infection and replication. Many viruses, like HIV-1 and related retroviruses, evolved accessory proteins to counteract these restriction factors. The importance of these interactions is evidenced by the intense adaptive selection pressures that dominate the evolutionary histories of both the host and viral genes involved in this so-called arms race. The dynamics of these arms races can point to mechanisms by which these viral infections can be prevented. Two human genes, SERINC3 and SERINC5, were recently identified as targets of an HIV-1 accessory protein important for viral infectivity. Unexpectedly, we found that these SERINC genes, unlike other host restriction factor genes, show no evidence of a recent evolutionary arms race with viral pathogens.

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Knaus, Juliann. "Dissolution of Racial Boundaries." JAAAS: Journal of the Austrian Association for American Studies 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47060/jaaas.v2i1.73.

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As the field of mixed-race studies continues to expand, my article adds to this growth by analyzing the representation of mixed-race children in Natasha Trethewey's Thrall in relation to the corresponding Mexican casta paintings she refers to. I explore how Trethewey uses diction and etymology in Thrall by performing close readings of her Mexican casta painting poems. Throughout my analysis, I pay special attention to how aspects of knowledge and colonialism affect the portrayal of these mixed-race offspring. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that Trethewey skillfully uses diction and etymology to emphasize the relationship between knowledge and power, particularly with regard to the representation of mixed-race people in society. Trethewey intertwines mixed-race representation and experiences that seem disparate—her poems cross geographical, temporal, and spatial boundaries—in order to illustrate how mixed-race peoples' positioning and representation in society often transcends such boundaries while additionally critically assessing power dynamics controlling said representation. Accordingly, by closely examining the representation of mixed-race people and miscegenation in art and poetry, this article sheds a new light on how meaning can be developed between races and cultures and stresses how colonialism and knowledge can be connected to contextualizing difference across time and space.

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Burlakoti, Rishi Ram, Chiou-fen Hsu, Jaw-rong Chen, and Jaw-fen Wang. "Population Dynamics of Xanthomonads Associated with Bacterial Spot of Tomato and Pepper during 27 Years across Taiwan." Plant Disease 102, no. 7 (July 2018): 1348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-17-0465-re.

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Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas spp. is the second most important bacterial disease after bacterial wilt of tomato and pepper in Taiwan. To determine the species composition of the Xanthomonas population over 27 years (1989 to 2016) across the country, a large collections of strains from tomato (n = 292) and pepper (n = 198) were examined. In the 1989 to 1999 population, all strains (n = 147) from pepper and 95% strains (n = 198) from tomato were Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. The remaining 5% of strains from tomato were X. vesicatoria. In a 2000 to 2009 population from tomato (n = 36), 22% of the strains were X. perforans and the remaining 78% strains were X. euvesicatoria. In the 2010 to 2016 population, 92% of the strains (n = 50) from pepper were still X. euvesicatoria and the remaining 8% of the strains were X. perforans; however, 99% (n = 58) of the strains from tomato were X. perforans. All of the evaluated (n = 25) strains of X. euvesicatoria collected during 1990 to 2006 were tomato race T1. Four pepper races (P1, P2, P7, and P8) were identified in the X. euvesicatoria population. The strains of X. vesicatoria collected during 1989 to 1999 (n = 8) were tomato race T2 and strains of X. perforans from tomato collected during 2010 to 2016 (n = 12) were race T4 (83%) and race T3 (17%). Four strains of X. perforans from pepper were race T4. All of the strains of X. vesicatoria and X. perforans caused a hypersensitive response in all pepper differentials. Biochemical characterization of representative strains (n = 48) showed that strains of X. euvesicatoria were negative on and amylolytic test and positive on lipase and oxidative-fermentative (OF) tests. The strains of X. vesicatoria were positive on amylolytic and OF tests and were negative on the lipase test. All X. perforans strains showed positive reactions on three tests. Evaluation of the same 48 strains for the sensitivity to copper sulfate (50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg liter−1) revealed that the majority of X. euvesicatoria (86%) and X. perforans (94%) strains in the 2010 to 2016 population were tolerant to copper sulfate. The findings suggest that management strategies and breeding programs should consider the new X. perforans species and their new races. The increased number of copper-sulfate-tolerant strains in the 2010 to 2016 population further shows the need for alternative options to copper for managing bacterial spot of tomato and pepper.

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Yesuf, Nurhussein Seid, Sileshi Getahun, Shiferaw Hassen, Yoseph Alemayehu, Kitessa Gutu Danu, Zemedkun Alemu, Tsegaab Tesfaye, Netsanet Bacha Hei, and Gerald Blasch. "Distribution, dynamics, and physiological races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici) on irrigated wheat in the Awash River Basin of Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 23, 2021): e0249507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249507.

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Wheat is one of the high-value major crops in the world. However, wheat stem rust is considered one of the determinant threats to wheat production in Ethiopia and the world. So this study was conducted to assess the disease intensity, seasonal distribution dynamics pattern, the genetic variability of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, and to determine the virulence spectrum in the irrigated ecology of the Awash River Basin. Totally 137 wheat farms were evaluated, from 2014/15–2019/20 in six districts representing the Upper, Middle, and Lower Awash River Basin. Farm plots were assessed, in every 5–10 km intervals, with ’X’ fashion, and data on disease incidence, severity, healthy plants were counted and recorded. Diseased samples were collected from the diseased wheat stem by Puccinia graminis physiological and genetic race analysis. The seasonal trend of stem rust disease progress showed its importance to infer the future progresses of the disease for the country’s potential production plan of irrigated wheat. The result revealed that the disease prevalence, disease incidence, and severity were significantly varied; among the different districts and seasons in the two regions. The survey results also indicated that about 71.7% of the wheat fields were affected by stem rust during the 2018/19 growing period. The disease’s overall incidence and mean severity during the same season were 49.02% and 29.27%, respectively. In 2019/20, about 63.7% of the wheat fields were affected by stem rust, disease incidence 30.97%, and severity 17.22% were lower than the previous season. In 2019/20, even though seasonal disease distribution decreased, the spatial distribution was expanding in Afambo and Dubti districts. Four, stem rust dominant races were identified (TTTTF, TKTTF TKKTF, and TTKTF) by physiological and genetic race analysis during 2018/19 and one additional race (TKPTF) in 2019/20, production year. The result indicated that the races are highly virulent and affect most Sr genes except Sr31 and Sr24. From the race analysis result, TTTTF, and TKKTF have the broadest virulence spectrum race, which affects 90% of the Sr genes. Generally, we can conclude that the spatial and seasonal distribution of the disease is expanding. Most of the races in the irrigated areas in the Basin were similar to that of rain-fed wheat production belts in Ethiopia, so care must be given, to effective management of the diseases, in both production ecologies towards controlling the spore pressure than race variability. Therefore, these findings provide inputs for wheat producers to reduce the spread and disease’ damage in the irrigated ecologies of Ethiopia. Also, it gives an insight for breeders to think about the breeding program in their crossing lines.

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HAWKESWORTH, MARY. "Congressional Enactments of Race–Gender: Toward a Theory of Raced–Gendered Institutions." American Political Science Review 97, no. 4 (November 2003): 529–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055403000868.

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Investigating reports of marginalization from Congresswomen of color, I examine legislative practices in the 103rd and 104th Congresses to illuminate dynamics that structure hierarchies on the basis of race and gender. I advance an account of racing–gendering as a political process that silences, stereotypes, enforces invisibility, excludes, and challenges the epistemic authority of Congresswomen of color. Racing–gendering constitutes a form of interested bias operating in Congress, which has important implications for understandings of the internal operations of political institutions, the policy priorities of Congresswomen of color, the substantive representation of historically underrepresented groups, and the practice of democracy in the United States.

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Marx, Anthony W. "Race-Making and the Nation-State." World Politics 48, no. 2 (January 1996): 180–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.1996.0003.

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Why was official racial domination enforced in South Africa and the United States, while nothing comparable to apartheid or Jim Crow was constructed in Brazil? Slavery and colonialism established the pattern of early discrimination in all three cases, and yet the postabolition racial orders diverged. Miscegenation influenced later outcomes, as did economic competition, but neither was decisive. Interpretations of these historical and economic factors were shaped by later developments. This article argues that postabolition racial orders were significantly shaped by the processes of nation-state building in each context. In South Africa and the United States ethnic or regional “intrawhite” conflict impeding nation-state consolidation was contained by racial domination. Whites were unified by excluding blacks, in an ongoing dynamic that took different forms. Continued competition and tensions between the American North and South or South Africa's English and Afrikaners were repeatedly resolved or diminished through further entrenchment of Jim Crow or apartheid. With no comparable conflict requiring reconciliation in Brazil, no official racial domination was constructed, although discrimination continued. The dynamics of nation-state building are then reviewed to explain variations in black mobilization and the end of apartheid and Jim Crow.

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Lowney, Kathleen S., Frances A. Maher, and Mary Kay Thompson Tetreault. "The Feminist Classroom: Dynamics of Gender, Race, and Privilege." Contemporary Sociology 31, no. 1 (January 2002): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3089452.

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Redlawsk, David P. "Campaign Dynamics: The Race for Governorby Thomas M. Carsey." Political Science Quarterly 117, no. 2 (June 2002): 349–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/798211.

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Morehouse, Sarah M. "Campaign Dynamics: The Race for Governor. Thomas M. Carsey." Journal of Politics 64, no. 2 (May 2002): 697–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jop.64.2.2691887.

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Peek, Chuck W., Tanya Koropeckyj-Cox, Barbara A. Zsembik, and Raymond T. Coward. "Race Comparisons of the Household Dynamics of Older Adults." Research on Aging 26, no. 2 (March 2004): 179–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027503260633.

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Varma, R. K. "Effect of Grievance on the Dynamics of Arms Race." Defence Science Journal 41, no. 4 (January 1, 1991): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.41.4439.

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Freeman, Jonathan B., Kristin Pauker, Evan P. Apfelbaum, and Nalini Ambady. "Continuous dynamics in the real-time perception of race." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46, no. 1 (January 2010): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.10.002.

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Tummala-Narra, Pratyusha. "Dynamics of Race and Culture in the Supervisory Encounter." Psychoanalytic Psychology 21, no. 2 (2004): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.21.2.300.

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Abu-Qarn, Aamer S., and Suleiman Abu-Bader. "On the dynamics of the Israeli–Arab arms race." Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 49, no. 3 (August 2009): 931–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2009.02.001.

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Patra, Pravajyoti, V. Huzur Saran, and Suraj P. Harsha. "Chaotic dynamics of cylindrical roller bearing supported by unbalanced rotor due to localized defects." Journal of Vibration and Control 26, no. 21-22 (March 3, 2020): 1898–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546320912109.

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This article presents a nonlinear vibration signature study of high-speed defective cylindrical roller bearings under unbalance rotor conditions. Qualitative analysis is conducted considering a spall defect of a specific size on major elements such as outer race, inner race, and rollers. A spring-mass model with nonlinear stiffness and damping is formulated to study the dynamic behavior of the rotor-bearing model. The set of nonlinear differential equations are solved using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method to predict the characteristics of the discrete spectra and analyze the stability of the system. The results show that higher impulsive forces are generated because of outer race defects than defects in the inner race and roller. This can be explained as every time the roller passes through the defect in the outer race during rotation, the energy is released. However, in the case of both the roller and inner race defects, the impulsive force generated in the load zone is averaged because of the force generated in the unloading zone. The route to chaos from periodic to quasiperiodic response has been observed and analyzed that vibration signature is very much sensitive not only to the defects of bearing components but also to the rotor speed.

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Meeks, Crawford R., and Long Tran. "Ball Bearing Dynamic Analysis Using Computer Methods—Part I: Analysis." Journal of Tribology 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2837092.

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An analytical ball bearing dynamics model was developed that rigorously models all of the significant kinematic, structural, and dynamic effects. The model can analyze bearings of any material combination for the races, balls and ball cage. This model analyzes the stresses and deflections of the loaded elements due to (1) preload, (2) external axial, radial and moment loads, (3) centrifugal and gyroscopic ball loads. A rigorous six-degree-of-freedom model of ball cage motions was developed to analyze ball and cage dynamics. The ball cage equations of motion were written in a rotating coordinate system, which greatly simplifies the equations, resulting in a highly efficient, but rigorous, model of bearing dynamics. A computer program was developed, incorporating the algorithms, to solve the multiple simultaneous quasi-static ball-to-race load equations using modified Newton-Raphson methods. The Lawrence Livermore Ode package (LSODA) is employed for numerical integration of the dynamic equations of motion. This method assures convergence, while controlling the accuracy of the calculations as a function of computer run time and automatically selects the appropriate integration method for stiff and non-stiff system of ODE. The program analyzes ball and cage motions in time domain, wear life, fatigue life, lubricant film effects, ball-to-cage forces, torque noise and many other bearing parameters.

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Sentchev, Alexei, Jérôme Thiébot, Anne-Claire Bennis, and Matthew Piggott. "New insights on tidal dynamics and tidal energy harvesting in the Alderney Race." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2178 (July 27, 2020): 20190490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0490.

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The Introduction presents motivations, significance and some key points of the research activities performed in the Alderney Race. This article is part of the theme issue ‘New insights on tidal dynamics and tidal energy harvesting in the Alderney Race’.

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Guo, Baoliang, Wenlong Wu, Jianxiao Zheng, Yumin He, and Jinhua Zhang. "Dynamics Modeling and Analysis of Rolling Bearings Variable Stiffness System with Local Faults." Machines 11, no. 6 (June 2, 2023): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11060609.

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By analyzing the support of load-carrying rolling elements when the rolling elements fall into the fault position, the dynamics model of a rolling bearing variable stiffness system with local faults is proposed, considering the retention factor of the contact deformation. Then, this paper researches the change of effective contact stiffness, contact deformation, contact force, and the total effective stiffness of the rolling elements. The results show that the contact stiffness of the rolling elements abruptly decreases when the rolling elements fall into the fault position. The contact deformation and contact force of the load-carrying rolling elements in the load zone increase, rebalancing the external radial load while causing a sudden reduction in the total effective stiffness, resulting in the vibration of the system. When different rolling elements fall into the outer ring fault position, the change in total effective stiffness and the system response are equal in magnitude. Additionally, there is a significant outer race fault characteristic frequency accompanied by frequency multiplication in the fault characteristic spectrums. When different rolling elements fall into the inner race fault position, the total effective stiffness is modulated by the inner race rotation and varies dramatically, resulting in the amplitude of the system time domain vibration response also being modulated by the inner race rotation and varying dramatically. Additionally, there is a significant inner race rotational frequency accompanied by frequency multiplication, an inner race fault characteristic frequency accompanied by frequency multiplication, and a side frequency in the fault characteristic spectrums. The research can provide some reference for the effective diagnosis of the rolling bearing fault.

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Mitchell, Derek, Jesse Hinueber, and Brian Edwards. "Looking race in the face." Phi Delta Kappan 98, no. 5 (January 23, 2017): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031721717690361.

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Schools that achieve strong results for black students address racial dynamics directly, empower students to bring their whole selves to school, and teach in ways that leverage students’ experiences and cultures. These schools do four things to ensure success with their black students: They direct attention, strategies, and resources to black student achievement; they provide opportunities for adult learning about race, culture, class, and power; they foster strong relationships between educators and black students; and they create classroom environments that emphasize excellence and empower students to exercise agency over their own learning.

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Škorić, Dragan, Maria Joiţa-Păcureanu, Fyodor Gorbachenko, Oleg Gorbachenko, and Stevan Maširević. "Dynamics of change in broomrape populations (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) in Romania and Russia (Black Sea area)." Helia 44, no. 74 (December 29, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helia-2020-0025.

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Abstract The emergence of new broomrape populations (races) has been observed in the past 20 years in several countries (Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Russia, Turkey, Bulgaria, Spain, Serbia, and China) where sunflower is frequently grown in the same sites without applying traditional crop rotations. Differential lines for sunflower broomrape races A to F have been secured. The new broomrape races have been identified by researchers as races G and H. The question of whether the same broomrape mutations can occur in one year and affect the same countries remains unsolved. Several results of new broоmrape population emergences in some of the affected will be presented in the paper. A total of 390 genotypes were studied at four Romanian localities (Cuza Voda, Crucea-Stupina, Braila-Valea Canepii, and Tulcea-Agighiol) in 2014. At all four localities, a certain degree of sunflower broomrape infestation was observed in control hybrids and lines (Performer, LC-1093, LG-5661, and PR64LE20), which indicated the emergence of new populations higher than race H. The 390 studied genotypes had different reactions in all four localities. In 2015, 10 hybrids and controls were studied at five Romanian localities (Ciresu-Braila, Iazu-Ialomita, Stupina-Constanta, Topolog-Tulcea, and Viziru-Braila) and, according to the results, only hybrid Hy-7 was resistant in all localities. The results obtained from the three studied localities showed the emergence of new sunflower broomrape populations not controlled by gene for race H. Self-fertilization of hybrid Hy-7 produced the F2 generation in 2016. In 2017, broomrape resistance was studied at the infested (contaminated) plot at the All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops by the name of Pustovoit V.S. – VNIIMK in Rostov on Don. The plot was found to be infested by new broomrape populations originating from Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Turkey, and Spain. The obtained results showed an infestation degree in 17.1% plants of hybrid Hy-7, 35% in the F2 generation of Hy-7, control hybrids PR64LE25, LG-5580 and Donskoy-22 showed 19.4, 23, and 100% broomrape infestation, respectively. In conclusion, the plot contained broomrape populations which cannot be controlled by race H gene. According to the obtained results, a permanent change in variability of broomrape populations can be confirmed practically year after year. At present, new broomrape populations found at several localities are locally dispersed. Geneticists and breeders have to make joint efforts in further detailed studies of broomrape variability.

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Dimastrogiovanni, Mauro, Giulio Reina, and Andrea Burzoni. "An improved active drag reduction system for formula race cars." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 5 (July 18, 2019): 1460–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019862913.

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Drag reduction systems are largely employed in racing car competitions to help drivers in overtaking manoeuvres, ensuring a good show to the public. This paper presents a full-design approach to drag reduction systems that includes the computational fluid dynamics estimation of the forces acting on the rear wing, the dynamic analysis of the drag reduction system mechanism and the whole vehicle behaviour through the simulation of an overtaking manoeuvre. For the purposes of this work, a novel drag reduction system mechanism is proposed that features lower aerodynamic disturbance and comparable manufacturing costs than those of drag reduction systems of the main Formula categories.

48

Gadsden, Vivian L. "Gender, Race, Class, and the Politics of Schooling in the Inner City." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 673, no. 1 (September 2017): 12–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716217723614.

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The politics of gender, race, and class are present within and outside of schools, and are pivotal issues raised in the policies and practices of schooling. This article focuses on the ways in which gender, race, and class are addressed within institutional practices and politics, both historically and in contemporary inner-city schooling. I examine gender, race, and class as integrated or intersectional identities, rather than as isolated status categories. The discussion highlights experiences and perspectives of African American youth who identify as girls to depict the complex intersectional dynamics of gender, race, and class; and argues that these dynamics influence, if not dictate, the quality of their in-school and life experiences. I then identify new directions for research and practice that recognize and build upon inner-city students’ intersectional identities, urging policy initiatives that promote educational success while advancing equal educational opportunity.

49

Zhao, Yang, Heng Liu, and Bowen Fan. "Traction effects on the dynamics of ball bearings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 235, no. 4 (October 7, 2021): 641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14644193211047385.

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In the paper, a combined model of traction and ball bearings dynamics is established, considering the interaction among the cage, races, and balls. A curve-fitted traction model, which can be used to analyze the effect of the geometry of the bearing and parameters of the lubricant, is applied. The traction that is affected by certain parameters is analyzed; then, the effect of the traction on ball bearings is investigated. The displacements of balls and contact angles are different under different surface roughness. The changes in displacements of balls and contact angles are obtained with different roughness, load, and velocities. The amplitudes of axial displacement of balls are bigger with the roughness being higher. The amplitudes of ball-inner contact angles increase with greater roughness, and the amplitudes of ball-outer race contact angles decrease with greater roughness. The simulated vibration results of ball bearings under different levels agree with the actual by the model.

50

Deckman, Sherry L. "Managing Race and Race-ing Management: Teachers’ Stories of Race and Classroom Conflict." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 119, no. 11 (November 2017): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811711901104.

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Background/Context Research exploring suspension and expulsion practices suggests that teachers may play a key role in perpetuating racial disproportionality in school discipline by interpreting student behavior through racialized and racist lenses and by viewing the behavior of students of color as an affront to their authority, resulting in more frequent punishing of Black and Latino students. The problem may be compounded for novice teachers, who are likely to teach in high-poverty, high-”minority” schools where discipline is a pronounced concern for educators. Research Questions/Focus of Study To illuminate the role of race in novice teacher interpretations of classroom management, this research explored the following questions: (a) How do novice in-service teachers narrate classroom management and disciplinary moments from their practice? (b) What do their narratives of these moments reveal about how they might negotiate racial difference in the classroom? Research Design This study employs narrative analysis of classroom management stories (N = 51) shared by novice teachers participating in a 10-week hybrid online/in-person professional development course focused on race, class, and gender equity in urban schools. Specifically, this article analyzes how race is discussed in these narratives. Findings Teachers in this study tended to share stories either about “managing race”—narratives about deescalating racial tension or reproaching transgressors of racial colorblindness—or “race-ing management”—stories that read race into incidents in such a way as to reveal latent racial dynamics. These patterns aligned with teachers’ self-identified racial backgrounds, with teachers who expressed a more tenuous racial identity or who described themselves as White tending to focus on managing race, and those who expressed a strong minority racial identity tending to focus on race-ing management. Recommendations To address issues of racial proportionality and justice in student discipline and to retain an experienced teacher workforce in under-resourced schools, I offer two key recommendations. First, we must innovatively support novice teachers in reversing insidious trends by offering structured opportunities for critical reflection on management through the lens of identity. In this way, novice teachers can analyze the implicit beliefs at work in their understandings. Furthermore, school leaders and other professional development facilitators must make clear to novice teachers that their competence is not being questioned when we ask them to engage in critical reflection. I discuss specific ways to approach this and offer recommendations for future research.

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