Статті в журналах: "R.C.C FRAMES"

1

El-Metwally, Salah E., and Chen Wai-Fah. "Nonlinear behavior of R/C frames." Computers & Structures 32, no. 6 (January 1989): 1203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(89)90297-6.

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2

Oliva, Michael G., and Ray W. Clough. "Biaxial Seismic Response of R/C Frames." Journal of Structural Engineering 113, no. 6 (June 1987): 1264–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1987)113:6(1264).

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3

C. Stylianidis, K. "Experimental Investigation of Masonry Infilled R/C Frames." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 6, no. 1 (October 31, 2012): 194–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801206010194.

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4

Wang, Duo Zhi, Jun Wu Dai, and Chen Xiao Zhang. "Seismic Damage Analysis for Multi-Story Masonry Building with R. C. Frames on Ground Floor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 2555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.2555.

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Multi-story Masonry Building with R. C. Frames on Ground Floor (Framed-Ground Floor Structure for short) which has serious seismic damage and high collapsed rate, is the unreasonable structure system. However, the structure system not be abolished for economic reason. Collapse types of that are divided into collapse of ground floor, collapse of transition layer, global collapse. And seismic damage is also serious for frame column and shear wall. Experiences are obtained from above seismic damage, and the following aspects should be taken into account in the future. 1. The shear wall can be increased to improve stiffness of weak layer. And designer should try to arrange the walls equably. 2. In order to avoid stiffness mutation, stiffness ratio between ground frame and transition layer can be adjusted. 3. Collapse resistant design of Framed-Ground Floor Structures should be emphasized.

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5

Roufaiel, Magdy S. L., and Christian Meyer. "Analytical Modeling of Hysteretic Behavior of R/C Frames." Journal of Structural Engineering 113, no. 3 (March 1987): 429–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1987)113:3(429).

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6

Wood, Sharon L. "Seismic Response of R/C Frames with Irregular Profiles." Journal of Structural Engineering 118, no. 2 (February 1992): 545–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1992)118:2(545).

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7

Papadopoulos, Panagis G., and Christos G. Karayannis. "Seismic analysis of R/C frames by network models." Computers & Structures 28, no. 4 (January 1988): 481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(88)90022-3.

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8

Tanjung, Jafril, and Maidiawati. "Cyclic behavior of the R/C frames with reinforced masonry infills." E3S Web of Conferences 156 (2020): 05014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015605014.

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This study focuses on the experimental works to define the behavior of the reinforced concrete (R/C) frame model with the strengthening of the brick masonry infill by using the embedded reinforcement bars subjected to lateral reversed cyclic loads. A previous study by applying the lateral monotonic static loads showed that the embedded reinforcement bars increased the lateral capacity of the R/C frame and also delayed the failure of the brick masonry infill and R/C frame structure as well. However, in order to define its seismic capacity, a lateral reversed cyclic loading is required. The experimental works in this study were conducted by preparing and testing the 1/4 scaled-down R/C frame specimens represented the first story of the middle multi-story commonly constructed in the earthquake-prone area such as West Sumatera, Indonesia. The R/C frame specimens were two R/C frames with brick masonry infills where one of them strengthened by the embedded reinforced bars. All specimens were tested for applying the lateral reversed cyclic loads. The applied lateral load, the lateral displacement, the progressive cracks, and the failure mode of the specimens were observed and recorded during experimental works. As it was expected, the presence of the embedded reinforced bars in the brick masonry infills increases the seismic capacity and stiffness of the R/C specimens and also delayed the failure of the specimens. The experimental results in this study imply the simple strengthening method for the brick masonry infills.

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9

Dheyaa Jaafar Witwit, Jaafar, and Nameer Abed Al-Ameer Alwash. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation for R/C Portal Frames Tested Under Uniform Load." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.19 (November 27, 2018): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.19.27995.

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This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigations for three reinforced self-compacting concrete portal frames tested under uniform load. Control frame was tested without any types of strengthening, while second frame was strengthened with CFRP-sheet with dimensions (75 * 1000) mm at the bottom of beam and with dimensions (75 *700) mm at both joints, (350 mm) extending to the upper surface of the beam and (350 mm) on the outer face of the column. The last frame was cast in two pours tested without strengthening. The experimental tests showed that strengthened frame had stiffness more than control frame and its ultimate load was more than control frame by (19.45 %), while frame with two pours has an ultimate load less than a control frame with (11.26 %), however stiffness seem approximately to the control frame. Deflection for strengthened frame was less than control frame by (4.76%), on the other hand frame with two pours deflection was more than control frame by (4.55 %). A numerical finite element program ultimate load was more than experimental by about (4.28 %).

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10

Valente, Marco. "Seismic Performance of Existing R/C Frames Strengthened by Steel Plate Shear Walls." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 1470–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.1470.

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This study investigates an innovative method based on low yield steel plate shear walls for seismic retrofitting of existing reinforced concrete (R/C) structures. A simplified numerical model of steel shear panels is developed for global analyses of multi-story R/C frames. The seismic performance of a non-ductile five-story R/C frame retrofitted with steel plate shear walls is evaluated in terms of drift control and energy dissipation capacity using nonlinear dynamic analyses. The results obtained by the application of two different story-wise distributions of steel plates are compared. In case of retrofitted frames a considerable decrease of the maximum top displacements is registered and the energy dissipated by the primary structural elements is significantly reduced for severe seismic actions. The energy dissipation concentrates in the steel panels, reducing the plastic demand on the structural members, along with the potential for structural damage. The different story-wise distributions of the steel panels change the damage distribution throughout the frame. The uniform arrangement of the steel panel thickness along the height of the frame causes a concentration of damage in the columns of the first story. In case of steel panel distribution proportional to story shear, the energy dissipation results more uniform over the height of the frame and a significant decrease of damage is registered for the columns of all the storeys.

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11

Baran, Mehmet. "BEHAVIOR OF R/C FRAMES WITH CONCRETE PLATE BONDED INFILLS." Turkish Journal of Engineering 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31127/tuje.555268.

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12

Masi, Angelo. "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Gravity Load Designed R/C Frames." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 1, no. 3 (2003): 371–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:beee.0000021426.31223.60.

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13

Athanassiadou, C. J. "Seismic performance of R/C plane frames irregular in elevation." Engineering Structures 30, no. 5 (May 2008): 1250–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.07.015.

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14

Kakaletsis, D., and C. Karayannis. "Experimental investigation of infilled r/c frames with eccentric openings." Structural Engineering and Mechanics 26, no. 3 (June 20, 2007): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2007.26.3.231.

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15

Wang, Neng Jun, Jian Min Wang, and Wen Ting Jiang. "Seismic Fragility Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frames Based on the Service Age Variation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 953–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.953.

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The seismic fragility of R/C frames was redefined as the conditional failure probability of the structure with regard to the ground motion index and structural service age in this paper. An analytical method was proposed to disclose the seismic fragility variation of reinforced concrete frames with respect to the service age. Considering the variation of nonlinear mechanical characteristics of un-carbonated concrete within the service life, the seismic fragility variation of frames was analyzed using the inter-story drift ratio in the weak storey. For the defined damage levels of frames, each seismic fragility curve variation reflects the failure probability change tendency within the service life. A R/C frame was modeled to illustrate the variation of the seismic fragility within the service life.

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16

Soulis, Vassilios J. "Micro and Macro-modeling Techniques for the Simulation of the Masonry Infilled R/C Frames under Earthquake Type Loading." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.8.847.

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Three types of numerical simulation techniques for the masonry infills are adopted in the current paper, namely a micro-modeling technique, a macro-modeling technique and a simulation where the masonry infill and the joint interface between the surrounding frame and the infill is represented by a diagonal strut model. Initially, the hysteretic behavior of three R/C frames with masonry infills tested at the Laboratory of Strength of Materials and Structures of the University of Thessaloniki are examined when they are subjected to horizontal cyclic loads. Non-linear finite simulations are employed, that can describe the reduction of strength and initial stiffness. The inelastic behavior of the frame is simulated including the non-linear simulations of the masonry infill, the formation of plastic hinges for the R/C frame at pre-defined locations and the sliding or the separation of the masonry infill from the surrounding R/C frame. The second part of the present work examines the effectiveness of the micro-modeling technique and that of the diagonal strut model for the numerical simulation of masonry infills inside R/C frame specimens when different types of openings are considered. The results from three framed masonry infill specimens that were tested under horizontal cyclic loading at the University of Osijek have been also utilized for the validation of the micro-model technique and the diagonal strut model that is proposed. Differences and similarities between the adopted numerical modeling techniques are commented and discussed.

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17

Soulis, Vassilios J. "Micro and Macro-modeling Techniques for the Simulation of the Masonry Infilled R/C Frames under Earthquake Type Loading." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 3, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2018.3.8.847.

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Three types of numerical simulation techniques for the masonry infills are adopted in the current paper, namely a micro-modeling technique, a macro-modeling technique and a simulation where the masonry infill and the joint interface between the surrounding frame and the infill is represented by a diagonal strut model. Initially, the hysteretic behavior of three R/C frames with masonry infills tested at the Laboratory of Strength of Materials and Structures of the University of Thessaloniki are examined when they are subjected to horizontal cyclic loads. Non-linear finite simulations are employed, that can describe the reduction of strength and initial stiffness. The inelastic behavior of the frame is simulated including the non-linear simulations of the masonry infill, the formation of plastic hinges for the R/C frame at pre-defined locations and the sliding or the separation of the masonry infill from the surrounding R/C frame. The second part of the present work examines the effectiveness of the micro-modeling technique and that of the diagonal strut model for the numerical simulation of masonry infills inside R/C frame specimens when different types of openings are considered. The results from three framed masonry infill specimens that were tested under horizontal cyclic loading at the University of Osijek have been also utilized for the validation of the micro-model technique and the diagonal strut model that is proposed. Differences and similarities between the adopted numerical modeling techniques are commented and discussed.

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18

Xiang, Zhong-Qi. "Some Inequalities for g-Frames in Hilbert C*-Modules." Mathematics 7, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7010025.

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In this paper, we obtain new inequalities for g-frames in Hilbert C * -modules by using operator theory methods, which are related to a scalar λ ∈ R and an adjointable operator with respect to two g-Bessel sequences. It is demonstrated that our results can lead to several known results on this topic when suitable scalars and g-Bessel sequences are chosen.

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19

KANATA, Kazuhiro, Shizuo HAYASHI, Tetsuya OHMURA, Toshiharu NAKAMURA, and Tashiro FUJIMURA. "SHEAR STRENGTH OF SEISMIC RETROFITED R/C FRAMES WITHOUT ANCHOR BOLTS." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 75, no. 658 (2010): 2239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.75.2239.

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20

KANATA, Kazuhiro, Shizuo HAYASHI, Tetsuya OHMURA, Toshiharu NAKAMURA, and Tashiro FUJIMURA. "SHEAR STRENGTH OF SEISMIC RETROFITED R/C FRAMES WITHOUT ANCHOR BOLTS." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 76, no. 665 (2011): 1329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.76.1329.

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21

Chryssanthopoulos, Marios K., Christiana Dymiotis, and Andreas J. Kappos. "Probabilistic evaluation of behaviour factors in EC8-designed R/C frames." Engineering Structures 22, no. 8 (June 2000): 1028–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-0296(99)00026-7.

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22

Micelli, Francesco, Leandro Candido, Marianovella Leone, and Maria Antonietta Aiello. "Effective stiffness in regular R/C frames subjected to seismic loads." Earthquakes and Structures 9, no. 3 (September 25, 2015): 481–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.9.3.481.

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23

Magliulo, Gennaro, Vittorio Capozzi, and Roberto Ramasco. "Seismic performance of R/C frames with overstrength discontinuities in elevation." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 10, no. 2 (September 9, 2011): 679–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-011-9316-9.

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24

Zhou, Lin Cong, and Long Zhu Chen. "Nonlinear Analysis of R/C Frame under Static and Cyclic Loadings." Key Engineering Materials 340-341 (June 2007): 1387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.340-341.1387.

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This paper proposes a reliable and computationally efficient finite-element model (Partial Fiber Model) for the nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete (R/C) frames under static and cyclic loading conditions that induce multiaxial bending and axial forces. The beam-column member is composed of three parts: middle elastic and two plastic regions at the two ends of beam. The plastic regions are discretized into longitudinal steel reinforcement and concrete fiber elements. The nonlinear behaviors of the elements are derived from the nonlinear stress-strain relations of the steel and concrete fibers. The global stiffness matrix of beam-column can be deduced from those of mentioned three parts. Numerical examples are calculated to prove the accuracy and efficiency of the model. The results of nonlinear analysis show the validity of the model to describe the nonlinear response of frame subjected to static and cyclic loadings.

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25

Muho, Edmond V., Jiang Qian, and Ying Zhou. "Prediction of seismic inelastic displacement profiles of R/C moment resisting frames." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 143 (April 2021): 106593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.106593.

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26

TANZO, William, Yoshikazu YAMADA, Hirokazu IEMURA, and Haruo YONEYAMA. "ANALYTICAL AND SUBSTRUCTURED ON-LINE HYBRID ANALYSES OF INELASTIC R/C FRAMES." PROCEEDINGS OF THE JSCE EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM 20 (1989): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proee1957.20.449.

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27

IMAI, NOBUHIRO. "OPTIMAL DESIGN OF R/C FRAMES ACCORDING TO "SHIN-TAISHIN" DESIGN METHOD." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 377 (1987): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijsx.377.0_52.

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28

KAPPOS, A. J., K. C. STYLIANIDIS, and C. N. MICHAILIDIS. "ANALYTICAL MODELS FOR BRICK MASONRY INFILLED R/C FRAMES UNDER LATERAL LOADING." Journal of Earthquake Engineering 2, no. 1 (January 1998): 59–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632469809350314.

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29

Jin, Bo, Jiayue Wang, Xiangnan Liu, Shuai Fang, Bo Jiang, Kay Hofmann, Jun Yin, and Bo Zhao. "Ubiquitin-Mimicking Peptides Transfer Differentiates by E1 and E2 Enzymes." BioMed Research International 2018 (August 30, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6062520.

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Ubiquitin and ubiquitin like proteins (UBLs) play key roles in eukaryotes. These proteins are attached to their target proteins through an E1-E2-E3 cascade and modify the functions of these proteins. Since the discovery of ubiquitin, several UBLs have been identified, including Nedd8, SUMO, ISG15, and Atg8. Ubiquitin and UBLs share a similar three-dimensional structure: β-grasp fold and an X-X-[R/A/E/K]-X-X-[G/X]-G motif at the C-terminus. We have previously reported that ubiquitin, Nedd8, and SUMO mimicking peptides which all contain the conserved motif X-X-[R/A/E/K]-X-X-[G/X]-G still retained their reactivity toward their corresponding E1, E2, and E3 enzymes. In our current study, we investigated whether such C-terminal peptides could still be transferred onto related pathway enzymes to probe the function of these enzymes when they are fused with a protein. By bioinformatic search of protein databases, we selected eight proteins carrying the X-X-[R/A/E/K]-X-X-[G/X]-G motif at the C-terminus of the β-grasp fold. We synthesized the C-terminal sequences of these candidates as short peptides and found that three of them showed significant reactivity with the ubiquitin E1 enzyme Ube1. We next fused the three reactive short peptides to three different protein frames, including their respective native protein frames, a ubiquitin frame and a peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) frame, and measured the reactivities of these peptide-fused proteins with Ube1. Peptide-fused proteins on ubiquitin and PCP frames showed obvious reactivity with Ube1. However, when we measured E2 UbcH7 transfer, we found that the PCP-peptide fusions lost their reactivity with UbcH7. Taken together, these results suggested that the recognition of E2 enzymes with peptide-fused proteins depended not only on the C-terminal sequences of the ubiquitin-mimicking peptides, but also on the overall structures of the protein frames.

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30

Allahverdizade, Ali Reza, Serenay Kara, and Savaş Erdem. "Upgrading Seismic Behaviors of R/C Frames with Shaped Memory Alloys Based Braces." Academic Perspective Procedia 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 993–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.03.02.39.

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Intelligent systems in structural engineering are systems that are capable of automatically adapting structural behavior in response to instantaneous loads, thereby ensuring the safety of extended structural life and performance. One of the new technologies that makes it possible to achieve these goals is the production and development of smart materials. Examples of these smart materials used in structural engineering include piezo-ceramics, magnetorheological fluids, electrorheological fluids, and form-memory alloys. Shaped Memory Alloys (SMAs) are new materials that have been used in various fields of science and engineering in recent decades. In recent years, these materials attracted the attention of researchers in the field of building and earthquake engineering due to their properties such as high damping capacity, low permanent displacement and structural fatigue resistance. One of the application areas of these materials is that they are used as a brace in the structures, so the research results have shown the acceptable performance and operability of such structural systems. In this study, shape memory bracelets and steel bracelets installed as structural brackets were used as a lateral load system in the seismic improvement of concrete bending frames and factors such as residual displacement and base shear in these two load-bearing systems are compared.&nbsp; The model under studying is a 6-story frame that has been subjected to time history analysis. SeismoStruct software was used to analyze the model.

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31

Fang, Q., and B. A. Izzuddin. "Rate-sensitive analysis of framed structures part II: implementation and application to steel and R/C frames." Structural Engineering and Mechanics 5, no. 3 (May 25, 1997): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.1997.5.3.239.

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32

Lai, Shing‐Sham, and George T. Will. "R/C Space Frames with Column Axial Force and Biaxial Bending Moment Interactions." Journal of Structural Engineering 112, no. 7 (July 1986): 1553–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1986)112:7(1553).

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33

GARDONE, DONATELLO, MAURO DOLCE, FELICE CARLO PONZO, and EMA COELHO. "EXPERIMENTAL BEHAVIOUR OF R/C FRAMES RETROFITTED WITH DISSIPATING AND RE-CENTRING BRACES." Journal of Earthquake Engineering 8, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 361–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632460409350493.

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34

Izzuddin, B. A., and D. Lloyd Smith. "Efficient nonlinear analysis of elasto-plastic 3D R/C frames using adaptive techniques." Computers & Structures 78, no. 4 (December 2000): 549–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7949(00)00041-9.

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35

SAKAGUCHI, Akihiro, Masayoshi KURASHIGE, Tadatoshi FURUKAWA, Yoshiyuki MURATA, Rieko UEKI, Hiroyuki TSUBOSAKI, Katsunobu SHIOMI, and Katsuhiko IMAI. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF AN INNOVATIVE R/C BUILDING REINFORCEMENT METHOD UTILIZING STEEL PORTAL FRAMES." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 69, no. 578 (2004): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.69.147_1.

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36

Kakaletsis, D. J., and C. G. Karayannis. "Influence of Masonry Strength and Openings on Infilled R/C Frames Under Cycling Loading." Journal of Earthquake Engineering 12, no. 2 (February 13, 2008): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632460701299138.

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37

Kakaletsis, D. J., C. G. Karayannis, and G. K. Panagopoulos. "Effectiveness of Rectangular Spiral Shear Reinforcement on Infilled R/C Frames Under Cyclic Loading." Journal of Earthquake Engineering 15, no. 8 (November 9, 2011): 1178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2011.560361.

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38

KANATA, Kazuhiro, Shizuo HAYASHI, Tetsuya OHMURA, Ken-ichi KIKUCHI, and Tashiro FUJIMURA. "SHEAR STRENGTH OF SEISMIC RETROFITED R/C FRAMES WITH STEEL BRACES WITHOUT DOWEL ANCHORS." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 74, no. 643 (2009): 1631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.74.1631.

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39

Kakaletsis, D. J., K. N. David, and C. G. Karayannis. "Effectiveness of some conventional seismic retrofitting techniques for bare and infilled R/C frames." Structural Engineering and Mechanics 39, no. 4 (August 25, 2011): 499–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2011.39.4.499.

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40

Karalis, Apostolos A., and Kosmas C. Stylianidis. "Experimental investigation of existing R/C frames strengthened by high dissipation steel link elements." Earthquakes and Structures 5, no. 2 (August 7, 2013): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/eas.2013.5.2.143.

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41

ESAKI, Fumiya, Masamichi OHKUBO, Hiroyuki KAWAMURA, Kenji SAKINO, Yuping SUN, Toshisada HIROOKA, and Chiaki MATSUI. "SEISMIC RETROFIT TECHNIQUE FOR EXISTING R/C FRAMES BY ATTACHING STEEL BRACING FRAMES TO COLUMNS PROJECTED FROM EXTERIOR WALLS." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 65, no. 529 (2000): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.65.135_2.

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42

Muho, Edmond V., Chao Pian, Jiang Qian, Mahdi Shadabfar, and Dimitri E. Beskos. "Deformation-dependent peak floor acceleration for the performance-based design of nonstructural elements attached to R/C structures." Earthquake Spectra 37, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 1035–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293020988015.

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This study introduces a simple and efficient method to determine the peak floor acceleration (PFA) at different performance levels for three types of plane reinforced concrete (RC) structures: moment-resisting frames (MRFs), infilled–moment-resisting frames (I-MRFs), and wall-frame dual systems (WFDSs). By associating the structural maximum PFA response with the deformation response, the acceleration-sensitive nonstructural components, and the building contents, can be designed to adhere to the performance-based seismic design of the supporting structure. Thus, the proposed method can accompany displacement-based seismic design methods to design acceleration-sensitive nonstructural elements to comply with the deformation target of the supporting structure. The PFA response shape is represented by line segments defined by key points corresponding to certain floor levels. These key points are defined by explicit empirical expressions developed herein. The maximum PFA response is correlated with the maximum interstory drift ratio (IDR) and other vital characteristics of the supporting structure such as the fundamental period. The proposed expressions are established based on extensive nonlinear dynamic analyses of 19 MRFs, 19 WFDSs, and 19 I-MRFs under 100 far-fault ground motions scaled to capture different deformation targets. Realistic examples demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method to assess the PFA response at a given IDR, making the method suitable in the framework of performance-based design.

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43

Lee, Frank K. N., Kathleen C. Dudas, Julie A. Hanson, M. Bud Nelson, Philip T. LoVerde, and Michael A. Apicella. "The R-Type Pyocin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa C Is a Bacteriophage Tail-Like Particle That Contains Single-Stranded DNA." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.2.717-725.1999.

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ABSTRACT Pseudomonas aeruginosa R-type pyocin particles have been described as bacteriocins that resemble bacteriophage tail-like structures. Because of their unusual structure, we reexamined whether they contained nucleic acids. Our data indicated that pyocin particles isolated from P. aeruginosa C (pyocin C) contain DNA. Probes generated from this DNA by the random-primer extension method hybridized to distinct bands in restriction endonuclease-digestedP. aeruginosa C genomic DNA. These probes also hybridized to genomic DNA from 6 of 18 P. aeruginosa strains that produced R-type pyocins. Asymmetric PCR, complementary oligonucleotide hybridization, and electron microscopy indicated that pyocin C particles contained closed circular single-stranded DNA, approximately 4.0 kb in length. Examination of total intracellular DNA from mitomycin C-induced cultures revealed the presence of two extrachromosomal DNA molecules, a double-stranded molecule and a single-stranded molecule, which hybridized to pyocin DNA. Sequence analysis of 7,480 nucleotides of P. aeruginosa C chromosomal DNA containing the pyocin DNA indicated the presence of pyocin open reading frames with similarities to open reading frames from filamentous phages and cryptic phage elements. We did not observe any similarities to known phage structural proteins or previously characterized pseudomonalprt genes expressing R-type pyocin structural proteins. These studies demonstrate that pyocin particles from P. aeruginosa C are defective phages that contain a novel closed circular single-stranded DNA and that this DNA was derived from the chromosome of P. aeruginosa C.

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44

IMAI, NOBUHIRO. "OPTIMAL DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES : Part 3 Optimal design of R/C frames with constraints on static dynamic responses." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 360 (1986): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijsx.360.0_31.

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45

Wang, Duo Zhi, Jun Wu Dai, and Chen Xiao Zhang. "Elaborate Failure Model and Seismic Response Analysis for Multi-Story Masonry Building with R. C. Frames on Ground Floor." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.504.

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Framed-Ground Floor Structure for short which has serious seismic damage and high collapsed rate, is the unreasonable structure system. The experiences is 1. The shear wall can be increased to improve stiffness of weak layer. And designer should try to arrange the walls equably. 2. In order to avoid stiffness mutation, stiffness ratio between ground frame and transition layer can be adjusted. 3. Collapse resistant design of Framed-Ground Floor Structures should be emphasized. Then seismic response analysis is conducted by ANSYS. And the seismic response is little, and strength damage or stable damage do not occur for the little acceleration peak. Along with the increasing acceleration peak, The bigger horizontal displacement leads to damage of Framed-Ground Floor Structures. Moreover, the damage is in advance as the increasing acceleration peak.

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46

Trogrlic, Boris, and Ante Mihanovic. "The comparative body model in material and geometric nonlinear analysis of space R/C frames." Engineering Computations 25, no. 2 (March 7, 2008): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644400810855968.

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47

Papasotiriou, Alexios, Asimina Athanatopoulou, and Konstantinos Kostinakis. "Investigation on engineering demand parameters describing the seismic damage of masonry infilled R/C frames." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 13 (August 10, 2020): 6075–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00921-0.

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48

Coronelli, Dario, and Maria Gabriella Mulas. "Local–global approach in the seismic analysis of R/C frames including bond slip effects." Engineering Structures 23, no. 8 (August 2001): 911–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-0296(00)00116-4.

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49

SPACONE, E., F. C. FILIPPOU, and F. F. TAUCER. "FIBRE BEAM-COLUMN MODEL FOR NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF R/C FRAMES: PART I. FORMULATION." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 25, no. 7 (July 1996): 711–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9845(199607)25:7<711::aid-eqe576>3.0.co;2-9.

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50

SPACONE, E., F. C. FILIPPOU, and F. F. TAUCER. "FIBRE BEAM-COLUMN MODEL FOR NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF R/C FRAMES: PART II. APPLICATIONS." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 25, no. 7 (July 1996): 727–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9845(199607)25:7<727::aid-eqe577>3.0.co;2-o.

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