Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Quick-killing"

In this review, we make the point that current checking times for killing traps and snares are inadequate or nonexistent in most North American jurisdictions. We use Conibear 120 rotating-jaw traps and killing neck snares as examples of trapping devices that may fail to consistently and humanely kill furbearers. Because these killing devices are not powerful enough for the target species, the trigger systems do not properly position the animals in traps, or trappers are inexperienced and improperly set traps or snares, these killing devices become restraining devices, and animals suffer long and painful deaths. Because trappers use a variety of trigger configurations and trap sets, all killing devices, even those certified by trapper organizations or governments, should be monitored at least once every 24 h on traplines, but preferably every 12 h, because one cannot know a priori whether traps will strike animals in appropriate locations for a quick kill. However, when using trapping devices such as killing neck snares that are legal and allowed by government agencies despite being inhumane, trappers should check them every 12 h. When traplines are situated near urban areas, e.g., within 10 km, checks should be done every 12 h to release pets and non-target animals.

Use of fish toxicants is an important management tool in inland commercial aquaculture. In entrepreneurial fishery in northwest Bangladesh where pond ownership (using rights due to lease) changes frequently (every few years) use of fish toxicants is very routine and more crucial. Along with some traditional fish toxicants (rotenone and aluminium phosphide), unconventional and insecticides like fenpropathrin (not approved for aquaculture use) are being used by fish farm owners in northwest Bangladesh. The study was conducted to understand the consequences of use of fenpropathrin compared to other traditional fish toxicants in commercial aquaculture for harvesting of food fish. Of all the toxicants, fenpropathrin’ s impact was lowest on zooplankton and aquatic insect population, while rotenone had the lowest impact on benthos population in terms of killing and quick recovery time for the population, primarily due to the high turbidity (suspended soil particle) of the pond water (under this study) by which both fenpropathrin and rotenone got affected. Aluminium phosphide found to be more damaging in terms of killing and relatively longer recovery time for zooplankton, aquatic insect and benthos population. Using convenience, quick killing, cheaper price, short duration of toxicity and no potential long-term damage of the waterbody contributes positively for fenpropathrin as fish toxicant except the severe potential public health concern from eating of fish killed by fenpropathrin due to very high bioconcentration factor of fenpropathrin; hence, demands regulation of fenpropathrin’ s use as fish toxicants for food fish. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2019, 3(1), 27-37

Evolutionary theory predicts that the spread of cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters leads to the evolution of host nuclear suppressors, although there are extremely few empirical observations of this phenomenon. Here, we demonstrate that a nuclear suppressor of a cytoplasmic male killer has spread rapidly in a population of the green lacewing Mallada desjardinsi . An M. desjardinsi population, which was strongly female-biased in 2011 because of a high prevalence of the male-killing Spiroplasma endosymbiont, had a sex ratio near parity in 2016, despite a consistent Spiroplasma prevalence. Most of the offspring derived from individuals collected in 2016 had 1 : 1 sex ratios in subsequent generations. Contrastingly, all-female or female-biased broods appeared frequently from crossings of these female offspring with males derived from a laboratory line founded by individuals collected in 2011. These results suggest near-fixation of a nuclear suppressor against male killing in 2016 and reject the notion that a non-male-killing Spiroplasma variant has spread in the population. Consistently, no significant difference was detected in mitochondrial haplotype variation between 2011 and 2016. These findings, and earlier findings in the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina in Samoa, suggest that these quick events of male recovery occur more commonly than is generally appreciated.

Among the most haunting features of the culture of murder created by the Nazis are the ruthless efficiency and sheer scale of their success in killing millions of human beings. There are those who link both to the earlier efficiency and scale of death in the titanic and grinding battles of the Great War. And there are others who would associate both with the alternatives of quick or lingering death promised by nuclear war. Efficiency and scale seem common to the mass death produced or proposed in the twentieth century, and many observers view both as attributes of the process of modernity.

Mixtures of tetrapion (sodium 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropionate) and 2,2-DPA (sodium 2,2-dichloropropionate) at rates of 1.125 + 5.2 and 0.75 + 10.4 kg/ha a.i. were applied to serrated tussock on six occasions between 1980 and 1983 and were equal to or superior to the recommended rate of tetrapion alone (1.5 kg/ha a.i.) or 2,2-DPA alone (20.8 kg/ ha a.i.) in killing serrated tussock. Although the mixtures of tetrapion and 2,2-DPA produced a much faster phytotoxic effect on serrated tussock than tetrapion alone, establishment of surfaces own pasture species was not improved by using the mixtures. The reasons for this result are discussed. Mixtures of tetrapion and 2,2-DPA may be useful on soils where residual effects of tetrapion remain for long periods, when quick phytotoxic effects will stop serrated tussock flowering or allow re-spraying to be carried out after 6 weeks rather than after 9-12 weeks with tetrapion alone, and where improved effectiveness on annual grass weeds is required. Establishment of surface-sown pasture species after use of tetrapion, 2,2-DPA, or the mixtures applied before the autumn break, was improved by killing annual weeds with glyphosate application 1 week before sowing in late autumn or early winter.

Nowadays, the quick detection of antibiotic resistance bacteria causes a major problem in the field of the development of new antibiotics against the resistant bacteria. To overcome this problem, genome editing tools like clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) can be used. The CRISPR-CAS system is useful for targeting and killing antibiotic-resistant bacteria by cleaving resistance genes. It is also used to detect antibioticresistant bacteria. CRISPR is made up of a single guide RNA and the CAS 9 protein. The single guide RNA is used to guide toward the target sequence, and the CAS 9 protein is an enzyme that cuts DNA and is used in conjunction with the guide RNA. This modified sgRNA contains a complementary sequence to that of the target resistance gene and recognizes the target resistance sequence; therefore, it is cleaved by CAS-9 protein, and the removal of the resistance gene turns bacteria into antibiotic-sensitive ones. One of the delivery systems of CRISPR into bacteria is via bacteriophage.

Testing and development of the commercially available rotating-jaw Conibear 120 (C120) trap were conducted from January to June 1986 with wild marten (Martes americana) in simulated natural environments. Minimizing the pain and suffering of animals was a primary concern throughout the entire investigation. Through a series of approach tests involving traps wired in the set position, a pitch-fork style trigger was developed which enabled the trap to consistently strike animals in the head and neck region. The ability of the C120 to effectively kill marten was first assessed in preselection tests in which anaesthetized animals were placed in the trap in a position that duplicated the finding of the approach tests. Five out of six animals were rendered unconscious within 3 min. Thereafter, the ability of the C120 to effectively kill unanaesthetized marten was tested against that of a prototype, the C120 Mark IV, a more powerful modified version of the original model. The C120 failed to render unconscious at least five out of six unanaesthetized marten within 3 min and, by protocol, was rejected as an effective killing trap. The C120 Mark IV, with a metal bar welded on the top striking jaw, rendered five out of six marten unconscious within 3 min and qualified for further testing as a potentially effective trap to kill marten. Despite its wide use as a quick-kill trap, the C120 did not meet the performance criteria of this study. The mechanically upgraded C120 Mark IV outperformed the C120 but further improvements are needed to ensure consistently quick kills with marten.

The malaria parasite harbors a relict plastid called the apicoplast. Although not photosynthetic, the apicoplast retains unusual, non-mammalian metabolic pathways that are essential to the parasite, opening up a new perspective for the development of novel antimalarials which display a new mechanism of action. Based on the previous antiplasmodial hit-molecules identified in the 2-trichloromethylquinoxaline series, we report herein a structure–activity relationship (SAR) study at position two of the quinoxaline ring by synthesizing 20 new compounds. The biological evaluation highlighted a hit compound (3i) with a potent PfK1 EC50 value of 0.2 µM and a HepG2 CC50 value of 32 µM (Selectivity index = 160). Nitro-containing (3i) was not genotoxic, both in the Ames test and in vitro comet assay. Activity cliffs were observed when the 2-CCl3 group was replaced, showing that it played a key role in the antiplasmodial activity. Investigation of the mechanism of action showed that 3i presents a drug response by targeting the apicoplast and a quick-killing mechanism acting on another target site.

Summary This paper offers a narratological close reading of one of Herodotus’ most celebrated stories. Special attention is paid to the recurrent Herodotean themes and story-patterns which shape it and thus can help to interpret it. For once the advice of a warner is heeded, but the return of the ring shows that Polycrates’ fate is already sealed and cannot be averted anymore. His great good fortune has brought Polycrates the envy of the gods, a concept which must be looked at in terms of the contemporary Ionian interest in ‘balance’ (of the bodily humours, of climate, of good fortune): the gods watch over the balance of the kosmos and when mortals threaten to disturb it (because of excessive power, riches or good fortune), these mortals are brought down. Most of the times these ‘excessive’ mortals also ‘earn’ their fate by committing crimes or making grave mistakes, and the quick account of Polycrates’ earlier career showed him killing one of his brothers and abusing the unwritten law of ξεινίη. When he faithfully executes Amasis’ advice and throws away his precious ring it is already too late and, as Amasis concludes, his fate cannot be changed anymore.

Malaria is caused by mosquito-borne parasites of the genus Plasmodium which were responsible for ~435,000 of deaths annually, with >90% caused by the deadliest species, P. falciparum. Over the last two decades, global implementation of vector control and artemisinin combination therapies have resulted in significant reductions in the global burden of malaria. Of current concern is the spread of multi-drug resistant parasites that have severely limited the efficacy of antimalarials, including front-line artemisinins, highlighting the urgent need to identify new antimalarials for use as treatments. The aim of this thesis was to investigate novel antimalarial development avenues and identify new chemotypes that could be used in the near future as treatments. The macrolide antibiotic azithromycin is known to target the malaria parasites remnant plastid organelle (the apicoplast’s) bacterial-like ribosome and causes slow-killing ‘delayed death’, where the parasite dies in the second replication cycle (4 days). Azithromycin has also been shown to inhibit invading merozoites and kill blood stages within the first replication cycle (2 days) via an unidentified mechanism, proposed to be independent of delayed death. Thus, we hypothesised that azithromycin could be redeveloped into an antimalarial with two different mechanisms of action against parasites: delayed death and quick-killing. Over 100 azithromycin analogues that featured a high proportion of different structural profiles were obtained, leading to improved quick-killing activities over azithromycin. Quick-killing was also confirmed to be completely unrelated to delayed death, as blood stage parasites lacking the apicoplast were equally susceptible to quick-killing of azithromycin and analogues. Two different avenues were also confirmed for azithromycin’s antimalarial re-development: delayed death and quick-killing or quick-killing only, which could be modulated depending on the location of added functional groups. Azithromycin and analogues were found to be active across blood stage development, with only short treatments required to kill parasites. The metabolomics signatures of parasites treated with azithromycin and analogues suggested that quick-killing acts multi-factorially, with the parasite’s food vacuole and mitochondria being likely targets. Finally, in vitro activities of two subtypes of tri-peptide proteasome-like inhibitors, vinyl sulfone and aldehydes, were addressed against P. falciparum and the zoonotic malaria parasite P. knowlesi. All compounds exhibited low-nanomolar activities against both Plasmodium spp. and showed excellent selectivity for parasites over human cells, suggesting these inhibitors provide viable chemical scaffolds for optimisation. There was no evidence of increased protein ubiquitination upon treating parasites with these compounds, suggesting they do not target the proteasome. We also investigated whether hypoxia inducible pro-drug proteasome-like inhibitors could be used to reduce host toxicity of antimalarials. However, these pro-drugs could be not activated in in vitro culture conditions and there was limited evidence suggesting this strategy would be applicable in malaria. These studies build on previous findings on the drug-killing efficacy, mechanism of action and possible application of redeveloping azithromycin analogues as new and improved antimalarials. I also identified new proteasome inhibitor-like scaffolds as starting points for further development. This body of work provides thorough biological characterisation of a panel of compounds that could lead to new avenues for antimalarial development.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Biololgical Sciences, 2020

This chapter assesses whether the codification of criminal attempts in a statutory regime that emphasizes completed crimes with consequences to personal or property interests is appropriate. A quick look at the four crimes within the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC), as described by the Rome Statute, reveals that they are about concrete harming: killing, torture, rape, and invasion. Some of the sub-crimes within these categories address completed actions even though the harm is less tangible. However, attempts are one form of inchoate offense, that is, offenses that fall short of causing the harm or engendering the victimhood that would come with the completed offense. The problem is always how much the actor must do on the spectrum—from thought through the various stages of action to the final result of causing harm or instantiating the required “consequence” of the completed offenses.

This introductory chapter provides a quick review of the basic concepts of general relativity relevant to this work. The main object of Albert Einstein's general relativity is the spacetime. The nonlinear stability of the Kerr family is one of the most pressing issues in mathematical general relativity today. Roughly, the problem is to show that all spacetime developments of initial data sets, sufficiently close to the initial data set of a Kerr spacetime, behave in the large like a (typically another) Kerr solution. This is not only a deep mathematical question but one with serious astrophysical implications. Indeed, if the Kerr family would be unstable under perturbations, black holes would be nothing more than mathematical artifacts. The goal of this book is to prove the nonlinear stability of the Schwarzschild spacetime under axially symmetric polarized perturbations, namely, solutions of the Einstein vacuum equations for asymptotically flat 1 + 3 dimensional Lorentzian metrics which admit a hypersurface orthogonal spacelike Killing vectorfield Z with closed orbits.

The June 2015 killing of nine African-Americans by a white male shooter in Charleston, South Carolina re-ignited intense discussions around the relationship of race, justice, and faith in the U.S. Within two days of the massacre, members of the victims' families were shown openly offering forgiveness to the accused killer and praying God's mercy on his soul. This seemingly quick offer of clemency raises penetrating questions concerning the value and purpose of the act of forgiveness, arguably an act of pure grace. This chapter shows that forgiveness, as a complex Christian practice, casts an extraordinary light on structures of identity and the politics of privilege in the U.S. In doing so, forgiveness exposes the myth of a “post-racial America” and reveals the deeply-rooted and longstanding systems of racial oppression and discrimination in American society. Structured around key guiding questions, the chapter provides a way to think through the meaning of forgiveness towards developing an approach to dismantling structures of exclusion that are the hallmark of a racial world view.

Abstract An Operator wanted to perform a Drill Stem Test (DST) using wireless Surface Read Out (SRO) and downhole sampling of a deep wildcat exploration well (∼4200 mMD) with limited reference from adjacent wells. This first high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) exploration well to be attempted in the area was particularly challenging, because it lay in a swamp and had to be drilled with a swamp rig. Immediate, fast decisions would be needed during the DST operation. To ensure accurate DST results in this deep, HPHT well with challenging swampy conditions and lack of adjacent well data, Company deployed its newest wireless acoustic telemetry SRO system, in conjunction with the latest generation tubing-conveyed bottomhole sampling system. A globally proven DST tool string was configured with a retrievable cased hole packer, tubing string testing valve, downhole tester valve, multi-cycle circulating valve, and single-shot rupture disk circulating valve. This innovative solution was engineered to meet the Operator's requirement for reliable, real-time downhole data and representative bottomhole samples of the well. The DST system delivered results was met the Operator's expectation, with successful execution and acquisition of all requested downhole data despite interference from well intervention activity, and collection of all bottomhole samples although killing pressure exceeded the original plan. The wireless SRO system, rated up to 20K psi and 350° F (177°C), allowed the Operator to monitor and analyze real-time bottomhole pressure (BHP) and bottomhole temperature (BHT) for quick decision-making while receiving continuous assurance of downhole tool status. The modular concept supports efficient preparation and testing of tools offline, so risk can be reduced compared to other systems available that can only be tested online (on the rig floor before running in hole). The tubing-conveyed bottomhole sampling system captures more bottomhole samples (9x 400c) than traditional, slickline-conveyed sampling (2-3x 600cc in one run). It also minimizes risk as no well intervention is required and does not add additional time to DST operations. The annulus-pressure-activated bottomhole sampling system incorporated enhancements to upgrade internal sampler tubing pressure from 12k to 15k psi. These enhancements enabled higher well kill pressure for more flexibility, without risk to captured samples. This combined solution provided ongoing reservoir insights that enhanced decision-making, avoided wasted rig time (saving 36 hours), and led to significant cost savings. The wireless SRO system increased confidence in well kill operations, due to observation of actual BHP at surface in real time. The tubing-conveyed bottomhole sampling process worked successfully, without losing the contents of any samplers, even with higher than planned well kill pressure. Overall performance improved compared to slickline-conveyed bottomhole sampling runs.

"This work includes talking about the crime of Camp Speicher, in which 1,700 students of the Iraqi army of the Sheea creed were killed by the gangs of the terrorist organization ISIS, with the aim of eliminating the members of this sect because of the misleading ideology carried by those gangs. On 6-12-2014, Iraqi soldiers at Camp Speicher (Speicher Air Base) in Tikrit were subjected to murder and enforced disappearance by terrorist organizations because of their affiliation to the Sheea creed. This crime was among a series of brutal crimes for the genocide of Sheeas in Iraq. This is similar to what happened in the Badoush prison crime in the province of Mosul, which the Iraqi Parliament considered it as a crime of genocide, in which these gangs executed about (400) members of the prison inmates of the Sheea component. After ISIS took control of the city of Tikrit in Iraq, and one day after they took control of the city of Mosul, they captured (2000-2200) soldiers and led them to the presidential palaces in Tikrit, and they shot them there and in other areas and buried some of them alive. This disaster had a negative impact on the families of the victims of the Speicher where they went out in demonstrations demanded that the leaders who handed over the victims of Speicher to ISIS must be prosecuted, and in one of the demonstrations they managed to enter Parliament and demanded that the leaders who handed over Speicher to ISIS be held accountable. After that, many demonstrations took place by the families of the victims, some of which led to the closure of a bridge in Baghdad a few times Protesting the government's delay in clarifying the fate of their children or taking quick measures. The Iraqi parliament and government recently considered the Speicher incident “genocide” in reference to the premeditated murder of Badoush Prison inmates in Nineveh Governorate and the unarmed Speicher military base, the premeditated murder of members of the Albu Nimr, Jabour, al-Lahib, and al-Ubaid tribes, and the killing and displacement of civilians from Kurds, Christians, Yazidis and Shabaks in Sahel Nineveh, Sinjar, deliberate killing and displacement of Turkmens in Tal Afar and Bashir. This decision paves the way for obtaining international recognition from it as a ""genocide"" as stipulated in the Contract of the United Nations in 1948, and Iraq signed it in the fifties of the last century. This study attempts to explain the Al-Ikhnasas Court in looking into the crimes of genocide committed by ISIS against the bereaved students of the Air Force Base (Speicher) due to what this issue raised from the national and international public opinion, especially after the involvement of the Iraqi army leaders in this massacre, according to what witnesses reported in that area and what was reported by soldiers who survived the incident, in addition to the involvement of some members of the Sunni tribes in these crimes with the terrorist organization ISIS. The importance of this study lies in the following aspects: - That ISIS elements were tried according to Anti-Terrorism Law No. 13 of 2005, and from our point of view that the aforementioned law is vague and broader than it should be, and it applies to serious and simple crimes from murder to crimes of sabotage, and the list of crimes punishable by the death penalty according to the aforementioned law is a long list and spacious. - The Iraqi government has embarked on an attempt to develop a legal framework to prosecute ISIS elements, and its mission focused on understanding the procedures and results drawn from those judicial efforts, and its mission also focused on showing the efforts taken by the Iraqi government to address violations in the field of the right to life, including those committed by affiliated forces government as well as other international and domestic actors. The International Criminal Court is specialized in considering specific crimes under Article (5) of its Statute, which are war crimes, aggression and crimes against humanity, which necessitates the adaptation of Speicher's crime within any of the mentioned types of crimes. The assumption of the International Criminal Court in relation to the Speicher crime, includes several positive matters and results at the same time a set of negatives, which must be presented to those positives and negatives in order to give preference between them and the choice of authorizing the court to consider the crime or not. The terrorist organization ISIS has committed serious systematic violations, including war crimes and others, and perhaps those that are not under its control, and that none of these crimes can be addressed within the anti-terrorism law, which cannot address human rights violations. The international community has recognized the heinous violations committed by ISIS against the citizens of Iraq by adopting Resolution (2370) in September of 2017, issued by the Security Council, which authorizes the Security Council to appoint an investigation team to support local efforts to hold ISIS elements accountable by collecting and preserving evidence in Iraq, which can rise to a high level, and it was committed by the elements of the organization. It considers that the decision constitutes a burden and an obligation on Iraq to investigate all allegations of violations committed by government forces for the purpose of holding them accountable, as well as requiring the establishment of special courts and trained judges in relation to ISIS crimes to deal with them. Terrorism is a global curse that has recently spread horizontally to all countries of the world and its effects have been concentrated vertically in some countries, and no one denies that the parties to this phenomenon are increasing (perpetrators and victims) and the United Nations in particular and the international community in general has not succeeded in reducing it despite the fact that the resolutions of the UN Security Council It is increasing, but the proportionality is absent between these decisions and the practical reality. The phenomenon of terrorism is spreading rapidly, and the perpetrators of terrorist acts are on the rise, corresponding to an increase in the victims of terrorism. Also, the circumstances and events that Iraq is going through, especially after 2003, put it at the forefront of countries which suffers from terrorism that has killed the people, using methods and forms that were not previously known and brutal and bloody cruel. ) for the year 2005, and since terrorism was not limited to Iraq, but included many countries, and was not specific to a place or time, nor was it recent in terms of composition. In addition, the aforementioned law cannot be aware of all violations of international and humanitarian law, as we mentioned previously, which requires the necessity of referring the criminals to a competent court. The Court conducts its rule under Article (13) of its Statute when referred to it by a state party to the same system or by the Security Council or when the Public Prosecutor conducts the investigation on his own, and then how does the Court take its measures regarding the aforementioned crime if we take a look Considering that the State of Iraq is not a member of the Statute of the Court. The rule of the court is free from the death penalty, which makes the idea of authorizing the court to consider the crime rejected by most Iraqis, especially the families of the victims. What are the negative aspects of the Iraqi national judiciary’s view of the Speicher crime, and how can it be avoided if the International Criminal Court plays this role? What are the guarantees provided by the court in the event that it proceeds with its procedures regarding this crime? The research on this subject is according to the appropriate method, which is the analytical and comparative method, which works on studying and comparing topics by analyzing ideas and jurisprudential rulings, and the positions of the governments of countries and the United Nations, as well as the resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly, and comparing arbitration between Iraqi courts. And the international courts regarding the trial of the perpetrators of the Speicher base crime, and then come up with a set of conclusions and recommendations."