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Статті в журналах з теми "Quantitative Spatial Economics"
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Redding, Stephen J., and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg. "Quantitative Spatial Economics." Annual Review of Economics 9, no. 1 (August 2, 2017): 21–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-063016-103713.
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Behrens, Kristian, and Yasusada Murata. "On quantitative spatial economic models." Journal of Urban Economics 123 (May 2021): 103348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2021.103348.
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Scheuplein, Christoph. "Der raumwirtschaftliche Ansatz: der Aufstieg einer steuerungsorientierten, normativ geprägten Expertenkultur." Geographica Helvetica 72, no. 2 (April 25, 2017): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-72-171-2017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. In today's corpus of economic geography textbooks published in the German-speaking countries, the spatial science approach is described as involving a neoclassical view of economics, a chorological explanatory strategy, (neo)positivist roots, and a focus on developments that have occurred since 1969. This approach has received sweeping criticism for its undersocialization, its spatial fetishism, and its exclusively quantitative methodology. The article proposes to abandon the dominant historiography of science, which focuses on national economies and takes a positivist perspective, in favor of a form of contextualization that has its roots in the sociology of knowledge. The article examines relevant publications in journals and textbooks to show that what has been known as the quantitative revolution did not become widely accepted among German-speaking researchers until the late 1970s, long after it originally began to emerge. This process was characterized by a shift toward a consultative perspective that researchers adopted in hopes of becoming involved in the spatial planning initiatives of the state. In the resulting usage context of the Keynesian interventionist state, a culture of economic geography experts developed that discussed methods and concepts in an innovative and pluralist manner.
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Qi, Yong, Hefeifei Jiang, Shaoxuan Li, and Junyu Cao. "ConvLSTM Coupled Economics Indicators Quantitative Trading Decision Model." Symmetry 14, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 1896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14091896.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Time series prediction methods based on deep learning have been widely used in quantitative trading. However, the price of virtual currency represented by Bitcoin has random fluctuation characteristics, which is extremely misleading for time series prediction. In this paper, a virtual currency quantitative trading model is established, which uses a convolution long short term memory (ConvLSTM) deep learning method to predict the transaction price, and uses the evaluation model composed of Chandler momentum oscillator (CMO), percentage price oscillator (PPO), stop and reverse(SAR) and other economic indicators to make further decisions. The model quantitatively classifies the random wandering characteristics by fusing economic indicators and extracts the symmetric economic laws among them, making full use of deep learning methods to extract spatial and temporal features within the data. The 2016–2021 Bitcoin value dataset published on Kaggle was used for simulated investment. The results show that compared with other existing decision models, it shows better performance and robustness, and shows good stability in dealing with the interdependence of long-term and short-term data. Our work provides a new idea for short-term prediction of long time series data affected by multiple complex factors: coupling deep learning methods with prior knowledge to complete prediction and decision making.
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Fajgelbaum, Pablo D., and Cecile Gaubert. "Optimal Spatial Policies, Geography, and Sorting*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 135, no. 2 (January 6, 2020): 959–1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract We study optimal spatial policies in a quantitative trade and geography framework with spillovers and spatial sorting of heterogeneous workers. We characterize the spatial transfers that must hold in efficient allocations, as well as labor subsidies that can implement them. There exists scope for welfare-enhancing spatial policies even when spillovers are common across locations. Using data on U.S. cities and existing estimates of the spillover elasticities, we find that the U.S. economy would benefit from a reallocation of workers to currently low-wage cities. The optimal allocation features a greater share of high-skill workers in smaller cities relative to the observed allocation. Inefficient sorting may lead to substantial welfare costs.
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Shen, Wei, Yaochen Qin, and Zhixiang Xie. "Research on the Spatial Features of the E-RetailingEconomic Linkages at County Level: A Case Study for Zhejiang Province, China." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 8 (July 25, 2019): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8080324.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Quantitatively evaluating the spatial characteristics of regional e-retailing economy linkages is of great significance for clarifying the spatial organization of regional e-retailing economies, and promoting regional coordinated development. However, due to the lack of study data, it is difficult toconduct quantitative research on these regional e-retailing economic linkages. Taking advantage of emerging new data sources, the depth and breadth of related research cannow be improved. This paper considers 64 county-level economic areas in Zhejiang Province as network nodes.A revised gravity model was used to measure the intensity of the e-retailing economic linkage in 2016,based upon the e-retailing data provided by the Department of Commerce of Zhejiang Province, China. On this basis, the geographic information system (GIS) tool, a model-potential method and a social network, were used to analyze the spatial features of the e-retail economic linkages at the countylevel in Zhejiang Province. The results showed that the spatial polarization of the economic linkage pattern emerged as prominent, with the overall difference and east-west gradient difference between counties proving significant. In addition, the major linking partners of most regions were relatively singular, and a problem of vulnerability in e-retail economic development was shown.Secondly, the southwest region of Zhejiang Province was an important obstacle in the integration process of regional e-retail economy, through analyzing the connection scope of e-retailing economics. Thirdly, the central Zhejiang subgroupwas a key plate connecting east and west, which plays an importantlinking role in the development of regional equalizationwhen we analyzethe cohesive subgroup pattern. Inspired by this, we hypothesized that a microscopic analysis results of Zhejiang Province could provide some enlightenment for the balanced and integrated development of China’s regional e-retailing economy.
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Kirillov, Andrew. "A study on spatial autocorrelation: Case of Russian regional inflation." Applied Econometrics 64, no. 4 (2021): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1993-7601-2021-64-5-22.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We apply APLE statistic to explore spatial autocorrelation of Russian regional inflationary processes. APLE is discussed to be the fine alternative to Moran’s I. To conduct this study we modify statistics of spatial dependence for panel data structure. We use time series of Russian regional CPIs (i.e. quantitative measure of inflation) of food, non-food, services baskets. We find evidence to confirm the hypothesis of the existence of spatial autocorrelation of regional inflationary processes on the horizon of our study.
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You, Meizi, Riwen Lai, Jiayuan Lin, and Zhesheng Zhu. "Quantitative Analysis of a Spatial Distribution and Driving Factors of the Urban Heat Island Effect: A Case Study of Fuzhou Central Area, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 11, 2021): 13088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413088.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Land surface temperature (LST) is a joint product of physical geography and socio-economics. It is important to clarify the spatial heterogeneity and binding factors of the LST for mitigating the surface heat island effect (SUHI). In this study, the spatial pattern of UHI in Fuzhou central area, China, was elucidated by Moran’s I and hot-spot analysis. In addition, the study divided the drivers into two categories, including physical geographic factors (soil wetness, soil brightness, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI), water density, and vegetation density) and socio-economic factors (normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), population density, road density, nighttime light, park density). The influence analysis of single factor on LST and the factor interaction analysis were conducted via Geodetector software. The results indicated that the LST presented a gradient layer structure with high temperature in the southeast and low temperature in the northwest, which had a significant spatial association with industry zones. Especially, LST was spatially repulsive to urban green space and water body. Furthermore, the four factors with the greatest influence (q-Value) on LST were soil moisture (influence = 0.792) > NDBI (influence = 0.732) > MNDWI (influence = 0.618) > NDVI (influence = 0.604). The superposition explanation degree (influence (Xi ∩ Xj)) is stronger than the independent explanation degree (influence (Xi)). The highest and the lowest interaction existed in ”soil wetness ∩ MNDWI” (influence = 0.864) and “nighttime light ∩ population density” (influence = 0.273), respectively. The spatial distribution of SUHI and its driving mechanism were also demonstrated, providing theoretical guidance for urban planners to build thermal environment friendly cities.
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Mao, Ying, Yilin Liu, La Zhuo, Wei Wang, Meng Li, Bianbian Feng, and Pute Wu. "Quantitative evaluation of spatial scale effects on regional water footprint in crop production." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 173 (October 2021): 105709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105709.
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Faber, Benjamin, and Cecile Gaubert. "Tourism and Economic Development: Evidence from Mexico’s Coastline." American Economic Review 109, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 2245–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20161434.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tourism is a fast-growing services sector in developing countries. This paper combines a rich collection of Mexican microdata with a quantitative spatial equilibrium model and a new empirical strategy to study the long-term economic consequences of tourism both locally and in the aggregate. We find that tourism causes large and significant local economic gains relative to less touristic regions that are in part driven by significant positive spillovers on manufacturing. In the aggregate, however, these local spillovers are largely offset by reductions in agglomeration economies among less touristic regions, so that the national gains from trade in tourism are mainly driven by a classical market integration effect. (JEL L60, L83, O14, O18, R11, Z31, Z32)
Дисертації з теми "Quantitative Spatial Economics"
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Richter, Felix J. [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Maennig. "Essays in Quantitative Spatial Economics / Felix J. Richter. Betreuer: Wolfgang Maennig." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1079655417/34.
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Richter, Felix [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Maennig. "Essays in Quantitative Spatial Economics / Felix J. Richter. Betreuer: Wolfgang Maennig." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-71995.
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Karström, Tobias. "Exploring Stockolm’s Spatial Capital in Relation to Sustainable Development : a quantitative study on the impact of geographical proximity on education and income." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-158113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this thesis was to examine if the theoretical concept of spatial capital explains the distribution of the human capital and high incomes in an urban region using Stockholm county as an empirical example. The spatial capital theory suggests that geographical proximities can explain social and economic distributions in urban regions and is divided into two subcategories;position and situation capital where the former measures the geographical proximities to urban environments and cultural amenities and the latter measures to proximities to public transportation alternatives. The study was conducted using proximity analysis performed with Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in QGIS, and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis performed in SPSS. Human capital and high incomes were chosen as dependent variables due to their relevance to sustainable development, especially in regards to urban economics becoming more knowledge-based. Spatial capital was operationalized into five variables of measuring geographical proximities; distance to central business district (CBD), distance to regional urban cores, distance to nearest amenity, distance to nearest railway, and distance to nearest bus stop. The human capital was operationalized as tertiary education and income was measured as taxable earned income. All results demonstrated statistically significant effects on the dependent variables. Proximity to central Stockholm was the strongest explanatory variable regarding the distribution of human capital and high incomes in Stockholm county. When excluding this variable, distance to railways was proven to have the strongest effect on the distributions. The conclusion was that the spatial capital theory explains that the distance to central Stockholm and distance railways are the strong predictors for how human capital and high incomes are distributed in the county. The robustness of analysis and the empirical findings’ meaning in the context of regional planning in Sweden wasthen presented and discussed.
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Hamrouni-Chtourou, Sameh. "Approches variationnelles statistiques spatio-temporelles pour l'analyse quantitative de la perfusion myocardique en IRM." Phd thesis, Institut National des Télécommunications, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00814577.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L'analyse quantitative de la perfusion myocardique, i.e. l'estimation d'indices de perfusion segmentaires puis leur confrontation à des valeurs normatives, constitue un enjeu majeur pour le dépistage, le traitement et le suivi des cardiomyopathies ischémiques --parmi les premières causes de mortalité dans les pays occidentaux. Dans la dernière décennie, l'imagerie par résonance magnétique de perfusion (IRM-p) est la modalité privilégiée pour l'exploration dynamique non-invasive de la perfusion cardiaque. L'IRM-p consiste à acquérir des séries temporelles d'images cardiaques en incidence petit-axe et à plusieurs niveaux de coupe le long du grand axe du cœur durant le transit d'un agent de contraste vasculaire dans les cavités et le muscle cardiaques. Les examens IRM-p résultants présentent de fortes variations non linéaires de contraste et des artefacts de mouvements cardio-respiratoires. Dans ces conditions, l'analyse quantitative de la perfusion myocardique est confrontée aux problèmes complexes de recalage et de segmentation de structures cardiaques non rigides dans des examens IRM-p. Cette thèse se propose d'automatiser l'analyse quantitative de la perfusion du myocarde en développant un outil d'aide au diagnostic non supervisé dédié à l'IRM de perfusion cardiaque de premier passage, comprenant quatre étapes de traitement : -1.sélection automatique d'une région d'intérêt centrée sur le cœur; -2.compensation non rigide des mouvements cardio-respiratoires sur l'intégralité de l'examen traité; -3.segmentation des contours cardiaques; -4.quantification de la perfusion myocardique. Les réponses que nous apportons aux différents défis identifiés dans chaque étape s'articulent autour d'une idée commune : exploiter l'information liée à la cinématique de transit de l'agent de contraste dans les tissus pour discriminer les structures anatomiques et guider le processus de recalage des données. Ce dernier constitue le travail central de cette thèse. Les méthodes de recalage non rigide d'images fondées sur l'optimisation de mesures d'information constituent une référence en imagerie médicale. Leur cadre d'application usuel est l'alignement de paires d'images par appariement statistique de distributions de luminance, manipulées via leurs densités de probabilité marginales et conjointes, estimées par des méthodes à noyaux. Efficaces pour des densités jointes présentant des classes individualisées ou réductibles à des mélanges simples, ces approches atteignent leurs limites pour des mélanges non-linéaires où la luminance au pixel s'avère être un attribut trop frustre pour permettre une décision statistique discriminante, et pour des données mono-modal avec variations non linéaires et multi-modal. Cette thèse introduit un modèle mathématique de recalage informationnel multi-attributs/multi-vues générique répondant aux défis identifiés: (i) alignement simultané de l'intégralité de l'examen IRM-p analysé par usage d'un atlas, naturel ou synthétique, dans lequel le cœur est immobile et en utilisant les courbes de rehaussement au pixel comme ensemble dense de primitives; et (ii) capacité à intégrer des primitives image composites, spatiales ou spatio-temporelles, de grande dimension. Ce modèle, disponible dans le cadre classique de Shannon et dans le cadre généralisé d'Ali-Silvey, est fondé sur de nouveaux estimateurs géométriques de type k plus proches voisins des mesures d'information, consistants en dimension arbitraire. Nous étudions leur optimisation variationnelle en dérivant des expressions analytiques de leurs gradients sur des espaces de transformations spatiales régulières de dimension finie et infinie, et en proposant des schémas numériques et algorithmiques de descente en gradient efficace. Ce modèle de portée générale est ensuite instancié au cadre médical ciblé, et ses performances, notamment en terme de précision et de robustesse, sont évaluées dans le cadre d'un protocole expérimental tant qualitatif que quantitatif
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Pascucci, Francesco. "Essays on macroeconomics with heterogeneity." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/1052722.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation is composed of three chapters investigating three different macroeconomic patterns and their connection with the micro-level heterogeneity observed in disaggregated data. The first chapter studies the role of household joint labour supply as an insurance device against unemployment shocks. In particular, it investigates the economic mechanisms behind the rise of the Added Worker Effect, i.e., the tendency of spouses to enter into the labour force when the partner suffers a job loss. After showing that the likelihood of occurrence of this phenomenon has been increasing between 1980s and the 2000s in the US, we formulate and calibrate a job-search model with heterogeneous agents to explore the mechanisms at play. We find that several structural changes that occurred in that period contributed to this trend: the decrease in the gender pay gap, the loosening of labour market frictions, and the reduction in the female cost of participation to the labour market. The second chapter focuses on the spatial heterogeneity in local unemployment rates across districts in Belgium, and it investigates the impact of wage regulation on aggregate and local outcomes. We build and calibrate a quantitative spatial equilibrium model to take into account the choice of workers with regard to where to live and work. We show that, were workers’ choices determined solely by preferences for locations and not by the potential real income they could earn, we would observe a substantial reallocation of labour from Brussels towards the more external districts of Belgium, resulting in a less geographically clustered distribution of the population. Moreover, we find that, were wages free to adjust and clear the local labour markets, the increase in aggregate production could be significant, whereas the gain in workers’ real income would only be modest. The third and last chapter instead investigates the long-run fertility decline typical of all the countries in the world from a distributional perspective. Here I provide an account of the dynamics of the completed fertility distribution across multiple countries in the world, for cohorts born between the end of the 19th century and the second half of the 20th. I show that most of the decline in the completed fertility rate was mostly attributable to the decrease in the number of women having a high number of children, e.g., 6 or more, over their lifetime. Finally, I find that the fertility distributions changed along a similar trend across levels of maternal education and across very different countries, suggesting the convergence to a narrow distribution centered around a mode of 2 children per woman.
Книги з теми "Quantitative Spatial Economics"
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Quantitative Problem Solving Methods In The Airline Industry A Modeling Methodology Handbook. Springer, 2011.
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Nelson, Lise. Geographical Perspectives on Development Studies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.197.
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The history of development studies as a field of academic inquiry can be traced most directly back to the Cold War era when public funding for “development studies” went hand in hand with international development as a state project, particularly in the United States. Economists, sociologists, and planners began to take the development of the “Third World” as an object of analysis, partially in response to new funding opportunities and a discursive context legitimating it as a field of study. By the 1960s, geographers began to take (so-called) “Third World” modernization and development as an object of research. Geographers’ engagement with development as intervention, and eventually the exploration of uneven global development as part of the “ebb and flow of capitalism,” can be divided into three waves. The first wave, visible in the early 1960s, took the quantitative spatial models dominant at the time in geography, such as those concerning urbanization patterns, transportation linkages, regional development, and population movement, and began to apply them to “Third World” contexts. This second wave, linked to the turn toward Marxist theory by a new generation of geographers in the 1960s, explored the uneven geography of wealth and power produced by capitalism and launched a powerful critique of development intervention as imperialism. The third wave of debates emerged in the late 1980s–early 1990s and is associated with poststructural and postcolonial critiques gaining traction at the time in geography and related disciplines.
Частини книг з теми "Quantitative Spatial Economics"
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Suárez-Vega, Rafael, Eduardo Acosta-González, Laura Casimiro-Reina, and Juan M. Hernández. "Assessing the Spatial and Environmental Characteristics of Rural Tourism Lodging Units Using a Geographical Weighted Regression Model." In Quantitative Methods in Tourism Economics, 195–212. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2879-5_11.
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Oosterom, Marjoke, Jordan Chamberlin, and James Sumberg. "Empirical windows on African rural youth." In Youth and the rural economy in Africa: hard work and hazard, 23–42. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245011.0002.
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Abstract This chapter focuses on the different empirical windows that have been used to study young people's economic lives and livelihoods. A selection of primarily quantitative, primarily qualitative and mixed method studies is analysed in terms of the questions addressed, methods used and the scale of the spatial analysis. Following this, the methods used in the research presented in this book are described and situated in relation to the larger body of literature touching on youth and the rural economy. The final section makes some specific recommendations on how these windows and methods might be improved to gain greater, more policy-relevant insight on young people's lives and livelihoods, in all their diversity.
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"Spatial Smoothing and Spatial Interpolation." In Quantitative Methods and Socio-Economic Applications in GIS, 80–101. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17967-11.
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"Spatial Statistics and Applications." In Quantitative Methods and Socio-Economic Applications in GIS, 196–225. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17967-16.
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Vlach, Marek. "The Antonine Plague." In Simulating Roman Economies, 69–108. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857828.003.0003.
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Abstract Since the beginning of discussions about the ‘third-century crisis’, the famous epidemic called the Antonine Plague has often been argued to be a key causal factor. During the crisis period, different segments and regions of the Roman world underwent various forms of turmoil (social unrest and uprising, economic problems, political instability, etc.) or external incursions (warfare, barbarian raids). Our current knowledge of the period suggests considerable ranges of the estimated death toll of the epidemic. The main intention of this chapter is to test the plausibility of these different estimated impacts on the basis of emulative digital modelling and simulation. A geographically explicit context, with a cellular framework, represents a workspace for spatio-temporal quantitative simulations to test various scenarios. Model input data include a reconstructed distribution of population density, infrastructural density, historical clinical data on the disease, and other factors. The vital part of simulation dynamics is defined through epidemiology mathematics (a compartment model with dynamics driven by differential equations). Coping with a large array of input variables, which are known only to a limited extent, has constrained our ability to test scenarios for assessing possible quantitative and spatial aspects of the epidemic impact within the demographic structures of the Roman Empire. Nevertheless, on the basis of simulation results it was possible to put the general plausibility of some existing estimates into a new perspective.
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"Getting Started with ArcGIS: Data Management and Basic Spatial Analysis Tools." In Quantitative Methods and Socio-Economic Applications in GIS, 36–59. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17967-9.
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"GIS-Based Measures of Spatial Accessibility and Application in Examining Health Care Access." In Quantitative Methods and Socio-Economic Applications in GIS, 126–47. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17967-13.
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Cascelli, E., E. Crestaz, and F. Tatangelo. "Cartography and Geovisualization in Groundwater Modelling." In Geographic Information Analysis for Sustainable Development and Economic Planning, 49–67. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1924-1.ch004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter investigates role of cartography and geovisualization in quantitative hydrogeology and groundwater modeling processes, stressing, further to their communication role, their relevant impacts on cognitive processes in the framework of a spatial exploratory paradigm. Review of current methods and tools reveal a very fragmented framework with an undesired prevalence of loose coupling strategies among spatial databases, GISs, and advanced analysis and groundwater modeling environments. This approach leads to both technical (as data integrity failure and exponentially increased development times) and management effectiveness problems. Case studies, focused on water supply at regional scale and groundwater flow containment for environmental remediation, document both benefits and shortcomings of current practice, including advanced issues as 3D and time-dependent analysis. Definitely, following current trends in GIScience towards standardization and interoperability, requirements for seamless integration of different approaches and tools are further stressed.
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Тавбулатова, З. К., Р. А. Гакаев, and Т.-А. Р. Идалов. "NATURAL RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF THE REGION: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ASPECT." In SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIES IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION: SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS, 159–65. Грозненский государственный нефтяной технический университет им.академика М.Д. Миллионщикова, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34708/gstou.conf.2021.49.52.025.
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Imbrenda, V., M. D’Emilio, M. Lanfredi, M. Ragosta, and T. Simoniello. "Indicators of Land Degradation Vulnerability Due to Anthropic Factors." In Geographic Information Analysis for Sustainable Development and Economic Planning, 87–101. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1924-1.ch006.
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Land degradation is one of the most impacting phenomena on natural resource availability, both in quantitative and qualitative terms. In order to provide efficient tools for territorial sustainable management in areas affected by land degradation, it is important to define suitable models and indicators able to identify exposed areas and their vulnerability level, so as to provide an effective support for decision makers in identifying intervention priorities and planning mitigation/adaptation strategies. This work is focused on the evaluation at high spatial detail of land degradation vulnerability due to anthropic factors, which is a crucial issue in areas devoted to farming practices. Vulnerability is evaluated by integrating a new indicator of the mechanization level the authors recently developed, with a set of census based indicators of land management. The new indicator is independent of census data being based on land cover data; thus, it can provide a better spatial characterization and a more frequent updating compared to commonly adopted indices that are evaluated at municipal scale. By analyzing data for the whole Southern Italy, such an indicator was integrated for the first time at full spatial resolution to obtain a final vulnerability index of land management. This comprehensive index enabled a more accurate estimation of the land degradation vulnerability due to anthropic factors allowing the discrimination of priority areas within the municipal areas.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Quantitative Spatial Economics"
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Trembošová, Miroslava, Alena Dubcová, Patrik Kundla, Ján Veselovský, and Daša Oremusová. "Regionálne disparity objektívnej dimenzie chudoby na príklade okresov Banskobystrického kraja (Slovensko)." In XXIV. mezinárodního kolokvia o regionálních vědách. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-15.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Poverty, as a multispectral phenomenon caused by a serious material deprivation of the population, is currently becoming one of the most observed socio-economic phenomena, the extent and severity of the social consequences of which are constantly increasing. The paper focuses on the evaluation of selected indicators for measuring poverty in the districts of the region with the highest level of its risk from the perspective of relevant experts to the identifying of the extent, level, development and depth of poverty at two times horizons in 2015 and 2019. The methodology of the pilot case study is based on to implement a multi-criteria assessment of the poverty rate in a statistically unreported territorial unit (district) using 19 objective indicators in three directionally different domains: socio-demographic profile (7 indicators), economic performance (6) and infrastructure (6). Experts from various scientific fields (demogeography, regional development, spatial planning, tourism, environmental studies, economics, management and marketing) evaluated each indicator in the range of 0 - 10 points according to the relationship to poverty. This process is basically known in the literature as the Delphic method. To evaluate poverty, the method of quantitative pairwise comparison in the literature, referred to as the Saaty method, was used. The results of the case study indicate that in the districts in the Banská Bystrica Region, the at-risk-of-poverty rate is decreasing, and regional disparities are diminishing.
2
Berghauser Pont, Meta, Gianna Stavroulaki, Lars Marcus, Kailun Sun, Ehsan Abshirini, and Jesper Olsson. "Quantitative comparison of the distribution of densities in three Swedish cities." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5317.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Typologies play a role in urban studies since a long time, but definitions are often rather abstract, ill-defined and at worst end in fixed stereotypes hiding underlying spatial complexity. Traditional typologies are focussing on separate elements, which allow for understanding crucial differences of one spatial feature in greater detail, but lack the capacity to capture the interrelation between elements. Further, they often focus on one scale level and therefore lack to acknowledge for interscalarity. Recent publications define morphological typologies based on quantitative variables, building on the seminal book ´Urban Space and Structures´ by Martin and March, published in 1972, but using more advanced spatial analysis and statistics. These approaches contribute to the discussion of types in two ways: firstly, they define types in a precise and repeatable manner allowing for city-scale comparisons; secondly, they acknowledge cross-scale dynamics important for e.g. living qualities and economic processes where not only the local conditions are important, but also the qualities in proximity. This paper focuses on the comparison of building types in three Swedish cities, using the multi-variable and multi-scalar density definition. A statistical clustering method is used to classify cases according to their measured similarity across the scales. The results show that working with types is a fruitful way to reveal the individual identity of these types, compare cities and highlight some differences in the way the three cities are structured.
3
Nejadi, Siavash, and Stephen M. Hubbard. "Measuring Connectivity in Complex Reservoirs: Implications for Oil Sands Development." In SPE Canadian Energy Technology Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208927-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation in the Athabasca Oil Sands consists of channel belt deposits formed from meandering river systems. Large-scale fluvial point bars and other components of meander-belts compose this heterogeneous formation and are the source of complex sedimentary facies relationships. Recognition and correct interpretation of the spatial facies distribution, hence connectivity of the reservoir system, is essential to optimal field development and project economics. It is, therefore, crucial to understand river depositional processes, link associated facies to connectivity metrics, and implement them in flow modelling for hydrocarbon exploration. In the geological modelling phase, we analyzed data collected through high-density drilling, extensive coring, and three-dimensional (3D) seismic to map the internal stratigraphic architecture for different reservoir levels. The model captures the 3D representation of different depositional elements, including point bars, counter point bars, side bars, and abandoned channel fills. The deterministic interpretations constrain the stochastic simulation of the reservoir parameters, and distinct morphology, facies associations, and reservoir potential characterize the zones. Our workflow improves the geological realism of subsurface models and allows quantitative analysis of the spatial uncertainty. Including depositional bedding geometries in the modelling helps reduce uncertainties in net continuous bitumen estimations. It improves the knowledge of reservoir connectivity and compartmentalization. The ultra-defined model provides the framework for detailed analysis and optimal field development. This paper presents a new computationally efficient measure for connectivity based on detailed geological interpretations and mapping inclined heterolithic strata (IHS) in point bar deposits. In the calculations, we account for: facies distributions, porosity, permeability along the principal flow axis, and oil saturation,pressure and elevation (potential energy gradients),well locations, andtortuosity of the fluid flow streamlines. To evaluate the effect of sedimentary heterogeneities on key reservoir performance indicators, we formulate the reservoir connectivity as a mathematical optimization problem and estimate the flux in the connected porosity. Applying the methodology on a point-bar deposit shows that the connectivity factor strongly correlates with the ensuing recovery responses. This novel, computationally inexpensive approach captures the uncertainty in reservoir rock distributions and provides a quick and practical measurement for decision-making in reservoir management problems. Its features enable evaluating multiple reservoir parameters and using Monte Carlo techniques to quantify uncertainty and risk propagation in the presence of geological uncertainty to rank field portfolios. In the SAGD examples, the method estimates steam chamber development and conformance with high confidence, supporting optimal well placement for new development wells and infill drilling, optimizing the well spacing and orientation.
4
Lammers, Daan, Ana Pereira-Roders, and Pieter Van Wesemael. "Future scenario’s for post-industrial Eindhoven. A fringe-belt perspective." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although increasingly recognized as sound baseline research to inform the operational level of spatial urban planning, e.g. urban management plans, little research has yet focussed on fringe-belt analysis in the strategic level of spatial urban planning. In general, strategic urban planning dominantly involves quantitative and economically biased modes of scenario analysis. Qualitative analytical approaches, such as provided by morphogenetic analysis, are usually being excluded. This paper aims to discuss the role of fringe-belt analysis in spatial scenario planning. Within the framework of a fringe-belt analysis, a plural scenario case study is carried out in the former industrial region of Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Multiple roles of the present urban fringe-belt composition in the anticipated processes of future transformation of the urban region are explored, as well as the potential internal modification processes within its fringe-belts themselves. Research outcomes are related to the current strategic vision of the city and urban region, and the opportunities for an integrated strategic scenario approach are investigated. A pro-active approach towards fringe-belt modification is suggested as efficient urban development strategy, for example, channelling the increasing pressure of intensification of land-use (controlled fringe-belt alienation), or, creating social and economic value by means of fringe-belt adaptation. Results contribute to the debate on fringe-belt development and future transformation in the case of former industrial and post-industrial cities and urban regions, and more specifically, on the distinctive character and role of radial fringe-belts, radial fringe-belt corridors and radial fixation lines, within the changing spatial configuration of the social and economic urban stratification.
5
Zhigulsky, Vladimir, Vladimir Zhigulsky, Vladimir Shuisky, Vladimir Shuisky, Ekaterina Maksimova, Ekaterina Maksimova, Tatjana Bylina, et al. "PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS OF USING CERTAIN QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTIONS DURING THE DESIGN PROCESS." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b9428400b88.10954372.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Below is a brief overview of several quantitative methods for selecting the locations of hydraulic engineering constructions (HEC) to minimize the related environmental costs. These methods were developed and tested by Eco-Express-Service, a company with over twenty years of experience in the industry and extensive expertise in designing HECs. We conduct the following: 1) A multidimensional cluster analysis of the expected human impact; 2) An assessment of the ecological-economic risk in the form of the expected value of the predicted harm to the environment; 3) An express estimation of the expected “environmental cost” of construction activities. Each of these methods is justified, described and illustrated by a specific example. Their use allows to solve such important practical tasks as quantification, classification and the quantitative comparative assessment of the expected impact on the marine environment. This becomes especially important when choosing the optimal location for an HEC and implementing environmental safety measures. An important point is that all of these methods can be recommended for use as Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) “instruments”.
6
Zhigulsky, Vladimir, Vladimir Zhigulsky, Vladimir Shuisky, Vladimir Shuisky, Ekaterina Maksimova, Ekaterina Maksimova, Tatjana Bylina, et al. "PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS OF USING CERTAIN QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTIONS DURING THE DESIGN PROCESS." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b431537155d.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Below is a brief overview of several quantitative methods for selecting the locations of hydraulic engineering constructions (HEC) to minimize the related environmental costs. These methods were developed and tested by Eco-Express-Service, a company with over twenty years of experience in the industry and extensive expertise in designing HECs. We conduct the following: 1) A multidimensional cluster analysis of the expected human impact; 2) An assessment of the ecological-economic risk in the form of the expected value of the predicted harm to the environment; 3) An express estimation of the expected “environmental cost” of construction activities. Each of these methods is justified, described and illustrated by a specific example. Their use allows to solve such important practical tasks as quantification, classification and the quantitative comparative assessment of the expected impact on the marine environment. This becomes especially important when choosing the optimal location for an HEC and implementing environmental safety measures. An important point is that all of these methods can be recommended for use as Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) “instruments”.
7
Rasul, Hoshyar, Khuncha Abdalqadir, and Sarko Sleman. "The Role of Green Infrastructure in Achieving Socio-Spatial Dimensions in Housing Sustainability." In مؤتمرات الآداب والعلوم الانسانية والطبيعية. شبكة المؤتمرات العربية, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24897/acn.64.68.29720214.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Planning sustainable communities is a complex process that addresses the key areas of equitable economic, environmental and social sustainability. Nowadays the sustainable communities became the core objective in the view of building new world facing the multi and various challenges. Socio-spatial dimension represents greenspace networks integration into new development. Protecting and enhancing the existing physical assets are the pillars to achieve this goal. Green infrastructure is a new concept of planning and design that consists primarily of a hybrid hydrological / drainage network, complementing and linking existing green areas with built-in infrastructure that provides ecological functions. Green infrastructure plans apply the basic principles of landscape ecology as well as appropriate solutions for roofing and shading in urban environments, specifically: a multi-scale approach with a clear attention to the pattern, social and spatial relationships, and emphasis on social and environmental interactions. This research focuses on the socio-spatial planning communities in the view point of sustainability, analyzing previous studies, models and applications that illustrate possible spatial configurations of the green infrastructure to support and strengthen social relations with the physical side of the built environment, especially in residential neighbourhoods. The study presents theoretical models to understanding the social sustainability and guidelines for sympathetic the green infrastructure and its impact on achieving socio-spatial sustainability, taking (Sulaimaniyah Heights Residential Complex) in Sulaimaniyah city as a case study of one of the housing complexes that is still under construction, following the analytical quantitative approach methodology. The results show the importance of green infrastructure (GI) to obtain social sustainability through the use of green infrastructure as a tool to achieve socio-spatial sustainability in housing projects in areas with moderate climatic conditions.
8
Qi, Huimin. "Analysis on Integration Path of Urban and Rural Industries Based on Economic Data Model. A Case Study of Strategy Planning of Taiyuan Rural Revitalization." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/jubr5968.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the background of ongoing urbanization in China and prominent “dualistic” contradiction between urban and rural areas, rural revitalization is extremely urgent. Currently, common problems concerning industry, ecology and humanities exist in rural areas. This paper attempts to figure out the causes for differences in industrial development in rural areas on the basis of macro data analysis and industrial spatial distribution. Given the lack of quantitative analysis of the relationship between urban and rural development and industrial structure, this paper adopts SPSS statistical software to conduct regression analysis on the statistical data of Taiyuan City in the past ten years. Based on the relationship between industrial proportion and urban-rural income ratio, this paper proposes how the adjustment of urban industrial structure promotes the industrial development in surrounding rural areas and the narrowing of urban-rural income gap. From the perspective of rural industry undertaking or complementation with urban industry, this paper then puts forward the idea of undertaking the transfer industry within the scope of ensuring the aggregation effect of the city center and the carrying capacity of the ecological environment, proposing an industrial development path from agriculture to processing industry and then to culture, tourism and recreation industry for the villages in Taiyuan.
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Baklanov, P. I. "ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ И ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ: СООТНОШЕНИЕ ПОНЯТИЙ И ПРОЦЕССОВ". У Geosistemy vostochnyh raionov Rossii: osobennosti ih struktur i prostranstvennogo razvitiia. ИП Мироманова Ирина Витальевна, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33833/tig.2019.32.61.001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Территориальная организация рассматривается как процесс определенного упорядочения социальноэкономических компонентов в пределах относительно небольших компактных территорий. При этом необходимо охватывать формирующиеся взаимосвязи, как между отдельными социальными и экономическими компонентами, так и их сопряжения с природноресурсной средой территории. Первичным уровнем территориальной организации следует рассматривать территорию отдельного поселения с поясом его природноресурсного окружения. На этом уровне реализуется и первая стадия пространственного развития как качественноколичественных приращений в определенных пространственных структурах и их звеньях. На этом уровне могут использоваться экономические, социальные, экологические и эстетические критерии качества территориальной организации. Следующими уровнями анализа пространственного развития необходимо выделять дробный, мезорайонный и макрорегиональный с соответствующим ростом обобщений характеристик территориальной организации и пространственных структур. Для каждого из этих уровней целесообразно выделять и оценивать различные характеристики и свойства в направлении их конкретизации к дробным районам. На последнем необходимы выделение и оценки пространственных структур природопользования. Связующим структурным звеном между локальными уровнями анализа поселениями и районными предлагается выделять территориальные социальноэкономические системы (ТСЭС) в виде сочетания поселений, связанных непосредственными транспортными связями с некоторым одним, центральным поселением. В эту систему необходимо включение всех непосредственно связанных с ее компонентами пространственных структур природопользования, в том числе землепользование, лесопользование, водопользование и др. На районных уровнях пространственное развитие происходит в виде качественноколичественных приращений районных пространственных структур с их обобщенными характеристиками и границами. Анализ пространственного развития на этих уровнях осуществляется на основе интегрального районирования и оценок районных структур и межрайонных связей, и отношений. В целом представляется целесообразным территориальную организацию выделять и рассматривать лишь на уровне компактных территорий до уровня отдельных поселений с их природноресурсным окружением. Как более общий процесс пространственное развитие. Territorial organization is considered here as a process of a certain ordering of socioeconomic components within comparatively small compact territories. At the same time, it is necessary to embrace the emerging relationships, both between separate social economic components and their conjugations with the natural resource environment. A separate territory of a settlement with a belt of its natural resource surroundings should be considered as the primary level of the territorial organization. At this level, the first stage of spatial development is also realized as qualitativequantitative increments in certain spatial structures and its links. At this level, economic, social, environmental and aesthetic criteria of the quality of the territorial organization can be used. The next levels of spatial development should be defined as fractional, mesoregional, and macroregional ones, with a corresponding increase in generalizations of the characteristics of the territorial organization and spatial structures. For each of these levels, it is advisable to identify and assess various characteristics and properties towards their specification to fractional areas. The latter level requires identifying and assessing of spatial structures of nature management. The linking structural link between local levels of analysis, settlements and districts, is proposed to consider as the territorial socioeconomic systems (TSES) in the form of a combination of settlements tied by direct transport links with a certain central settlement. This system should include all spatial structures of nature management directly tied with its components, including land use, forest use, water use, etc. At levels of districts, the spatial development occurs in the form of qualitative and quantitative increments of regional spatial structures with their generalized characteristics and boundaries. The analysis of spatial development at these levels is carried out on the basis of integral zoning and assessments of district structures and interdistrict links and relations. In general, it seems appropriate to allocate and consider the territorial organization only at the level of compact territories, to the level of separate settlements with their natural resource environment. The spatial development is considered here as a more general process.
10
Baklanov, P. I. "ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ И ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ: СООТНОШЕНИЕ ПОНЯТИЙ И ПРОЦЕССОВ". У Geosistemy vostochnyh raionov Rossii: osobennosti ih struktur i prostranstvennogo razvitiia. ИП Мироманова Ирина Витальевна, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35735/tig.2019.32.61.001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Территориальная организация рассматривается как процесс определенного упорядочения социальноэкономических компонентов в пределах относительно небольших компактных территорий. При этом необходимо охватывать формирующиеся взаимосвязи, как между отдельными социальными и экономическими компонентами, так и их сопряжения с природноресурсной средой территории. Первичным уровнем территориальной организации следует рассматривать территорию отдельного поселения с поясом его природноресурсного окружения. На этом уровне реализуется и первая стадия пространственного развития как качественноколичественных приращений в определенных пространственных структурах и их звеньях. На этом уровне могут использоваться экономические, социальные, экологические и эстетические критерии качества территориальной организации. Следующими уровнями анализа пространственного развития необходимо выделять дробный, мезорайонный и макрорегиональный с соответствующим ростом обобщений характеристик территориальной организации и пространственных структур. Для каждого из этих уровней целесообразно выделять и оценивать различные характеристики и свойства в направлении их конкретизации к дробным районам. На последнем необходимы выделение и оценки пространственных структур природопользования. Связующим структурным звеном между локальными уровнями анализа поселениями и районными предлагается выделять территориальные социальноэкономические системы (ТСЭС) в виде сочетания поселений, связанных непосредственными транспортными связями с некоторым одним, центральным поселением. В эту систему необходимо включение всех непосредственно связанных с ее компонентами пространственных структур природопользования, в том числе землепользование, лесопользование, водопользование и др. На районных уровнях пространственное развитие происходит в виде качественноколичественных приращений районных пространственных структур с их обобщенными характеристиками и границами. Анализ пространственного развития на этих уровнях осуществляется на основе интегрального районирования и оценок районных структур и межрайонных связей, и отношений. В целом представляется целесообразным территориальную организацию выделять и рассматривать лишь на уровне компактных территорий до уровня отдельных поселений с их природноресурсным окружением. Как более общий процесс пространственное развитие. Territorial organization is considered here as a process of a certain ordering of socioeconomic components within comparatively small compact territories. At the same time, it is necessary to embrace the emerging relationships, both between separate social economic components and their conjugations with the natural resource environment. A separate territory of a settlement with a belt of its natural resource surroundings should be considered as the primary level of the territorial organization. At this level, the first stage of spatial development is also realized as qualitativequantitative increments in certain spatial structures and its links. At this level, economic, social, environmental and aesthetic criteria of the quality of the territorial organization can be used. The next levels of spatial development should be defined as fractional, mesoregional, and macroregional ones, with a corresponding increase in generalizations of the characteristics of the territorial organization and spatial structures. For each of these levels, it is advisable to identify and assess various characteristics and properties towards their specification to fractional areas. The latter level requires identifying and assessing of spatial structures of nature management. The linking structural link between local levels of analysis, settlements and districts, is proposed to consider as the territorial socioeconomic systems (TSES) in the form of a combination of settlements tied by direct transport links with a certain central settlement. This system should include all spatial structures of nature management directly tied with its components, including land use, forest use, water use, etc. At levels of districts, the spatial development occurs in the form of qualitative and quantitative increments of regional spatial structures with their generalized characteristics and boundaries. The analysis of spatial development at these levels is carried out on the basis of integral zoning and assessments of district structures and interdistrict links and relations. In general, it seems appropriate to allocate and consider the territorial organization only at the level of compact territories, to the level of separate settlements with their natural resource environment. The spatial development is considered here as a more general process.
Звіти організацій з теми "Quantitative Spatial Economics"
1
Redding, Stephen, and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg. Quantitative Spatial Economics. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22655.
Повний текст джерела
2
Marchais, Gauthier, Marchais, Gauthier, Sweta Gupta, Cyril Owen Brandt, Patricia Justino, Marinella Leone, Eustache Kuliumbwa, Olga Kithumbu, Issa Kiemtoré, Polepole Bazuzi Christian, and Margherita Bove. Marginalisation from Education in Conflict-Affected Contexts: Learning from Tanganyika and Ituri in the DR Congo. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This Working Paper analyses how violent conflict can enhance or reduce pre-existing forms of marginalisation and second, how new forms of marginalisation emerge as a result of violent conflict. To do so, we focus on the province of Tanganyika in the DRC, where the so-called ‘Twa-Bantu’ violent conflict has been disrupting the education sector since 2012, and secondarily on the province of Ituri, which has been affected by repeated armed conflicts since the 1990s. We use a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative data collection methods and several months of qualitative fieldwork. The study shows that the political marginalisation of ethno-territorial groups is key in understanding marginalisation from education in contexts of protracted conflict. Our results show that the Twa minority of Tanganyika has not only been more exposed to violence during the Twa-Bantu conflict, but also that exposure to violence has more severe effects on the Twa in terms of educational outcomes. We analyse key mechanisms, in particular spatial segregation, and the social segregation of schools along ethnic/identity lines. We also analyse the interaction between ethno-cultural marginalisation and economic, social and gender-related marginalisation.
3
Marchais, Gauthier, Sweta Gupta, Cyril Owen Brandt, Patricia Justino, Marinella Leone, Eustache Kuliumbwa, Olga Kithumbu, Issa Kiemtoré, Polepole Bazuzi Christian, and Margherita Bove. Marginalisation from Education in Conflict-Affected Contexts: Learning from Tanganyika and Ituri in the DR Congo. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.048.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This Working Paper analyses how violent conflict can enhance or reduce pre-existing forms of marginalisation and second, how new forms of marginalisation emerge as a result of violent conflict. To do so, we focus on the province of Tanganyika in the DRC, where the so-called ‘Twa-Bantu’ violent conflict has been disrupting the education sector since 2012, and secondarily on the province of Ituri, which has been affected by repeated armed conflicts since the 1990s. We use a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative data collection methods and several months of qualitative fieldwork. The study shows that the political marginalisation of ethno-territorial groups is key in understanding marginalisation from education in contexts of protracted conflict. Our results show that the Twa minority of Tanganyika has not only been more exposed to violence during the Twa-Bantu conflict, but also that exposure to violence has more severe effects on the Twa in terms of educational outcomes. We analyse key mechanisms, in particular spatial segregation, and the social segregation of schools along ethnic/identity lines. We also analyse the interaction between ethno-cultural marginalisation and economic, social and gender-related marginalisation.
4
Shmulevich, Itzhak, Shrini Upadhyaya, Dror Rubinstein, Zvika Asaf, and Jeffrey P. Mitchell. Developing Simulation Tool for the Prediction of Cohesive Behavior Agricultural Materials Using Discrete Element Modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697108.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The underlying similarity between soils, grains, fertilizers, concentrated animal feed, pellets, and mixtures is that they are all granular materials used in agriculture. Modeling such materials is a complex process due to the spatial variability of such media, the origin of the material (natural or biological), the nonlinearity of these materials, the contact phenomenon and flow that occur at the interface zone and between these granular materials, as well as the dynamic effect of the interaction process. The lack of a tool for studying such materials has limited the understanding of the phenomena relevant to them, which in turn has led to energy loss and poor quality products. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable prediction simulation tool for cohesive agricultural particle materials using Discrete Element Modeling (DEM). The specific objectives of this study were (1) to develop and verify a 3D cohesionless agricultural soil-tillage tool interaction model that enables the prediction of displacement and flow in the soil media, as well as forces acting on various tillage tools, using the discrete element method; (2) to develop a micro model for the DEM formulation by creating a cohesive contact model based on liquid bridge forces for various agriculture materials; (3) to extend the model to include both plastic and cohesive behavior of various materials, such as grain and soil structures (e.g., compaction level), textures (e.g., clay, loam, several grains), and moisture contents; (4) to develop a method to obtain the parameters for the cohesion contact model to represent specific materials. A DEM model was developed that can represent both plastic and cohesive behavior of soil. Soil cohesive behavior was achieved by considering tensile force between elements. The developed DEM model well represented the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force. Laboratory test results showed that wedge penetration resistance in highly compacted soil was two times greater than that in low compacted soil, whereas DEM simulation with parameters obtained from the test of low compacted soil could not simply be extended to that of high compacted soil. The modified model took into account soil failure strength that could be changed with soil compaction. A three dimensional representation composed of normal displacement, shear failure strength and tensile failure strength was proposed to design mechanical properties between elements. The model based on the liquid bridge theory. An inter particle tension force measurement tool was developed and calibrated A comprehensive study of the parameters of the contact model for the DEM taking into account the cohesive/water-bridge was performed on various agricultural grains using this measurement tool. The modified DEM model was compared and validated against the test results. With the newly developed model and procedure for determination of DEM parameters, we could reproduce the high compacted soil behavior and reaction forces both qualitatively and quantitatively for the soil conditions and wedge shapes used in this study. Moreover, the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force was well represented with the same parameters. During the research we made use of the commercial PFC3D to analyze soil tillage implements. An investigation was made of three different head drillers. A comparison of three commonly used soil tillage systems was completed, such as moldboard plow, disc plow and chisel plow. It can be concluded that the soil condition after plowing by the specific implement can be predicted by the DEM model. The chisel plow is the most economic tool for increasing soil porosity. The moldboard is the best tool for soil manipulation. It can be concluded that the discrete element simulation can be used as a reliable engineering tool for soil-implement interaction quantitatively and qualitatively.