Дисертації з теми "Qualité subjective et objective"
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Torkhani, Fakhri. "Analyse subjective et évaluation objective de la qualité perceptuelle des maillages 3D." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT051/document.
Повний текст джерела3D mesh animations have been increasingly used in various applications, e.g., in digital entertainment, computer-aided design and medical imaging. It is possible that a mesh model undergoes some lossy operations, e.g., compression, watermarking or simplification, which can impair the original mesh surface and introduce geometric distortions. An important task is to quantify such distortions and assess the perceptual quality of impaired meshes. In this manuscript, we focus on the perceptual quality assessment of 3D static and dynamic meshes. We present psychometric experiments that we conducted to measure the subjective perceptual quality of dynamic meshes. We also present new full-reference and reduced-reference objective metrics capable of faithfully evaluating the perceptual quality of 3D static and dynamic meshes
Saidi, Inès. "Analyse et modélisation de la qualité perçue des applications de visiophonie." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAR0013/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn a highly competitive environment, one of the key challenges for operators and providers of video telephony services is to ensure the highest quality of experience (QoE). There is a strong need for a measure that reflects users satisfaction and perception of these services. The audio-visual quality of a video call must be controlled to meet two main needs. The first concerns the planning of new technologies under development. The second is focused on the control of existing communications by assessing the quality of the services offered and evaluating them. Two approaches are used to evaluate audio-visual quality: subjective tests by collecting scores given by participants on quality scales, after viewing and listening to audiovisual sequences and objective metrics based on automatic audio/ video or audiovisual quality evaluation algorithms. Concerning telephony services, decades of research, standardization work and network exploitation, have allowed operators to master the automatic monitoring tools and to determine the representative metrics of voice quality. However, the metrics for measuring the audiovisual quality of a conversational services are not yet mature and not exploited by telecommunication operators. The present work focuses on finding representative metrics of the perception of the video telephony anc videoconferencing services quality. These objective metrics are calculated from the audio and video signals. Subjective tests are conducted to collect the judgment of service users on the perceived quality according to different levels of degradation. We studied the impact of network conditions (packet loss, jitter and desynchronization) on the QoE of a video call. The general principle is then to establish a correlation between the selected objective metrics and the perceived quality as expressed by the users. The results showed that new metric of overall audiovisual quality that take into account the temporal aspect of video are more powerful than image quality based metrics. On the other hand, the use of a machine learning approach represents a solution to generat a global quality prediction model from the degradation metrics (blur, pixelization, image freezing, ... )
Sendjasni, Abderrezzaq. "Objective and subjective quality assessment of 360-degree images." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Poitiers, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023POIT2251.
Повний текст джерела360-degree images, a.k.a. omnidirectional images, are in the center of immersive media. With the increase in demands of the latter, mainly thanks to the offered interactive and immersive experience, it is paramount to provide good quality of experience (QoE). This QoE is significantly impacted by the quality of the content. Like any type of visual signal, 360-degree images go through a sequence of processes including encoding, transmission, decoding, and rendering. Each of these processes has the potential to introduce distortions to the content. To improve the QoE, image quality assessment (IQA) is one of the strategies to be followed. This thesis addresses the quality evaluation of 360-degree images from the objective and subjective perspectives. By focusing on the influence of Head Mounted Displays (HMDs) on the perceived quality of 360-degree images, a psycho-visual study is designed and carried out using four different devices. For this purpose, a 360-degree image datasets is created and a panel of observers is involved. The impact of HMDs on the quality ratings is identified and highlighted as an important factor to consider when con- ducting subjective experiments for 360-degree images. From the objective perspective, we first comprehensively benchmarked several convolutional neural network (CNN) models under various configurations. Then, the processing chain of CNN-based 360-IQA is improved at different scales, from input sampling and representation to aggregating quality scores. Based on the observations of the above studies as well as the benchmark, two 360-IQA models based on CNNs are proposed to accurately predict the quality of 360-degree images. The obtained observations and conclusions from the various contributions shall bring insights for assessing the quality of 360-degree images
360-graders bilder, også kjent som rundstrålende bilder, er i sentrum av oppslukende medier. Med økningen i forventninger til sistnevnte, hovedsakelig takket være den aktiverte interaktive og oppslukende opplevelse, er det avgjørende å gi god kvaliteten på opplevelsen (QoE).Denne QoE er betydelig påvirket av kvaliteten på innholdet. Som alle typer visuelle signaler går 360-graders bilder gjennom en sekvens av prosesser, inkludert koding, overføring, dekoding og gjengivelse. Hver av disse prosessene har potensial til å introdusere forvrengninger til innholdet.For å forbedre QoE er vurdering av bildekvalitet (IQA) en av strategiene å følge. Denne oppgaven tar for seg kvalitetsevaluering av 360-graders bilder fra objektive og subjektive perspektiver. Ved å fokusere på påvirkningen av Head Mounted Displays (HMD-er) på den oppfattede kvaliteten til 360-graders bilder, er en psyko-visuell studie designet og utført ved hjelp av fire forskjellige enheter. For dette formålet opprettes et 360-graders bildedatasett og et panel av observatører er involvert. Virkningen av HMD-er på valitetsvurderingene identifiseres og fremheves som en viktig faktor når du utfører subjektive eksperimenter for 360-graders bilder.Fra det objektive perspektivet benchmarket vi først flere konvolusjonelle nevrale nettverk (CNN) under forskjellige konfigurasjoner. Deretter forbedres prosesseringskjeden til CNN-baserte 360-IQA i forskjellige skalaer, fra input-sampling og representasjon til aggregering av kvalitetspoeng. Basert på observasjonene av de ovenfornevnte studiene så vel som benchmark, foreslås to 360-IQA-modeller basert på CNN-er for å nøyaktig forutsi kvaliteten på 360-graders bilder.De innhentede observasjonene og konklusjonene fra de ulike bidragene skal gi innsikt for å vurdere kvaliteten på 360-graders bilder
Zerman, Emin. "Evaluation et analyse de la qualité vidéo à haute gamme dynamique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENST0003.
Повний текст джерелаIn the last decade, high dynamic range (HDR) image and video technology gained a lot of attention, especially within the multimedia community. Recent technological advancements made the acquisition, compression, and reproduction of HDR content easier, and that led to the commercialization of HDR displays and popularization of HDR content. In this context, measuring the quality of HDR content plays a fundamental role in improving the content distribution chain as well as individual parts of it, such as compression and display. However, HDR visual quality assessment presents new challenges with respect to the standard dynamic range (SDR) case. The first challenge is the new conditions introduced by the reproduction of HDR content, e.g. the increase in brightness and contrast. Even though accurate reproduction is not necessary for most of the practical cases, accurate estimation of the emitted luminance is necessary for the objective HDR quality assessment metrics. In order to understand the effects of display rendering on the quality perception, an accurate HDR frame reproduction algorithm was developed, and a subjective experiment was conducted to analyze the impact of different display renderings on subjective and objective HDR quality evaluation. Additionally, in order to understand the impact of color with the increased brightness of the HDR displays, the effects of different color spaces on the HDR video compression performance were also analyzed in another subjective study. Another challenge is to estimate the quality of HDR content objectively, using computers and algorithms. In order to address this challenge, the thesis proceeds with the performance evaluation of full-reference (FR) HDR image quality metrics. HDR images have a larger brightness range and higher contrast values. Since most of the image quality metrics are developed for SDR images, they need to be adapted in order to estimate the quality of HDR images. Different adaptation methods were used for SDR metrics, and they were compared with the existing image quality metrics developed exclusively for HDR images. Moreover, we propose a new method for the evaluation of metric discriminability based ona novel classification approach. Motivated by the need to fuse several different quality databases, in the third part of the thesis, we compare subjective quality scores acquired by using different subjective test methodologies. Subjective quality assessment is regarded as the most effective and reliable way of obtaining “ground-truth” quality scores for the selected stimuli, and the obtained mean opinion scores (MOS) are the values to which generally objective metrics are trained to match. In fact, strong discrepancies can easily be notified across databases when different multimedia quality databases are considered. In order to understand the relationship between the quality values acquired using different methodologies, the relationship between MOS values and pairwise comparisons (PC) scaling results were compared. For this purpose, a series of experiments were conducted using double stimulus impairment scale (DSIS) and pairwise comparisons subjective methodologies. We propose to include cross-content comparisons in the PC experiments in order to improve scaling performance and reduce cross-content variance as well as confidence intervals. The scaled PC scores can also be used for subjective multimedia quality assessment scenarios other than HDR
Péchard, Stéphane. "Qualité d'usage en télévision haute définition : évaluations subjectives et métriques objectives." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00348586.
Повний текст джерелаVlad, Raluca Ioana. "Une méthode pour l'évaluation de la qualité des images 3D stéréoscopiques." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00925280.
Повний текст джерелаNouri, Nedia. "Évaluation de la qualité et transmission en temps-réel de vidéos médicales compressées : application à la télé-chirurgie robotisée." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL049N/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe digital revolution in medical environment speeds up development of remote Robotic-Assisted Surgery and consequently the transmission of medical numerical data such as pictures or videos becomes possible. However, medical video transmission requires significant bandwidth and high compression ratios, only accessible with lossy compression. Therefore research effort has been focussed on video compression algorithms such as MPEG2 and H.264. In this work, we are interested in the question of compression thresholds and associated bitrates are coherent with the acceptance level of the quality in the field of medical video. To evaluate compressed medical video quality, we performed a subjective assessment test with a panel of human observers using a DSCQS (Double-Stimuli Continuous Quality Scale) protocol derived from the ITU-R BT-500-11 recommendations. Promising results estimate that 3 Mbits/s could be sufficient (compression ratio aroundthreshold compression level around 90:1 compared to the original 270 Mbits/s) as far as perceived quality is concerned. Otherwise, determining a tolerance to lossy compression has allowed implementation of a platform for real-time transmission over an IP network for surgical videos compressed with the H.264 standard from the University Hospital of Nancy and the school of surgery
Bordel, Stéphanie. "Les dimensions objective et subjective du jugement de responsabilité." Rennes 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN20038.
Повний текст джерелаThe @responsibility appears like a difficult notion to understand. In fact, this word is part, at the same time, of ordinary language and juridcal language, it has a polysemic character. Far from those differences and contradictions, however, basing on the sociological analysis of Fauconnet (1920) and Piaget's work (1932), it is possible to distinguish two types of responsibility : objective responsibility and subjective responsibility. In this way, to define responsibility of a person would be, on one hand to search his causal role in the facts that are observed. This means doing causal attribution, it is the objective responsibility. On the other hand, it would be the research of teleological aspects like intentionnality or reasons, it is the subjective responsibility. This theoretical proposition forms the subject of an empirical validation. Four series of studies have shown that responsibility can in the facts be defined by those two components but that there are indissociable. Responsibility always recall to both objective responsibility and subjective responsibility whatever informations are given to the subjects. In other respects, it appears that the subjects, all coming from different societies with different laws, don't give the same place to objective responsibility and subjective responsibility
BEKKAT, NACHIDA. "Critere objectif de qualite subjective d'images monochromes. Conception du modele et validation experimentale." Nantes, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NANT2101.
Повний текст джерелаLavoie, Jacinthe. "La relation entre les construits cognitifs et affectifs et les composantes objectives et subjectives de la qualité de vie." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23729.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаParratte, Sébastien. "Méthodes d’évaluation objective et subjective en chirurgie de la hanche et du genou." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20693.
Повний текст джерелаAn increasing number of patients is surgically managed for knee and hip arthritis related problems. Results reported in the literature are generally good but important discrepancies have been observed between patient reported outcomes and surgeons reported outcomes. Therefore we aimed: 1) to review and critic the current methods used for the orthopaedic evaluation of the outcomes, 2) to validate and use new quality of life questionnaires and new objectives functional tools on patients from the department of orthopaedic surgery in Marseille (Hôpitaux Sud, Pr JN Argenson) and from Mayo Clinic (Pr MW Pagnano et Pr DJ Berry) under the control of the Public health department from Marseille (Pr P Auquier); 3) to discuss the results of our studies and to propose future research projects. Results of our studies have shown that subjective and objective patient generated evaluation methods can provide a better understanding of surgical results. These new tools will have to be include in future orthopaedic research projects but also for the standard patient follow-up to improve knowledge on the reliability of the orthopaedic techniques and of their costefficiency
Binet, Yanick. "L'articulation des perspectives objective et subjective en éthique chez Bernard Williams et Thomas Nagel." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0006/MQ31681.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаZhangh-Ge, Lu. "Modèles Numériques pour l'Évaluation Objective de la Qualité d'Images Médicales." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00995416.
Повний текст джерелаTastet, Helene. "Insight et qualité de vie subjective dans la shizophrénie : rôles des facteurs interpersonnels." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21978/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the Part A, the Chapter 1 presents schizophrenia and the subjective quality of life, rarely considered in this population. The reliability of subjective quality of life assessment has been frequently criticized because of the frequent lack of insight in schizophrenia. This chapter highlights the following paradox. On one hand, the empowerment policies induce the consideration of the subject as playing an active role with regard to the treatment that they receive, whereas, on the other hand, the lack of insight can limit or prevent therapeutic engagement. Chapters II and III present classical conceptualizations of clinical insight in schizophrenia (definition, assessment, models). Among the classical models, predictors of insight have been mostly investigated in terms of personal (e.g. cognitive resources) and clinical factors (symptoms). These studies have gradually integrated moderating or mediating factors since data about linear relationships between insight and classical factors were inconsistent. However, models are essentially based on the subject abilities, without taking into account the interactional process involved in insight. The Chapter IV presents studies investigating associations between insight and clinical outcomes. This chapter highlights the debate still active on the cost/benefit potential balance of a therapeutic intervention focused on insight. Here again, consensus is lacking. Interpersonal factors might also give crucial information to define more thoroughly the conditions of interventions focused on insight. The Chapter V describes the few international studies dealing with insight and interpersonal factors. Only personal characteristics involved in interpersonal relationships (e.g. social cognition) have been studied as predictors of insight. The close environment characteristics that are involved in interpersonal relationships have been partially questioned in order to explain relationships between insight and clinical outcomes. Very few studies have been focused on interpersonal variables that could explain relationships between insight and subjective quality of life. The Chapter VI presents the two main objectives of this work. Through a cross-sectional study, we explored whether including interpersonal factors i) in explanatory models of insight, ii) in explanation of relationships between insight and subjective quality of life could be relevant. The Part B gives details about the method, the procedure and the different analyses that have been conducted in order to explore these questions. The Part C presents sample characteristics and significant results of analyses. These results are compared to those of international research. Interpersonal factors significantly improved the quality of classical insight models, whatever the assessment method (self-reported versus expert-rated insight). However, depending on the assessment method, distinct interpersonal factors were identified. Finally, results suggest that several interpersonal factors moderate the relationships between insight and subjective quality of life. Finally, the Part D discusses the main results of this work, insisting on the limits of the present research and giving some perspectives for future research. Four points for clinical interventions on insight are developed, each integrating interpersonal factors as therapeutic lever
Varela, Rico Martín. "Évaluation pseudo-subjective de la qualité d'un flux multimédia et ses applications au contrôle." Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S082.
Повний текст джерелаFigueiredo, Fábio Leão. "Indices acoustiques et leurs rapports statistiques : vérification objective et subjective pour un ensemble de salles de spectacles." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066288.
Повний текст джерелаBarland, Rémi. "Évaluation objective sans référence de la qualité perçue : applications aux images et vidéos compressées." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2028.
Повний текст джерелаThe conversion to the all-digital and the development of multimedia communications produce an ever-increasing flow of information. This massive increase in the quantity of data exchanged generates a progressive saturation of the transmission networks. To deal with this situation, the compression standards seek to exploit more and more the spatial and/or temporal correlation to reduce the bit rate. The reduction of the resulting information creates visual artefacts which can deteriorate the visual content of the scene and thus cause troubles for the end-user. In order to propose the best broadcasting service, the assessment of the perceived quality is then necessary. The subjective tests which represent the reference method to quantify the perception of distortions are expensive, difficult to implement and remain inappropriate for an on-line quality assessment. In this thesis, we are interested in the most used compression standards (image or video) and have designed no-reference quality metrics based on the exploitation of the most annoying visual artefacts, such as the blocking, blurring and ringing effects. The proposed approach is modular and adapts to the considered coder and to the required ratio between computational cost and performance. For a low complexity, the metric quantifies the distortions specific to the considered coder, only exploiting the properties of the image signal. To improve the performance, to the detriment of a certain complexity, this one integrates in addition, cognitive models simulating the mechanisms of the visual attention. The saliency maps generated are then used to refine the proposed distortion measures purely based on the image signal
Tazopoulou, Eva. "Évaluation de la qualité de vie subjective après un traumatisme crânien : relation entre qualité de vie, psychopatholagie, stratégies d'ajustement et reconstruction identitaire." Paris 8, 2008. http://octaviana.fr/document/145516857#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Повний текст джерелаTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a sudden traumatic event which generally concerns young adults. After the accident and their exit from the hospital, the injured experience a true rupture of their life. In the most severe brain injuries, they present disabilities like physical disorders, but it is the handicap known as "hidden (invisible)" that causes the more difficulties in their daily lives. This research relates to the study of the subjective quality of life of the brain-injured, evaluated by an international scale - the QOLIBRI - specific to the brain injury. Our main objective consists in studying, on one hand, the quality of life evaluated by the QOLIBRI in its validated French version and, on the other hand, its correlations with the psychopathological state of the injured, the coping strategies to the handicap and the identity rebuilding. The secondary objective is to propose an operating model of psychotherapy of the brain-injured. The present research makes it possible to point out the bonds between subjective quality of life, psychopathology (depression, anxiety, alexithymy, anosognosy, decline of self-esteem), coping strategies and psychotherapy. The absence of emotional disorders, the choice of adaptive and effective coping strategies, as well as psychotherapy, are factors which have a positive impact on the subjective quality of life of the injured and the identity rebuilding of those
Vignola, Annie. "Évaluation objective et subjective de la performance cognitive chez les aînés avec ou sans insomnie chronique." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0003/MQ33776.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаVignola, Annie. "Évaluation objective et subjective de la performance cognitive chez les ainés avec ou sans insomnie chronique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/45407.
Повний текст джерелаFerhani, Ouamar. "Développement et validation d'un critère d'évaluation des performances d'un système d'imagerie destiné au renseignement." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066116.
Повний текст джерелаHerry, Nadine. "Evaluation objective et subjective de la prosodie anglaise parlée par des français : apport de l'enseignement assisté par l'ordinateur." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX10064.
Повний текст джерелаArtaud, Christophe. "Impact des activités physiques et sportives sur la qualité de vie subjective de deux populations socio-culturellement opposées." Littoral, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DUNK0190.
Повний текст джерелаTeenagers’ ill-being results in an increase of suicides and harmful behaviour. Therefore, it seems important to study the impact that practising a sport can have on this ill-being or more generally on the quality of life, at this pivotal stage between childhood and adulthood, taking into account subjective and objective data such as the social background. The study was underteken on two populations of children of school age, from both genders and from opposite social backgrounds : privileged and underprivileged. The objective and subjective quality of life is studied for each population, with the same tests applied to children in secondary schools, from 1st year to 4th year. The concept of quality of life is wider than the concept of well-being or personal health. It takes into account every aspect of the lives of these teenagers. It takes into consideration their relationships, etc. The results of this study show that sport has a very positive impact on the subjective quality of life for girls from an underprivileged social background, whereas boys from privileged social backgrounds seem to suffer, as practising sports in clubs does not enable them to quench their thirst for relationships nor to meet their concern to secure their future
Sentenac, Mariane. "Harcèlement et brimades envers des élèves en situation de handicap, et impact sur leur bien-être et leur qualité de vie." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2242/.
Повний текст джерелаBullying is a relatively common experience among school children in countries throughout the world. Bullying is an act of gaining power over others, and less powerful children may find themselves easy victims, making children with a disability or a chronic illness at increased risk for victimization compared to their peers. A systematic review of the literature was carried out to explore the increased risk for peer-victimization amongst children with chronic conditions compared to others, considering a variety of chronic conditions; and to provide a review of intervention programs designed to reduce negative attitudes or peer-victimization at school toward children with chronic conditions. Secondly, peer-victimization was investigated among students aged 11, 13, and 15 years in mainstream schools in Europe, with the objectives 1) to describe the frequency of peer-victimization in students according to their chronic condition status in different environments; 2) to document the additional risk of peer-victimization associated with the level of the condition; and 3) to explore the impact of peer-victimization on the well-being and the quality of life of these students
Trépanier, Sylvie. "Étude des liens entre l'évaluation subjective et objective de la mémoire et des mesures psychosociales chez des personnes âgées entre 55 et 65 ans." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1994. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5307/1/000611298.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAssila, Ahlem. "Une approche et un outil pour l'évaluation subjective et objective de l'utilisabilité des systèmes interactifs : application à un système d'aide à l'information voyageurs." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016VALE0026/document.
Повний текст джерелаUsability evaluation for interactive systems is one of the greatest interests for Human-Computer Interaction community. To the success of this evaluation, several subjective and objective evaluation methods and tools have been proposed and applied in academy and industry. In this context, usability evaluators usually work with a lot of and different kind of data. These data are generated from various methods and tools and related to different usability criteria. In general, understanding and interpreting these heterogeneous data are not easy tasks. In this thesis, we propose to integrate subjective and objective evaluation data to better support the quality evaluators’ decision-making for traffic supervision systems domain. In fact, we applied the measurement information model defined by ISO/IEC 15939 with the use of indicators in an interactive system evaluation environment. The development of this environment has started in a decade. Thus, for completing implementation and putting it into practice, we have applied several proposed usability indicators in the evaluation of a traffic supervision system. These indicators integrate subjective and objective evaluation results from usability questionnaires, an ergonomic guidelines inspector and an electronic informer. They provide a basis for aiding the interpretation of their results obtained. Furthermore, they allow detecting usability problems and give recommendations for enhancing the user interfaces. Finally, this thesis propose research perspectives based on the encountered limits
Qin, Liwei. "L'interprétation du contrat : étude comparative en droits français et chinois." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020040/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn terms of the legal interpretation, the role of the judge takes place between the facts and the law. The judge is not only charged with analyzing and determining the factual elements, but he also aims to exercise the qualification of the fact and apply the rules of law. This is why legal interpretation is generally divided into two aspects, i.e. the interpretation of the fact and that of the law. The interpretation of the contract, in principle, belongs to the first aspect. More precisely, the law, as general and abstract rule, is the expression of the general will, while the contract is only a translation of several individual wills. This dissertation analyzes the issues aroused by the theory and practice of the interpretation of the contract: In what condition can the judge exercise his capacity of interpretation of the contract? Should the interpretation of the contract aim exclusively at the common intention of the parties or aim not only at the will of the contracting parties but also the internal and external objective elements of the contract? Can the interpretation of the contract fill in the lacunas of the contract? Can the rules of public order become the foundation of the interpretation of the contract? Does the correction of the content of the contract need the participation of the interpretation of the contract? The research of the above mentioned issues determines, in fact, the interest of the plan of this dissertation. Theoretically, the work of this dissertation challenges the traditional definition of the interpretation of the contract, by annotating again the sense and the spirit of the classic rules of interpretation, and analyzing the role of the rules of public order in the interpretation of the contract. In practice, the work of this dissertation is founded on a profound research of the functions of the interpretation of the contract in the judiciary activities
Mantel, Claire. "Bruits temporels de compression et perception de la qualité vidéo : mesure et correction." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00680787.
Повний текст джерелаDaloz, Lionel. "Approche clinique du burnout chez les soignants : mise en évidence et caractérisation d'une position subjective." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOL025.
Повний текст джерелаRivard, Erick. "Approfondir l'analyse objective du territoire par une lecture subjective du paysage : Le cas de la Côte de Beaupré." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25637/25637.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis research project proposes a characterization of the ordinary landscape of Cote-de-Beaupré, the exurban territory marking the easternmost limit of Quebec City’s metropolitan area. The study is particularly interested in the way such landscapes are perceived in the representations of their inhabitants and in the collective memory, as well as the manner in which they become, in time, vectors of local identity. Ordinary landscapes are everything but exceptional sites. They constitute “everyday” environments that are significant mainly to the local population. In a context of urban sprawl and dispersion, exurban landscapes are facing a profound transformation by way of generic development patterns that often compromise local character and identity. This work’s fundamental thesis stipulates that more sensitive and durable interventions within exurban territories require better knowledge and integration of the “holistic” nature of ordinary landscapes. The review of methods in the literature from related disciplines helps define both the objective (morphological, geographical, visual, sequential, etc.) and the subjective characters (revealed through memory, identity and aesthetics) of landscapes. The method elaborated for Côte-De-Beaupré’s exurban landscape is a combination of typo-morphological, visual (as based on Lynch’s "imagibility" concept) and perceptual analysis while also taking into account evolution through time, thus referring to a “perceptiogenesis”. Results are presented in the form of a subdivision of Côte-de-Beaupré into landscape units and a characterization of their morphological limits that together define the landscape continuum underlying architectural and urban design intervention. The results also explain certain phenomena such as the disappearance of the Saint Lawrence River from the collective representations of territorial identity. The conclusion identifies concrete strategies for future urban design projects.
Khaustova, Darya. "Objective assessment of stereoscopic video quality of 3DTV." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S021/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe minimum requirement for any 3D (stereoscopic images) system is to guarantee visual comfort of viewers. Visual comfort is one of the three primary perceptual attributes of 3D QoE, which can be linked directly with technical parameters of a 3D system. Therefore, the goal of this thesis is to characterize objectively the impact of these parameters on human perception for stereoscopic quality monitoring. The first part of the thesis investigates whether visual attention of the viewers should be considered when designing an objective 3D quality metrics. First, the visual attention in 2D and 3D is compared using simple test patterns. The conclusions of this first experiment are validated using complex stimuli with crossed and uncrossed disparities. In addition, we explore the impact of visual discomfort caused by excessive disparities on visual attention. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the design of an objective model of 3D video QoE, which is based on human perceptual thresholds and acceptability level. Additionally we explore the possibility to use the proposed model as a new subjective scale. For the validation of proposed model, subjective experiments with fully controlled still and moving stereoscopic images with different types of view asymmetries are conducted. The performance is evaluated by comparing objective predictions with subjective scores for various levels of view discrepancies which might provoke visual discomfort
Tourancheau, Sylvain. "Caractérisation objective et modélisation psychovisuelle du flou de mouvement sur les écrans à cristaux liquides - Impact sur la qualité perçue." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00458786.
Повний текст джерелаLi, Jing. "Méthodes pour l’évaluation et la prédiction de la qualité d’expérience, la préférence et l’inconfort visuel dans les applications multimedia : focus sur la TV 3D stéréoscopique." Nantes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NANT2043.
Повний текст джерелаMultimedia technology is aiming to improve people’s viewing experience, seeking for better immersiveness and naturalness. The development of HDTV, 3DTV, and Ultra HDTV are recent illustrative examples of this trend. The Quality of Experience (QoE) in multimedia encompass multiple perceptual dimensions. For instance, in 3DTV, three primary dimensions have been identified in literature: image quality, depth quality and visual comfort. In this thesis, focusing on the 3DTV, two basic questions about QoE are studied. One is “how to subjectively assess QoE taking care of its multidimensional aspect?”. The other is dedicated to one particular dimension, i. E. , “what would induce visual discomfort and how to predict it?”. In the first part, the challenges of the subjective assessment on QoE are introduced, and a possible solution called “Paired Comparison” is analyzed. To overcome drawbacks of Paired Comparison method, a new formalism based on a set of optimized paired comparison designs is proposed and evaluated by different subjective experiments. The test results verified efficiency and robustness of this new formalism. An application is the described focusing on the evaluation of the influence factor on 3D QoE. In the second part, the influence of 3D motion on visual discomfort is studied. An objective visual discomfort model is proposed. The model showed high correlation with the subjective data obtained through various experimental conditions. Finally, a physiological study on the relationship between visual discomfort and eye blinking rate is presented
Léon, Emmanuelle. "Le management à distance : impact sur les pratiques managériales et sur la relation hiérarchique : de la distance objective à la distance subjective." Paris, CNAM, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CNAM0525.
Повний текст джерелаGlobalization had led companies to operate across geographic and organizational barriers. Remote management takes place when the manager is physically distant from subordinates and unable to follow their work directly. This thesis aims to understand the managerial practices used in this situation focusing on the areas of supervision and communication over distance. An empirical qualitative survey established that geographic distance presents specific challenges, the resolution of which is not necessarly which is not necessarily limited to the use of tools such as electronic performance monitoring or electronic communication. The second objective is to identify the impact of remote management on managerial relationships. When the challenges of remote management are not properly met,geographic distance transforms the managerial relationship into a contractual relationship. Lastly, the thesis demonstrates that subjective distance has a far greater impact on management relationships than objective distance
Sarram, Saman. "Troubles du sommeil et dépendance aux opiacés : évaluation de la qualité subjective du sommeil et de la veille chez les patients toxicomanes traités par la méthadone ou la buprénorphine." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR23071.
Повний текст джерелаBensaied, Ghaly Rania. "Subjective quality assessment : a study on the grading scales : illustrations for stereoscopic and 2D video content." Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TELE0013/document.
Повний текст джерелаQuality evaluation is an ever-fascinating field, covering at least a century of research works emerging from psychology, psychophysics, sociology, marketing, medicine… While for visual quality evaluation the IUT recommendations pave the way towards well-configured, consensual evaluation conditions granting reproducibility and comparability of the experimental results, an in-depth analysis of the state-of-the-art studies shows at least three open challenges related to the: (1) the continuous vs. discrete evaluation scales, (2) the statistical distribution of the scores assigned by the observers and (3) the usage of semantic labels on the grading scales. Thus, the present thesis turns these challenges into three research objectives: 1. bridging at the theoretical level the continuous and the discrete scale evaluation procedures and investigating whether the number of the classes on the discrete scales is a criterion meaningful in the results interpretations or just a parameter; studying the theoretical influence of the statistical model of evolution results and of the size of the panel (number of observers) in the accuracy of the results are also targeted; 2. quantifying the bias induced in subjective video quality experiments by the semantic labels (e.g. Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor and Bad) generally associated to the discrete grading scales; 3. designing and deploying an experimental test-bed able to support their precision and statistical relevance. With respect to these objectives, the main contributions are at theoretical, methodological and experimental levels
Ismael, Afraa. "Le problème du temps chez Saint Augustin et Saint Thomas d’Aquin." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR30046.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis has for aim to explore the problematic of the time within the reflections of St Augustine and St Thomas Aquinas that are both seen as a key link between the philosophical thought of the antiquity and the contemporary period. It will firstly analyze the theories developed by these two philosophers on the concept and the measure of the time, to give an answer to the question: has the time a reality and how to measure it?Through a deep analyze of the two philosophers’ corpus referentials, this study will try to determine if it is possible to find the answer in the changing, the motion, the succession, the duration, the moment and the present or if we rather have to see the time as a shape of the objective world or as a scheme of the apprehension depending on the subject. The first part of this work will answer the question whether the time reflects the properties of the objective world itself or those of the subjective world or might it be the result of the links we have with these two worlds. The second will analyze the problematic of the time between its origin and its end (the creation and the eternity). We will try to know if it is possible to show that the philosophical analysis of the time made by these two authors cannot be seen as an independent instant but a way to reconsider the subject of the time in a theology of creation and eternity.In a broad analysis of the four themes that are, the reality, the measure of the time, the creation and the eternity and some specifics and close concepts, we will determine if it is possible to say that there is an absolute gap between the time as a cosmic category and the time as a psychological one. We will show precisely if it is possible to say that the St Augustine and St Thomas Aquinas’s thoughts can be looked as two different theories, the one which sees the time as a subjective reality and allows St Augustine to be considered one of the most significant founders of the phenomenology of the time unlike St Thomas Aquinas who demonstrates the time's objective reality, in the continuity of the Aristotelian objectivity of the time
Mushtaq, Muhammad Sajid. "Apport de la Qualité de l’Expérience dans l’optimisation de services multimédia : application à la diffusion de la vidéo et à la VoIP." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1025/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe emerging and fast growth of multimedia services have created new challenges for network service providers in order to guarantee the best user's Quality of Experience (QoE) in diverse networks with distinctive access technologies. Usually, various methods and techniques are used to predict the user satisfaction level by studying the combined impact of numerous factors. In this thesis, we consider two important multimedia services to evaluate the user perception, which are: video streaming service, and VoIP. This study investigates user's QoE that follows three directions: (1) methodologies for subjective QoE assessment of video services, (2) regulating user's QoE using video a rate adaptive algorithm, and (3) QoE-based power efficient resource allocation methods for Long Term Evaluation-Advanced (LTE-A) for VoIP. Initially, we describe two subjective methods to collect the dataset for assessing the user's QoE. The subjectively collected dataset is used to investigate the influence of different parameters (e.g. QoS, video types, user profile, etc.) on user satisfaction while using the video services. Later, we propose a client-based HTTP rate adaptive video streaming algorithm over TCP protocol to regulate the user's QoE. The proposed method considers three Quality of Service (QoS) parameters that govern the user perception, which are: Bandwidth, Buffer, and dropped Frame rate (BBF). The BBF method dynamically selects the suitable video quality according to network conditions and user's device properties. Lastly, we propose a QoE driven downlink scheduling method, i.e. QoE Power Escient Method (QEPEM) for LTE-A. It esciently allocates the radio resources, and optimizes the use of User Equipment (UE) power utilizing the Discontinuous Reception (DRX) method in LTE-A
Ho, Dinh Khanh. "Gestion des ressources et de l’énergie orientée qualité de service pour les systèmes robotiques mobiles autonomes." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ4000.
Повний текст джерелаMobile robotic systems are becoming more and more complex with the integration of advanced sensing and acting components and functionalities to perform the real required missions. For these technical systems, the requirements are divided into two categories: functional and non-functional requirements. While functional requirements represent what the robot must do to accomplish the mission, non-functional requirements represent how the robot performs the mission. Thus, the quality of service and energy efficiency of a robotic mission are classified in this category. The autonomy of these systems is fully achieved when both functional and non-functional requirements are guaranteed without any human intervention or any external control. However, these mobile systems are naturally confronted with resource availability and energy capacity constraints, particularly in the context of long-term missions, these constraints become more critical. In addition, the performance of these systems is also influenced by unexpected and unstructured environmental conditions in which they interact. The management of resources and energy during operation is therefore a challenge for autonomous mobile robots in order to guarantee the desired performance objectives while respecting constraints. In this context, the ability of the robotic system to become aware of its own internal behaviors and physical environment and to adapt to these dynamic circumstances becomes important.This thesis focuses on the quality of service and energy efficiency of mobile robotic systems and proposes a hierarchical run-time management in order to guarantee these non-functional objectives of each robotic mission. At the local management level of each robotic mission, a Mission Manager employs a reinforcement learning-based decision-making mechanism to automatically reconfigure certain key mission-specific parameters to minimize the level of violation of required performance and energy objectives. At the global management level of the whole system, a Multi-Mission Manager leveraged rule-based decision-making and case-based reasoning techniques monitors the system's resources and the responses of Mission Managers in order to decide to reallocate the energy budget, regulate the quality of service and trigger the online learning for each robotic mission.The proposed methodology has been successfully prototyped and validated in a simulation environment and the run-time management framework is also integrated into our real mobile robotic system based on a Pioneer-3DX mobile base equipped with an embedded NVIDIA Jetson Xavier platform
Li, Jing. "Méthodes pour l'évaluation et la prédiction de la Qualité d'expérience, la préférence et l'inconfort visuel dans les applications multimédia. Focus sur la TV 3D stéréoscopique." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01061107.
Повний текст джерелаBahuaud, Rozenn. "Imaginaires coloniaux, mépris et migration : femmes japonaises et coréennes entre adaptation, contraintes et résignation." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2101.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on the construction of migratory careers of women from North Korea, South Korea and Japan. The challenge is to understand the objective and subjective structure of these routes from historical and cultural heritage of the societies of origin, from migration policies, from biographical bifurcations and from social and work experiences in “totalitarian spaces”. In the first part, the thesis focuses on international migration of women as well as the methodology established to collect comparative data from suffering women in "mined" fieldwork and to analyze them. The second part tries to reconstruct the objective careers of migrants focusing on starting contexts, on the construction of migration projects and on the arrival contexts. The migrants will face the reiteration of grammar of contempt and injustice - in the sense of L. Roulleau-Berger – and the violence and dominations influenced by colonial or national imaginary of the host population. The “weak” bodies of these women, under individual and collective imaginary of host societies, become sensual bodies, sexual bodies, resistant bodies etc. and will build socially in "totalitarian spaces" erected in view of these imaginary. The third section analyzes the construction of the subjective Career of Women of the Korean Peninsula and Japan. Between the bloated obligations to adapt (imposed on migrants through process of mortifications - in the sense of Goffman –), the imposed roles and the adaptive strategies, they try to survive their disappointed migration imaginary by deploying tactics that define by the refusal of any personal participation, assimilation of the role imposed by the host society or emancipation
Lebret, Anne-Sophie. "La distinction des nullités relative et absolue." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020050.
Повний текст джерелаThe scholarly distinction of relative and absolute nullities appeared in our law during the sixteenth century. Ever since, scholarly opinion has been that the entire regime of a cause of nullity depends on the implementation of this distinction. The operational nature of this distinction is regularly questioned, and even discussed. Yet, its probable establishment by the upcoming reform of the law of obligations urges a scrutiny of this distinction’s relevance. In order to fulfil its task of knowledge of the law, the distinction of relative and absolute nullities must, like every binary distinction, possess three characteristics: firstly, a solid criterion of distinction must enable it to be operational; secondly, the two parts of the distinction must correspond to two sets of significantly different rules, this difference being the heart of the distinction; and thirdly, a difference in the nature of the two parts of the distinction, established by the chosen criterion, and justifying the difference of regimes. However, after close analysis, the distinction of relative and absolute nullities possesses neither a reliable criterion of distinction, nor an uncontested difference in the regimes, nor a duality of nature. The study of the nullity’s nature will enable us to state that nullity has a uniform nature: nullity will be analysed as a sanction of the act’s legality that must be imposed. More often than not, it will be imposed by the judge and will have a judicial nature. Thus, the uniform nature of judicial sanction of the act’s legality must correspond to a single regime, in other words it must correspond to rules that are common to all causes of nullity. Since the nature conditions the regime, the latter must be established by taking into consideration the nature of the proposed nullity. Nevertheless, it is necessary to also take into consideration the legal provisions specific to certain causes of nullity
Ndzengone, obame Thérèse Flore. "La responsabilité internationale des Etats de protéger les personnes et leurs propriétés." Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0009/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe States have legal obligations to protect the persons and their properties. That legal obligation is based on the international Conventions. But The States or the officials behave like the private persons, they contract The State Contracts, etc.., and, Those States breach the attributes or the feature, or the characteristics, of the rule of law of Universal Nature. they fail to perform the universal law or the universal principles. To seek personal profit do not surbordinate the protection of the Human Rights. Thus, the weak people have their universal law violate, those who are not strong, children and unarmed civilians are the victims of the internationally wrongful act or the internationally wrongful act of the state, and the real authors are never accused. The interference has its meaning in the rule of law, but the peaceful settlement of conflicts seems to be better characterize the judicial principles and international law, when weak people with an universal character becomes victim of internationally wrongful acts or victims of the irregular colonial or neocolonial systems, so the mimicry of French legal institutions by the French-speaking States of Africa, or the mimicry of American legal institutions by the English-speaking States of Africa, is the mimicry that loses its universally real meaning. Indeed, the rule of law has become a simple sentence, so that the universal right has a challenge
Brunault, Paul. "Etude des facteurs psychopathologiques associés à la dépression, à la qualité de vie et à l'adiction [sic] à l'alimentation dans le cadre de la maladie chronique à partir du modèle de Wilson et Cleary." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR2020/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis article thesis aimed to assess risk factors for three different health outcome measures (depression, health-related quality of life and food addiction) in two populations (breast cancer patients and morbidly obese patients), by assessing the relative impact of biological and physiological variables (i.e., disease duration and severity, types of treatment used), and individual and psychological variables (i.e., psychiatric disorders, personality). By proposing and putting to the test several integrative biopsychosocial models based on Wilson and Cleary’s theoretical model, we demonstrated that : 1) Depression after breast cancer treatment is more strongly associated with variables related to the premorbid individual and psychological characteristics (i.e., personality and depression before treatment) than to biological and physiological variables (i.e., disease severity, types of treatment used) ; 2) Risk factors for lower quality of life are different depending on the quality of life dimension considered (e.g., physical, psychological or sexual) : biological and physiological variables are associated with physical quality of life ; individual and psychological factors are associated with all quality of life dimensions ; 3) Obese patients with food addiction exhibit some specific psychopathological risk factors. Our work suggest to systematically assess individual and psychological variables in patients with chronic diseases because these variables are important potential predictors for different health outcomes
Gangloff-Ziegler, Christine. "DE L'EMPLOI A L'EMPLOYABILITE ET DE L'EMPLOYABILITE A L'EMPLOI : PROPOSITION D'UNE METHODE D'AIDE A LA DECISION D'AFFECTATION DES SALARIES DANS LES ENTREPRISES INDUSTRIELLES, FONDEE SUR UNE RECONFIGURATION DES FACTEURS MAJEURS DE DECISION." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00550655.
Повний текст джерелаLebar, Charles. "Perceptions de connaissance et mémorisation d'information : dans quelles conditions se croire ignorant améliore nos performances de mémorisation ?" Phd thesis, HEC, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00889622.
Повний текст джерелаHe, Linxin. "Droits sociaux fondamentaux et Droit de l’Union européenne." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D028/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the present storms of economic, immigration and nationalist crises, it seems that the strengthening of the EU depends more than ever on its commitment to democracy, rule of law, respect for human dignity and its social dimension. If it is no longer doubtful that the EU is founded by these principles through its primary law, their signification – or more exactly their implementation – is still disturbed by the contradictions in the practices of European institutions. The implementation of fundamental social rights is one of the major challenges in this situation. Indeed, “Europe will be social or there shall be no Europe”. Although these rights are proclaimed by EU law and other legal systems in Europe and around the world, they are still treated as rights of a secondary zone, in contrast with civil and political rights. In order to study this contrast, my thesis proposes a theoretical and methodological approach. By using a “concretistic” method, this thesis would argue that these rights cannot be reduced to political declarations. On the contrary, they have the mission to structure EU law, since they not only vest individuals with rights, but also constitute an objective system of values which determines the development of EU law
Trioux, Anthony. "Étude et optimisation d'un système de vidéotransmission conjoint source-canal basé "SoftCast." Thesis, Valenciennes, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UPHF0018.
Повний текст джерелаLinear video coding (LVC) schemes have recently demonstrated a high potential for delivering video content over challenging wireless channels. SoftCast represents the pioneer of the LVC schemes. Different from current video transmission standards and particularly useful in broadcast situation, SoftCast is a joint source-channel coding system where pixels are processed by successive linear operations (DCT transform, power allocation, quasi-analog modulation) and directly transmitted without quantization or coding (entropic or channel). This allows to provide a received video quality directly proportional to the transmission channel quality, without any feedback information, while avoiding the complex adaptation mechanisms of conventional schemes. A first contribution of this thesis is the study of the end-to-end performances of SoftCast. Theoretical models are thus proposed taking into account the bandwidth constraints of the application, the power allocation, as well as the type of decoder used at the reception (LLSE, ZF). Based on a subjective test campaign, a second part concern an original study of the video quality and specific artifacts related to SoftCast. In a third part, preprocessing methods are proposed to increase the received quality in terms of PSNR scores with an average gain of 3 dB. Finally, an adaptive algorithm modifying the size of the group of pictures (GoP) according to the characteristics of the transmitted video content is proposed. This solution allows to obtain about 1 dB additional gains in terms of PSNR scores
Prati, Alberto. "Mémoire et bien-être subjectif : analyse empirique des comportements de mémoire endogène chez le travailleur et le consommateur." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200904_PRATI_238nvho229m42eb46ryke_TH.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIn this dissertation, we explore how people who report different levels of well-being recall economically relevant information differently. In chapter 1, we start by documenting a correlation between the way people recall the amount of wage they earn and the current satisfaction with their wage: satisfied workers tend to over-estimate their wage and vice-versa unsatisfied workers tend to under-estimate it. In chapter 2, we study how individuals who are more or less satisfied with their overall lives recall their past wellbeing. Once again, we uncover a deep asymmetry: happy people tend to over-state the improvement of their lives over time and unhappy people tend to under-state such evolution. Chapter 3 is devoted to understanding the causes of these asymmetric patterns of recall. In a laboratory experiment, we investigate if people forget personal failures in order to feel better or because they feel good. Our results are compatible with the first hypothesis, but contradict the second one. Finally, chapter 4 applies the knowledge built by the previous chapters and uses individual recalled information to infer the effect of heterogeneous inflation on material well-being inequalities
Tetu, Maïlys. "La catégorie juridique des droits et libertés." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3054.
Повний текст джерелаAt first, the study of rights and liberties seems scattered, their conception changes according to the names chosen – Human rights, public liberties, fundamental rights – without any fixed definition being proposed. Furthermore, in each of these approaches, rights and liberties remain divided, either because certain of them are excluded from the categories previously mentioned, or because within them oppositions remain, such as that established between “liberties-rights” and “social-rights”. The interest of grouping them together within a single category, the name of which is meant to be neutral, is of allowing the decompartmentalization of rights and liberties; to lay down the oppositions traditionally retained. The study is guided by the idea of establishing the unity of a system while recognizing its internal complexity. In this context and from changes in positive law, it is possible to develop a systemic approach to rights and liberties, where their plurality of content is mixed with a categorial unity. It is therefore a quest for consistency of rights and liberties that the subject proposes. On the one hand, internal consistency through a search for characteristics common to all rights and liberties, in the spirit of establishing a general definition of the "parts" making up the category. On the other hand, an external coherence in order to draw the boundaries of the category, to distinguish it from other categories of rights but also to understand their legal effects, both at the contentious level and at the level of the organization of the legal system himself