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Дисертації з теми "Qualité de l'eau – Mesure – Hauts-de-France (France)":
Bhurtun, Pratima. "Dynamique de la qualité des masses d’eau dans le bassin Artois-Picardie : compréhension des mécanismes actuels et prévision des évolutions dans un contexte de changement climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LILUR055.
The River Selle is a non-channelised stream in the Artois-Picardy basin and is considered as a priority waterbody by the Artois-Picardy Water Agency. The aim of this work was to study the spatio-temporal behaviour of several substances at different time scales, ranging from low-frequency (grab sampling, passive samplers) to high-frequency monitoring. More specifically, tracers of pollution reflecting urban, agricultural and industrial contamination (nitrates, phosphates, trace metal elements, pesticides, pharmaceutical residues, dissolved organic matter) were investigated. We confirmed that the River Selle is mainly fed by a nitrate-rich groundwater. Besides, the nitrates and atrazine concentrations in the river water were similar to those found in the groundwater. At the upstream of the river, the land-use is mainly dominated by agriculture whereas most of the urban islets are located at the downstream of the river. Consequently, during dry weather, ultra-trace concentrations of some pesticides and pharmaceutical residues were recorded and phosphate levels often exceeded 0.2 mg L-1. Due to the minor flow input of the wastewater treatment plants into the river, metallic contamination in the River Selle (particularly Gd and Zn) is quite low despite the high concentrations measured in wastewater effluents. Water quality issues during storm events were identified by high-frequency monitoring. Significant but time-limited peaks in phosphorus and organic carbon were observed, while nitrates were diluted. The composition of dissolved organic matter was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. The spectral signature of different types of water (groundwater, surface water and wastewater effluents) was characterised as well as the origins of this organic matter (autochtonous vs allochthonous). Finally, these results enable to discuss qualitatively the future effects of climate change at a regional scale on the evolution of the water quality of the River Selle
Kansou, Khaled. "Gestion de la qualité de l’eau : contribution à l’évaluation de la qualité de l’eau en Corse." Corte, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CORT0001.
Water is an exceptional raw material as far as it is essential for people, animais and vegetables. Ifs considered for a long time as an unlimited plentiful resource. Some people consider it free or almost free. Water is one of the keys of sustainable development; it presents an important dimensional device for the social, economical and environmental development. Water is essential for human health and for that reason it satisfy human essential needs. Ln our research, we find that I?ollution is presented everywhere. Some developed or none developed countries, cares enough about the quality of water and controllers' pollution. Agriculture is the main reason responsible for pollution, more than the industry and municipalities. Ln sorne countries farmers use, fertilizers, pesticides, contaminated ground-water and superficial water. Agriculture remains the principle source for water pollution but the amount of factories and municipalities' garbage has increased in the last years. We believe that there are two hundred to four hundred chemical products found in water. Ln our research ifs composed of two axes. The first is theoretical, and the second is empirical. The primary one is divided into two chapters: ln. The first, it will concern sustainable development, to study the relation between economy and environ ment, concept of development, influence of climatic changes and inform the international politics. We took the example of Corsica to show that the nearness of watercourses for populations bordering the street has an impact on the quality of water in the same capacity as nearness of porcine animal. Data come in the form of qualitative evaluations allocated by experts. A model of logique floue was used to establish a synthesis of data and define a quality indication of the water taking its stocks interval [0, 1]. An econometric analysis allowed then to update the determiners of the quality of water
Bhurtun, Pratima. "Dynamique de la qualité des masses d’eau dans le bassin Artois-Picardie : compréhension des mécanismes actuels et prévision des évolutions dans un contexte de changement climatique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R055.
The River Selle is a non-channelised stream in the Artois-Picardy basin and is considered as a priority waterbody by the Artois-Picardy Water Agency. The aim of this work was to study the spatio-temporal behaviour of several substances at different time scales, ranging from low-frequency (grab sampling, passive samplers) to high-frequency monitoring. More specifically, tracers of pollution reflecting urban, agricultural and industrial contamination (nitrates, phosphates, trace metal elements, pesticides, pharmaceutical residues, dissolved organic matter) were investigated. We confirmed that the River Selle is mainly fed by a nitrate-rich groundwater. Besides, the nitrates and atrazine concentrations in the river water were similar to those found in the groundwater. At the upstream of the river, the land-use is mainly dominated by agriculture whereas most of the urban islets are located at the downstream of the river. Consequently, during dry weather, ultra-trace concentrations of some pesticides and pharmaceutical residues were recorded and phosphate levels often exceeded 0.2 mg L-1. Due to the minor flow input of the wastewater treatment plants into the river, metallic contamination in the River Selle (particularly Gd and Zn) is quite low despite the high concentrations measured in wastewater effluents. Water quality issues during storm events were identified by high-frequency monitoring. Significant but time-limited peaks in phosphorus and organic carbon were observed, while nitrates were diluted. The composition of dissolved organic matter was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. The spectral signature of different types of water (groundwater, surface water and wastewater effluents) was characterised as well as the origins of this organic matter (autochtonous vs allochthonous). Finally, these results enable to discuss qualitatively the future effects of climate change at a regional scale on the evolution of the water quality of the River Selle
GUERIN, SCHNEIDER Laëtitia. "Introduire la mesure de performance dans la régulation des services d'eau et d'assainissement en France. Instrumentation et organisation." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005754.
Dans ce contexte, les collectivités locales, communes ou syndicats, sont responsables de l'organisation des services d'eau. Elles doivent faire en sorte que les objectifs de service public soient pris en compte, en particulier dans leur nouvelle composante qualitative. Elles doivent également informer l'usager.
La maîtrise des services d'eau par les élus est cependant rendue difficile : le déséquilibre d'information avec l'exploitant, l'existence d'un oligopole ou encore la situation de monopole naturel sont autant d'éléments qui viennent affaiblir la position de la collectivité. A la lumière de la théorie des contrats, l'analyse du modèle français, mais également celle d'autres pays européens, montre que les limites du mécanisme concurrentiel obligent à envisager une régulation plus poussée dans le secteur de l'eau que dans d'autres services publics.
La mesure de performance par des indicateurs portant sur les résultats qualitatifs du service apparaît comme un outil propre à améliorer cette maîtrise de la gestion par les élus. En introduisant des mécanismes de circulation d'information, elle permet de mieux appréhender les évolutions de chaque service, mais aussi de les comparer entre eux. L'incitation par pseudo-concurrence peut ainsi jouer pleinement, quel que soit le mode de gestion. Les indicateurs vont aussi servir à définir la qualité attendue dans la phase pré-contractuelle, puis à suivre et à piloter les résultats du service en phase d'exécution. Ils permettent enfin une communication vers les usagers-clients, rendant ainsi plus visibles des progrès du service qui restent souvent cachés.
La participation à plusieurs groupes de travail, rassemblant des experts français et étrangers, a permis de constituer un panel commun d'indicateurs balayant l'ensemble des missions des services d'eau et d'assainissement. Ces indicateurs, en nombre limité et souvent assez simples à obtenir, sont hiérarchisés de manière à guider le choix de la collectivité, sans toutefois lui retirer la possibilité d'adapter la liste au contexte particulier de son service. Ces indicateurs, rassemblés en critère de synthèse forment des tableaux de bord qui présentent les principaux aspects de la gestion d'un service : qualité du service au client, gestion du réseau, gestion de la ressource, gestion de la station d'épuration et capacité de financement de la collectivité. Ces éléments permettent de cerner non seulement la qualité des prestations immédiates, mais également la pérennité du service et la protection de l'environnement. L'analyse annuelle de ces critères permet de caractériser la situation du service, de repérer d'éventuelles dérives et de remonter aux origines pour déboucher sur des recommandations concrètes. Ainsi, le dialogue avec l'exploitant s'engage sur une base plus objective, dans une logique d'amélioration. Le test de terrain sur cinq collectivités a permis de démontrer l'efficacité de cette méthode, même si l'outil doit être utilisé avec précaution, notamment lors des comparaisons entre services.
Cette thèse propose d'insérer cet outil de gestion dans un dispositif de régulation plus global. Les premières expériences, notamment au sein du Ministère de l'Agriculture, et les réflexions menées avec le Ministère de l'Environnement permettent de dessiner les principes de cette nouvelle organisation de la régulation. Une autorité de régulation nationale pourrait être associée à des réseaux d'experts locaux, au service des collectivités. L'autorité assurerait la mutualisation de l'information. Les experts locaux, sur le modèle de l'intervention actuelle des DDAF, transmettraient l'information et les compétences constituées à un niveau plus centralisé, pour rétablir un certain équilibre avec l'exploitant. Ces conseillers pourraient à la fois aider les collectivités à interpréter correctement les indicateurs et jouer le rôle d'intermédiaire neutre entre le régulateur et le régulé (ou entre le principal et l'agent). Ainsi, les collectivités conserveraient leurs prérogatives, mais avec l'appui de conseillers compétents. Les usagers informés pourraient également mieux jouer leur rôle de pression démocratique.
Ces travaux ouvrent la voie à deux prolongements. D'abord, un travail statistique est nécessaire pour constituer les références et trouver les facteurs descriptifs permettant de former des classes de comparaison au sein des services. Par ailleurs, l'utilisation des indicateurs comme outils de pilotage des performances non financières du service peut être conjuguée avec une incitation économique. Pour cela, il faut choisir quelques indicateurs-clefs et moduler la recette de l'exploitant en fonction des résultats obtenus. L'intéressement du résultat à la performance constitue une suite logique à la mise en place des indicateurs de suivi : il permettrait de réintroduire les risques et périls de l'exploitant et de rétablir une incitation cohérente avec les nouveaux objectifs qualitatifs des services.
Dmitrieva, Tatiana. "Perceptions, réglementations et mesures de la qualité des eaux de surface en France, 1854-1964. Le cas des eaux de la ville de Versailles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066341.pdf.
The Seine River pollution both in Paris and its suburbs has been already the subject of several studies. Few studies compare perceptions that physicians, engineers, hygienists or managers might have of the quality of water resources, and the evolution of their state. This confrontation makes it possible to analyze over the long term the effectiveness of the responses made to improve quality. We have achieved this here for the city of Versailles and its waters. The first part of this work describes perceptions of river water quality by experts between 1854 and 1964 based on an analysis of hygiene and urban sanitation reviews, showing the evolution of quality indicators and of regulations. In the 19th century, Versailles has the peculiarity of being essentially fed by water from the Seine thanks to the Marly machine, through a service directly dependent on the State, consequences of its royal past. But as the water quality of the Seine River deteriorates because of the discharges from the Paris sewers, the various administrations, local and national, have to solve the question of water supply and asked for the help of experts to ensure its quality. The chemical and bacteriological analyzes carried out on waters lead to stopping the use of the Seine waters in 1894 in favor of the Marly-Croissy water table. At the same time, Versailles rejected its wastewater into two low-flowing streams: Marivel and Gally. Epidemics and complaints accompany the deterioration of their state. The numerous experiments carried out show the interest in the quality of surface water and at the same time the absence of the political will and the technical limits to improve it, leading to their sacrifice for more than 100 years
Dmitrieva, Tatiana. "Perceptions, réglementations et mesures de la qualité des eaux de surface en France, 1854-1964. Le cas des eaux de la ville de Versailles." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066341/document.
The Seine River pollution both in Paris and its suburbs has been already the subject of several studies. Few studies compare perceptions that physicians, engineers, hygienists or managers might have of the quality of water resources, and the evolution of their state. This confrontation makes it possible to analyze over the long term the effectiveness of the responses made to improve quality. We have achieved this here for the city of Versailles and its waters. The first part of this work describes perceptions of river water quality by experts between 1854 and 1964 based on an analysis of hygiene and urban sanitation reviews, showing the evolution of quality indicators and of regulations. In the 19th century, Versailles has the peculiarity of being essentially fed by water from the Seine thanks to the Marly machine, through a service directly dependent on the State, consequences of its royal past. But as the water quality of the Seine River deteriorates because of the discharges from the Paris sewers, the various administrations, local and national, have to solve the question of water supply and asked for the help of experts to ensure its quality. The chemical and bacteriological analyzes carried out on waters lead to stopping the use of the Seine waters in 1894 in favor of the Marly-Croissy water table. At the same time, Versailles rejected its wastewater into two low-flowing streams: Marivel and Gally. Epidemics and complaints accompany the deterioration of their state. The numerous experiments carried out show the interest in the quality of surface water and at the same time the absence of the political will and the technical limits to improve it, leading to their sacrifice for more than 100 years
Boccarossa, Alexandra. "Surveiller et agir : le rôle du territoire dans la mobilisation et la mise en oeuvre d’un réseau de suivi de la qualité des cours d’eau bretons (1992-2017)." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN20043/document.
Since the establishment of the first national waterways and rivers quality monitoring in 1971, several types of measures coexist at the drainage basin scale: on the one hand, the monitoring networks supported by the State services; on theother hand, the water quality monitoring of the drainage basin (SQE-BV) provided by decentralized actors. The acquisition of complementary knowledge on water from the field measurement has accompanied the evolution of local practices of water management, in a different way depending on the regions, the basins and sub-basins. Thanks to the regulatory constraint and a State-Region partnership, Breton waterways have been the subject of a highly developed surveillance policy. This approach was motivated in the 1990s because of the urgency to act in front of a greater pollution visibility. This thesis illustrates the regionalised approach by several case studies, including that of the precursor basin of Yvel-Yvet. The whole thesis, based on the study of these local follow-ups and on a temporality of more than twenty years, mobilizes the concept of instrument of public action to explain the stages, the socio-political motivations and the implementation scales of this territorialized policy of regaining water quality
Boccarossa, Alexandra. "Surveiller et agir : le rôle du territoire dans la mobilisation et la mise en oeuvre d’un réseau de suivi de la qualité des cours d’eau bretons (1992-2017)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes 2, 2018. http://www.bu.univ-rennes2.fr/system/files/theses/2018theseBoccarossaA.pdf.
Since the establishment of the first national waterways and rivers quality monitoring in 1971, several types of measures coexist at the drainage basin scale: on the one hand, the monitoring networks supported by the State services; on theother hand, the water quality monitoring of the drainage basin (SQE-BV) provided by decentralized actors. The acquisition of complementary knowledge on water from the field measurement has accompanied the evolution of local practices of water management, in a different way depending on the regions, the basins and sub-basins. Thanks to the regulatory constraint and a State-Region partnership, Breton waterways have been the subject of a highly developed surveillance policy. This approach was motivated in the 1990s because of the urgency to act in front of a greater pollution visibility. This thesis illustrates the regionalised approach by several case studies, including that of the precursor basin of Yvel-Yvet. The whole thesis, based on the study of these local follow-ups and on a temporality of more than twenty years, mobilizes the concept of instrument of public action to explain the stages, the socio-political motivations and the implementation scales of this territorialized policy of regaining water quality