Статті в журналах: "Pyrotechnics composition"

1

Gunaryo, Gunaryo, Anggaria Maharani, Anggito Budiman, Satria Aqilla Widyatama, Elda Pratita, and Shella Athaya Miwazuki. "Yellow-Flare Performance Improvement of PVC Addition into Mg-Sodium Nitrate-Based Pyrotechics." Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2024): 66–71. https://doi.org/10.55749/ijcs.v3i2.60.

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Light pyrotechnics is one strategic defence equipment for civil and military purposes. Additives act as one of the factors that affect the flame in pyrotechnics. Additives were used to slow down the combustion rate so that the flare could burn for a long time without drastically reducing the flame performance of the flare. This study focused on the performance of pyrotechnic flames with variations of PVC as a density-increasing material because it was in the form of a polymer and had high-chlorine content, resulting in a mixture that is difficult to burn. The experiment results exhibited that pyrotechnics without PVC showed intensity with an emission spectrum of 577-585 nm, light intensity of 723-1184 lux, and burning rate of 3.22-3.31 g/s. Increasing the PVC additive composition to 1.5 gr showed emissions with a wavelength of 596-597 nm, decreased intensity from 91-183 lux, and a slower burning rate of 0.72-0.88 g/s. The use of PVC was effectively applied in the 1.76-10.21% fraction and was actively able to slow down the rate of combustion of pyrotechnic mixtures. Hence, PVC could slow down the burning rate and increase density. Adding PVC in yellow pyrotechnics would slow down the burning rate of the pyrotechnic sample with the side effect of reducing the brightness of the yellow color and the intensity of the light.

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Dujay, Richard C. "Manufacturing and Processing Techniques Affecting Morphology of Pyrotechnic Oxidizer Particles." Microscopy Today 9, no. 4 (May 2001): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500057266.

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In a pyrotechnic composition, the morphology (size, shape and surface features) of individual particles in the mixture influences both burn rate and the ease of ignition of the composition. Collectively, the larger, more rounded and smoother the particles, the lower the burn rate and the more difficult it is to ignite the composition. However, the purpose of the current investigation was only to catalogue some particle morphologies that may be useful in forensic identification of unconsumed or residual pyrotechnic evidence. In this study, potassium nitrate was chosen because of its common use in pyrotechnics and because of its similarity with other frequently used pyrotechnic oxidizers.All samples were prepared for scanning electron microscopy using a double-sided adhesive carbon disk applied to an aluminum post. Particles were mounted to the carbon disk and sputter coated with gold.

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3

Son, Nguyen Nam, Dam Quang Sang, and Nguyen Van Tinh. "Predicting composition of combustion products of the pyrotechnic based on Magnesium‐Teflon‐Viton." Vietnam Journal of Chemistry 60, S1 (November 2022): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vjch.202200070.

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AbstractDetermining the equilibrium composition of combustion products is important in studying high‐energetic materials such as explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics. This paper presents a theoretical method and computer program named CAL to predict the composition of combustion products of pyrotechnic mixture based on Magnesium‐Teflon‐Viton by the Gibbs free energy minimization principle. Computer program CAL was developed using the fmincon tool in MATLAB. The reliability of CAL was confirmed when comparing its calculation results with ones obtained by other software and experimental data.

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GOTFRID, S. D., D. B. MIKHALEV, A. V. BELIAKOV, and V. A. PETROV. "PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITIONS IN RED-BLUE COLOR SCHEME." Herald of Technological University 27, no. 9 (2024): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.55421/1998-7072_2024_27_9_85.

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In civil pyrotechnics, great priority in the development of pyrotechnic compositions is given to fireworks compositions. Along with the main subjective characteristics of any fireworks display - colorfulness and entertainment, the variety of colors is important. Classically, the primary colors used in such pyrotechnic products are red, yellow, green and blue. However, the color palette of fireworks compositions is much wider and new color solutions are required to increase the entertainment value of firework displays. Of particular interest is the development of pyrotechnic compositions in the field of transitional colors. The most spectacular, and therefore the most popular and expensive, are fireworks of purple and violet shades, representing the red-blue color scheme: lilac, purple, violet. Currently, more than forty formulations of pyrotechnic compositions are known, which, when burned, formed flames of these shades. All these compositions are developed on the basis of the composition of red fire with the introduction of an additive that colors the flame blue. Using the example of the composition of lilac fire, the work shows the possibility of obtaining pyrotechnic tribes of transitional colors by mixing pyrotechnic compositions having different emission spectra. A new technology for these compositions has been proposed by rolling followed by molding by continuous pressing. It has been shown that the main color characteristics of compositions prepared using the new technology are not inferior to compositions processed using traditional powder technology. It has been established that the color characteristics of the flame obey the basic laws of mixing monochromatic radiation. The presented results of research into pyrotechnic compositions of red and blue colors based on cellulose nitrates, a copolymer of polyvinyl chloride with vinylacetate, as well as ammonium perchlorate, produced by blind and through pressing methods, can contribute to a significant expansion of the color range of pyrotechnic compositions, unification of technologies and reduction in the cost of fireworks.

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Aimasheva, Zh, D. V. Ismailov, V. F. Grishenko, S. Bellucci, G. Partizan, and T. B. Koshtibayev. "MICRO- AND NANOMICROMATERIALS IN PYROTECHNICS." Herald of the Kazakh-British technical university 21, no. 2 (July 2, 2024): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55452/1998-6688-2024-21-2-229-237.

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Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, which play an unrivaled role in enhancing the performance and safety of pyrotechnic substances, carbon nanomaterials have garnered significant interest from researchers in recent years. In this paper, carbon nanostructures prepared by electric arc synthesis are identified as C60 and C70 fullerene carbon blacks. The carbon black particles derived from the synthesized fullerenes exhibit a porous and rough morphology, with sizes ranging from 32 to 190 nm. The experimental results indicate the potential use of synthesized fullerene soot as a constituent component of pyrotechnic composites. The dependence of pyrotechnic composite compositions on combustion time has been determined by selecting potassium nitrate, nanoscale fullerenes, composite carbon blacks, wood coals, and aluminum fillers as matrix materials. According to the findings, the combustion time of the composite composition increases as the content of fullerene soot in the pyrotechnic composite composition increases.

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Седнев, В. А., П. А. Аляев та Ан В. Седнев. "СИСТЕМА ПОДГОТОВКИ СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ ПИРОТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ПОДРАЗДЕЛЕНИЙ". Проблемы безопасности и чрезвычайных ситуаций, № 2 (1 березня 2023): 80–97. https://doi.org/10.36535/0869-4176-2023-02-10.

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Обоснованы структура и состав системы подготовки специалистов пиротехнических подразделений МЧС России, основные модели подготовки специалиста-пиротехника, что позволило разработать основные положения по оценке эффективности системы подготовки специалистов пиротехнических подразделений, позволяющие повысить эффективность управлению ею. Оценка эффективности предлагаемой системы подготовки специалистов-пиротехников должна учитывать отдельные её подсистемы, особенно материально-техническую базу подготовки, что обеспечит качество подготовки пиротехников и безопасность их деятельности. Показано, что учебно-материальная база вносит основной вклад в формирование у специалиста-пиротехника профессиональных навыков и умений, обоснованы требования к учебно-материальной базе, при оценке которой требуется учитывать обеспеченность необходимой техникой и средствами, их эксплуатационное состояние и готовность к использованию по назначению. Разработанные теоретические положения учитывают особенности функциональной и структурной организации системы подготовки специалистов пиротехнических подразделений, позволяют обосновать её количественные и качественные характеристики, минимизировать затраты на ее содержание, и, в целом, повысить эффективность управления системой подготовки специалистов пиротехнических подразделений, контроля за формированием учебно-материальной базы, за использованием финансовых и материальных средств, привлекаемых для подготовки пиротехников. The structure and composition of the system of training specialists of pyrotechnic units of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, the main models of training a pyrotechnic specialist are substantiated, which made it possible to develop basic provisions for evaluating the effectiveness of the system of training specialists of pyrotechnic units, allowing to increase the efficiency of its management. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed system of training pyrotechnics specialists should take into account its individual subsystems, especially the material and technical base of training, which will ensure the quality of training pyrotechnics and the safety of their activities. It is shown that the educational and material base makes the main contribution to the formation of professional skills and abilities of a pyrotechnic specialist, the requirements for the educational and material base are justified, when assessing which it is necessary to take into account the availability of necessary equipment and facilities, their operational condition and readiness for use for their intended purpose. The developed theoretical provisions take into account the features of the functional and structural organization of the system of training specialists of pyrotechnic units, allow us to substantiate its quantitative and qualitative characteristics, minimize the costs of its maintenance, and, in general, improve the efficiency of the management of the system of training specialists of pyrotechnic units, control over the formation of the educational and material base, the use of financial and material resources. funds raised for the training of pyrotechnics.

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Siregar, Fuad Idris, Agus Eko Prasojo, Shavira Triana Julianingrum, Desi Rahma Yanti Aulia, Sophia Nafisa Wardha, and Mutiara Gita. "Light Pyrotechnics Using Gunpowder Derived from Fly Ash Bottom Ash (FABA) Waste and Activated Carbon." Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55749/ijcs.v3i1.42.

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Pyrotechnic materials are a category of materials that are often used in various applications, including military activities, lighting, signaling, and combat effects. In this study, an experiment was conducted to create a light pyrotechnic material using gunpowder, which is a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and activated carbon. The manufacturing process involved the activation of carbon from fly ash bottom ash (FABA) waste and the composition of different pyrotechnic materials. The experiment involved testing pyrotechnic compositions with varying ratios of KNO3 : carbon : sulfur. The results showed that the composition with a ratio of 15 : 7.5 : 7.5 produced the highest light intensity, reaching 104 lux, and provided optimal visual effects. In addition, the relative proportions of oxidizer, carbon and sulfur affected the type of pyrotechnic effect produced. Pyrotechnic light generation from gunpowder could be considered successful, and the best composition for spectacular visual effects was a ratio of 15 : 7.5 : 7.5. However, sufficient caution and knowledge were required in the use of pyrotechnic materials to ensure safety and compliance with applicable regulations.

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Ahmad, Sheikh?Rafi, and David?Anthony Russell. "Laser Ignition of Pyrotechnics - Effects of Wavelength, Composition and Confinement." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 30, no. 2 (April 2005): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.200400095.

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9

Wang, Tingwei, Jinyang Zhou, Qi Zhang, Lin Zhang, Shunguan Zhu, and Yan Li. "Novel 3D cesium(i)-based EMOFs of nitrogen-rich triazole derivatives as “green” orange-light pyrotechnics." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 4 (2020): 1278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj03577j.

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BRYGIN, Yu P. "Unresolved issues in pyrotechnic activities as an objective cause of emergency incidents." Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination 2 (2024): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/fe.2024.2.13-22.

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Purpose. Analysis of pyrotechnic activities various types, both licensed and unlicensed, supposes the need to assess modern requirements of regulatory documents governing the turnover of pyrotechnics in the country. How fully do they meet the requirements for the safe implementation of such activity for personnel, spectators, the surrounding infrastructure and exclude the causes of emergency incidents? Methods. The author has analyzed legal acts and regulatory documents governing the licensing of the production, storage and use of technical pyrotechnics, as well as the turnover of pyrotechnic products permitted for retail sale to the public. The causes of fires and explosions have been studied and summarized according to the sources of EMERCOM and mass media. Information from scientific sources on the basics of pyrotechnics has been analyzed. Findings. The imperfection of regulatory documents specific requirements for the conditions for carrying out pyrotechnic activities, training personnel and chiefs has been established. The main objective reasons for tragic incidents that have occurred over the past decades were identified: 1) legalized control loss over the turnover of pyrotechnics in the country; 2) lack of a unified set of rules for working with pyrotechnic materials for technical (professional) purposes; 3) the insufficient level of basic knowledge about pyrotechnic compositions and products based on them among personnel and chiefs of fireworks shows, as well as lack of licensing requirements for the education of the latter. The dangerous nature of the household pyrotechnics Internet sales through marketplace trading platforms is substantiated. Their specific violations of the Fire Regulations in the Russian Federation are indicated. Research application field. Measures are proposed in the field of pyrotechnic activities regulatory documents, state control in this area and retail trade in pyrotechnics. Conclusions. Pyrotechnic activity is a field of entrepreneurship where the conditions for licensing should not be weakened and there should not be chances for free wholesale and retail trade for anyone without any restrictions. Real state control should not be absent here, even for a temporary period.

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Matyáš, Robert. "Historický vývoj u barevně hořících ohněstrůjných složí, používaných v Evropě od 17. do počátku 19. století." Dějiny věd a techniky 54, no. 2 (2021): 101–21. https://doi.org/10.70391/7e5.2.b.

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Historical development of colouring agents used in European fireworks from the 17th to the beginning of the 19th century. This article summarises the development of chemical composition of European fireworks mixtures in the seventeenth, eighteenth and in the beginning of the nineteenth century. The attention is especially paid to individual colouring agents which were used to colour the flame of a fireworks mixture. For the colouring agents, physical-chemical principles responsible for the resulting colour of the flame were explained on the basis of the knowledge of modern chemistry and pyrotechnics.

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Cao, Chunqiang, Jianwei Ma, Jianhua Chen, Aifeng He, Wei Zheng, Yan Li, and Guofu Yin. "Design of laser pyrotechnic device for insensitive ammunition." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2891, no. 5 (December 1, 2024): 052027. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2891/5/052027.

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Abstract In this paper, the design method of a laser pyrotechnics system for insensitive ammunition is introduced. The functional architecture, product structure and electromagnetic protection of the semiconductor laser included in the system are designed. At the same time, the principle, structure, function and advantages of the optical safety components of the magneto-optic switch are introduced in detail, and a blunt laser ignition tube is developed, the composition and charge of the explosive are described, and the slow roasting performance of the laser ignition tube is deeply studied. The research done in this paper can effectively improve the performance of the laser fire engineering system in the aspects of safety, reliability and electromagnetic environment adaptability, so as to develop a laser ignition system prototype with strong electromagnetic interference resistance and meet the requirements of insensitive ammunition, which has important military application significance.

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Zhao, Bao Guo, Zhi Ming Du, Lin Shuang Zhao, and Shuai Yang. "Preparation and Property of Pyrotechnical Battery." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 1361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.1361.

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Pyrotechnical battery is successfully prepared, including an anode and cathode having pyrotechnic charges with an excess of fuel-anode and an excess of oxidation agent cathode (Zr, CuO and asbestos), the anode and cathode being separated by a separator formed from LiF, ZrO2 and fibrous sponge. Main performance indexes system of pyrotechnical battery is put forward and tested under the premise of appropriate mass and corresponding size, such as discharge voltage, discharge time, activation time, excitation time, internal resistance, combustion temperature and storage life. The results show that pyrotechnical battery of Zr/CuO system can basically meet application requirements. Activation time is usually about 0.2 s. Discharge voltage is about 1.96 V and the discharge time is up to 13.8 s or more. The internal resistance keeps a low fixed value (0.47Ω , for example). Combustion temperature of pyrotechnic composition can reach 1500.6 °C (the case temperature of battery is lower) to ensure that electrode and separator is adequately melted, consequently, the internal resistance is reduced, and achieving satisfactory discharge effect.

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Yang, Lin, Jie He, Yusong Ma, Liang Zhang, Shizhou Ma, Xiqiang Gai, and Xinggao Zhang. "Preparation and Characterization of Mg–Al–B Alloy (Mg0.5Al0.5B2) Via High-Temperature Sintering." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 3608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133608.

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Boron and its alloys have long been explored as potential fuel and increasingly replace pure aluminum powder in high-energy formulations. The ignition and burning properties of boron can be improved by making boron alloys. In this study, an Mg–Al–B alloy was synthesized from magnesium, aluminum and boron powders in a 1:1:4 molar ratio by preheating to 600 °C for 30 min, followed by high-temperature sintering in a tube furnace. The effects of sintering temperature (700–1000 °C) and holding time (0.5–10 h) on the phase composition of mixed powders were studied. After the samples were cooled to room temperature, they were ground into powder. The phase composition, micromorphology and the bonding forms of elements of the synthesized samples were studied using XRD, SEM and XPS. The results show that each element exists in the form of simple substance in the alloy. The influence of the sintering temperature on the synthesis reaction of Mg0.5Al0.5B2 is very important, but holding time has little effect on it. With the increase of sintering temperature, the content of the Mg0.5Al0.5B2 phase gradually increases, and the phase content of residual metal gradually decreases. The phase and morphology analyses show that the optimum sintering temperature is 1000 °C with a minimum holding time of 0.5 h. It is expected to be used in gunpowder, propellant, explosives and pyrotechnics with improved characteristics.

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Wu, Jun Yi. "Determination of Titanium Content as Principal Components in Pyrotechnic Compositions Used for Fireworks and Firecrackers Based on Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometric Approach (ICP-OES)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 608-609 (October 2014): 1010–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.608-609.1010.

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Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric approach (ICP-OES) is used to determine the titanium content as principal component in pyrotechnic compositions used for fireworks and firecrackers. Element of titanium is commonly found in titanium powder in pyrotechnic compositions in fireworks and firecrackers. Statistical analysis shows that titanium content in pyrotechnics is between 3% to 25%. Concept of this method: considering the weight of the sample is 400mg,constant volume is 1L and the concentration of titanium is between 1 mg/L to 100 mg/L in sample solution, the determination scope of the method for the titanium content would be between 0.25% to 25%.Further experiments proved that the fitting correlation coefficient of titanium calibration curve is 0.9996 or higher, recovery is 100.06%‒105.30%.The allowable differential value is 0.4% between two single tests under repeatable conditions. This method can completely satisfy the requirements of the fireworks and firecrackers industry with high accuracy and good precision.

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León, David, Isabel Amez, Miloš Radojević, Nebojša Manić, Dragoslava Stojiljković, Aleksandar Milivojević, Javier García-Torrent, and Blanca Castells. "Emissions and Fire Risk Assessment of Nitrocellulose as a Sustainable Alternative in Pyrotechnic Compositions." Fire 7, no. 8 (August 1, 2024): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire7080265.

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The use of fireworks as a sign of celebration is a common practice in many countries. During the last few years, this sector has been subjected to various social criticisms that have even led to a ban on their use in different places. One of the main causes is the environmental pollution they generate, due to emissions from combustion reactions associated with the use of pyrotechnic devices. Nitrate ester-based compounds as propellants are used in other solid rockets such as ammunition, but their use in pyrotechnics is currently limited to a small number of fireworks. This research analyses the substitution of black powder with nitrocellulose ([C6H7(NO2)3O5]n) as a propellant for aerial articles, as well as to the use of nitrocellulose as a perchlorate-free compound. In addition to achieving better clarity effects due to less smoke, the use of nitrocellulose reduces greenhouse gas emissions. However, this nitrogen-rich compound is more unstable, and the ignition sensitivity is higher. Therefore, the benefits and risks associated with this alternative compound need to be evaluated, but the evidence shown suggests a promising direction for the sustainable evolution of pyrotechnic compositions.

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Baiseitov, D. A., E. T. Danko, A. A. Prikhodko, E. L. Iovleva, and N. V. Afanasev. "Research and Development of Ammonium Perchlorate Pyrotechnic Composition for Safe Destruction of Artificial Concrete Objects." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 2 (February 2024): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2024-2-82-88.

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The article is dedicated to the research and development of the ammonium-perchlorate-based pyrotechnic composition used for the safe destruction of artificial concrete objects. Ammonium perchlorate has been used as an oxidant of the pyrotechnic composition. Primarily, this is conditioned by the powerfully destructive force of ammonium perchlorate; the application of perchlorate compounds enables obtaining the most energy-efficient compositions. The magnesium powder brand MPF-1 has been used as a fuel and the polyethylene as a fuel and gas-forming agent. The impacts of different amounts of magnesium powder on the properties of combustion of the ammonium-perchlorate-based pyrotechnic composition have been studied. The calculation and experimental data have shown that it is impractical to introduce more than 5 % of magnesium into the composition. Based on the study results, the ammonium-perchlorate-based pyrotechnic composition was elaborated in order to increase the efficiency and safety of blast jobs. The laboratory and landfill tests have confirmed the efficiency and safety of the use of pyrotechnic compositions for the destruction of artificial concrete objects. A concrete block was destroyed without the scattering of fragments and the formation and propagation of a blast airwave. Therefore, ensuring the safety of blast jobs involving pyrotechnic compositions is a first-priority task, which will prevent the generation of harmful and poisonous gases and the brisant action of explosion.

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Жуков, Е. Е., and С. Г. Ильясов. "EFFECT OF SOLVATOTHERMAL MODIFICATION OF THE SURFACE OF COMPONENTS OF PYROTECHNICAL COMPOSITIONS WITH NANOSIZED COPPER(II) OXIDE ON CHANGES IN THE BURNING RATE." Южно-Сибирский научный вестник, no. 5(45) (October 31, 2022): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25699/sssb.2022.45.5.015.

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В работе представлены результаты исследования применения сольватотермического способа нанесения n-CuO на поверхность компонентов пиротехнических составов в качестве модификатора скорости горения. Разработан способ нанесения n-CuO на поверхность неорганических солей. Данный способ позволил расширить номенклатуру веществ (применяемых в пиротехнике) для поверхностной модификации. Проведены эксперименты по нанесению n-CuO на поверхность наиболее распространенных в пиротехнике неорганических окислителей, таких как нитрат и перхлорат калия. Поверхность модифицированных образцов была исследована методом SEM, результаты которого подтверждают образование наноразмерного оксида меди (II). Модифицирование поверхностей неорганических солей приводит к изменению их характеристик тепловой стабильности, исследование которых производились методами TGA/DSC. Произведенная модификация приводит к изменению скорости горения пиротехнических составов. Применяемый в работе способ модификации показал, как катализирующий, так и ингибирующий скорость горения эффект, который зависит от природы модифицируемого вещества. The paper presents the results of a study of the application of the solvothermal method of applying n-CuO to the surface of the components of pyrotechnic compositions as a combustion rate modifier. A method has been developed for applying n-CuO to the surface of inorganic salts. This method made it possible to expand the range of substances (used in pyrotechnics) for surface modification. Experiments were carried out on the deposition of n-CuO on the surface of the most common inorganic oxidizers in pyrotechnics, such as potassium nitrate and perchlorate. The surface of the modified samples was studied by SEM, the results of which confirm the formation of nanosized copper oxide (II). Modification of the surfaces of inorganic salts leads to a change in their thermal stability characteristics, the study of which was carried out by TGA/DSC methods. The modification made leads to a change in the burning rate of pyrotechnic compositions. The modification method used in the work showed both a catalytic and an inhibiting burning rate effect, which depends on the nature of the modified substance.

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Козлов, В. А., М. В. Казутин та Н. В. Козырев. "Исследование влияния каталитических добавок на эксплуатационные характеристики малотоксичных воспламенительных составов". Южно-Сибирский научный вестник, № 6(58) (31 грудня 2024): 340–45. https://doi.org/10.25699/sssb.2024.58.6.017.

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Воспламенительные составы повсеместно применяются в различных системах первичного инициирования, от военного и горного дела до «бытовых» систем инициирования (развлекательная пиротехника, активаторы систем пожаротушения или эвакуации, подушки безопасности автотранспорта и т.д.). В настоящее время в таких составах используются высокотоксичныесоединения свинца (тиоцианат, тринитрорезорцинат, гексацианоферрат и др.). На данный момент существует ряд запатентованных малотоксичных воспламенительных смесей, в составе которых отсутствуют свинецсодержащие компоненты. Малотоксичные смеси, несмотря на очевидное преимущество в виде отсутствия соединений свинца, в настоящее время не могут полностью заменить «штатные» воспламенительные составы в связи со значительным отличием эксплуатационных характеристик готовых изделий, таких как время задержки инициирования и энергия зажигания. Целью работы является исследование влияния каталитических добавок к малотоксичным воспламенительным составам на эксплуатационные характеристики снаряжаемых данными составами электровоспламенителей «мостикового» типа. В качестве базовой рецептуры использовалась смесь хлората калия с роданистым свинцом, связанная нитроцеллюлозой (НЦ). Для замены роданистого свинца использовались вольфрам и молибден в виде тонких порошков. В качестве каталитических добавок к смесям использовались катализаторы разложения окислителя, такие как диоксид марганца, железный сурик и оксид меди. Результатом проведённых исследований стал вывод о том, что в условиях быстрого нагрева воспламенительных составов катализаторы показали себя малоэффективно, однако, скомпонованные смеси могут служить базой для создания малотоксичных составов первичного инициирования. Flammable compounds are widely used in various primary initiation systems, from military and mining to "household" initiation systems (entertainment pyrotechnics, fire extinguishing or evacuation system activators, vehicle airbags, etc.). Currently, highly toxic lead compounds (thiocyanate, trinitroresorcinate, hexacyanoferrate, etc.) are used in such compositions. At the moment, there are a number of patented low-toxic flammable mixtures, which do not contain lead-containing components. Low-toxic mixtures, despite the obvious advantage of the absence of lead compounds, currently cannot completely replace the "standard" ignition compositions due to significant differences in the operational characteristics of finished products, such as the initiation delay time and ignition energy. The aim of the work is to study the effect of catalytic additives to low-toxic igniters on the performance characteristics of electric igniters of the "bridge" type equipped with these compositions. A mixture of potassium chlorate with lead rhodanide bound with nitrocellulose (NC) was used as the basic formulation. Tungsten and molybdenum in the form of fine powders were used to replace lead rhodanide. Oxidant decomposition catalysts such as manganese dioxide, iron meerkat and copper oxide were used as catalytic additives to the mixtures. The result of the conducted research was the conclusion that under conditions of rapid heating of ignitable compositions, the catalysts proved to be ineffective, however, the combined mixtures can serve as a basis for creating low-toxic compositions of primary initiation. Index terms: electric igniter, igniting composition, low-toxic composition, catalysts.

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Chen, Xin, Jun Zhao, and Gong Pei Pan. "Influence of Adhesives to Mg/PTFE Pyrotechnical Composition Performances." Applied Mechanics and Materials 528 (February 2014): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.528.144.

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To find out the influence of adhesives to Mg/PTFE pyrotechnic composition, 12 materials such as fluororubber, phenolic resin, etc as the adhesives component of pyrotechnic composition, and which burning speeds were measured by high-speed camera, and by the way, which burning temperatures were checked by infrared thermometer. In addition, the friction and impact sensitivities of compositions had been compared. The experiment results show that the Mg/PTFE pyrotechnic composition with adhesive of phenolic resin has the best performance, which burning temperature is 1268.4 °C, linear burning speed is 6.46 mm·s-1, mass burning speed is 3.06 g·㎝-2·s-1.

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21

Mojsilović, Jelena, Jelena Petković-Cvetković, Jovica Nešić, Jela Ilić, and Mirjana Krstović. "Research on gas producing time delay pyrotechnic compositions based on black powder and phenol-formaldehyde resin." Scientific Technical Review 73, no. 1 (2023): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/str2301008m.

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In the past few years, we have witnessed that due to the pandemic and wars, some countries have limited their export of various ingredients. The request has been made to create a time delay pyrotechnic composition with easily accessible ingredients. For that purpose, black powder with addition of phenol formaldehyde resin was a possible solution. This study aims to show an optimization of the ratio in the fuel-oxidant mixture and how this ratio influences the properties of pyrotechnic compositions. The stoichiometric ratios were determined by using the oxygen balance (OB) and pyro valence (PV) values. The linear burning rate was measured using a VOD 811 measuring system for some typical compositions which were pressed into alluminium tubes. The calorimetric bomb was used in the experiments with an inert gas supply to determinate the heat of reaction and the closed-vessel test was used to measure the production of gaseous products. The theoretical maximum density was calculated using ingredients' density measured with gas pycnometer ULTRAPYC 5000 with an inert gas supply nitrogen or helium. After these tests, it was concluded that pyrotechnic composition with more than 25 wt.% of charcoal does not satisfy requirements for a gas producing pyrotechnic composition. The minimal requirements can be satisfied with pyrotechnic compositions that consist of 75-80 wt.% of potassium

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22

Barański, Krzysztof, and Jolanta Biegańska. "Experiments with Pyrotechnic Compositions Based on a Mathematical Model—Part III: Comparative Analysis of Manufacturing Costs of Pyrotechnic Composition Producing an Acoustic Effect." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 12, 2022): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041331.

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The article presents a comparison of the influence of price change of the components of pyrotechnic compositions producing an acoustic effect on their manufacturing costs. The analysis was based on the prices of raw materials in 1981 and 2021. The influence of price fluctuations of individual raw materials on the final cost of composites was determined. The impact of price changes on the profitability of pyrotechnic composition manufacturing was evaluated for the adopted models. The conducted economic analysis allowed for the determination of pyrotechnic compositions characterised by the lowest manufacturing costs, in terms of the unit cost, and for the assumed industrial models.

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23

Carroll, Mark M. "“All for Keeping His Own Negro Wench”: Birch v. Benton (1858) and the Politics of Slander and Free Speech in Antebellum Missouri." Law and History Review 29, no. 3 (July 21, 2011): 835–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248011000344.

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In August 1849, outspoken proslavery Missouri Supreme Court Judge James H. Birch sued Unionist Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri for slander because he had publicly accused Birch of having kept “his own negro wench” and whipped his wife because she had dared to complain about it. On first impression, the lurid accusation and resulting lawsuit might seem merely colorful window dressing for the virulent sectional politics of the late antebellum period. Benton's objectionable utterances certainly exemplify the verbal pyrotechnics that, after the Mexican War, often accompanied public debate over the question of whether African-American bondage was to extend across the continental United States. But the vituperation that gave rise to Birch v. Benton, in fact, marked the beginning of one of the most widely-publicized episodes in the struggle pitting the champion of Jacksonian democracy in the trans-Mississippi Southwest against a powerful cadre of proslavery leaders who sought to end his thirty-year career in the United States Senate. According to legal historian Gerald T. Dunne, the politicized nature of the case and its contentious appeal to the Missouri Supreme Court provided the critical catalyst for lawmakers in the state to amend its constitution in 1850 to replace lifetime tenure for judges with periodic voter choice. The landmark constitutional revision both instituted popular election of judges and shook up the composition of the proslavery high court, including the removal of Judge Birch.

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Phanindra, K. Harisivasri, S. P. Sivapirakasham, K. R. Balasubramanian, and Mahadevan Surianarayanan. "Thermal and Impact Sensitivity of Pyrotechnic Compositions Containing the Potassium Perchlorate, Aluminium and Graphite." Materials Science Forum 969 (August 2019): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.969.146.

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The research article aims to study the impact and thermal sensitivity of pyrotechnic compositions which contain potassium perchlorate (KClO4), aluminium (Al) and graphite (C). Simultaneous DSC-TGA (Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimetric Analysis) were used for studying the thermal sensitivity, and BAM fall hammer was used for studying the impact sensitivity. The onset temperature of the exothermic reaction is between 521°C to 528°C for all the studied compositions. The lowest onset temperature of 521°C and limiting impact energy of 16.67 J were found for the composition containing 64% of potassium perchlorate (KClO4), 33% aluminium (Al) and 3% graphite (C). The highest exothermic energy of 936 J/g was released for pyrotechnic composition consisting of 72% potassium perchlorate (KClO4), 25% aluminium (Al) and 3% graphite (C), which is close to the exothermic energy release of 910 J/g for pyrotechnic composition consisting 64% potassium perchlorate (KClO4), 33% aluminium (Al) and 3% graphite (C). Potassium chloride (KCl) was generated after the exothermic reaction, which was confirmed from the endothermic peak at around 773°C.

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25

Rosères, Charles, Léo Courty, Philippe Gillard, and Christophe Boulnois. "Burning Velocities of Pyrotechnic Compositions: Effects of Composition and Granulometry." Energies 15, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 3942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15113942.

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Burning velocities of binary and ternary pyrotechnic compositions are measured in gutter. The study focuses on the determination of the joint influence of several parameters: oxidant/reducer ratio, reducer granulometry, and binder content. Measurements are performed following the standard NF T70-541 for burning velocity estimation using an optical acquisition method. Binder content has a linear influence on the burning velocity with a pivot point in slope at supposed stoichiometry. Changing the granulometric class of metallic reducer shows to have different influences before and beyond a 20% diameter reduction.

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26

Polis, Mateusz, Konrad Szydło, Tomasz Jarosz, Marcin Procek, Paweł Skóra, and Agnieszka Stolarczyk. "Investigation of Combustion of KMnO4/Zn Pyrotechnic Delay Composition." Materials 15, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 6406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186406.

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This article reports an investigation of the combustion of a binary pyrotechnic delay composition (PDC), consisting of zinc powder as fuel and KMnO4 as an oxidising agent, with zinc content ranging from 35 to 70 wt. %. The linear burning rate for delay compositions in the form of pyrotechnic fuses was investigated. Compositions with zinc content between 50 and 70 wt. % yielded burn rates in the range of 13.30–28.05 mm/s. The delay compositions were also tested for their sensitivity to friction and impact, where the compositions showed impact sensitivity in the range from 7.5 to 50 J and were insensitive to friction. Tests in a pressure bomb were carried out to determine the maximum overpressure and pressurisation rate. The thermal properties of the composition were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TG). The morphology of the combustion products was studied by SEM technique, EDS analyses were used to investigate the element distribution of the post-combustion residues, providing an insight into the phenomena taking place during the combustion of the delay compositions.

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Krone, U., and H. Treumann. "Pyrotechnic Flash Compositions." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 15, no. 3 (June 1990): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19900150309.

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28

Pratskova, Svetlana E. "MODELING OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AND PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN SYSTEM OF LiCl – H2O WITHIN FRAME OF PITZER MODEL." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 3 (February 27, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20186103.5662.

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Lithium chloride is used as a solid electrolyte in chemical sources of current, organic synthesis, pyrotechnics and as a desiccant. To describe the thermodynamic properties of aqueous electrolyte solutions, the Pitzer’s model is most widely used. Model equations are simple and contain a small number of variable parameters that have a certain physical meaning. They are linear combinations of virial coefficients in the expansion of the excess free Gibbs energy of the solution of the number of moles of ions. The results of thermodynamic modeling of the LiCl - H2O system within the frame of this model are presented in the article. Equations for calculating the average ionic coefficient of activity for the component of the LiCl system and the osmotic coefficient of water are derived. The energy parameters of the model are calculated taking into account the experimental data on the osmotic coefficient of water Ф on the composition of the solution at 25 °C and on the temperature for the LiCl - H2O system. To verify the adequacy of the Pitzer’s model, the inverse problem was solved, i.e. the values of the osmotic coefficient of water and the average ionic coefficient of the solution composition were calculated. The calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental data. The values of the standard Gibbs energies for the formation of crystalline hydrates LiC∙H2O, LiCl∙2H2O are determined. A double phase diagram of LiCl - H2O is constructed. On the calculated diagram, there is a eutectic point with coordinates of 25.3 wt.% LiCl, t = -80 °C and two peritectics of 48.2 wt. % LiCl, t = 50 °C; 56.5 wt. % LiCl, t = 102 °C. The excess partial molar enthalpies and entropies of the solution components were calculated. As follows from the data obtained, aqueous solutions of lithium chloride are formed with heat absorption, the system is stabilized by increasing entropy. The solution experiences positive deviations from ideality.Forcitation:Pratskova S.E. modeling of thermodynamic properties and phase equilibrium in system of LiCl – H2O within frame of pitzer model. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 3. P. 21-25

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29

Biegańska, Jolanta, and Krzysztof Barański. "Experiments with Pyrotechnic Compositions Based on a Mathematical Model: Part II Pyrotechnic Compositions Producing an Acoustic Effect with Optimum Properties." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 22, 2022): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030794.

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The article presents a method of evaluating pyrotechnic compositions producing an acoustic effect. The aforementioned pyrotechnic compositions are used in firecrackers to simulate a cannon shot. Optimum compositions that were selected (Part I Evaluation of the applicability of mathematical models in developing pyrotechnic compositions producing an acoustic effect) for testing were evaluated for their explosive and physicochemical properties. The following methods were used to evaluate suitability: measurement of the sound intensity level, the burning rate, and sensitivity to mechanical stimuli—friction and flash fire temperature. In addition, a test concerning the change in the properties of pyrotechnic compositions during storage was also performed.

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30

Voznyakovskii, Alexander Petrovich, Mikhail Alekseevich Ilyushin, Aleksei Alexandrovich Vozniakovskii, Irina Vladimirovna Shugalei, and Georgy Georgievich Savenkov. "Safe Explosion Works Promoted by 2D Graphene Structures Produced under the Condition of Self-Propagation High-Temperature Synthesis." Nanomanufacturing 4, no. 1 (February 8, 2024): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing4010003.

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The paper presents the results of a study on the effectiveness of few-layer graphene synthesized under SHS conditions from lignin as a modifying additive in creating composite pyrotechnic complexes based on porous silicon and calcium perchlorate. It was found that the addition of few-layer graphene (20–30 wt. %) could significantly increase the probability of the ignition of pyrotechnic compositions by laser diode (infrared) radiation (wavelength of 976 nm and power of 15 MW/m2) compared to the initial pyrotechnic compositions. Using few-layer graphene also leads to a sharp increase in sensitivity to infrared laser radiation and the initiation of explosive transformations in retrofitted pyrotechnic compositions compared to the initial pyrotechnic compositions. Due to the high productivity and low cost of the technique for synthesizing few-layer graphene, the use of composite pyrotechnic compositions modified with few-layer graphene is profitable in the actual industry. A phenomenological model of the formation mechanism of 2D graphene structures under the conditions of the SHS process is proposed.

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31

Wang, Zao, Song Zhang, Yanlan Wang, Wei Wang, and Fang Zhang. "Research on the Technology of Micro-Pyrotechnic Reagent Charging." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2891, no. 2 (December 1, 2024): 022020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2891/2/022020.

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Abstract The technology of micro-pyrotechnic reagent charging is crucial for the controlled delivery and performance of pyrotechnic compositions used in applications ranging from signalling and illumination to propulsion and explosives. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in micro-pyrotechnic reagent charging, focusing on techniques for loading pyrotechnic compositions, integration methods, performance optimization, and safety enhancements. The discussion includes both traditional and innovative approaches, highlighting emerging trends and future research directions.

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32

Khan, Α., Z. H. Lodhi, and A. Q. Malik. "Development and Experimental Investigation on Delay Time Consistency of Modified Si/PbO/Pb3O4/FG Pyrotechnic Delay Composition." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 7, no. 6 (December 18, 2017): 2167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1511.

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In the present study, experimental investigation was carried out on the delay time consistency of modified Si/PbO/Pb3O4/FG pyrotechnic delay composition in a delay tube. Where Si is the fuel, PbO/Pb3O4 are oxidizers and Fish Glue (FG) is the binder. Ingredient mixing and loading pressure were studied. Results revealed that homogenous mixing of the delay composition is a very critical parameter for controlling the time consistency of pyrotechnic delay composition. The delay time accuracy was improved from 25% to about 7.42% by ensuring homogenous mixing of the ingredients. Results also show that loading pressure ranged from 30,000 to 65,000 psi did not affect much the delay time of this pyrotechnic composition and the burning rate.

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Gerasimov, Sergey I., Mikhail A. Ilyushin, Peter G. Kuznetsov, Sergey M. Putis, Sergey A. Dushenok, Vladimir S. Rozhentsov, and Irina V. Shugalei. "FEATURES OF INITIATION OF FILM CHARGES OF POLYMER-CONTAINING PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITION OF VS-2 BY FLASH LAMP «EVIS-3»." Bulletin of the Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University) 57 (2021): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36807/1998-9849-2021-57-83-3-9.

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The paper presents the results of interaction of film charges of pyrotechnic composition VS-2 with incoherent radiation of flash lamps. It is shown that the pulsed light radiation of flash lamp «EVIS-3» causes detonation in the film of the photosensitive pyrotechnic fulmination of VS-2 at a speed from 4200 to 4500 m/s, and in the aluminum plate-witness – deformation, the value of which depends on the thickness of the film charge of the pyrotechnic composition of VS-2

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Gerasimov, Sergey I., Mikhail A. Ilyushin, Peter G. Kuznetsov, Sergey M. Putis, Sergey A. Dushenok, Vladimir S. Rozhentsov, and Irina V. Shugalei. "FEATURES OF INITIATION OF FILM CHARGES OF POLYMER-CONTAINING PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITION OF VS-2 BY FLASH LAMP «EVIS-3»." Bulletin of the Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University) 57 (2021): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36807/1998-9849-2020-57-83-3-9.

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Анотація:

The paper presents the results of interaction of film charges of pyrotechnic composition VS-2 with incoherent radiation of flash lamps. It is shown that the pulsed light radiation of flash lamp «EVIS-3» causes detonation in the film of the photosensitive pyrotechnic fulmination of VS-2 at a speed from 4200 to 4500 m/s, and in the aluminum plate-witness – deformation, the value of which depends on the thickness of the film charge of the pyrotechnic composition of VS-2

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35

Toader, Gabriela, Traian Rotariu, Edina Rusen, Jeremie Tartiere, Sorin Esanu, Teodora Zecheru, Izabela Cristina Stancu, Andrada Serafim, and Bogdan Pulpea. "New Solvent-free Polyurea Binder for Plastic Pyrotechnic Compositions." Materiale Plastice 54, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.17.1.4777.

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The paper describes the investigations related to the fabrication and characterization of two new plastic pyrotechnic compositions using solvent-free polyurea as binder. These solvent-free polyurea binders allow wet or dry pressing of the pyrotechnic compositions. The rubbery texture of the polyurea binders minimize the risks associated to the dry pressing of other brittle binders. A comparative theoretical and experimental study between these new types of binders and a conventional binder has been performed, in order to establish the improvements that could be brought to the pyrotechnic compositions, in terms of safety and performance.

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36

Basyir, Abdul, Nining Sumawati Asri, Didik Aryanto, Isnaeni Isnaeni, Cherly Firdharini, Wahyu Bambang Widayatno, Agus Sukarto Wismogroho, Diang Sagita, and Denny Lesmana. "SN-CUO-ARABIC GUM COMPOSITION FOR RED TRACER PROJECTILE AMMUNITION POTENTIAL." Jurnal Pertahanan: Media Informasi ttg Kajian & Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism & Integrity 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jp.v7i1.938.

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<div><p class="Els-history-head">Fundamentally, tracer projectile material based on pyrotechnic composition, and where the pyrotechnic was generally composed of fuel, oxidizer, and binder. The tin (Sn) material is one of the candidates for fuel material because tin has a low melting point, so this composition can ignite at low temperature, while the copper oxide (CuO) can emit the orange-red spectrum. This study aims to evaluate the thermal and spectrum character of Sn-CuO-AG-based composition. The characterization data of these samples was evaluated by tests of morphology and phase, enthalpy change, calorie energy, and spectrum emission. Based on this data, the 17Sn-68CuO-15AG sample was emitted a strong red color too, but this sample has a high or the longest exothermic process. Furthermore, the 27Sn-58CuO-15AG sample has emitted a weak red color with medium exothermic energy. Generally, the 22Sn-63CuO-15AG is more suitable than the two other compositions for the tracer projectile composition of ammunition, this material emits a strong red spectrum and low-calorie energy.</p></div>

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Pelikán, Vojtěch, Richard Kuracina, and Zuzana Szabová. "Timing Parameters of Pyrotechnic Igniter Based on Magnesium Powder." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 27, no. 44 (June 1, 2019): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2019-0011.

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Abstract Chemical igniters are used in the study of dispersed dusts. Energy released during their use is defined by EN 14034 at 2 x 5 kJ. The Standard does not define the exact composition of the pyrotechnic mixture. The condition of using the igniter is to release energy according to the Standard. This article is focused on pyrotechnic composition with magnesium powder. It deals with various ways of activating, preparing and sealing the pyrotechnic mixture in the igniter. These values are important for setting up a device for studying the explosive properties of dispersed dusts.

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38

Trung, Toan Nguyen, and Nhung Nguyen Thi Cam. "Effects of Mg Al Alloy Powder on the Combustion and Infrared Emission Characteristics of the Mg Al PTFE Viton Composition." Defence Science Journal 70, no. 6 (October 12, 2020): 590–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.70.15522.

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Metal-Fluorocarbon compositions are the pyrotechnic formulations which have been widely used in infrared decoy flares to protect aerial targets from infrared guide missile seekers. In this work, the effect of Mg-Al alloy powder (i.e. the particle size and the content) on the combustion and the infrared emission characteristics (i.e. the infrared emission distribution and the infrared radiance) of the pyrotechnic composition based on Mg-Al alloy, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Viton rubber are described. The results show that the high burning rate (with the values of 4.0 mm.s-1 to 10.0 mm.s-1, depend on the compression density) of this composition is achieved with a high content of Mg-Al alloy or when using fine Mg-Al alloy particles as well as coarse PTFE particles. On the other hand, the infrared emission radiance (in the wavelength range of 2.5 μm to 5.0 μm) of Mg-Al/PTFE/Viton composition reaches maximum values (i.e. 17.7 W.cm-2.Sr-1 and 21.0 W.cm-2.Sr-1 with the size of Mg-Al particles are 20 μm and 120 μm, respectively) at 60 wt% Mg-Al alloy. Finally, the Mg-Al/PTFE/Viton composition has a similar combustion and emission characteristics as the Mg/PTFE/Viton composition.

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39

Mukovoz, P., and E. Dankovtseva. "Sesame oil as an effective, environmentally friendly synergist for insecticidal compositions based on neonicotinoids, pyrethroids and organophosphorus compounds." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1096, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1096/1/012007.

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Abstract To prevent the resistance of insect pests to insecticides, various methods are used - the rotation of the drugs used, the joint application of drugs from different chemical groups, the use of the fumigation method of biologically active compounds, as well as the inclusion of synergistic substances in insecticidal compositions that enhance the biological activity of the main active substance. The use of synergistic substances can significantly increase the effectiveness of insecticides at a lower consumption rate of the drug. The aim of the work was to develop effective insecticidal pyrotechnic compositions, including environmentally friendly synergistic substances based on sesame oil. As a result, effective insecticidal compositions were developed based on neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, organophosphorus compounds and sesame oil, which provides a significant synergistic effect of active substances on insect pests of agricultural crops - greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). It was shown that during the treatment by spraying, the composition containing 24% of sesame oil, as well as 86% of neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, and organophosphorus compounds had the greatest insecticidal effect (27% death of insects). When carrying out the treatment by fumigation, the compositions containing 23–24% of sesame oil, as well as 87–86% of these insecticides, had the greatest insecticidal effect (more than 90% of insect death). It is shown that the developed compositions can be used both by spraying agricultural plants and by fumigation, by burning a pyrotechnic composition mixed with a composite base. Fumigation has been found to be the most effective method of delivering insecticidal compositions to pests of agricultural plants.

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Ilyushin, Mikhail Alekseevich, Alexander Petrovich Voznyakovskii, Irina Shugalei, and Aleksei Alexandrovich Vozniakovskii. "Carbonization of Biopolymers as a Method for Producing a Photosensitizing Additive for Energy Materials." Nanomanufacturing 3, no. 2 (May 9, 2023): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing3020011.

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It has been shown that defect-free Stone–Wales (SW) free few-layer graphene (FLG) can be obtained by carbonizing lignin under conditions of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). The obtained few-layer graphene was used as a modifying additive for pyrotechnic compositions. It was found that the addition of 2.5 mass % of few-layer graphene synthesized from lignin to a pyrotechnic complex based on porous silicon and fluoropolymer leads to a significant increase in the combustion intensity of pyrotechnic compositions.

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Potgieter, Gerard, Walter W. Focke, Olinto Del Fabbro, George D. Labuschagné, and Cheryl Kelly. "Fluoroelastomer pyrotechnic time delay compositions." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 126, no. 3 (June 20, 2016): 1363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5613-5.

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Gerlich, Marcin, Marcin Hara, and Waldemar A. Trzciński. "Tungsten and Copper (II) Oxide Mixtures as Gasless Time Delay Compositions for Mining Detonators." Materials 16, no. 10 (May 17, 2023): 3797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16103797.

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The widespread use of pyrotechnic compositions in time delay detonators is the reason for research aimed at expanding knowledge of the combustion properties of new pyrotechnic mixtures, whose components react with each other in the solid or liquid state. Such a method of combustion would make the rate of combustion independent of the pressure inside the detonator. This paper presents the effect of the parameters of W/CuO mixtures on their properties of combustion. As this composition has not been the subject of previous research and is not described in the literature, the basic parameters, such as the burning rate and the heat of combustion, were determined. In order to determine the reaction mechanism, a thermal analysis was performed, and the combustion products were determined using the XRD technique. Depending on the quantitative composition and density of the mixture, the burning rates were between 4.1–6.0 mm/s and the heat of combustion in the range of 475–835 J/g was measured. The gas-free combustion mode of the chosen mixture was proved using DTA and XRD. Determination of the qualitative composition of the combustion products and the heat of combustion allowed estimation of the adiabatic combustion temperature.

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Daulbayev, Ch B., T. P. Dmitriyev, F. R. Sultanov, B. M. Dabynov, R. G. Abdulkarimova, B. Elouadi, E. T. Aliyev та Z. A. Mansurov. "Study of Operating Characteristics of Pyrotechnic Reserve Power Source Based on Magnesium and Zinс". Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 18, № 4 (18 лютого 2017): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj475.

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This paper presents the results of studies of operating parameters of pyrotechnic reserve power source (PRPS). This battery was activated by the pyrotechnic compositions contained in the electrodes. Once the ignition impulse worked, the pyrotechnic compositions took fire immediately and melted the electrolyte. Then the rest pyrotechnic compositions served as anode and cathode. The battery began to discharge. The following characteristics of PRPS were evaluated during the study: release time to operating regime of the electric current, the duration of the PRPS work and initiation temperature of PRPS. A detailed evaluation of the Mg/LiF/PbF2 electrochemical system and Zn/LiF/PbF2 one is undertaken. Test results show that the electric current value using powder of zinc and granular zinc in these experiments was 0.179 A and 0.1 A, respectively, and the operating time at these values of elecrtic current was 40 and 151 sec, respectively.

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Radeanu, Cristian, Gabriel Vasilescu, Daniela Rus, Ladislau Radermacher, and Claudius Popescu. "Evaluation of the safety quality of automotive pyrotechnic articles following their exposure to triaxial vibrations with predetermined thermal conditioning cycles." MATEC Web of Conferences 389 (2024): 00054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202438900054.

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Pyrotechnic articles fall into the field of dangerous products, Risk Class 1 - explosives, thus requiring the assurance of their security quality in order to make them available on the market. The family of pyrotechnic articles also includes pyrotechnic articles for vehicles. The main types of pyrotechnic articles intended for vehicles are: actuators (triggers), airbag gas generators, airbag modules, igniters, micro gas generators, semifinished products and seat belt pretensioners safety. Since pyrotechnic articles for vehicles are only used in the composition of security devices in vehicles, they must meet the essential security requirements, being subjected to trials and tests based on harmonized standards for this field. The paper highlights the results of the experimental tests that were obtained using the latest generation specialized equipment intended for the determination of the triaxial vibration parameter and under conditions of variable temperature with predetermined cycles, in order to evaluate the security quality of pyrotechnic articles intended for automobiles (pyrotechnic actuator for automotive use, seat belt pre-tensioner) included in category P1.

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Jitea, Ilie-Ciprian, Daniela Rus, Darsy Anton, and Anca-Cristina Tătărcan. "Testing of the pyrotechnic composition of the fireworks and the functional safety in order to evaluate the constructive and functional compliance with the specific rules and standards." MATEC Web of Conferences 389 (2024): 00049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202438900049.

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The paper presents the way of carrying out the tests necessary to substantiate the working hypotheses in order to fulfill the objectives set out in the ordinance for the technical expertise of pyrotechnic articles intended for entertainment purposes when we talk about the samples made available by the M.A.I., the General Inspectorate of the Romanian Police, based on a orderly from a criminal file. A pyrotechnic article intended for entertainment purposes shall be categorised under the Pyrotechnic Articles Directive 2013/29/EU(on the harmonization of the legislation of the Member States regarding the making available on the market of pyrotechnic articles) as a firework belonging to category F1, F2, F3 or F4. The tests required for the technical expertise of the pyrotechnic articles made available are the following: Determination of the content of the pyrotechnic articles, according to PI-97, based on SR EN 15947-4:2016; Checking the functionig of pyrotechnic articles, according to PI-98, based on SR EN 15947-4:2016, SR EN 16261-3:2016, SR EN 16263-4:2016; The categorization of pyrotechnic articles, according to PI-13.

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Polis, Mateusz, Konrad Szydło, Roman Zakusylo, Lukasz Hawelek, Agnieszka Stolarczyk, and Tomasz Jarosz. "Study of the Combustion Mechanism of Zn/KMnO4 Pyrotechnic Composition." Molecules 28, no. 15 (July 29, 2023): 5741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155741.

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This work aims to investigate the combustion mechanism for a pyrotechnic delay composition (PDC), consisting of zinc powder as a fuel and KMnO4 as an oxidising agent. For this purpose, the compositions were thermally conditioned at several set temperatures, chosen based on our previous work. Tests were also performed for post-combustion residues obtained via combustion of the PDCs in a manometric bomb. The samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Furthermore, the obtained results were correlated with previous studies by the authors and compared with data available in the literature. On the basis of tests carried out for thermally conditioned samples, a combustion mechanism was determined for Zn/KMnO4 as a function of temperature. The results show that the combustion process dynamics are independent of equilibrium ratio and limited mainly by diffusion of liquid fuel into the solid oxidising agent. Moreover, it has been revealed that Raman spectroscopy can be effectively used to determine combustion mechanisms for pyrotechnic compositions.

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Munteanu, Mihail, Maria Daniela Sandu, Cristiana Epure, and Tudor-Viorel Țigănescu. "Evaluation of the Temperature Sensitivity of the Lachrymatory Irritant 2-Chlorobenzalmalononitrile by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 30, no. 3 (June 1, 2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2024-0091.

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Abstract Pyrotechnic compositions are mixtures of several components which, when ignited, undergo energetic chemical reactions at a controlled rate to produce on-demand delay times, amounts of heat, noise, smoke, light or IR radiation. In general, pyrotechnic compositions are easily ignited, burn quickly and produce residues that are very hot. 2-Chlorbenzalmalononitrile (CS) belongs to the category of riot control agents and is used in various pyrotechnic tear gas compositions. The thermal characterization of tear pyrotechnic compositions is important for setting operating limits in the safety of the production process, storage, handling and even safe demilitarization. In this sense, an experimental study was carried out to evaluate the behavior of CS at high temperatures, at different heating rates, by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal changes were evaluated at a heating rate of 10, 20, 100 and 200οC/minute. The remaining residue was extracted in a suitable organic solvent and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for the detection, identification and confirmation of the products formed during the controlled heating processes.

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Shilin, Alexey G. "ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ЛЬДООБРАЗУЮЩИХ СРЕДСТВ АКТИВНЫХ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЙ В РЕАЛЬНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ". UNIVERSITY NEWS. NORTH-CAUCASIAN REGION. NATURAL SCIENCES SERIES, № 4 (212) (28 грудня 2021): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1026-2237-2021-4-69-73.

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The article is devoted to the study of the processes of functioning of pyrotechnic generators of ice-forming aerosol under conditions as close as possible to the conditions of real cloud-seeding operations. The influence of external pressure on the functioning of a pyrotechnic generator in the dimensions of a PV-26 ejectable flare equipped with a composition according to RU patent No. 2551343 (containing 15 % of an active reagent) under conditions a pressure to 267 mm Hg (corresponds to the maximum height of the use of generators of this type - 8 km). The experiments were carried out in thermal vacuum chambers of the RPA "Typhoon". As a result of the experiments were determined the dependences of the burning rate of the pyrotechnic composition, the change in the content of active ice-forming rea-gents, and the spectral characteristics of the generated aerosol on external pressure. As a extreme case, there is a significant probability of a stop burning of the pyrotechnic composition when using PV-26 ejectable flare at pressures less than 405 mm Hg (corresponds to an altitude of 5 km).

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Gabdrashova, S. E., M. I. Tulepov, M. A. Korchagin, L. R. Sassykova, F. Yu Abdrakova, Zh B. Bexultan, Y. K. Aitenov, S. E. Toktagul, and D. A. Baiseitov. "Development of pyrotechnic delay mixtures based on a composite material hardened with carbon nanotubes." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 16, no. 4 (October 2021): 1341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2021.164.1341.

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This work is devoted to the development of pyrotechnic delay mixtures from a titanium matrix reinforced with carbon nanotubes using a combination of preliminary mechanical activation and thermal explosion. The phase and structural transformations of the Ti-CNTs mixtures were analyzed by microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The combustion temperature is practically independent of pressure, it remains constant over the entire range of argon pressure. These delay compositions are not sensitive to different mechanical influences. It is proved that certain amount of CNTs added to delay composition can increase delay precision and further doing so achieved less temperature dependence. The retardant compositions BaCrO4 + Ti / CNT containing carbon nanotubes have the improved characteristics of the retardant composition, such as delay accuracy, combustion stability. The developed retarding compositions are safe in production and at all stages of circulation.

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Gonsales, A. A. V., R. B. Goncharov, and T. S. Malishchuk. "Experimental Analysis of Elemental Composition of Materials used to Manufacture Gas Generators for Vehicle Airbag Modules." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Mechanical Engineering, no. 2 (141) (June 2022): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3941-2022-2-75-88.

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The airbag is a part of the Supplementary Restraint System; along with the safety belt, it is the most important system that protects the driver and passengers if the vehicle collides with static or moving objects. Certain interrelated studies and measures are required so as to develop scientific, technical, design and technological foundations for producing airbag modules for various vehicle types: for example, determining the range of suitable domestic materials and alloys, as well as the compositions of pyrotechnic gas-generating charges to manufacture gas generators. We experimentally evaluated mechanical properties and elemental composition of materials that gas generator parts consist of, which allowed us to establish their domestic analogues. We determined the elemental chemical composition of pyrotechnic gas-generating charges (main and auxiliary) and the primer igniter charge. We used the following methods in our work: an experimental full-scale airbag module deactivation method for subsequently decomposing gas generators to obtain the necessary sample parts to investigate; a method for determining the microhardness of material samples to subsequently evaluate their ultimate tensile strengths; finally, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray and infrared spectroscopy, ion and liquid chromatography, Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance to determine the elemental composition of materials

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