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Статті в журналах з теми "Pyrolytic apparatus"
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Hou, Jian, Qingna Zheng, Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah, Caiqiao Xiong, Cuizhong Guan, Suming Chen, Zongxiu Nie, Dong Wang, and Lijun Wan. "Electrospray soft-landing for the construction of non-covalent molecular nanostructures using charged droplets under ambient conditions." Chemical Communications 52, no. 94 (2016): 13660–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc06195h.
Повний текст джерела
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Januszewicz, Katarzyna, Paweł Kazimierski, Wojciech Kosakowski, and Witold M. Lewandowski. "Waste Tyres Pyrolysis for Obtaining Limonene." Materials 13, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13061359.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This review deals with the technologies of limonene production from waste tyre pyrolysis. Thermal decomposition is attractive for tackling the waste tyre disposal problem, as it enables both: energy to be recovered and limonene to be obtained. This material management recycling of tyres is environmentally more beneficial than the burning of all valuable products, including limonene. Given this recoverability of materials from waste tyres, a comprehensive evaluation was carried out to show the main effect of process conditions (heating rate, temperature, pressure, carrier gas flow rate, and type of volatile residence and process times) for different pyrolytic methods and types of apparatus on the yield of limonene. All the results cited are given in the context of the pyrolysis method and the type of reactor, as well as the experimental conditions in order to avoid contradictions between different researchers. It is shown that secondary and side reactions are very sensitive to interaction with the above-mentioned variables. The yields of all pyrolytic products are also given, as background for limonene, the main product reported in this study.
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Susman, Sherman, S. Clark Rowland, and Kenneth J. Volin. "The purification of elemental sulfur." Journal of Materials Research 7, no. 6 (June 1992): 1526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.1526.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sulfur has been purified by a dynamic pyrolysis procedure that takes into account the unique viscosity-temperature relationship of the liquid. An apparatus is described that incorporates gas-bubbling and rocking to overcome diffusion-limited kinetics. For the first time, a mechanism is proposed for the pyrolytic purification of sulfur based upon Carsul formation and the H2S ↔ H2Sx equilibrium. Infrared methods are delineated for qualitative analysis and quantitative estimates of anion contaminants, including the omnipresent hydrocarbon impurities. Our purified sulfur has a total carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen impurity level of <10 μg/g.
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Bai, Jin Feng, Jiu Shi Shang, Yang Liu, Xiang Yun Zhong, Ya Ru Zhang, Jun Xu, and Hong Chun Liu. "Effect of Bulk Density of 1/3 Coking Coal on Pyrolysis Kinetics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (December 2011): 938–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.938.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work investigated the weight loss profile and kinetic parameters during the pyrolysis process of the 1/3 coking coal samples from Dongshan (Jixi, Heilongjiang province) in inert gases with the help of thermal-gravimetry apparatus. The characteristic temperatures, the activation energy and the frequency factors gained from the experiment change regularly during the pyrolytic process of the sample coal. The activation energy change with the bulk density indicates that the increase of the bulk density of the coal is beneficial to the coking reaction process of the coking coal.
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Zhang, Xue, Hengxiang Li, Qing Cao, Li’e Jin, and Fumeng Wang. "Upgrading pyrolytic residue from waste tires to commercial carbon black." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 5 (March 28, 2018): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18764292.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The managing and recycling of waste tires has become a worldwide environmental challenge. Among the different disposal methods for waste tires, pyrolysis is regarded as a promising route. How to effectively enhance the added value of pyrolytic residue (PR) from waste tires is a matter of great concern. In this study, the PRs were treated with hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in turn under ultrasonic waves. The removal efficiency for the ash and sulfur was investigated. The pyrolytic carbon black (PCB) obtained after treating PR with acids was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry, laser Raman spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and physisorption apparatus. The properties of PCB were compared with those of commercial carbon black (CCB) N326 and N339. Results showed PRs from waste tires were mainly composed of carbon, sulfur, and ash. The carbon in PCB was mainly from the CCB added during tire manufacture rather than from the pyrolysis of pure rubbers. The removal percentages for the ash and sulfur of PR are 98.33% (from 13.98 wt % down to 0.24 wt %) and 70.16% (from 1.81 wt % down to 0.54 wt %), respectively, in the entire process. The ash was mainly composed of metal oxides, sulfides, and silica. The surface properties, porosity, and morphology of the PCB were all close to those of N326. Therefore, PCB will be a potential alternative of N326 and reused in tire manufacture. This route successfully upgrades PR from waste tires to the high value-added CCB and greatly increases the overall efficiency of the waste tire pyrolysis industry.
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Penconi, Marta, Lorenzo Ferraro, Jacek Waluk, Lamberto Duò, Franco Ciccacci, Alberto Bossi, Marcello Campione, and Gianlorenzo Bussetti. "Porphycene Films Grown on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite: Unveiling Structure–Property Relationship through Combined Reflectance Anisotropy Spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy Investigations." Proceedings 56, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020056044.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thin organic films are widely used in sensors, solar cells, and optical devices due to their intense absorption in the visible/near-infrared (IR) region. Shifting, quenching, or reshaping of some spectral features can be achieved by chemical functionalization of the molecules, whereas an anisotropic fingerprint due to preferential molecular alignment can be induced via a proper design and/or preparation of the substrate. Recently, we investigated the optical response of thin films of porphycene to acidification. With respect to the well-known and closely related tetraphenyl porphyrin, porphycene has the clear advantage of being optically active in the full visible range, and this makes visible by naked eye the immediate change of the film from brilliant blue-turquoise to green when exposed to HCl vapors. In this work, by exploiting a homemade reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) apparatus, we explore possible optical anisotropies in the visible spectral range of porphycene films and relate them to the film morphology analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM).
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Khokha, Yu V., M. B. Yakovenko, and O. V. Lyubchak. "Simulation of kerogen evolution by thermodynamic methods (on the example of Southern oil and gas region)." Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields, no. 3(76) (September 27, 2020): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9973-2020-3(76)-33-45.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article considers the methods for estimating the level of organic matter transformation, scattered in sedimentary strata, in the process of catagenetic transformations. The authors show the efficiency of kerogen property research by coal petrographic methods and palynological analysis, the purpose of which is to establish the paleotemperature that was actualized in the process of evolution. The advantages and disadvantages of establishing the organic matter generation potential by pyrolytic methods, primarily by pyrolysis by Rock-Eval, are evaluated. In the context of the organic matter evolution indirect study methods, brief information on gas geochemistry is given and the main indicators used in the analysis of the chemical composition of gases in hydrocarbon deposits are listed. It is shown that the equilibrium thermodynamics apparatus can provide information about the conditions and level of organic compounds transformation in the lithosphere. The general information on geological history of the Southern oil and gas region of Ukraine is given and the main events that influenced the modes of transformation of organic matter are shown. The most important of these were the plate collision processes and the accompanying spreading that took place during the approaching of the Arabian continent and Eurasia, which led to the formation of a faults network: submeridional and sublatitudinal. According to the chemical composition of the region's depo-sits, graphs within the coordinates C2/C3 to C2/i-C4 and ln(C2/C3) to ln(C1/C2) are plotted. According to the graphs, the authors establish the trends of organic matter evolution: development in the direction of maturation and kerogen formation without secondary oil destruction. Information on the method of calculating the kerogen/gas system composition according to the Jaynes formalism is given. According to thermodynamic simulation combined with the chemical composition of deposits, maps of equilibrium temperatures and depths for several temperature flows are constructed. The effect of the individual deposits geological structure on the evolution of its contents is shown. The map of generation depletion of the region kerogen is made. According to the results of the map analysis, it is found that the kerogen of the Kerch-Taman interpericline depression is maximally depleted, while the kerogen of the southern side of the Karkinitsky-North-Crimean depression retains the high potential for the formation of light hydrocarbons.
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Wentrup, Curt. "Flash (Vacuum) Pyrolysis Apparatus and Methods." Australian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 9 (2014): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch14096.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The history of pyrolysis equipment, methods, and reactions is narrated in the Introduction. Detailed descriptions of flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) (or thermolysis, FVT) apparatus for preparative and spectroscopic (UV, IR, electron spin resonance) purposes with product isolation at 77 K or in Ar matrices at ~10 K are presented. Very low pressure pyrolysis (VLPP), laser pyrolysis, and pulsed pyrolysis (jet flash pyrolysis) are also described together with illustrations of apparatus. The solvent spray flash vacuum pyrolysis (SS-FVP) of liquids or solutions of compounds of low volatility is described together with methods for the addition of solids to a pyrolysis tube, in particular details of pipto-pyrolysis (‘falling solid pyrolysis’). Methods used for catalytic vacuum gas–solid reactions (VGSR) are also summarised.
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Hauge, Robert H., Leif Fredin, Zakya H. Kafafi, and John L. Margrave. "A Multisurface Matrix-Isolation Apparatus." Applied Spectroscopy 40, no. 5 (July 1986): 588–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702864508601.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A multisurface matrix-isolation apparatus has been designed and interfaced to an FT-IR vacuum spectrometer. The design permits independent matrix-isolation studies with sixty different surfaces. It also allows direct measurement of matrix gas to guest ratios with an integral cooled quartz crystal microbalance. Problems associated with moving the matrix block while maintaining good thermal contact are discussed. Finally, some applications to studies of coal pyrolysis, metal atom chemistry, and quantitative analysis are presented.
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Gibbins, J. R., R. A. V. King, R. J. Wood, and R. Kandiyoti. "Variable‐heating‐rate wire‐mesh pyrolysis apparatus." Review of Scientific Instruments 60, no. 6 (June 1989): 1129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140327.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Pyrolytic apparatus"
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Миронов, Антон Миколайович. "Теоретичні та експериментальні дослідження теплообмінних процесів термічного розкладу вуглецевмісної сировини в удосконаленому піролітичному апараті". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/32644.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.08 – процеси та обладнання хімічної технології. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут" Міністерства освіти і науки України, Харків, 2017 р.
Дисертацію присвячено вивченню теплових процесів, які відбуваються у апаратах піролізу вуглецевмісної сировини, задля вдосконалення конструкції основного та допоміжного обладнання установок для вуглевипалювання. Розглянуто існуючий попит на деревне вугілля як один з альтернативних енергетичних ресурсів сучасності. Досліджено актуальність тематики для розвинених країн світу та України зокрема. Проведено мікроскопічне дослідження структурної будови деревини п'яти порід. Досліджено кінетику сушки сировини із різним рівнем початкової вологості. Побудовано енергетичні криві сушки і аналітично оцінено можливу економію первинного палива на цій стадії виробничого циклу. Розроблено експериментальну установку для визначення коефіцієнту тепло-провідності деревини, яка враховує не тільки нелінійність зміни коефіцієнта теплопровідності деревини з підвищенням температури до 600°С, а й анізотропію теплопровідних властивостей матеріалу. Запропоновано спосіб ідентифікації коефіцієнта теплопровідності деревини, який базується на розробленій експериментальній установці. Для визначення коефіцієнту теплопровідності деревини за результатами теплофізичного експерименту вирішено зворотну задачу теплопровідності. Виявлено неефективність теплової ізоляції на зовнішніх поверхнях елементів конструкції існуючої установки. Запропоновано нові заходи ізолювання для зменшення теплових втрат до навколишнього середовища. Запропоновано новий принцип закладання дерев'яних полін з урахуваннях геометрії сировини та вагонетки. Вдосконалено конструкцію вагонетки таким чином, що максимізувати корисний вплив усіх теплових потоків, які циркулюють у апараті.Thesis for granting the Degree of Candidate of Technical sciences in specialty 05.17.08 – processes and equipment of chemical technology. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" of Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 2017. The thesis is dedicated to the study of thermal processes taking place in pyrolysis apparatus of carbon-containing materials, to improve the design of the main and auxiliary equipment for charcoal burning installations. The existing demand for charcoal as one of the alternative energy resources of the present days is considered. The urgency of the subject for the developed countries of the world and Ukraine, in particular, has been explored. A microscopic study of the structure for five woods breeds is conducted. The kinetics of the raw materials drying process with a different level of initial moisture is studied. The energy curves of the drying process are constructed and the possible saving of primary fuel for this stage of production cycle is analytically estimated. An experimental installation for determining the thermal conductivity coefficient of wood, which takes into account not only the nonlinearity of the wood thermal conductivity change with temperature increasing up to 600°C, but also the anisotropy of material thermal conductive properties is developed. The method of wood thermal conductivity coefficient identifying, based on the developed experimental installation, is proposed. For the identification of the wood thermal conductivity coefficient, the inverse heat conduction problem is solved by the results of the thermophysical experiment. The inefficiency of the existing pyrolysis unit thermal insulation is identified. New measures of isolation that helps to reduce heat losses into the environment are proposed. A new methodology for wooden logs loading, taking into account the geometry of raw materials and trolleys, is proposed. The construction of the trolley is modernized in a way to maximize the effect of all heat flows that circulate in the apparatus.
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Миронов, Антон Миколайович. "Теоретичні та експериментальні дослідження теплообмінних процесів термічного розкладу вуглецевмісної сировини в удосконаленому піролітичному апараті". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/32639.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.08 – процеси та обладнання хімічної технології. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут" Міністерства освіти і науки України, Харків, 2017 р.
Дисертацію присвячено вивченню теплових процесів, які відбуваються у апаратах піролізу вуглецевмісної сировини, задля вдосконалення конструкції основного та допоміжного обладнання установок для вуглевипалювання. Розглянуто існуючий попит на деревне вугілля як один з альтернативних енергетичних ресурсів сучасності. Досліджено актуальність тематики для розвинених країн світу та України зокрема. Проведено мікроскопічне дослідження структурної будови деревини п'яти порід. Досліджено кінетику сушки сировини із різним рівнем початкової вологості. Побудовано енергетичні криві сушки і аналітично оцінено можливу економію первинного палива на цій стадії виробничого циклу. Розроблено експериментальну установку для визначення коефіцієнту тепло-провідності деревини, яка враховує не тільки нелінійність зміни коефіцієнта теплопровідності деревини з підвищенням температури до 600°С, а й анізотропію теплопровідних властивостей матеріалу. Запропоновано спосіб ідентифікації коефіцієнта теплопровідності деревини, який базується на розробленій експериментальній установці. Для визначення коефіцієнту теплопровідності деревини за результатами теплофізичного експерименту вирішено зворотну задачу теплопровідності. Виявлено неефективність теплової ізоляції на зовнішніх поверхнях елементів конструкції існуючої установки. Запропоновано нові заходи ізолювання для зменшення теплових втрат до навколишнього середовища. Запропоновано новий принцип закладання дерев'яних полін з урахуваннях геометрії сировини та вагонетки. Вдосконалено конструкцію вагонетки таким чином, що максимізувати корисний вплив усіх теплових потоків, які циркулюють у апараті.Thesis for granting the Degree of Candidate of Technical sciences in specialty 05.17.08 – processes and equipment of chemical technology. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" of Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 2017. The thesis is dedicated to the study of thermal processes taking place in pyrolysis apparatus of carbon-containing materials, to improve the design of the main and auxiliary equipment for charcoal burning installations. The existing demand for charcoal as one of the alternative energy resources of the present days is considered. The urgency of the subject for the developed countries of the world and Ukraine, in particular, has been explored. A microscopic study of the structure for five woods breeds is conducted. The kinetics of the raw materials drying process with a different level of initial moisture is studied. The energy curves of the drying process are constructed and the possible saving of primary fuel for this stage of production cycle is analytically estimated. An experimental installation for determining the thermal conductivity coefficient of wood, which takes into account not only the nonlinearity of the wood thermal conductivity change with temperature increasing up to 600°C, but also the anisotropy of material thermal conductive properties is developed. The method of wood thermal conductivity coefficient identifying, based on the developed experimental installation, is proposed. For the identification of the wood thermal conductivity coefficient, the inverse heat conduction problem is solved by the results of the thermophysical experiment. The inefficiency of the existing pyrolysis unit thermal insulation is identified. New measures of isolation that helps to reduce heat losses into the environment are proposed. A new methodology for wooden logs loading, taking into account the geometry of raw materials and trolleys, is proposed. The construction of the trolley is modernized in a way to maximize the effect of all heat flows that circulate in the apparatus.
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Gibbins, Jonathan Robert. "Investigation of primary coal pyrolysis processes using a variable heating rate wire-mesh apparatus." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11278.
Повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Pyrolytic apparatus"
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Mukoyama, Izumi, Kenichi Myoujin, Takahiro Nakamura, Hironori Ozawa, Takashi Ogihara, and Masao Uede. "Lithium Battery Properties of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Powders Synthesized by Internal Combustion Type Spray Pyrolysis Apparatus Using Gas Burner." In Electroceramics in Japan X, 191–94. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-449-9.191.
Повний текст джерела
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Mukoyama, Izumi, Kenichi Myoujin, Takashi Ogihara, Masao Uede, Hironori Ozawa, and Kazunori Ozawa. "Large-Scale Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of LiAlXMn2-XO4 Powders by Internal Combustion Type Spray Pyrolysis Apparatus Using Gas Burner." In Electroceramics in Japan IX, 251–54. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-411-1.251.
Повний текст джерела
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"Apparatus in Analytical Pyrolysis." In Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography, 5–21. WORLD SCIENTIFIC (EUROPE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781786345769_0002.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Pyrolytic apparatus"
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Striebich, R. C., L. Q. Maurice, and T. Edwards. "Formation of Cyclic Compounds in Cracking Reactions for Hydrocarbon-Fueled High Speed Vehicles." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-136.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An endothermic fuel pyrolytic reactor may favor the formation of benzene and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) soot precursors which degrade fuel system performance. Both experimental and computational studies are in progress which verify the formation of multi-ring aromatic compounds in endothermic thermal cracking processes. Classic gas phase pyrolytic soot mechanisms may be effective for the prediction of soot precursor concentrations. Hence, a need exists to examine thermal molecular growth processes in a versatile experimental apparatus which can help guide modeling efforts and increase basic understanding (and mitigation) of growth mechanisms. In the present work, cyclic formation experimental data are presented for three mixtures: n-decane, 90 volume % n-decane/10 volume % toluene, and 80 volume % n-decane/20 volume % toluene pyrolysis in a System for Thermal Diagnostic Studies (STDS). The data are qualitatively and quantitatively compared to computations at temperatures, pressures and residence times commensurate with those encountered in endothermic fuel reactor systems. These computations are an attempt to assess the applicability of gas-phase kinetic mechanisms to predict the chemistry of thermal decomposition in the fuel system. Preliminary results show the prominence of molecular growth reactions similar to gas phase pyrolysis mechanisms, starting with hydrocarbon unsaturation, cyclization, and finally, benzene, toluene and heavier PAH formation. Experimental results to date show general qualitative agreement to computational models. However, it is clear that molecular growth mechanisms found to be unimportant at the high temperatures generally associated with combustion can play a significant role in fuel systems.
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Zagirov, A. "SEPARATION OF PYROLYSIS GASES." In Ecological and resource-saving technologies in science and technology. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/erstst2021_78-81.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A method for separating pyrolysis gases is considered, which is carried out by separating gases into distillate and non-condensable gases. The next stage is the combustion of non-condensable gas in the furnace of a shaft-type pyrolysis apparatus, where it forms flue gas, which, moving along the jacket, transfers part of its heat to the pyrolysis process. After passing through the pyrolysis apparatus, the flue gas enters the drying chamber and participates in the wood drying process. The waste flue gas is then discharged into the atmosphere after cleaning with a liquid.
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Zhao, Baofeng, Li Sun, Xiaodong Zhang, Lei Chen, Jie Zhang, Guangfan Meng, and Xiangmei Meng. "Thermodynamic Equilibrium Analysis of Rice Husk Pyrolysis." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-51052.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pyrolysis of biomass materials can implement the efficient conversion of biomass to gaseous, liquid and solid energy products. Compared with experimental research which needs massive apparatus and funds and also takes long time, the computer simulation of biomass pyrolysis is more convenient and flexible to achieve the main characteristics of the process. Simulation of thermodynamic equilibrium for the pyrolysis of rice husk was studied in this paper. Based on the minimization of Gibbs free energy, MATLAB was used to calculate thermodynamic equilibrium for the pyrolysis of rice husk in the temperatures ranges from 523 K to 1723 K at intervals of 100 K. The results showed that the contents of H2 and CO increased rapidly with the temperature from 723 K to 1223 K, while the contents of H2O, CH4, CO2 and C decreased sharply. When the temperature was higher than 1223 K, the yields of H2 and CO reached the maximum of 51 mol% and 48 mol% respectively, and then kept stable. In order to be closer to experimental results, the constrain conditions of element C in tar was introduced in the calculations. The results indicated that, in the main components of tar from 523 K to 1223 K, the contents of naphthalene and toluene both decreased and then toluene vanished gradually. However, the content of benzene increased with increasing temperature and finally became the dominant product when the temperature was above 1300 K.
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Goldman, Y., A. Shavit, and Y. Dayan. "Transfer Process in Multisolid Two-Chamber Recirculated Reactor." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0886.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Prepyrolysis of coal as a precursor to its utilization in a power plant or gas turbine is experimentally investigated. The pyrolyzer, 800 mm in diameter and 1500 mm in height, consists of two concentric chambers. Coarse char particles, used like inert medium (“sand” in the sequel). The char is heated in the outer chamber by an external source of heat, such as hot gases. The inner chamber is used for the pyrolysis process of fine coal powder (50 micron), that is fed into it. The heat required for the endothermic pyrolysis process is supplied by the circulating char. Cold tests conducted on the apparatus indicate that the parameters most influencing solid circulation between the chambers are: the aerosol nature of the flow, the sand seals area, and the superficial velocity. The tests show that the intensive recirculation process exists only under very limited range of flow conditions. Outside this range of conditions, sand “bridges” are formed at the seals preventing proper operation. These bridges can be destroyed by strong fluidization at the inner chamber wall. Results of cold and hot tests, including parametric study of the pyrolzer performance, will be presented. The feasibility of the suggested scheme for mild gasification, of a precursor to its combustion in a power plant, will be discussed.
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Powell, Amy M., and Anil K. Kulkarni. "An Experimental Study of Upward Flame Spread in a Vertical Corner Wall Fire." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0871.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This paper presents results of an experimental investigation of upward flame spread on a vertical corner wall. The corner wall flame spread phenomenon differs from that for a plain vertical wall primarily because of the radiative and flow interaction between the walls. An experimental apparatus, capable of being set at corner angles of 60°, 90°, and 135° was designed and constructed. Samples, measuring 1.20 m by 0.30 m, of plywood, particle board, and hardboard were tested. Three burner configurations were used during experimentation — an arrow configuration, a line configuration, and a point source. Flame height as a function of time was measured during each run. Several trends were observed including — the significance of the burner configuration when determining flame shapes; the relationship between radiative interaction and different corner angles; and the capability of each material to sustain flame growth once the burner was turned off. Also, the pyrolysis front was noted at the conclusion of each test run using the charred region apparent on the sample, which revealed the dependence of the shape of pyrolysis front on the burner configuration. The study allows insight into various aspects of corner fire spread and provides data for validating flame spread models.
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Zelenko, V., and F. Solignac. "Use of Accelerating Rate Calorimeter in Reservoir Oil Selection for Air Injection Process." In Technical Meeting / Petroleum Conference of The South Saskatchewan Section. PETSOC, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/97-166.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The paper proposes an interpretation of the phenomena observed on several ARC (Accelerating Rate Calorimeter) tests performed with different crude oils. The ARC apparatus was used as a closed system and the gas formed at the end of the reactions were analyzed by chromatography. Low Temperature Oxidation (LTO) and Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) areas were identified during these tests. The proposed interpretation is based on an analogy with the reaction mechanisms occurring during light saturated hydrocarbon oxidation. The determination of kinetics parameters for oxidation reactions was investigated. In the meantime, limitations of the ARC device, when used as a closed system, clearly appeared. The conclusion is that not only the determination of basic kinetics parameters is generally not possible with ARC tests, but also that a serious selection of oil reservoir for air injection technique based on these tests seems questionable. Introduction Success of oil recovery by air injection greatly depends on knowledge of reaction mechanism between oxygen and oil in porous media. Oil oxidation during in-situ combustion involves numerous competing reactions occurring through different temperature ranges. Generally, in order to simplify the studies, investigators classify the reactions in three steps (Dubdub1 et al; Brigham2 et al). - First, the low temperature oxidation (L TO) reactions, which are heterogeneous (gas/liquid) and generally produce polar compounds. For some light oils, if the reservoir conditions are convenient, L TO can produce mainly carbon oxides and water at long time (Solignac3). - Then comes the medium temperature oxidation (MTO) : oxidation reactions are slow, therefore cracking/pyrolysis which leads to coke, becomes the main phenomenon. - Finally, high temperature oxidation (HTO) : oxygen reacts with unoxidized oil, polar compounds and coke (Belgrave4 et al; Solignac3) to give carbon oxides and water. This paper describes ARC experiments on crude oil oxidation and proposes an analysis of experimental data, using works (Ben-Ai'm5 et al; Le Chatelier6 et al; Newitt7 et al; Cathonnet8 et al) on light saturated hydrocarbons (CICIO). We compare heat rate behaviors measured by the calorimeter (Fig. 1) with zones of reactivity (cool and normal flames) occurring during oxidation of light saturated hydrocarbons in the gas phase.
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Laurinat, James E., Matthew R. Kesterson, and Steve J. Hensel. "Pressurization Analysis for Flame Heating of a Screw Top Utility Can Loaded With Plutonium Oxide Powder." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63120.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The documented safety analysis for the Savannah River Site (SRS) evaluates the consequences of a postulated 1000 °C (1273 K) fire in a glovebox. The radiological dose consequences for a pressurized release of plutonium oxide powder during such a fire depend on the maximum pressure that is attained inside the oxide storage containers. To enable evaluation of the dose consequences, temperature and pressure transients have been calculated for exposure of a typical set of storage containers to the fire. The oxide storage configuration selected for analysis is can/bag/can, comprised of oxide powder inside an 8.38E−6 m3 stainless steel B vial inside 0.006 kg of polyethylene bagging inside a one-quart screw top utility can of the type commonly used to package solvents or rubber cements. The analysis accounts for pressurization from gases generated by pyrolysis of the polyethylene bagging and evaporation of moisture adsorbed onto the oxide powder. Results were obtained for different can orientations and different surface fire exposures, with and without initial pressurization of the B vial by hydrogen from the radiolysis of moisture. Based on the results of hydrogen back pressure tests for plutonium oxide powders loaded with moisture, the initial gauge pressure from radiolytic hydrogen was set at a bounding value of 82 psig (5.65E5 Pa). The pressurization analysis credits venting to and from the B vial but does not credit venting or leakage from the can. Calculated maximum gauge pressures inside the utility can range from 1.98E5 Pa for an upright can exposed to fire on only one side, to 7.78E5 Pa for an upright can engulfed by fire. Maximum gauge pressures inside the B vial vary from 1.36E5 to 1.43E6 Pa. Due to the low rate of venting from the B vial into the can gas space, the can pressure is nearly independent of the B vial pressure. Calculated maximum pressures are compared to the utility can burst pressure. In lieu of an analytic structural analysis of the utility cans, burst pressures and leakage rates were measured using compressed nitrogen gas. Leakage of gas through the can lid thread and seams prevented the test apparatus from reaching the burst pressure. To achieve the burst pressure, it was necessary to seal the can lid threads and seams by brazing. The measured gauge burst pressure was 2.50E5 +/− 0.43E5 Pa. The measured burst pressures are lower than the calculated maximum pressure due to fire exposure, indicating that the utility cans could burst during exposure to a 1000 °C (1273 K) fire. Leakage rates were measured for cans initially pressurized to a gauge pressure of 1.24E5 Pa. The measured leakage rates were found to be proportional to the gauge pressure inside the can, with a time constant for leakage of 0.424 +/− 0.010 reciprocal seconds. The leakage time constants follow a threshold Weibull distribution.