Статті в журналах: "Pyroelectric InfraRed"

1

Nakamoto, Masayuki. "Pyroelectric Infrared Sensors." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 78, no. 3 (1994): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.78.3_103.

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2

Hirao, Yousuke. "Pyroelectric Infrared Sensors." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 73, no. 1 (1989): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.73.1_11.

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3

Shang, Xiao Yan, Jian Wu, and Xing Wang. "Design of Alarm System with Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 4883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.4883.

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Based on pyroelectric infrared sensor working principle, the passive pyroelectric infrared alarm system is designed, which is mainly used for safety of residence house to detect whether outsiders enter or not. This system is made of pyroelectric infrared sensor, Fresnel lens and monitoring circuits. The concealment of infrared is well applied on the circuits , amplifying and filtering circuit , infrared signal processing circuit are designed, then the voice chip is utilized to simulate alarm voice for warning thieves and burglars .After many experiments, This system has sensitive response , high anti-interference ability and safe and reliable performance.

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4

Wei, Qi Wei, and Chun Ping Yang. "The Design of Indoor Infrared Alarm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 1105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1105.

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This design uses the pyroelectric infrared detection technology, single-chip microcomputer control. Pyroelectric infrared sensor sensing the infrared thermal radiation (the body temperature is 37 degrees) of the invaders, converting it into a low frequency signal, passing to microcontroller through amplified circuit. Finally, it implements anti-theft through the alarm module.

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5

Mart, Clemens, Malte Czernohorsky, Kati Kühnel, and Wenke Weinreich. "Hafnium Zirconium Oxide Thin Films for CMOS Compatible Pyroelectric Infrared Sensors." Engineering Proceedings 6, no. 1 (May 17, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/i3s2021dresden-10138.

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Pyroelectric infrared sensors are often based on lead-containing materials, which are harmful to the environment and subject to governmental restrictions. Ferroelectric Hf1−xZrxO2 thin films offer an environmentally friendly alternative. Additionally, CMOS integration allows for integrated sensor circuits, enabling scalable and cost-effective applications. In this work, we demonstrate the deposition of pyroelectric thin films on area-enhanced structured substrates via thermal atomic layer deposition. Scanning electron microscopy indicates a conformal deposition of the pyroelectric film in the holes with a diameter of 500 nm and a depth of 8 μm. By using TiN electrodes and photolithography, capacitor structures are formed, which are contacted via the electrically conductive substrate. Ferroelectric hysteresis measurements indicate a sizable remanent polarization of up to 331 μC cm−2, which corresponds to an area increase of up to 15 by the nanostructured substrate. For pyroelectric analysis, a sinusoidal temperature oscillation is applied to the sample. Simultaneously, the pyroelectric current is monitored. By assessing the phase of the measured current profile, the pyroelectric origin of the signal is confirmed. The devices show sizable pyroelectric coefficients of −475 μC m−2 K−1, which is larger than that of lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Based on the experimental evidence, we propose Hf1−xZrxO2 as a promising material for future pyroelectric applications.

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6

Guan, Hongjian, Weizhi Li, Ruilin Yang, Yuanjie Su, and Hang Li. "Microstructured PVDF Film with Improved Performance as Flexible Infrared Sensor." Sensors 22, no. 7 (April 2, 2022): 2730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072730.

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Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a very promising material for fabricating flexible infrared sensors due to its ferroelectricity as well as excellent flexibility and low fabrication cost. This work focuses on improving PVDF’s pyroelectric performance by creating microstructures in the film. Simulation results suggest that the pyroelectric response of PVDF film can be improved if micro groove, square-pit or sinusoidal patterns are created on the film surface, with the grooved film showing the best pyroelectric performance. Suggested by the simulation results, flexible PVDF samples with groove structure are prepared by casting the precursor solution on the mold with designed patterns. Measurement results demonstrate that the optimal microstructured PVDF film can improve its pyroelectric performance by as high as 146%, which is in good agreement with the simulations. This work provides an innovative way of achieving flexible infrared sensor devices with promoted performance based on pyroelectric polymers.

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7

Suen, Jonathan Y., Kebin Fan, John Montoya, Christopher Bingham, Vincent Stenger, Sri Sriram, and Willie J. Padilla. "Multifunctional metamaterial pyroelectric infrared detectors." Optica 4, no. 2 (February 20, 2017): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.4.000276.

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8

Thompson, M. P., J. R. Troxell, M. E. Murray, C. M. Thrush, and J. V. Mantese. "Infrared absorber for pyroelectric detectors." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 25, no. 3 (May 2007): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.2712194.

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9

Yang, Wei, Qiao Sun, Hai Yang Yu, Bo Li, and Hong Mei Wang. "The Design of High Precision Pyroelectric Infrared Processing Circuit." Advanced Materials Research 341-342 (September 2011): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.341-342.678.

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As information technology is becoming more and more popular, infrared ray technology also has been rapidly increasing especially after A.D. 2000. Infrared ray detection and control technology has been widely applied in various domains of the national economy and people’s daily life. The paper makes analysis on the characteristics of pyroelectric infrared sensor output signal, and puts forward a high precision pyroelectric infrared acquisition circuit. This circuit has high sensitivity, high accuracy, low noise, anti-interference and other features, and it is fit for all sorts of practical detection controlling circuits.

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10

Liang, Ting, Si Jia Lin, Ying Li, Cheng Lei, and Chen Yang Xue. "Research on the Effect of Mechanical Processing on Lithium Tantalate Crystal Pyroelectric Coefficient." Advanced Materials Research 834-836 (October 2013): 880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.880.

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Lithium tantalate (LT) is a kind of excellent pyroelectric materials that can be made into high performance pyroelectric detector. As the detector voltage response and detection rate inversely proportional to the thickness of the infrared sensing element, So the thinning of lithium tantalate crystals becomes a key of success. This design uses CMP method to produce 50 μm thickness of LT wafer, and via charge integration method with computer automatic test system to test the pyroelectric coefficient of crystals with different thickness and surface roughness. The pyroelectric coefficient of crystal achieved 203 μC·m-2k-1 proves the favorable pyroelectric properties.

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11

Lee, Chia-Yen, Cheng-Xue Yu, Kuan-Yu Lin, and Lung-Ming Fu. "Effect of Substrate-Thickness on Voltage Responsivity of MEMS-Based ZnO Pyroelectric Infrared Sensors." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 9074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199074.

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Pyroelectric infrared sensors incorporating suspended zinc oxide (ZnO) pyroelectric films and thermally insulated silicon substrates are fabricated using conventional MEMS-based thin-film deposition, photolithography, and etching techniques. The responsivity of the pyroelectric films is improved through annealing at a temperature of 500 °C for 4 h. The temperature variation and voltage responsivity of the fabricated sensors are evaluated numerically and experimentally for substrate thickness in the range of 1 to 500 μm. The results show that the temperature variation and voltage responsivity both increase with a reducing substrate thickness. For the lowest film thickness of 1 μm, the sensor achieves a voltage sensitivity of 3880 mV/mW at a cutoff frequency of 400 Hz. In general, the results presented in this study provide a useful source of reference for the further development of MEMS-based pyroelectric infrared sensors.

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12

Tsai, Chia-Yu, Yan-Wen Lin, Hong-Ming Ku, and Chia-Yen Lee. "Positioning System of Infrared Sensors Based on ZnO Thin Film." Sensors 23, no. 15 (July 31, 2023): 6818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23156818.

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Infrared sensors incorporating suspended zinc oxide (ZnO) pyroelectric films and thermally insulated silicon substrates are fabricated using conventional MEMS-based thin-film deposition, photolithography, and etching techniques. The responsivity of the pyroelectric film is improved via annealing at 500 °C for 4 h. The voltage response of the fabricated sensors is evaluated experimentally for a substrate thickness of 1 µm over a sensing range of 30 cm. The results show that the voltage signal varies as an inverse exponential function of the distance. A positioning system based on three infrared sensors is implemented in LabVIEW. It is shown that the position estimates obtained using the proposed system are in excellent agreement with the actual locations. In general, the results presented in this study provide a useful source of reference for the further development of MEMS-based pyroelectric infrared sensors.

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13

Nazhmudinov, R. M., A. S. Kubankin, A. N. Oleinik, and A. A. Klenin. "Observation of X-rays during heating a pyroelectric crystal by an infrared laser." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2238, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2238/1/012001.

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Abstract A pyroelectric X-ray source is proposed, in which a lithium tantalate crystal is heated by an infrared laser with a wavelength of 10.6 μm. X-ray spectra measured during irradiation of the crystal with infrared radiation and during natural cooling of the crystal include characteristic X-ray radiation of atoms contained in the structural parts of the source, as well as bremsstrahlung of electrons with energies above 50 keV. An 8 mm sodium chloride window was used to inject 64 W infrared radiation into a vacuum chamber with the pyroelectric crystal installed.

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14

Wang, Jiang, Wei Ping Jing, and Yan Jin Li. "Design of Readout Circuit for Pyroelectric Detector Based on Novel Pyroelectric Materials." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 1918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.1918.

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Recently, scientists discovered that relaxor-based ferroelectric single crystals, such as (1-x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 -xPbTiO3 (PMN-xPT, or PMNT) single crystals, exhibit extra-high pyroelectric responses. They are promising candidates for optical power detectors in broad bandwidth at ultraviolet, visible and infrared wavelength.To fabricate high performance infrared detectors with relaxor-based single crystals, the related readout circuit was investigated to increase signal-to-noise ratio, and 8×1 CMOS readout circuit is fabricated to gain very weak current, which provides a solution for uncooled large focal plane arrays devices based on relaxor-based single crystals.

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15

Guggilla, Padmaja, Ashok K. Batra, James R. Currie, Mohan D. Aggarwal, Mohammad A. Alim, and Ravindra B. Lal. "Pyroelectric ceramics for infrared detection applications." Materials Letters 60, no. 16 (July 2006): 1937–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.05.086.

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16

Bauer, S., S. Bauer-Gogonea, and B. Ploss. "The physics of pyroelectric infrared devices." Applied Physics B Photophysics and Laser Chemistry 54, no. 6 (June 1992): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00325524.

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17

Tomita, Katsuhiko, Kazuaki Sawada, and Makoto Ishida. "Field Emitter Type Pyroelectric Infrared Sensors." IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines 121, no. 5 (2001): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejsmas.121.255.

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18

Reddy, P. Jayarama, and M. Sirajuddin. "Pyroelectric polymer films for infrared detection." Bulletin of Materials Science 8, no. 3 (June 1986): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02744147.

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19

Chen, Yansong, N. J. Wu, and A. Ignatiev. "Dependence of Infrared Photoresponse of Pyroelectric Thin Film Detector with Respect to Chopper Frequency." International Journal of Modern Physics B 12, no. 29n31 (December 20, 1998): 3365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979298002659.

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In this paper, the dependence of infrared photoresponse of a pyroelectric thin film detector with respect to chopper frequency is studied theoretically and experimentally. The expressions of photocurrent, photovoltage and a special chopper frequency f m at which the maximum photovoltage is generated, are derived. A PMSZT/YBCO heterostructure is taken as the pyroelectric infrared detector and its photocurrent and photovoltage dependence on chopper frequency was measured. The experimental results are satisfactory and in agreement with theoretical analysis.

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20

Tang, Yan Xue, Yue Tian, Fei Fei Wang, and Wang Zhou Shi. "Deposition and Characterization of Pyroelectric PMN-PT Thin Films for Uncooled Infrared Focal Plane Arrays." Materials Science Forum 687 (June 2011): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.687.242.

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Modern uncooled infrared focal plane arrays (UFPA) development is oriented toward silicon microstructure monolithic arrays by employing pyroelectric thin films with continuing trends in high performance and miniaturization. In order to exploit high performance pyroelectric thin films, (1−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3−xPbTiO3(PMN-PT) thin films withx= 0.26 were deposited on LaNiO3/Si substrates by the radio-frequency magnetron sputtering technique. (110) preferred orientation thin films with pure perovskite structures were obtained at a substrate temperature of 500°C. The ferroelectric, dielectric and pyroelectric properties of the films were investigated. The films show a typical polarization – electric filed hysteresis loop with a large remnant polarization of 17.2 μC/cm2. At room temperature, the high pyroelectric coefficient of 3.1 × 10-4C/m2K together with low dielectric constant of 470 and loss tangent of 0.04 render the film promising for uncooled infrared device applications. The origin of the differences in electrical properties between the films and bulk materials has also been discussed.

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21

Zhu, Rongfeng, Jing Zhao, Jianwei Chen, Bijun Fang, Haiqing Xu, Wenning Di, Jie Jiao, Xi’an Wang, and Haosu Luo. "A Two-Step Annealing Method to Enhance the Pyroelectric Properties of Mn:PIMNT Chips for Infrared Detectors." Materials 13, no. 11 (June 4, 2020): 2562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13112562.

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Mn:0.15Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-0.55Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.30PbTiO3 (Mn:PIMNT) pyroelectric chips were prepared by a two-step annealing method. For the two steps, annealing temperatures dependence of microstructure, defects, surface stress, surface roughness, dielectric properties and pyroelectric properties were studied comprehensively. The controlling factors influencing the pyroelectric properties of the Mn:PIMNT crystals were analyzed and the optimum annealing temperature ranges for the two steps were determined: 600–700 °C for the first step and 500–600 °C for the second step. The pyroelectric properties of the thin Mn:PIMNT chips were significantly enhanced by the two-step annealing method via tuning oxygen vacancies and eliminating surface stress. Based on Mn:PIMNT pyroelectric chips annealed at the most favorable conditions (annealed at 600 °C for the first step and 500 °C for the second step), infrared detectors were prepared with specific detectivity D* = 1.63 × 109 cmHz1/2W−1, nearly three times higher than in commercial LiTaO3 detectors.

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22

Whatmore, Roger W., and Samuel J. Ward. "Pyroelectric infrared detectors and materials—A critical perspective." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 8 (February 28, 2023): 080902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0141044.

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Pyroelectric infrared detectors (PIRDs) have a number of advantages over other IR sensors, including room-temperature operation, wide wavelength sensitivity, and low cost, leading to their use in many applications and a market expected to reach U.S.$68 million by 2025. Physical models that can be used to accurately predict the performances of PIRDs of different types are reviewed in detail. All polar dielectrics exhibit the pyroelectric effect, so there are many materials potentially available for use in PIRDs. Traditionally, a range of “figures-of-merit” (FoMs) are employed to aid the selection of the best material to use in a given application. These FoMs, and their utility in determining how a given pyroelectric material will behave in a PIRD, are reviewed in the light of the physical models and the availability of dielectric data, which cover the frequency ranges of greatest interest for PIRDs (0.1–100 Hz). The properties of several pyroelectric materials are reviewed, and models are derived for their dielectric properties as functions of frequency. It is concluded, first, that the availability of full-frequency dielectric data is highly desirable if accurate predictions of device performance are to be obtained from the models and that second, the FoMs have practical utility in only very limited circumstances. Thus, they must be used with considerable care and circumspection. The circumstances under which each FoM is likely to give a good prediction for utility are discussed. The properties of some recently researched pyroelectric materials, including lead-containing single crystals in the Pb[(Mg⅓Nb⅔)xTi1−x]O3 system and Na½Bi½TiO3–K½Bi½TiO3 based lead-free crystals and ceramics, are reviewed in the light of this, and their properties and potential for device applications compared with the industry-standard material, LiTaO3. It is concluded that while there is potential for significant device performance improvements by using improved materials, especially with the PMN-PT-based materials, factors such as temperature stability, uniformity, and ease-of-processing are at least as important as device performance in determining material utility. The properties reported for the new lead-free materials do not, as yet, promise a performance likely to compete with LiTaO3 for mm-scale detectors, a material that is both readily available and lead-free.

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23

Stancu, Viorica, Luminita Amarande, Mihaela Botea, Alin Iuga, Lucia Leonat, Aandrei Tomulescu, Marius Cioangher, Luminita Balescu, and Lucian Pintilie. "Comparison between dielectric and pyroelectric properties of PZFNT and BST type ceramics." Processing and Application of Ceramics 13, no. 3 (2019): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1903269s.

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Ba0.75Sr0.25TiO3 (BST) and PbZr0.68Fe0.14Nb0.14Ti0.04O3 (PZFNT) ceramic pellets were obtained by ceramic technology and their structural, ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties were investigated. The relative density of BST and PZFNT is about 93% and 90%, respectively, with an average grain size of 102 ?m and 6.45 ?m. Both materials have similar room temperature dielectric constants (~2000), but PZFNT shows higher remnant polarization (~15?C/cm2) and better pyroelectric properties (~1.69?10?4 C/m2K), which recommend it for pyroelectric detectors, infrared radiation- and laser pulse energy-meters.

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24

Tang, Wei, Ji Xiong, Deng Li, J. Y. Zhang, and Na Jiang. "Pyroelectric Sensor Integrated Positioning System Design and Implementation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 608-609 (October 2014): 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.608-609.903.

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With the enhancement of society's concern for public safety, human locate system based on pyroelectric detectors is becoming a research focus. We design a low cost human body tracking system based on pyroelectric detectors scattered in the room. According to a huge number of experiment data, we design a high sensitive pyroelectric infrared node with a very high positioning accuracy. We also build an experiment system to collect muti-node experimental data to achieve the purpose of real time positioning with the positioning accuracy of 0.4 meters, which achieves the purpose of indoor positioning.

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25

YAMAKA, Eiso. "Special issue on recent infrared technology. Infrared detectors-Pyroelectric sensor." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 56, no. 11 (1990): 1975–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.56.1975.

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26

Ranacher, Christian, Cristina Consani, Andreas Tortschanoff, Lukas Rauter, Dominik Holzmann, Clement Fleury, Gerald Stocker, et al. "A CMOS Compatible Pyroelectric Mid-Infrared Detector Based on Aluminium Nitride." Sensors 19, no. 11 (May 31, 2019): 2513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112513.

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The detection of infrared radiation is of great interest for a wide range of applications, such as absorption sensing in the infrared spectral range. In this work, we present a CMOS compatible pyroelectric detector which was devised as a mid-infrared detector, comprising aluminium nitride (AlN) as the pyroelectric material and fabricated using semiconductor mass fabrication processes. To ensure thermal decoupling of the detector, the detectors are realized on a Si3N4/SiO2 membrane. The detectors have been tested at a wavelength close to the CO2 absorption region in the mid-infrared. Devices with various detector and membrane sizes were fabricated and the influence of these dimensions on the performance was investigated. The noise equivalent power of the first demonstrator devices connected to a readout circuit was measured to be as low as 5.3 × 10 − 9 W / Hz .

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27

Luo, Xiaomu, Huoyuan Tan, Qiuju Guan, Tong Liu, Hankz Zhuo, and Baihua Shen. "Abnormal Activity Detection Using Pyroelectric Infrared Sensors." Sensors 16, no. 6 (June 3, 2016): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16060822.

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28

Ranu, Uthra B, Rahul Sinha, and Pankaj B. Agarwal. "CMOS compatible pyroelectric materials for infrared detectors." Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 140 (March 2022): 106375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2021.106375.

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29

Shankar, Mohan. "Human-tracking systems using pyroelectric infrared detectors." Optical Engineering 45, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 106401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2360948.

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30

Nakamura, Kunio, Takeo Ishigaki, Akira Kaneko, Shozo Takahashi, Jun Nishida, Yasufumi Wakabayashi, and Hiroyuki Nakamura. "Pyroelectric infrared detector for precision earth sensor." International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 10, no. 8 (August 1989): 907–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01010388.

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31

Neumann, N. "Modified triglycine sulphate for pyroelectric infrared detectors." Ferroelectrics 142, no. 1 (January 1993): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199308237885.

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32

Okuyama, Masanori, Yoshihiro Togami, Yoshihiro Hamakawa, Masafumi Kimata, and Shigeyuki Uematsu. "Pyroelectric infrared-CCD image sensor using LiTaO3." Sensors and Actuators 16, no. 3 (March 1989): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0250-6874(89)87008-8.

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33

El-Shaer, A. M., A. K. Aboulseoud, M. Soliman, and Sh Ebrahim. "Fabrication of Infrared Detector Based on of Polyaniline/Polyvinylidene Fluoride Blend Films and their Pyroelectric Measurement." Key Engineering Materials 605 (April 2014): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.103.

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Infrared detection based on polymeric materials is continuously developed in order to be cheap and easy to processing and also having high pyroelectric coefficient to convert heat to electrical signal. PANI/DBSA was blended with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with different weight ratios to improve pyroelectric coefficient and electrical conductivity of PVDF. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity is measured in the range of 20-100 °C It was found that the pyroelectric coefficient increased from 1.5×10-8 C/m2 °C for pristine PVDF to 2.61×10-5 C/m2 °C at 25 wt.% PANI at 30 °C. The infrared detector circuit connected to the gate of a voltage follower JFET with high input impedance was designed to convert the high output impedance of the sensor into the output resistance. The output from the sensor and JFET is amplified in two stages of operational amplifier with high voltage gain with low noise.

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34

Long, Guang Li. "Design of a Anti-Theft Alarm Monitoring Circuit Based on Mobile Phone." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 1261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.1261.

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For to steals, robs, and so on accidents to carry on the effective monitor and the warning, a burglar alarm monitoring circuit is designed by using mobile phone, which utilizes a pyroelectric infrared sensor to detect the human body moving signal, when someone moves in a monitoring region, pyroelectric infrared sensor can detect the human body moving signal, and converts it to the voltage signal, the signal is amplified, comparison, time delay, control the relay connect or disconnect the mobile phone to the owners alarm. The components are welded on the circuit board, and connected to internal lead wire of mobile phone key, electrifying testing, it can realized anti-theft alarm and monitoring function.

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35

Mbisike, Stephen C., Lutz Eckart, John W. Phair, Peter Lomax, and Rebecca Cheung. "Amplification of pyroelectric device with WSe₂ field effect transistor and ferroelectric gating." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 14 (April 14, 2022): 144101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086216.

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A WSe2 field effect transistor integrated with a lead zirconium titanate (PZT) pyroelectric device has been designed, fabricated, and tested and is described as the integrated pyroelectric device. The integrated device has been compared to a standalone pyroelectric device, which consists of PZT sandwiched between platinum electrodes. A pyroelectric coefficient of 1.755 × 10−4 C/m2K has been realized for our thin-film PZT (650 nm). The integrated device amplifies the output of the standalone device by over ten orders of magnitude as the current density calculated for the devices is 16 nA/mm2 and 1 nA/mm2, respectively. The interplay between the pyro- and ferro-induced polarization of the integrated device has been studied. From our observations, the ferroelectric gating controls directly the drain-source current output of the integrated device, showing anti-clockwise hysteresis behavior. The device shows promise for application in infrared sensing.

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36

He, Shuang, Shaobo Guo, Fei Cao, Chunhua Yao, and Genshui Wang. "A sodium bismuth titanate-based material with both high depolarization temperature and large pyroelectric response." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 9 (August 29, 2022): 092902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0100540.

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Practical pyroelectric materials require excellent pyroelectric performance, high depolarization temperature, and good temperature stability. In this work, the microstructure, ferroelectric, dielectric, and pyroelectric properties were studied systematically in (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–0.1%MnCO3 (BNT–Mn) lead-free ceramics. It is observed that the pyroelectric coefficient p reaches 2.90 × 10−4 C m−2 K−1 at room temperature in the samples. Due to the low dielectric constant (291) and dielectric loss (0.010), the figures of merit (FoMs) Fi, Fv, and FD are as high as 1.03 × 10−10 m/V, 4.05 × 10−2 m2/C, and 1.86 × 10−5 Pa−1/2, measured at 1 kHz. With the increase in temperature, the p and FoMs change slightly, showing good temperature stability. More importantly, a relatively high depolarization temperature of 205 °C is achieved, which should help deliver reliable operation in practice. In general, all performances reveal that BNT–Mn ceramics are expected to pave the way for uncooled infrared detector applications.

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37

Ichinose, Noboru, Yousuke Hirao, Masayuki Nakamoto, and Youhachi Yamashita. "Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor Using Modified PbTiO3and Its Applications." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 24, S3 (January 1, 1985): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.24s3.178.

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38

Shibata, Kenichi, Kousuke Takeuchi, Toshiharu Tanaka, Toshiaki Yokoo, Shoichi Nakano, and Yukinori Kuwano. "Modulation Type Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor Using LiTaO3Single Crystal." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 24, S3 (January 1, 1985): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.24s3.181.

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39

Song, Hyun Seon, and Yeu Yong Lee. "Improving Sensitivity of the Pyroelectric Infrared Flame Detector." Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers 29, no. 4 (April 30, 2015): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5207/jieie.2015.29.4.077.

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40

Ichinose, Noboru, Yousuke Hirao, Masayuki Nakamoto, and Youhachi Yamashita. "Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor Using Modified Lead Titanate Ceramics." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 24, S2 (January 1, 1985): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.24s2.463.

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41

Robertson, James B. "Effects of space exposure on pyroelectric infrared detectors." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 31, no. 4 (July 1994): 701–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.26498.

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42

Jeong, Yeon-Woo, Huynh Ngoc Bao Vo, Seongwon Cho, and Sun-Tae Cuhng. "Intruder Detection System Based on Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor." Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 26, no. 5 (October 25, 2016): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5391/jkiis.2016.26.5.361.

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43

BATRA, A. K., M. SIMMONS, PADMAJA GUGGILLA, M. D. AGGARWAL, and R. B. LAL. "Studies on DTGS:PVDF Composites for Pyroelectric Infrared Detectors." Integrated Ferroelectrics 63, no. 1 (January 2004): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584580490459350.

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44

Muralt, Paul. "Micromachined infrared detectors based on pyroelectric thin films." Reports on Progress in Physics 64, no. 10 (September 28, 2001): 1339–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/64/10/203.

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45

Coutures, J. L., J. Leconte, and G. Boucharlat. "Uncooled pyroelectric infrared 128 x 128 imaging sensor." Le Journal de Physique IV 08, PR9 (December 1998): Pr9–131—Pr9–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1998923.

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46

Wang, Ze Bing, Wei Yang, and Li Qin. "Target localisation based on dynamic pyroelectric infrared sensor." International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing 7, no. 3 (2014): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijwmc.2014.062038.

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47

Takeuchi, Kousuke, Kenichi Shibata, Toshiharu Tanaka, Kazuhiko Kuroki, Shoichi Nakano, and Yukinori Kuwano. "Modulation-type pyroelectric infrared detector and its application." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 40, no. 2 (February 1994): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-4247(94)85013-5.

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48

Gong, Weiguo, Ke Wen, Lifang He, Lihua Cheng, and Yong Li. "Human and Nonhuman Recognition Using Pyroelectric Infrared Detector." International Journal of Thermophysics 33, no. 10-11 (July 28, 2012): 2237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-012-1258-1.

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49

Pullano, Salvatore A., Marta Greco, Domenica M. Corigliano, Daniela P. Foti, A. Brunetti, and Antonino S. Fiorillo. "Cell-line characterization by infrared-induced pyroelectric effect." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 140 (September 2019): 111338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2019.111338.

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50

Hashimoto, Kazuhiko, Tomohiro Tsuruta, Koji Nishimura, Katsuya Morinaka, Mariko Kawaguri, and Nobuyuki Yoshiike. "Characteristics of Pyroelectric Infrared Array Detector Made ofPbTiO3Ceramics." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 36, Part 1, No. 6A (June 15, 1997): 3553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.36.3553.

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