Дисертації з теми "PVC Oscillations"

Information is transmitted from the cell surface to various specific targets in the cell via several cellular signaling pathways. Cytosolic free calcium (Ca2+)is one of the most versatile and ubiquitous intracellular messengers since it is able to regulate diverse number of functions such as proliferation, secretion, fertilization, metabolism, learning and memory. In the last couple of years, evidence has been accumulating that Ca2+ ion is able to integrate information from multiple signaling pathways and convert this information into a code which regulates events ranging from contraction to modification of gene expression (Berridge et al. 1998). It was shown that Ca2+ concentration displays oscillatory behavior in response to agonist stimulation in a variety of cells(Goldbeter 1996) and the frequency of these oscillations increases with the concentration of agonist, a behavior called frequency encoding which has led to the concept that many Ca2+-regulated processes are controlled by these codes(Berridge 1998). Although the presence of Ca2+ oscillations and the sources of Ca2+ pools involved is known in many cell types, it is yet not known how the various frequencies of Ca2+ oscillations are converted into codes that regulate the numerous cellular events. Recently a number of cellular targets that decode Ca2+ signals and are tuned to the frequency of Ca2+ oscillations have been identified. Prominent among them are calcium-calmodulin kinase II (CAM II) and protein kinase C (PKC). The objective of this work is to study and mathematically model the oxytocin and vasopressin-induced Ca2+ oscillations in cells of normal rat liver (Clone 9) and cells of pregnant human myometrium. The proposed model accounts for the receptor-controlled Ca2+ oscillations involving positive feedback leading to activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and negative feedback from PKC onto G-proteins which simulates many of the features of observed intracellular Ca2+. The model also incorporates the concept that coordinated Ca2+ signals in a group of hepatocytes require both effective gap junctions and the presence of agonist at each cell surface. Another objective of this research is to understand the relevance of frequency-encoded signals by performing an analysis of frequencies of Ca2+ oscillations using the Fast Fourier Transform and the Wavelet Transform. The validity of the model was confirmed by using statistical tests to check if the frequencies and amplitudes of the experimental Ca2+ oscillations match with those of the modelled oscillations.

Detta examensarbete är utfört hos Swisslog under våren 2013. De hade problem med den manuella styrningen av deras pallstaplingskran för höglager, som upplevdes ryckig och svår att kontrollera vid låga hastigheter. Huvudsyftet var att undersöka varför detta fenomen uppstod och hur det kunde lösas med både hård- och mjukvarumässiga metoder. Utöver detta undersöktes hur produktionskostnaden, för delarna av kranen som rör den manuella styrningen, kunde reduceras. Det upplevda fenomenet är känt som biodynamic feedthrough. Det innebär att konstruktionens acceleration matas genom operatörens kropp och skapar en återkoppling till styrdonet, i detta fall en joystick. Operatörens hand ger en oavsiktlig störsignal som gör systemet instabilt som i sin tur skapar en oscillation som ökar i amplitud och är svår eller omöjlig att stoppa. Den föreslagna lösningen är att digitalt lågpassfiltrera styrsignalen från joysticken. Det dämpar de skarpaste spikarna i signalen och förhindrar systemet att ta in de snabba handrörelser som kranens acceleration har skapat.
This bachelor thesis was written at Swisslog, who had a problem with the manual control of their high-bay pallet stacker crane. The ride was perceived rough and hard to control at lower speeds.    The main purpose was to examine the source of the phenomenon and how to solve the problem with both software and hardware. It was also requested to investigate ways to lower production costs of the parts of the crane related to the manual control.   The experienced phenomenon is known as biodynamic feedthrough. It refers to the acceleration of the structure affects the body of the operator causing a feedback loop to the input, in this case a joystick. The hand of the operator causes an involuntary control input and making the system unstable and causing an oscillation increasing in amplitude over time. This may be hard or impossible to stop.   The proposed solution is a low-pass filter applied at the output of the joystick. This attenuates the sharpest spikes from the joystick control signal and prevents the system from receiving the fast hand movements caused by the acceleration of the crane.

Cette these est essentiellement consacree a l'etude de limites singulieres oscillantes de systemes issus de la mecanique des fluides ou des plasmas. La premiere partie presente differentes approches des limites quasineutre et gyrocinetique des plasmas, par des techniques formelles, analytiques, pseudodifferentielles ou de mesures de defauts. La deuxieme partie est consacree a l'etude de la limite incompressible et a l'asymptotique des fluides tournants. La troisieme partie presente une justification de la methode w. K. B. Avant les chocs, sur l'equation de schrodinger non lineaire. La derniere partie consiste en l'etude du systeme dit des gaz sans pression

Materials when subjected to deformation exhibit unstable plastic flow beyond the elastic limit. In certain range of temperature and strain rates many solid state solutions, both interstitial as well as substitutional, exhibit the phenomenon of serrated yielding which also goes by the name, the Portevin - Le Chatelier (PLC) effect. The origin of this plastic instability is due to the interaction of dislocations with solute atoms. The objective of the thesis is to provide a dynamical systems approach to the study of this plastic flow instability. The thesis work discusses, within the framework of a model, the connection between microscopic dislocation mechanisms and macroscopic mechanical response of the specimen as stress drops in stress-strain curves. An extension of the model to the associated deformation bands is also considered. The emphasis is on the dynamical aspects of the instability. The methods of nonlinear dynamics like geometrical slow manifold and Poincare map formalism are applied for the first time to study the PLC effect. However, the approach and techniques transcend this particular application as the techniques are equally well applicable for many other physical systems as well, in particular, systems involving multiple time scales. The material covered should be of interest to investigators in the materials science, in particular, those, involved in the dislocation patterning and self organization of dislocations. Many theoretical models for the PLC effect exist in literature. Although the physical phenomenon is inherently dynamic, the conventional theoretical models do not involve any dynamical aspect. A dynamical model for this effect, due to Ananthakrishna, Sahoo and Valsakumar provides an explanation in terms of the dynamic interactions between different dislocation species and evolution of densities of these dislocation species. This model is known to reproduce several of the experimental results. It is within the perspective of this model and its extensions we analyze the PLC effect. The macroscopic manifestation of the PLC effect is the repeated load drops or serration in stress-strain curves (beyond the yield point). Each of the load drop is associated with the formation of a spatial dislocation band and its subsequent propagation. From the perspective of a dynamical system, the changeover from the stress-strain curve with single yield drop to repeated yield drops (the PLC effect) corresponds to a Hopf bifurcation wherein equilibrium state changes over to a periodic steady state. These repeated load drops correspond to auto oscillations of the applied stress (in the absence of any periodic driving force). In particular, as implied by the slow loading and sudden load drops, these oscillations are classified as relaxation oscillations. Relaxation oscillations are a result of disparate time scales of dynamics of the participating modes. Within the context of the model, this refers to very different time scales of evolution of densities of mobile (fast), immobile (slow) dislocations and those with a cloud of solute atoms (not too slow). The focus of attention in the thesis work is on these auto relaxation oscillations. There are several methodologies in nonlinear dynamical systems to study the oscillatory behavior of multidimensional systems with multiple time scales. An effective way is to study the reduced dynamical system in an appropriate space without sacrificing the required dynamical information. To this end, we discuss two techniques which compliment each other. 1.Slow manifold approach: This method utilizes the presence of multiple time scales dynamics. Advantage is that the information on the nature of evolution of the periodic orbit is retained. The limitation is that the transition from one stable state to another as parameter is varied cannot be dealt with. 2.Poincare maps:This approach utilizes the recurrent behavior of the period orbit. This is a convenient methodology to study the nature of stability of periodic orbits. However, in this, the information about the nature of evolution is lost. Both the above techniques provide good description in the presence of high dissipation or larger separation of time scales of the participating modes. For slow manifold analysis, this leads to exact slow manifold structure while in the case of Poincare maps, it leads to simpler, lower dimensional attractors. Specific issues that are dealt with using these approaches and others in this thesis are the following. To start with, we first provide a comprehensive overview of the dynamical behavior as envisaged by the model system in physically relevant two parameter space. The existence of relaxation oscillations bounded by back-to-back Hopf bifurcation is a good representation of the fact that the PLC effect manifests only in a window of strain rates. Within this boundary of Hopf bifurcations relaxation oscillations destabilize to give rise to new states of order, including the chaotic states. The changes in the nature of these oscillations with control parameters is projected through the bifurcation diagrams and analyzed using techniques like Floquet multipliers, Lyapunovs exponents etc. After the identification of the relevant parameter space for the monoperiodic relaxation oscillations, we focus our attention on the time scales involved in these relaxation oscillations and its connection to the time scales apparent in serrations of the stress-strain curve of the PLC effect. This characteristic feature of the PLC effect, the stick-slip nature of stress-strain curves, is believed to result from the negative strain rate dependence of the flow stress. The latter is assumed to arise from a competition of the relevant time scales involved in the phenomenon. However, in the previous works, the identification and the role of the time scales in the dynamical phenomenon is not clear. The motivation of this part of the work is to identify the time scales involved in the stress drops of the time series and their origin. Since the dynamics involves distinct time scales, in the long time limit, the evolution is controlled only by the slow modes. Hence, the adiabatic elimination or quasi-steady state approximation of the fast modes leads to an invariant manifold, the slow manifold which is useful for the analysis of time scales. The geometry of the slow manifold which is atypical with two connected pieces is shown to be at the root of the relaxation oscillations. The analysis of the slow manifold structure helps to understand the time scales of the dynamics operating in different regions of the slow manifold. The analysis also helps us to provide a proper dynamical interpretation for the negative branch of the strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress. The slow-fast dynamical nature manifests itself through multiperiodic oscillations also, in the form of mixed mode oscillations (MMOs), which are oscillations with both large amplitude excursions as well as small amplitude loops. In MMOs, the small amplitude oscillatory loops are confined to one part of the slow manifold (around the fixed point) and the large amplitude excursions arise as jumps from one piece of the slow manifold to the other. More generally, MMOs are a characteristic feature of a family of dynamical systems which also exhibit alternate periodic-chaotic sequences in bifurcation portraits. Usually, the origin of these features is explained in terms of either the approach to a homoclinic bifurcation duo to a saddle fixed point (Shilnikov scenario) or a saddle orbit (Gavrilov-Shilnikov scenario). However, the dynamical model exhibits features from both the above scenarios. The emphasis of this study is on explaining the origin of the incomplete approach to a global bifurcation in the dynamical model. Apart from attempting to understand the complex bifurcation sequences, an additional motivation for this study is the apparent lack of systematic investigation into the incomplete approach to global bifurcation exhibited by a variety of physical systems. The method of the analysis is general and applicable to the family of MMO systems. In the model, using the structure of the bifurcation sequences, and the equilibrium fixed point, a local analysis shows that the approach to homoclinicity is asymptotic at best, and is a result of the ‘softening' of eigenvalues of the saddle equilibrium point. This softening, in turn, is a consequence of back-to-back Hopf bifurcation which reflects the constraint of the physical phenomenon, namely, the occurrence of the multiple stress drops only in an interval of the strain rates. The characteristic features, namely, MMOs, alternate periodic-chaotic sequences, and incomplete approach to homoclinicity are related to each other and arise as a consequence of the atypical slow manifold structure. The slow manifold structure analysis assumes that the evolution of the system is constrained within the neighborhood of the slow manifold which also implies that the dynamical system involves high dissipation. Hence, the dimension of the effective dynamics in the long time limit is reduced. The analysis reveals information regarding the structure of the periodic orbit for a given set of parameter values but does not provide any information regarding the nature of stability of the periodic orbits. However, any insight into the mechanism of the instability of the periodic orbits in the model may lead to a better understanding of the underlying physical phenomenon. Poincare maps and equivalent discrete dynamical systems provide a convenient means to obtain such an insight on the nature of the periodic solutions of the dynamical system. This methodology compliments the invariant slow manifold analysis, since in Poincare maps, the nature of the stability information is preserved at the expense of the structure of the periodic orbit. However, these two methodologies are not exclusive to each other, since the slow manifold structure as well as Poincare maps may be constructed using a common factor, namely, extremal values of the fast variable of the dynamical system. The methodologies adopted for the analysis assumes large dissipation arising out of the multiple time scale behavior such that the next maximal amplitude (NMA) maps can be modeled by one dimensional discrete dynamical systems. The dynamical portrait of the model shows differing nature of dynamics and consequently Poincare maps with different geometrical shapes in the {m,c) plane. Within the framework of one dimensional maps, these shapes can be schematically reconstructed using minimal information regarding the principal periodic orbit embedded in higher dimension and its nature of stability. This suggests that one dimensional maps might be sufficient to represent the higher dimensional dynamical system. For most of the parameter space, the NMA maps of the dynamical model possess characteristic features of a locally smooth maximum and asymptotically long tail. These features have been observed in many other physical systems, both experimental and model systems. Hence, this analysis is focused on a broader issue of Poincare maps in a family of dynamical systems with multiple time scale dynamics and mixed mode oscillations. Here, the dynamical model has been used as a representative dynamical system for this family. The scope of the study is to understand the dynamical features of the MMO systems within the framework of one dimensional systems. Specifically, by using some general constraints on the one dimensional map, we first analyze the basic mechanism that is responsible for the reversal of periodic sequences of RLk type which corresponds to the dominant periodic states of the MMO systems. This in turn allows us to understand the period adding sequences as well. The analysis also helps to demonstrate that the width of the periodic states contained within the chaotic regions bounded by two successive periodic states of the form RLk is smaller than that for RLk .To this end, we first construct a model map which mimics the dominant bifurcation sequences of MMO systems. This map is utilized to verify the analytical results for the parameter width of the periodic windows. This analysis also throws light on the origin of the ordered structure of the isolas of RLk periodic orbits, in MMO systems, which was shown to be the result of a back-to-back Hopf bifurcation. The results indicate the ubiquity in the qualitative dynamical features of physical systems from widely differing origin, exhibiting alternate periodic-chaotic sequences. Although the model for the PLC effect is successful in describing the features of the phenomenon, a shortcoming of the dynamical model has been the absence of the spatial aspect. A dominant process in the PLC effect is the movement of dislocations (mainly through cross glide) which is essentially nonlocal. This feature has been incorporated into the dynamical model through a 'diffusive' term for the mobile dislocations. Preliminary results indicate that various types of band propagation, as seen in experiments, are recovered. It is known that the solute atmosphere aggregation occurs primarily during the waiting time of the mobile dislocations after its arrest. As another extension, the present model has been revised to incorporate these aging effects also. An outline of the thesis is as follows. Focus of this thesis work is on the dynamical aspects of the PLC effect. The phenomenology and few techniques in nonlinear dynamics are introduced in Chapters 1 and 2. Chapter 3 provides a comprehensive tour of dynamical behavior of the model in physically relevant two-parameter space. The rest of the work is presented in three parts (six chapters). In the first part of the thesis, the structure of the relaxation oscillations in the phase space is analyzed using the topology of the slow manifold. A connection between the slow manifold structure and the negative strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress is attempted using this analysis (Chapter 4). As a natural extension, the approach is utilized for the analysis of multiperiodic relaxation oscillations also. The emphasis is on the connection between the dynamical behavior of the model and incomplete approach to a global bifurcation (Chapter 5). In the second part of the thesis, the stability properties of periodic orbits are analyzed in detail using the Poincare map formalism, complimenting the study on the structure of periodic orbits using slow manifold. The structure and gross features of the Poincare map are reproduced utilizing only minimum information regarding the principal periodic orbit in the multidimensional space (Chapter 6). Within the framework of one dimensional systems, we analyze the mechanisms responsible for the structure of bifurcation portraits of MMO systems (Chapter 7). Third and the last part, of work focuses on modeling the spatial aspect of the PLC effect and refinement of the dynamical model (Chapters). The last chapter, Chapter9, is devoted for discussion of the results and scope for future work.

Materials when subjected to deformation exhibit unstable plastic flow beyond the elastic limit. In certain range of temperature and strain rates many solid state solutions, both interstitial as well as substitutional, exhibit the phenomenon of serrated yielding which also goes by the name, the Portevin - Le Chatelier (PLC) effect. The origin of this plastic instability is due to the interaction of dislocations with solute atoms. The objective of the thesis is to provide a dynamical systems approach to the study of this plastic flow instability. The thesis work discusses, within the framework of a model, the connection between microscopic dislocation mechanisms and macroscopic mechanical response of the specimen as stress drops in stress-strain curves. An extension of the model to the associated deformation bands is also considered. The emphasis is on the dynamical aspects of the instability. The methods of nonlinear dynamics like geometrical slow manifold and Poincare map formalism are applied for the first time to study the PLC effect. However, the approach and techniques transcend this particular application as the techniques are equally well applicable for many other physical systems as well, in particular, systems involving multiple time scales. The material covered should be of interest to investigators in the materials science, in particular, those, involved in the dislocation patterning and self organization of dislocations. Many theoretical models for the PLC effect exist in literature. Although the physical phenomenon is inherently dynamic, the conventional theoretical models do not involve any dynamical aspect. A dynamical model for this effect, due to Ananthakrishna, Sahoo and Valsakumar provides an explanation in terms of the dynamic interactions between different dislocation species and evolution of densities of these dislocation species. This model is known to reproduce several of the experimental results. It is within the perspective of this model and its extensions we analyze the PLC effect. The macroscopic manifestation of the PLC effect is the repeated load drops or serration in stress-strain curves (beyond the yield point). Each of the load drop is associated with the formation of a spatial dislocation band and its subsequent propagation. From the perspective of a dynamical system, the changeover from the stress-strain curve with single yield drop to repeated yield drops (the PLC effect) corresponds to a Hopf bifurcation wherein equilibrium state changes over to a periodic steady state. These repeated load drops correspond to auto oscillations of the applied stress (in the absence of any periodic driving force). In particular, as implied by the slow loading and sudden load drops, these oscillations are classified as relaxation oscillations. Relaxation oscillations are a result of disparate time scales of dynamics of the participating modes. Within the context of the model, this refers to very different time scales of evolution of densities of mobile (fast), immobile (slow) dislocations and those with a cloud of solute atoms (not too slow). The focus of attention in the thesis work is on these auto relaxation oscillations. There are several methodologies in nonlinear dynamical systems to study the oscillatory behavior of multidimensional systems with multiple time scales. An effective way is to study the reduced dynamical system in an appropriate space without sacrificing the required dynamical information. To this end, we discuss two techniques which compliment each other. 1.Slow manifold approach: This method utilizes the presence of multiple time scales dynamics. Advantage is that the information on the nature of evolution of the periodic orbit is retained. The limitation is that the transition from one stable state to another as parameter is varied cannot be dealt with. 2.Poincare maps:This approach utilizes the recurrent behavior of the period orbit. This is a convenient methodology to study the nature of stability of periodic orbits. However, in this, the information about the nature of evolution is lost. Both the above techniques provide good description in the presence of high dissipation or larger separation of time scales of the participating modes. For slow manifold analysis, this leads to exact slow manifold structure while in the case of Poincare maps, it leads to simpler, lower dimensional attractors. Specific issues that are dealt with using these approaches and others in this thesis are the following. To start with, we first provide a comprehensive overview of the dynamical behavior as envisaged by the model system in physically relevant two parameter space. The existence of relaxation oscillations bounded by back-to-back Hopf bifurcation is a good representation of the fact that the PLC effect manifests only in a window of strain rates. Within this boundary of Hopf bifurcations relaxation oscillations destabilize to give rise to new states of order, including the chaotic states. The changes in the nature of these oscillations with control parameters is projected through the bifurcation diagrams and analyzed using techniques like Floquet multipliers, Lyapunovs exponents etc. After the identification of the relevant parameter space for the monoperiodic relaxation oscillations, we focus our attention on the time scales involved in these relaxation oscillations and its connection to the time scales apparent in serrations of the stress-strain curve of the PLC effect. This characteristic feature of the PLC effect, the stick-slip nature of stress-strain curves, is believed to result from the negative strain rate dependence of the flow stress. The latter is assumed to arise from a competition of the relevant time scales involved in the phenomenon. However, in the previous works, the identification and the role of the time scales in the dynamical phenomenon is not clear. The motivation of this part of the work is to identify the time scales involved in the stress drops of the time series and their origin. Since the dynamics involves distinct time scales, in the long time limit, the evolution is controlled only by the slow modes. Hence, the adiabatic elimination or quasi-steady state approximation of the fast modes leads to an invariant manifold, the slow manifold which is useful for the analysis of time scales. The geometry of the slow manifold which is atypical with two connected pieces is shown to be at the root of the relaxation oscillations. The analysis of the slow manifold structure helps to understand the time scales of the dynamics operating in different regions of the slow manifold. The analysis also helps us to provide a proper dynamical interpretation for the negative branch of the strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress. The slow-fast dynamical nature manifests itself through multiperiodic oscillations also, in the form of mixed mode oscillations (MMOs), which are oscillations with both large amplitude excursions as well as small amplitude loops. In MMOs, the small amplitude oscillatory loops are confined to one part of the slow manifold (around the fixed point) and the large amplitude excursions arise as jumps from one piece of the slow manifold to the other. More generally, MMOs are a characteristic feature of a family of dynamical systems which also exhibit alternate periodic-chaotic sequences in bifurcation portraits. Usually, the origin of these features is explained in terms of either the approach to a homoclinic bifurcation duo to a saddle fixed point (Shilnikov scenario) or a saddle orbit (Gavrilov-Shilnikov scenario). However, the dynamical model exhibits features from both the above scenarios. The emphasis of this study is on explaining the origin of the incomplete approach to a global bifurcation in the dynamical model. Apart from attempting to understand the complex bifurcation sequences, an additional motivation for this study is the apparent lack of systematic investigation into the incomplete approach to global bifurcation exhibited by a variety of physical systems. The method of the analysis is general and applicable to the family of MMO systems. In the model, using the structure of the bifurcation sequences, and the equilibrium fixed point, a local analysis shows that the approach to homoclinicity is asymptotic at best, and is a result of the ‘softening' of eigenvalues of the saddle equilibrium point. This softening, in turn, is a consequence of back-to-back Hopf bifurcation which reflects the constraint of the physical phenomenon, namely, the occurrence of the multiple stress drops only in an interval of the strain rates. The characteristic features, namely, MMOs, alternate periodic-chaotic sequences, and incomplete approach to homoclinicity are related to each other and arise as a consequence of the atypical slow manifold structure. The slow manifold structure analysis assumes that the evolution of the system is constrained within the neighborhood of the slow manifold which also implies that the dynamical system involves high dissipation. Hence, the dimension of the effective dynamics in the long time limit is reduced. The analysis reveals information regarding the structure of the periodic orbit for a given set of parameter values but does not provide any information regarding the nature of stability of the periodic orbits. However, any insight into the mechanism of the instability of the periodic orbits in the model may lead to a better understanding of the underlying physical phenomenon. Poincare maps and equivalent discrete dynamical systems provide a convenient means to obtain such an insight on the nature of the periodic solutions of the dynamical system. This methodology compliments the invariant slow manifold analysis, since in Poincare maps, the nature of the stability information is preserved at the expense of the structure of the periodic orbit. However, these two methodologies are not exclusive to each other, since the slow manifold structure as well as Poincare maps may be constructed using a common factor, namely, extremal values of the fast variable of the dynamical system. The methodologies adopted for the analysis assumes large dissipation arising out of the multiple time scale behavior such that the next maximal amplitude (NMA) maps can be modeled by one dimensional discrete dynamical systems. The dynamical portrait of the model shows differing nature of dynamics and consequently Poincare maps with different geometrical shapes in the {m,c) plane. Within the framework of one dimensional maps, these shapes can be schematically reconstructed using minimal information regarding the principal periodic orbit embedded in higher dimension and its nature of stability. This suggests that one dimensional maps might be sufficient to represent the higher dimensional dynamical system. For most of the parameter space, the NMA maps of the dynamical model possess characteristic features of a locally smooth maximum and asymptotically long tail. These features have been observed in many other physical systems, both experimental and model systems. Hence, this analysis is focused on a broader issue of Poincare maps in a family of dynamical systems with multiple time scale dynamics and mixed mode oscillations. Here, the dynamical model has been used as a representative dynamical system for this family. The scope of the study is to understand the dynamical features of the MMO systems within the framework of one dimensional systems. Specifically, by using some general constraints on the one dimensional map, we first analyze the basic mechanism that is responsible for the reversal of periodic sequences of RLk type which corresponds to the dominant periodic states of the MMO systems. This in turn allows us to understand the period adding sequences as well. The analysis also helps to demonstrate that the width of the periodic states contained within the chaotic regions bounded by two successive periodic states of the form RLk is smaller than that for RLk .To this end, we first construct a model map which mimics the dominant bifurcation sequences of MMO systems. This map is utilized to verify the analytical results for the parameter width of the periodic windows. This analysis also throws light on the origin of the ordered structure of the isolas of RLk periodic orbits, in MMO systems, which was shown to be the result of a back-to-back Hopf bifurcation. The results indicate the ubiquity in the qualitative dynamical features of physical systems from widely differing origin, exhibiting alternate periodic-chaotic sequences. Although the model for the PLC effect is successful in describing the features of the phenomenon, a shortcoming of the dynamical model has been the absence of the spatial aspect. A dominant process in the PLC effect is the movement of dislocations (mainly through cross glide) which is essentially nonlocal. This feature has been incorporated into the dynamical model through a 'diffusive' term for the mobile dislocations. Preliminary results indicate that various types of band propagation, as seen in experiments, are recovered. It is known that the solute atmosphere aggregation occurs primarily during the waiting time of the mobile dislocations after its arrest. As another extension, the present model has been revised to incorporate these aging effects also. An outline of the thesis is as follows. Focus of this thesis work is on the dynamical aspects of the PLC effect. The phenomenology and few techniques in nonlinear dynamics are introduced in Chapters 1 and 2. Chapter 3 provides a comprehensive tour of dynamical behavior of the model in physically relevant two-parameter space. The rest of the work is presented in three parts (six chapters). In the first part of the thesis, the structure of the relaxation oscillations in the phase space is analyzed using the topology of the slow manifold. A connection between the slow manifold structure and the negative strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress is attempted using this analysis (Chapter 4). As a natural extension, the approach is utilized for the analysis of multiperiodic relaxation oscillations also. The emphasis is on the connection between the dynamical behavior of the model and incomplete approach to a global bifurcation (Chapter 5). In the second part of the thesis, the stability properties of periodic orbits are analyzed in detail using the Poincare map formalism, complimenting the study on the structure of periodic orbits using slow manifold. The structure and gross features of the Poincare map are reproduced utilizing only minimum information regarding the principal periodic orbit in the multidimensional space (Chapter 6). Within the framework of one dimensional systems, we analyze the mechanisms responsible for the structure of bifurcation portraits of MMO systems (Chapter 7). Third and the last part, of work focuses on modeling the spatial aspect of the PLC effect and refinement of the dynamical model (Chapters). The last chapter, Chapter9, is devoted for discussion of the results and scope for future work.

Cyanobakterien sind meist photoautotroph lebende Prokaryoten, welche nahezu alle Biotope der Welt besiedeln. Sie gehören zu den wichtigsten Produzenten der weltweiten Nahrungskette. Um sich auf den täglichen Wechsel von Tag und Nacht einzustellen, besitzen Cyanobakterien eine innere Uhr, bestehend aus den Proteinen KaiA, KaiB und KaiC, deren biochemische Interaktionen zu einem 24-stündigen Rhythmus von Phosphorylierung und Dephosphorylierung führen. Die circadiane Genexpression im Modellorganismus Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 habe ich mittels drei verschiedener Zeitserienexperimente untersucht, wobei ich einen genauen Zeitplan der Genaktivierung in einer Tag-Nacht-Umgebung, aber keine selbsterhaltenden Rhythmen entdecken konnte. Allerdings beobachtete ich einen überaus starken Anstieg der ribosomalen RNA in der Dunkelheit. Aufgrund ihrer hohen Wachstumsraten und der geringen Anforderungen an die Umwelt bilden Cyanobakterien eine gute Grundlage für die nachhaltige Erzeugung von Biokraftstoffen, für einen industriellen Einsatz sind aber weitere Optimierung und ein verbessertes Verständnis des Metabolismus von Nöten. Hierfür habe ich die Orthologie von verschiedenen Cyanobakterien sowie die Konservierung von Genen und Stoffwechselwegen untersucht. Mit einer neu entwickelten Methode konnte ich gemeinsam vorkommende Gene identifizieren und zeigen, dass diese Gene häufig an einem gemeinsamen biologischen Prozess beteiligt sind, und damit bisher unbekannte Beziehungen aufdecken. Zusätzlich zu den diskutierten Modulen habe ich den SimilarityViewer entwickelt, ein grafisches Computerprogramm für die Identifizierung von gemeinsam vorkommenden Partnern für jedes beliebige Gen. Des Weiteren habe ich für alle Organismen automatische Rekonstruktionen des Stoffwechsels erstellt und konnte zeigen, dass diese die Synthese von gewünschten Stoffen gut vorhersagen, was hilfreich für zukünftige Forschung am Metabolismus von Cyanobakterien sein wird.
Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophic prokaryotes populating virtually all habitats on the surface of the earth. They are one of the prime producers for the global food chain. To cope with the daily alternation of light and darkness, cyanobacteria harbor a circadian clock consisting of the three proteins KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, whose biochemical interactions result in a phosphorylation cycle with a period of approximately 24 hours. I conducted three time-series experiments in the model organism Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, which revealed a tight diurnal schedule of gene activation. However, I could not identify any self-sustained oscillations. On the contrary, I observed strong diurnal accumulation of ribosomal RNAs during dark periods, which challenges common assumptions on the amount of ribosomal RNAs. Due to their high growth rates and low demand on their environment, cyanobacteria emerged as a viable option for sustainable production of biofuels. For an industrialized production, however, optimization of growth and comprehensive knowledge of the cyanobacterial metabolism is inevitable. To address this issue, I analyzed the orthology of multiple cyanobacteria and studied the conservation of genes and metabolic pathways. Systematic analysis of genes shared by similar subsets of organisms indicates high rates of functional relationship in such co-occurring genes. I designed a novel approach to identify modules of co-occurring genes, which exhibit a high degree of functional coherence and reveal unknown functional relationships between genes. Complementing the precomputed modules, I developed the SimilarityViewer, a graphical toolbox that facilitates further analysis of co-occurrence with respect to specific cyanobacterial genes of interest. Simulations of automatically generated metabolic reconstructions revealed the biosynthetic capacities of individual cyanobacterial strains, which will assist future research addressing metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria.

L'experience munu a pour but la mesure du moment magnetique du neutrino grace a l'etude de la diffusion antineutrino electronique-electron aupres d'un reacteur nucleaire. Cette these presente le travail de simulation par la methode monte-carlo de l'experience munu. Cette simulation a permis de mettre en evidence les parametres ayant une influence sur les grandeurs observables de l'experience (moment magnetique, angle de weinberg, parametres decrivant les oscillations de neutrinos) ainsi que de preciser la sensibilite a ces grandeurs. En particulier, il apparait que munu permet d'obtenir une limite sur le moment magnetique du neutrino a hauteur de 2 a 3 10#-#1#1 magnetons de bohr. Cette simulation a egalement permis de mettre au point les methodes statistiques les plus performantes pour l'exploitation des donnees de munu.

La propagation des oscillations acoustiques baryoniques a laissé une empreinte dans la répartition de la matière de l’univers, visible sous la forme d’un excès de probabilité pour deux objets d’être séparés par une distance égale à l’échelle acoustique. La mesure de l’échelle acoustique dans la fonction de corrélation à deux points de la matière au redshift z, parallèlement et perpendiculairement à la ligne de visée donne accès, respectivement, aux rapports DH(z)/rd et DM(z)/rd où DH est la distance de Hubble, DM la distance angulaire comobile et rd l’horizon acoustique. On peut suivre la répartition de la matière en utilisant les absorptions Lyman-alpha visibles, sous la forme de forêts, dans les spectres des quasars à haut redshift. Puisque chaque spectre donne accès une centaine d’absorptions, cela permet de mesurer l’échelle acoustique même quand la densité de quasars observés est faible. Dans cette thèse, je décris le processus d’analyse qui, en utilisant environ 200 000 spectres de quasars du relevé eBOSS-SDSS IV, aboutit aux mesures DH(2.34)/rd = 8.86+/-0.29 et DM(2.34)/rd = 37.41+/-1.86. En combinant ces résultats avec les mesures de l’échelle acoustique à d’autres redshifts, j’obtiens la plus forte contrainte actuelle, à bas redshift, sur les paramètres Omega-m et Omega-Lambda dans le cadre du modèle Lambda-CDM
The propagation of the baryonic acoustic oscillations has been unprinted in the matter distribution in the Universe as a probability excess for two objets to be separated by the acoustic scale. Measuring the acoustic scale in the matter 2 point correlation function at redshift z, along and transversally to the line-of-sight, gives access to the DH(z)/rd et DM(z)/rd ratios, with DH the Hubble distance, DM the comoving angular distance and rd the acoustic horizon. We are able to trace the matter in the Universe by using the Lyman-alpha absorptions which shape the spectra of the high redshift quasars. Since each spectrum contain hundreds of absorption, this allow us to measure the acoustic scale even if the observed quasar density is low. In this thesis, I describe the analysis of about 200,000 spectra from the eBOSS-SDSS IV survey which conducts to the measurements DH(2.34)/rd = 8.86 0.29 et DM(2.34)/rd = 37.41 1.86. By combining these results with measurements of the acoustic scale at other redshifts, I obtain the strongest current constraints at low redshift on the Omega-m and Omega-Lambda Lambda-CDM parameters

L'effet d'un champ magnetique alternant a basse frequence sur un metal liquide presentant une surface libre, est etudie a l'aide d'une cuve cylindrique contenant du mercure et placee dans un solenoide alimente par un courant monophase de frequence 1 a 22 hz. Les mouvements internes turbulents, preponderant pour les valeurs de frequence comprises entre 10 et 22 hz, sont, sur de nombreux points, similaires a ceux observes, dans les etudes anterieures, aux plus grandes valeurs de frequence. La principale particularite est la rapide decroissane de la vitesse moyenne typique et du taux de dissipation turbulente. Ce phenomene semble etre correle a la presence de vitesses oscillatoires forcees par la partie pulsatoire des forces de lorentz devient predominante et engendre des mouvements de surface dont la configuration et l'amplitude dependent de l'itensite i et de la frequence f du courant electrique inducteur applique. L'espace des parametres (i, f) peut etre divise en quatre regions correspondant a quatre regimes. Une analyse theorique de la stabilite d'une surface libre soumise a un champ electromagnetique basse frequence montre qu'il apparait un systeme d'ondes concentriques stationnaires forces de frequence 2f et que la croissance des modes azimutaux est gouvernee par un systeme couple d'equations de mathieu. Sous certaines conditions, les ondes azimutales deviennent instables et l'instabilite apparait avec une transition sous-harmonique. La comparaison entre la theorie et l'experience montre que le modele theorique permet une bonne prediction qualitative des phenomenes observes.

Nous avons etudie les proprietes de transport des bronzes quasi-bidimensionnels (po#2)#4(wo#3)#2#m (m=4 a 14). Ces composes subissent des transitions de peierls vers un etat a onde de densite de charge (odc) constituee d'une modulation de la densite electronique couplee a une distorsion periodique du reseau. Le parametre m est associe a l'epaisseur des feuillets conducteurs wo#6. Avec un nombre d'electrons de conduction constant par maille primitive, on peut etudier l'influence de la variation de la densite electronique et du caractere bidimensionnel sur les instabilites de peierls. Les mesures de magnetotransport dans les composes m=4 et m=6 ont ete interpretees a l'aide d'un modele a deux bandes indiquant que la surface de fermi (sf) dans l'etat odc est plus petite dans le compose m=6 que dans m=4. La destruction de la sf semble etre plus complete dans m=6 probablement par suite d'un caractere bidimensionnel plus accentue. Nous avons caracterise le compose m=5 par des mesures de proprietes de transport. Des oscillations quantiques de grande amplitude ont ete observees a basse temperature (t0. 3k) et sous fort champ magnetique (b27t). Leur analyse indique que la sf dans l'etat odc est quasicylindrique d'une taille superieure a celle des composes m=4 et 6. L'apparition de nouvelles frequences d'oscillation sous fort champ (b>18t) pourrait etre liee a un effet de rupture magnetique. Des etudes sur le compose m=7 ont conduit a la mise en evidence d'un etat supraconducteur a t#c=0. 3k. Le comportement galvanomagnetique de m=7 et m=8 a ete interprete dans le cadre d'un modele d'interferences quantiques, associe un desordre cristallin important dans la plupart des echantillons a grand m. Nous anvons compare les proprietes physiques a travers la serie : l'augmentation considerable des temperatures de transition de peierls et de la resistivite electrique en fonction de m a ete attribuee a un renforcement des correlations electroniques et du couplage electron-phonon.

Cette these presente l'etude experimentale de certaines proprietes de fluctuations universelles de conductance dans des systemes mesoscopiques. Nous decrivons tout d'abord le transport coherent qui est l'approche du transport electronique, permettant de rendre compte du phenomene que sont les fluctuations universelles de conductance. Nous nous attacherons ensuite a montrer les differentes methodes experimentales mettant en evidence les proprietes de ces fluctuations (universalite, dependance en temperature, en champ magnetique, effets non locaux, etc). Enfin, nous nous interesserons a l'etude de ces fluctuations dans des systemes mesoscopiques qui contiennent des impuretes dont certaines portent des moments magnetiques. Nous presenterons les mesures effectuees a la fois dans des systemes paramagnetiques et dans des systemes verres de spins. Pour interpreter les resultats obtenus, nous avons developpe un modele permettant de rendre compte de l'evolution de l'amplitude des fluctuations en fonction de la temperature, du champ magnetique et de la concentration des impuretes magnetiques. Dans le cas des verres de spins, notre modele nous a aussi permis de predire dans quelles conditions la conductance sera sensible a la dynamique lente des verres de spins (retournement de paquets de spins). Nous analyserons pour terminer les raisons probables qui n'ont pas permis l'observation dans de tels systemes des sauts de conductance attendus lors des retournements de paquets de spins

The diploma thesis deals with automatic control of transferring suspended objects. It is a strongly oscillating system for which a physical trial model has been made. An application has been made for this model, which controls this system by means of PLC, frequency inverter and operating panel, everything by Siemens.

While signatures of attention can be observed in widespread areas within and outside of cortex, the control of attention is thought to be regulated by higher cognitive brain areas, such as the prefrontal cortex. In their recent study on mice Kim et al. could show that successful allocation of attention is characterized by increased spiking of a specific type of inhibitory interneurons, the parvalbumin neurons, and higher oscillatory activity in the gamma band in the local prefrontal network. It was recently demonstrated that encoding of working memory in prefrontal areas is linked to bursts of gamma oscillations, a discontinuous network process characterized by short periods of intense power in the gamma band. The relationship between attention and working memory is unclear, and it is possible that these two cognitive processes share encoding principles. To address this gap, the electrophysiological data collected in the Carlén Lab have been analyzed with advanced spatio-temporal approaches. In particular, we have analyzed bursting gamma activity in medial prefrontal cortex during attentional processing and investigated the similarities to gamma bursting observed during working memory. Gamma-band bursts during attention were reliably detected with several methods. We have characterized several features of the bursts, including the occurrence, duration and amplitude. The neuronal firing rates during and outside of bursts have also been computed. We investigated the correlation between different criteria characterizing the gamma burst and successful vs failed allocation of attention. Control data were generated to discuss the obtained results. The aim of the study was to explore the hypothesis that the medial prefrontal cortex encodes attention trough gamma bursts, which could reveal some similarities and differences in coding of central cognitive processes. No clear difference was found in the characterization between successful and failed allocation of attention. In addition, results were very similar in control set and original data. No underlying mechanism could be identified from this analysis. Therefore, as the bursts occurring in the gamma band in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were not discriminative with respect to the different tested conditions, they do not seem to encode information related to attention.
Även fast flera olika hjärnområdens aktivitet kan korreleras med uppmärksamhet, anses kontrollen av uppmärksamhet regleras av högre kognitiva hjärnområden, såsom främre hjärnbarken. I en nyligen publicerad artikel studerade Kim et al. hjärnaktiviteten hos möss och kunde visa att en framgångsrik uppmärksamhet kännetecknas av en ökad aktivitet av en specifik typ av inhiberande nervceller, parvalbumin celler, och högre oscillerande aktivitet i gammafrekvens i främre hjärnbarkens lokala nätverk. Det har nyligen visats att kodning av arbetsminne i främre hjärnbarken är kopplat till utbrott av gamma-oscillationer, en diskontinuerlig nätverksprocess som kännetecknas av korta perioder av intensiva oscillationer av det lokala nätverket i gammafrekvens . Relationen mellan uppmärksamhet och arbetsminne är oklar, och det är möjligt att dessa två kognitiva processer delar kodningsprinciper. För att minska detta gap av kunskap har den elektrofysiologiska datan som samlats in i Carlén Lab analyserats med avancerade spatio-temporala tillvägagångssätt. I synnerhet har vi analyserat utbrott i gammaaktivitet i främre hjärnbarken under uppmärksamhet och undersökt likheterna med gamma- utbrott observerade under arbetsminne. Gamma-bandutbrott under uppmärksamhet påvisades på ett tillförlitligt sätt med flera metoder. Vi har karaktäriserat flera funktioner hos utbrotten, inklusive förekomsten, varaktigheten och amplituden. De enskilda cellernas aktivitet undersöktes även under och utanför utprotten av gamma-oscillationer. Vi undersökte sambandet mellan de olika kriterier som karakteriserar gamma-utbrott under framgångsrik mot misslyckad allokering av uppmärksamhet. Kontrolldata genererades för att diskutera de erhållna resultaten. Syftet med studien var att utforska hypotesen att den främre hjärnbarken kodar uppmärksamhet genom gamma-utbrott, vilket kan avslöja vissa likheter och skillnader i kodning av centrala kognitiva processer. Ingen klar skillnad hittades i karaktäriseringen mellan framgångsrik och misslyckad allokering av uppmärksamhet. Dessutom var resultaten mycket likartade i kontrolluppsättningen och den ursprungliga datan. Ingen underliggande mekanism kunde identifieras ur denna analys. Eftersom de utbrott som uppstod i gamma-bandet i främre hjärnbarken inte var unika med hänsyn till de olika testade förhållandena, tycks de därför inte koda information relaterad till uppmärksamhet.

Des mesures de magnetoresistance a fort champ magnetique ont ete realisees sur les trois composes de basse dimensionnalite suivants: le bronze violet quasi bidimensionnel kmo#6o#1#7, le trichalcogenure nbse#3 et le conducteur organique (tset)#2cl. Dans l'etat onde de densite de charge basse temperature, ces trois composes presentent des oscillations quantiques de shubnikov-de haas. Pour chacun d'eux, l'oscillation n=0#+ a ete observee et la masse cyclotron ainsi que l'aire des poches de porteurs au niveau de fermi ont pu etre determinees. Une analyse detaillee de la magnetoresistance de kmo#6o#1#7 nous a permis de confirmer le caractere quasi bidimensionnel de l'etat onde de densite de charge et l'existence d'un changement de regime vers 26 k. Nous avons montre que l'ensemble des resultats obtenus sur nbse#3 s'interprete a l'aide du seul modele de l'effet shubnikov-de haas et que la contribution d'une eventuelle rupture magnetique est exclue. Une etude preliminaire de (tset)#2cl confirme le caractere bidimensionnel isotrope des poches de porteurs dans l'etat onde de densite de charge et met en evidence l'importance des effets de trempe sur la structure electronique

The stringent pollution and emission norms due to the present climate change and global warming have pushed industries to meet these norms and cut down their emission levels. In the same pipeline, the aviation industries do not remain untouched. The emissions from aircraft engines burning fossil fuel, NOx, CO, unburnt hydrocarbon, etc., affect the atmosphere's upper layer temperature and air quality. These increasing number of air-transport demands and strict emission norms have forced the aviation industry to develop a next-generation aero-engine that can burn fossil fuel more efficiently and meet the emission norms. Liquid fuel is a major power source for most power-generating units, such as land-based and air-based gas turbine combustors, rocket engines, industrial burners etc. The high energy density per unit volume for liquid fuel makes it a better candidate than gaseous fuel for an air-breathing engine/combustor. The extraction of power from the liquid fuel involves various stages such as fuel injection, its atomization in smaller droplets, oxidizer and fuel droplet mixing and then ignition of this fuel-oxidizer mixture. The fuel injection process and technique are key to enhancing the gas turbine combustion performance and reducing the emission levels to meet the pollution norms in upcoming eras of aviation transport. However, optimization of the fuel injection system remains a key challenge, especially in liquid-powered gas turbine engines. Modern-day aircraft combustors utilize high shear fuel injectors that consist of multiple arrangements of swirlers along with a concentric fuel nozzle that generates coflowing swirling air to enhance atomization quality and get a homogeneous level of fuel-air reactant mixture prior to combustion. The key observations of the current work are discussed in four parts. In the first part, we have designed, developed and characterized the performance of a new class of high shear injector (HSI). The benchmark to evaluate the performance of HSI are Spray flow field, Droplet size distribution, and droplet dispersion across a wide range of air-to-liquid mass ratios (ALR; 4-14). In the first part of the study, the influence of the injector’s geometrical features over the time-averaged and dynamical spray characteristics are examined using high fidelity laser-diagnostics technique (high-speed PIV). These features are swirl numbers (SN_Prim), airflow split-ratio(γ), area ratio(Δ), flare angle(θ) and relative flow orientation of primary and secondary swirlers (co and counter-rotation). A Simplex pressure-swirl fuel nozzle is mounted at the center of the injector to deliver the liquid. The non-dimensional length scales (radial; W/Df and axial; L/Df) are used to distinguish the test cases. W/Df and L/Df are governed by nearby swirl number SN5 for both counter and co-rotation swirl configuration. Here, SN5 is the experimental swirl number calculated 5mm from the exit. The length scales, W/Df and L/Df, are more sensitive to the split-ratio of primary and secondary swirlers, flare angle, and it’s mixing length. The spray droplet size and spatial uniformity are insensitive to the test variables. Further, dominant dynamic spatial modes changes with a change in W/Df of the recirculation zone and the oscillation frequency of the most dominating modes shifts to a lower value with increasing W/Df. Simplex pressure-swirl fuel nozzle and dual orifice fuel nozzle are commonly used for fuel delivery at the center of the fuel injector/atomizer in the present-day gas turbine combustor. However, these fuel-nozzle have limitations such as hollow-cone liquid sheets collapsing at higher pressure, prone to plugging of narrow passages with contaminations over time, and high delivery pressure requirement. The second part of the work addresses these issues by replacing the same with a discrete liquid-jet fuel nozzle with a simple orifice design and low injection pressure. The performance of a high shear injector with a discrete liquid – jet mounted at the center is evaluated and compared to the performance achieved with a high shear injector using a simplex pressure-swirl fuel nozzle. The comparison shows the potential of a discrete liquid -jet fuel nozzle to replace the simplex pressure-swirl fuel nozzle with the proper design of high shear injector. The injectors have excellent atomization capability along with superior azimuthal distribution of spray. The Sauter-Mean Diameters (SMD) across all the test cases are in the range of 9-30µm,15-37µm, 15-50µm and 23-75µm at ALR 14.1, 9.44, 7.08, and 4.72 respectively. Further, the Std. Deviation of azimuthal spatial uniformity in an azimuthal plane is below 6 percent of the mean. A high shear injector consists of multiple swirler that produce swirl flow, and swirl flow is generally characterized by swirl number (SN). Above particular SN, the swirl flow creates a negative axial pressure gradient at the central axis which manifests a vortex breakdown bubble (VBB), also called the recirculation zone or central toroidal recirculation zone (CTRZ). The CTRZ help to stabilize the flame inside the gas turbine combustor. However, the onset of the vortex breakdown bubble is associated with a self-excited instability known as precessing vortex core oscillation. The PVC oscillation in a swirl flow-based combustor aids the thermoacoustic instability, resulting in severe hardware damage and poor emission characteristic of the engine. The third part of the work addresses the suppression of PVC oscillation to avoid the thermoacoustic -instability by modifying the fuel nozzle mounted at the center of the injector. A dummy cylindrical post is attached to the fuel nozzle that acts as the centerbody. The work shows the intermittent or absolute suppression of PVC oscillation with proper design of centerbody and variation of flow Reynold number. The diameters of the centerbody considered are Dc = 7;9 and 11mm. The results further demonstrate the suppression of loud whistle-like acoustic sound with the suppression of PVC oscillations in the flow. Considering the current global warming scenario and emission norms, the fourth part of the work addresses the soot formation study using Laser-induced Incandesce Imaging (LII) in a turbulent non-premixed ethylene swirl flame at a constant global equivalence ratio, ∅global=0.55 in a high shear injector. First, the impact of the split-ratio of primary and secondary swirler on soot formation is estimated at the given Reynolds number and pressure conditions for constant ∅global, which shows that a 60/40 swirl cup produces lower soot than a 40/60 swirl cup. Further, at constant pressure and ∅global=0.55, soot volume fraction reduces from ~4 ppm to ~0.8 ppm by increasing the Reynolds number from Re~5000 to Re~ 15000, and at Re ~20000, no soot is observed. At constant exit bulk velocity and constant ∅global=0.55, the soot volume fraction scales-up with pressure as p2.1 on log-log plots. Further, pressure increment increases the soot formation at a constant Re number. Overall, it is observed that pressure endorses soot formation. In addition, a large formation of soot particles is majorly observed in the annual jet’s region of the swirl flow field.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
電機工程系
96
The thesis advances an AC-DC converter which is composed of active power factor circuit and self-oscillation DC converter. The purpose of this study is to improve disadvantages of traditional rectifier, reduce the cost and raise the conversion efficiency. The algorithm was proposed to reduce the pulse width modulation controller for flyback converter, then use self-oscillating controller to fulfill the function of DC-DC converter at back stage; moreover, L6561 was used to get high power factor. The simulation software “IsSpice”is applied to simulate the self-oscillation DC converter circuit to speed up the procedure of circuit designing. As a result by the experiment, while input AC voltage for the 110 V, the output voltage about 30 V, the output power about 45 W, the converter efficiency is about 85 %. The whole system is provided with the advantages of high efficiency, high power factor, low cost, simpler circuits and easily controlling.