Статті в журналах: "PV string"

1

Rodrigues, Sandy, Gerhard Mütter, Helena Geirinhas Ramos, and F. Morgado-Dias. "Machine Learning Photovoltaic String Analyzer." Entropy 22, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22020205.

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Photovoltaic (PV) system energy production is non-linear because it is influenced by the random nature of weather conditions. The use of machine learning techniques to model the PV system energy production is recommended since there is no known way to deal well with non-linear data. In order to detect PV system faults, the machine learning models should provide accurate outputs. The aim of this work is to accurately predict the DC energy of six PV strings of a utility-scale PV system and to accurately detect PV string faults by benchmarking the results of four machine learning methodologies known to improve the accuracy of the machine learning models, such as the data mining methodology, machine learning technique benchmarking methodology, hybrid methodology, and the ensemble methodology. A new hybrid methodology is proposed in this work which combines the use of a fuzzy system and the use of a machine learning system containing five different trained machine learning models, such as the regression tree, artificial neural networks, multi-gene genetic programming, Gaussian process, and support vector machines for regression. The results showed that the hybrid methodology provided the most accurate machine learning predictions of the PV string DC energy, and consequently the PV string fault detection is successful.

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2

Burhanudin, K., N. A. Kamarzaman, A. A. A. Samat, A. I. Tajudin, S. S. Ramli, and N. Hidayat. "An Improved Photovoltaic Array Configuration for Photovoltaic System in the Presence of Maximum Power Point Tracking during Partial Shading Condition." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v6.i2.pp301-309.

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Power-Voltage (P-V) curve and Current-Voltage (I-V) curve determine the performance of the PV system. In this work, the arrangements of the PV module were reconstructed by adding the number of PV module in 3 strings configuration from 5 to 45. This method enhance the performance of the PV system as it able to show the characteristic of the P-V and I-V curve during partial shading and maximum irradiance despite higher number of PV panel. This study focuses on improving the PV array configuration and simulation speed of the PV panel. The simulation of small size PV array is possible, but the problem lies when the number of string and PV module used increases. New PV array configuration is flexible and easy to add string and increase the number of PV module. PV array configuration was modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

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3

Shin, Woo Gyun, Jong Rok Lim, Gi Hwan Kang, Young Chul Ju, Hye Mi Hwang, and Suk Whan Ko. "Current Flow Analysis of PV Arrays under Voltage Mismatch Conditions and an Inverter Failure." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (November 28, 2019): 5163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235163.

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In PV (Photovoltaic) systems, the PV array is a structure in which many PV strings are connected in parallel. The voltage mismatch between PV strings, in which PV modules are connected in a series, occurs due to a voltage decrease in some modules. In this paper, research on the electrical characteristics of PV arrays due to a voltage mismatch was conducted. Considering the voltage mismatch, experiments on partial shading, the non-uniformity of irradiance, and the failure of bypass diodes were conducted on the PV module level. It was confirmed that the open-circuit voltage greatly decreased due to the failure of bypass diodes, which is among the causes of voltage mismatch. From the simulation results at the PV array level, it can be seen that a reverse current flowed into the low-potential string, which includes PV modules, causing the failure of the bypass diodes. Measuring the reverse current at one low-potential string, it was found that, in four parallel circuits, the reverse current was 12 A. For this reason, in large PV plants, an overcurrent can flow into the fuse due to the potential difference between strings, causing an output decrease of PV plants and the burnout of fuses.

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4

Dhimish, Mahmoud, and Ghadeer Badran. "Field Study of Photovoltaic Systems with Anti-Potential-Induced-Degradation Mechanism: UVF, EL, and Performance Ratio Investigations." Photonics 10, no. 2 (February 19, 2023): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020225.

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The potential-induced degradation (PID) of photovoltaic (PV) modules is one of the most extreme types of degradation in PV modules, where PID-affected modules can result in an almost 25% power reduction. Understanding how module defects impact PID is key to reducing the issue. Therefore, this work investigates the impact of an anti-PID inverter on PV modules throughout three years of field operating conditions. We used electroluminescence (EL), ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF), and thermography imaging to explore the varieties of an anti-PID inverter connected to a PV string. It was discovered that a PV string with an anti-PID inverter could improve the output power of the modules by 5.8%. In addition, the performance ratio (PR) was equal to 91.2% and 87.8%, respectively, for PV strings with and without an anti-PID inverter.

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5

Yu, Byunggyu, and Youngseok Jung. "Performance analysis of a residential photovoltaic string under partial shading." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp85-93.

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<span lang="EN-US">As one of the most prominent renewable energy resources, Photovoltaic (PV) generation has been growing dramatically over the last years and its applications are classified into residential, commercial, and power plant class, based on its power capacity. Especially, a typical residential PV system has been configured with serially connected PV modules. For serially connected PV modules, shading is a critical factor to reduce the whole string PV output power. This paper presents study on performance analysis of a residential PV string under partial shading. This analysis contains how many maximum power points (MPPs) occur and how much power would be lost while a PV string is under partial shading with different shading positions and different shading intensities. PSIM simulation tool is used to verify the performance analysis. As a result, the number of MPPs is directly related with the number of shading intensities, regardless of the shading position. In this paper, it was verified that 8 maximum power points were generated for 8 solar intensities regardless of the location of the shadows under extreme conditions. These results can be utilized for fault diagnosis in the PV string.</span>

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6

Rivai, Ahmad, Nasrudin Abd Rahim, Mohamad Fathi Mohamad Elias, and Jafferi Jamaludin. "Analysis of Photovoltaic String Failure and Health Monitoring with Module Fault Identification." Energies 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010100.

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In this paper, photovoltaic (PV) string failure analysis and health monitoring of PV modules based on a low-cost self-powered wireless sensor network (WSN) are presented. Simple and effective fault detection and diagnosis method based on the real-time operating voltage of PV modules is proposed. The proposed method is verified using the developed health monitoring system which is installed in a grid-connected PV system. Each of the PV modules is monitored via WSN to detect any individual faulty module. The analysis of PV string failure includes several electrical fault scenarios and their impact on the PV string characteristics. The results show that a degraded or faulty module exhibits low operating voltage as compared to the normal module. The developed health monitoring system also includes a graphical user interface (GUI) program which graphically displays the real-time operating voltage of each module with colors and thus helping users to identify the faulty modules easily. The faulty modules identification approach is further validated using the PV module electroluminescence (EL) imaging system.

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7

Bae, Jaesung, Hongsub Jee, Yongseob Park, and Jaehyeong Lee. "Simulation-Based Shading Loss Analysis of a Shingled String for High-Density Photovoltaic Modules." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (November 27, 2021): 11257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311257.

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Shingled photovoltaic (PV) modules with increased output have attracted growing interest compared to conventional PV modules. However, the area per unit solar cell of shingled PV modules is smaller because these modules are manufactured by dividing and bonding solar cells, which means that shingled PV modules can easily have inferior shading characteristics. Therefore, analysis of the extent to which the shadow affects the output loss is essential, and the circuit needs to be designed accordingly. In this study, the loss resulting from the shading of the shingled string used to manufacture the shingled module was analyzed using simulation. A divided cell was modeled using a double-diode model, and a shingled string was formed by connecting the cell in series. The shading pattern was simulated according to the shading ratio of the vertical and horizontal patterns, and in the case of the shingled string, greater losses occurred in the vertical direction than the horizontal direction. In addition, it was modularized and compared with a conventional PV module and a shingled PV module. The results confirmed that the shingled PV module delivered higher shading output than the conventional PV module in less shade, and the result of the shading characteristic simulation of the shingled PV module was confirmed to be accurate within an error of 1%.

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8

Forcan, Miodrag. "Prediction of annual energy production from PV string under mismatch condition due to long-term degradation." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 31, no. 1 (2018): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1801063f.

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Reduction of long-term degradation effects represents a long-time challenge in photovoltaic (PV) manufacturing industry. Modelling of long-term degradation types and their impact on maximum power of PV systems have been analysed in this article. Brief guidelines for PV cell-based modelling of PV systems have been illustrated. Special study case, PV string consisting of 12 PV modules, has been modelled in order to determine degradation and mismatch power losses. Modified methodology for prediction of annual energy production from PV string, based on horizontal irradiation and ambient temperature experimental measurements at the location of Belgrade, has been developed. Coefficient named ?degradation factor? has been introduced to include and validate degradation power losses. Economic considerations have indicated evident money income reduction, as a consequence of lower annual energy production related to long-term degradation.

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9

Park, Hyeonwook, Sungho Chang, Sanghwan Park, and Woo Kyoung Kim. "Outdoor Performance Test of Bifacial n-Type Silicon Photovoltaic Modules." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 7, 2019): 6234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226234.

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The outdoor performance of n-type bifacial Si photovoltaic (PV) modules and string systems was evaluated for two different albedo (ground reflection) conditions, i.e., 21% and 79%. Both monofacial and bifacial silicon PV modules were prepared using n-type bifacial Si passivated emitter rear totally diffused cells with multi-wire busbar incorporated with a white and transparent back-sheet, respectively. In the first set of tests, the power production of the bifacial PV string system was compared with the monofacial PV string system installed on a grey concrete floor with an albedo of ~21% for approximately one year (June 2016–May 2017). In the second test, the gain of the bifacial PV string system installed on the white membrane floor with an albedo of ~79% was evaluated for approximately ten months (November 2016–August 2017). During the second test, the power production by an equivalent monofacial module installed on a horizontal solar tracker was also monitored. The gain was estimated by comparing the energy yield of the bifacial PV module with that of the monofacial module. For the 1.5 kW PV string systems with a 30° tilt angle to the south and 21% ground albedo, the year-wide average bifacial gain was determined to be 10.5%. An increase of the ground albedo to 79% improved the bifacial gain to 33.3%. During the same period, the horizontal single-axis tracker yielded an energy gain of 15.8%.

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10

Singh, Deepa, and Laxman Solankee. "MACHINE LEARNING BASED FAULT DIAGNOSIS SCHEME FOR GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEM." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING & APPLIED SCIENCES 9, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55083/irjeas.2021.v09i04007.

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Photovoltaic (PV) systems have recieved a lot of attention in recent decades due to their accessibility and advancements in PV technology. The protection of PV systems from faults such as String to String (SS), String to Ground (SG), Open circuit (OC), and partial shading are the key challenges to the realization of cost-effective and environmentally friendly PV systems. Such unusual circumstances reduce the maximum available PV power. Partial shading and breakdowns in a PV array must therefore be noticed quickly for enhanced system efficiency and reliability. The significant fault current in PV systems can be detected using the existing safety devices in PV systems, such as fuses and residual current detectors. The flowing fault current being of low order is not significant enough for current protection devices to detect if the solar and/or fault mismatch is modest and the fault resistance is high. As a result, under cloudy and low irradiance conditions, the traditional protection devices fail to identify problems, resulting in reliability concerns and photovoltaic fire threats. In this context, a fault diagnosis scheme for PV systems is presented in this paper, which includes feature extraction using the Discrete wavelet transform, and classification of various defects on the PV system using Decision tree.

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11

Sitthiphol, Nopphadol, Chatchai Sirisamphanwong, Nipon Ketjoy, and Kobsak Sriprapha. "The Study of Decrement in Insulation Resistance of PV String and its Effects on PV System Degradation." Key Engineering Materials 675-676 (January 2016): 734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.675-676.734.

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This paper presents the investigated variations in insulation resistances of amorphous silicon (a-Si), multi crystalline silicon (MC-Si) and hybrid solar cell (HIT). The insulation resistance of PV string of each system was measured and used to represent leakage current in photovoltaic system and the analysis was done in accordance with IEC 61215 Standard. The 10.152 kW multi-PV cell technologies grid connected system supports the energy demand of the 10 kW Building at School of Renewable Energy Technology (SERT), Naresuan University since July 2005 till date. In general the system was found effectively working under hot and humid climatic conditions of Thailand for a long duration. However the decrement in insulation resistance (MΩ) of a-Si string, MC-Si string and HIT string have affected electrical parameter of each system. The decrements in fill factor (F.F) over the 10 years period (July 13, 2005 – January 25, 2015) of a-Si, MC-Si and HIT were-27.4%, -21.9% and-6.2% respectively.

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12

Premkumar, Manoharan, Chandrasekaran Kumar, and Ravichandran Sowmya. "Mathematical Modelling of Solar Photovoltaic Cell/Panel/Array based on the Physical Parameters from the Manufacturer’s Datasheet." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 9, no. 1 (February 4, 2020): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.9.1.7-22.

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This paper discusses a modified V-I relationship for the solar photovoltaic (PV) single diode based equivalent model. The model is derived from an equivalent circuit of the PV cell. A PV cell is used to convert the solar incident light to electrical energy. The PV module is derived from the group of series connected PV cells and PV array, or PV string is formed by connecting the group of series and parallel connected PV panels. The model proposed in this paper is applicable for both series and parallel connected PV string/array systems. Initially, the V-I characteristics are derived for a single PV cell, and finally, it is extended to the PV panel and, to string/array. The solar PV cell model is derived based on five parameters model which requires the data’s from the manufacturer’s data sheet. The derived PV model is precisely forecasting the P-V characteristics, V-I characteristics, open circuit voltage, short circuit current and maximum power point (MPP) for the various temperature and solar irradiation conditions. The model in this paper forecasts the required data for both polycrystalline silicon and monocrystalline silicon panels. This PV model is suitable for the PV system of any capacity. The proposed model is simulated using Matlab/Simulink for various PV array configurations, and finally, the derived model is examined in partial shading condition under the various environmental conditions to find the optimal configuration. The PV model proposed in this paper can achieve 99.5% accuracy in producing maximum output power as similar to manufacturers datasheet.©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

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13

Mohd Hussain, Mohd Najib, Ahmad Maliki Omar, and Intan Rahayu Ibrahim. "Harvesting Maximum Power from Mismatch Module of PV System Using PO Buck-Boost Converter." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.95.

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This paper presents a simulation and laboratory test of Photovoltaic (PV) module incorporated with Positive Output (PO) Buck-Boost Converter for harnessing maximum energy from the solar PV module. The main intention is to invent a system which can harvest maximum power point (MPP) energy of the PV system in string-connection. The model-based design of the controller and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for the system were implemented using MATLAB SIMULINK software. For laboratory execution, the digital microcontroller of dsPIC30F digital signal controller (DSC) was used to control the prototype of PO buck-boost converter. The code generation via MPLAB Integrated Development Environment (IDE) from model-based design was embedded into the dsPIC30F using the SKds40A target board and PICkit 3 circuit debugger. The system was successfully simulated and verified by simulation and laboratory evaluations. A physical two PV module of PV-MF120EC3 Mitsubishi Electric is modeled in string connection to represent a mismatch module. While in laboratory process, a string-connection of 10W and 5W PV module is implemented for the mismatch module condition.

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14

Ricco Galluzzo, Fabio, Pier Enrico Zani, Marina Foti, Andrea Canino, Cosimo Gerardi, and Salvatore Lombardo. "Numerical Modeling of Bifacial PV String Performance: Perimeter Effect and Influence of Uniaxial Solar Trackers." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040869.

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The bifacial photovoltaic (PV) systems have recently met large interest. The performance of such systems heavily depends on the installation conditions and, in particular, on the albedo radiation collected by the module rear side. Therefore, it is of crucial importance to have an accurate performance model. To date, in the scientific literature, numerous models have been proposed and experimental data collected to study and optimize bifacial PV system performance. Currently, 3D and 2D models of bifacial PV devices exist. Though the former are more mathematically complex, they can lead to more accurate results, since they generally allow to fully consider the main aspects influencing a bifacial PV system performance. Recently, we have proposed and validated through experimental data a 3D model tested as a function of module height, tilt angle, and ground albedo. In this work, through such a model, we studied the role played by the perimeter zones surrounding the PV string, by considering PV strings of 30 or 60 modules. We considered the cases of fixed installation with optimal PV module tilt and of installation with uniaxial horizontal solar tracker. We evaluated the PV energy yield as a function of the size of the perimeter zones for the two cases, i.e., both with and without the solar tracker. In optimal perimeter conditions, we then studied the behavior of bifacial and mono-facial PV strings by varying the geographical location in a large latitude range.

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15

Gokmen, Nuri, Engin Karatepe, Berk Celik, and Santiago Silvestre. "Simple diagnostic approach for determining of faulted PV modules in string based PV arrays." Solar Energy 86, no. 11 (November 2012): 3364–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.09.007.

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16

Abdelkareem Yagoub, Marwa, Ahmed A. Elserougi, and Tamer H. Abdelhamid. "Closed-loop string current control for string optimizer circuits-based PV system to enhance extracted PV power during partial shading conditions." Alexandria Engineering Journal 61, no. 12 (December 2022): 11159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2022.04.038.

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17

Nielsen-Gammon, John W., and David A. Gold. "Potential Vorticity Diagnosis of the Severe Convective Regime. Part II: The Impact of Idealized PV Anomalies." Monthly Weather Review 136, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 1582–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007mwr2091.1.

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Abstract Idealized numerical experiments are conducted to understand the effect of upper-tropospheric potential vorticity (PV) anomalies on an environment conducive to severe weather. Anomalies are specified as a single isolated vortex, a string of vortices analogous to a negatively tilted trough, and a pair of string vortices analogous to a position error in a negatively tilted trough. The anomalies are placed adjacent to the tropopause along a strong upper-level jet at a time just prior to a major tornado outbreak and inverted using the nonlinear balance equations. In addition to the expected destabilization beneath and adjacent to a cyclonic PV anomaly, the spatial pattern of the inverted balanced streamfunction and height fields is distorted by the presence of the horizontal PV gradient along the upper-tropospheric jet stream. Streamfunction anomalies are elongated in the cross-jet direction, while height and temperature anomalies are elongated in the along-jet direction. The amplitude of the inverted fields, as well as the changes in CAPE associated with the inverted temperature perturbations, are linearly proportional to the amplitudes of the PV anomalies themselves, and the responses to complex PV perturbation structures are approximated by the sum of the responses to individual simple PV anomalies. This is true for the range of PV amplitudes tested, which was designed to mimic typical 6-h forecast or analysis errors and produced changes in CAPE beneath the trough of well over 100 J kg−1. Impacts on inverted fields are largest when the PV anomaly is on the anticyclonic shear side of the jet, where background PV is small, compared with the cyclonic shear side of the jet, where background PV is large.

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18

Phiouthonekham, Santisouk, Anucha Lekkruasuwan, and Surachai Chaitusaney. "The Impact Mitigation of Partial Shading on PV Array Power Generation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 781 (August 2015): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.781.267.

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The impact of partial shading on photovoltaic (PV) array is discussed in this paper. The partial shading on PV array can significantly decrease the power generation of PV array. This study examines the modeling of PV module which relates with solar irradiation, temperature, and shading pattern. There are different shading patterns on PV array, such as one-string shading, two-strings shading, and much more. The characteristics of current-voltage (I-V) and voltage-power (V-P) curves for each individual the PV array can be different dependent on the multiple MPPs, maximum power points (MPPs). These multiple MPPs are basically lower than the MPP in case of no shading. Therefore, the total generated energy in an interested time period is usually reduced. As a result, this paper proposes the appropriate arrangement of PV modules in a PV array in order to mitigate the impact of partial shading. Finally, the proposed arrangement of PV modules is tested in a testing system. All the obtained results confirms that the proposed arrangement of PV modules is effective and can be applied in practice.

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19

Kumpanalaisatit, M., A. Jankasorn, W. Setthapun, H. Sintuya, and SN Jansri. "The effect of space utilization under the ground-mounted solar farm on power generation." AJARCDE | Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment 3, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29165/ajarcde.v3i1.15.

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The ground-mounted solar farms are the most common type of Thailand solar power plant. Presently, the area under the solar panels in Thailand had not been utilized. This work was to investigate a suitable configuration for space utilization under the PV panels which could promote power production. The effect of space utilization was investigated for 3 configurations: a water pond, chili cultivation, and a grass plantation. Under the first PV string, the pond sizing 2.4 × 15 meter was created. Under the 2nd PV string, 60 chilies samples were planted. Moreover, the grass was planted under the third string. The intensity of solar radiation (W/m2), temperature, voltage and current of solar panels were also monitoring. The impact of all configurations on the power generation was evaluated and compared with a control. Results indicated that the space utilization of the first string (the pond) and of the second string (the chili cultivation) generated electricity at 1.6 kW. Both configurations could generate more power than control. The pond and the vegetable plantation were suitable configurations for promoting power production.

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20

Guerriero, Pierluigi, Luigi Piegari, Renato Rizzo, and Santolo Daliento. "Mismatch Based Diagnosis of PV Fields Relying on Monitored String Currents." International Journal of Photoenergy 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2834685.

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This paper presents a DC side oriented diagnostic method for photovoltaic fields which operates on string currents previously supplied by an appropriate monitoring system. The relevance of the work relies on the definition of an effective and reliable day-by-day target for the power that every string of the field should have produced. The procedure is carried out by comparing the instantaneous power produced by all solar strings having the same orientation and by attributing, as producible power for all of them, the maximum value. As figure of merit, the difference between the maximum allowed energy production (evaluated as the integral of the power during a defined time interval) and the energy actually produced by the strings is defined. Such a definition accounts for both weather and irradiance conditions, without needing additional sensors. The reliability of the approach was experimentally verified by analyzing the performance of two medium size solar fields that were monitored over a period of four years. Results allowed quantifying energy losses attributable to underperforming solar strings and precisely locating their position in the field.

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Sitthiphol, Nopphadol, Chatchai Sirisamphanwong, Nipon Ketjoy, and Kobsak Sriprapha. "Insulation Resistance and Leakage Current in PV Modules and Strings with Different Grounding Configurations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 839 (June 2016): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.839.114.

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Thailand is located in the tropical zone dominated by monsoons for more than six months in a year. These climatic conditions illustrate elevated relative humidity and temperature that contributes to Potential Induced Degradation (PID). Humidity has been reported to be potential cause of degradation in the systems with high voltages. Moisture helps leakage currents in passing through laminate permeation and back sheet from cell to ground frame. The PID occure in PV systems when connected in series using DC voltages of high orders. This research shows comparisons of both PV systems, with negative grounding and floating grounding with a system voltage about 800 Vdc. Investigations of insulation resistance (MΩ) in PV strings and modules after two years operation has been done. It was found that the decrement in average insulation resistance (MΩ) of PV string using negative grounding, floating grounding was 14.5 MΩ, 11.0 MΩ and average leakage current per string was 68.9 µA, 90.9 µA respectively. Moreover, the wet leakage current per module showed the decrement in average insulation resistance (MΩ.m2) was 174 MΩ.m2, 133 MΩ.m2 and average leakage current per module was 5.75 µA, 7.51 µA respectively.

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Figgis, Benjamin, Veronica Bermudez, and Juan Lopez Garcia. "Effect of cleaning Robot’s moving shadow on PV string." Solar Energy 254 (April 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2023.03.003.

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23

Ahmed, Waqas, Aamir Hanif, Karam Dad Kallu, Abbas Z. Kouzani, Muhammad Umair Ali, and Amad Zafar. "Photovoltaic Panels Classification Using Isolated and Transfer Learned Deep Neural Models Using Infrared Thermographic Images." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 5668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165668.

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Defective PV panels reduce the efficiency of the whole PV string, causing loss of investment by decreasing its efficiency and lifetime. In this study, firstly, an isolated convolution neural model (ICNM) was prepared from scratch to classify the infrared images of PV panels based on their health, i.e., healthy, hotspot, and faulty. The ICNM occupies the least memory, and it also has the simplest architecture, lowest execution time, and an accuracy of 96% compared to transfer learned pre-trained ShuffleNet, GoogleNet, and SqueezeNet models. Afterward, ICNM, based on its advantages, is reused through transfer learning to classify the defects of PV panels into five classes, i.e., bird drop, single, patchwork, horizontally aligned string, and block with 97.62% testing accuracy. This proposed approach can identify and classify the PV panels based on their health and defects faster with high accuracy and occupies the least amount of the system’s memory, resulting in savings in the PV investment.

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Muhammad, Nurmalessa, Nor Zaini Ikrom Zakaria, Sulaiman Shaari, and Ahmad Maliki Omar. "Threshold value of DC array current and DC string voltage for fault detection in grid-connected photovoltaic system." Scientific Research Journal 17, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v17i1.6314.

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The failure detection in a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system has become an important aspect of solving the issue of the reduced energy output in the PV system. One of the methods in detecting failure is by using the threshold-based method to compute the ratio of actual and predicted DC array current and DC string voltage value. This value will be applied in the failure detection algorithm by using power loss analysis and may reduce the time, cost and labour needed to measure the quality of the energy output of the PV system. This study presented the threshold value of DC array current and DC string voltage to be implemented in the algorithm of fault detection in grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system under the Malaysian climate. Data from the PV system located at Green Energy Research Center (GERC) was recorded in 12 months interval using the monocrystalline PV modules. The actual data was recorded using five minutes interval for 30 consecutive days. The prediction of the data was calculated using the mathematical method. The threshold value was determined from the ratio between actual and predicted data. The results show that the DC array current threshold value, σ is 0.9816. While, DC string voltage threshold value, λ is 0.9261. The proposed value may be beneficial for the determination of threshold value for regions with the tropical climate.

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Jayaudhaya, J., K. Ramash Kumar, V. Tamil Selvi, and N. Padmavathi. "Improved Performance Analysis of PV Array Model Using Flower Pollination Algorithm and Gray Wolf Optimization Algorithm." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (August 5, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5803771.

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The efficiency of a photovoltaic (PV) system under partial shading conditions (PSCs) is primarily determined by how the PV panels are connected to the load. Various PV system architectures have been developed to improve power processing capability and thus power conversion efficiency. In this article, a central and string architecture are considered, and the performance characteristics are obtained using optimization techniques such as gray wolf optimization (GWO) and flower pollination algorithm (FPA) in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results show that the performance characteristics of string architecture obtained using the GWO algorithm outperform central architecture with both GWO and FPA.

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Oh, WonJe, JiSu Park, Minsoo Kwon, Jaehyeong Lee, EungKwon Kim, Yongseob Park, and Chaehwan Jeong. "Analysis of Resistance According to Metal Ribbon Connection for Application to Interconnection of Shingled Photovoltaic Strings." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 6992–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18836.

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The Shingle Photovoltaic (PV) module is a new high power PV module technology manufactured by ’Dividing and ECA (Electrical Conductivity Adhesive) bonding’ method for solar cell. In the case of a general PV module, a metal ribbon is soldered on the bus bar of the solar cell and connected to others. The dividing/ECA bonding technology connects the divided cells through bonding to manufacture a string. In order to make a module, the fabricated strings must be connected with Bus ribbon. The Shingled strings produced by the dividing and bonding method are not limited to the interconnection method by the metal ribbon. Also, it is not standardized for interconnections between strings. Therefore, we analyzed the characteristics of the shingled strings according to the soldering method. The characteristics of the string vary depending on the number of metal ribbons that contact the solar cell electrodes. Experimental results show that the series resistance increases significantly with fewer contacts. As a result, the efficiency of two-point contact decreased by 0.458%, four-point contact decreased by 0.048%, and eight-point contact decreased by 0.034%. This is because as the number of contacts increases, the resistance of the busbars becomes smaller and the contact resistance becomes smaller.

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Zapata, Jaime, Samir Kouro, Gonzalo Carrasco, and Thierry Meynard. "Step-Down Partial Power DC-DC Converters for Two-Stage Photovoltaic String Inverters." Electronics 8, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8010087.

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Анотація:

Photovoltaic (PV) systems composed by two energy conversion stages are attractive from an operation point of view. This is because the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) range is extended, due to the voltage decoupling between the PV system and the dc-link. Nevertheless, the additional dc-dc conversion stage increases the volume, cost and power converter losses. Therefore, central inverters based on a single-stage converter, have been a mainstream solution to interface large-scale PV arrays composed of several strings connected in parallel made by the series connections of PV modules. The concept of partial power converters (PPC), previously reported as a voltage step-up stage, has not addressed in depth for all types of PV applications. In this work, a PPC performing voltage step-down operation is proposed and analyzed. This concept is interesting from the industry point of view, since with the new isolation standards of PV modules are reaching 1500 V, increasing both the size of the string and dc-link voltage for single-stage inverters. Since grid connection remains typically at 690 V, larger strings impose more demanding operation for single-stage central inverters (required to operate at lower modulation indexes and demand higher blocking voltage devices), making the proposed step-down PPC an attractive solution. Theoretical analysis and an experimental test-bench was built in order to validate the PPC concept, the control performance and the improvement of the conversion efficiency. The experimental results corroborate the benefits of using a PPC, in terms of increasing the system efficiency by reducing the processed power of the converter, while not affecting the system performance.

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Verdugo, Cristian, Samir Kouro, Christian A. Rojas, Marcelo A. Perez, Thierry Meynard, and Mariusz Malinowski. "Five-Level T-type Cascade Converter for Rooftop Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems." Energies 12, no. 9 (May 8, 2019): 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091743.

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Multilevel converters are widely considered to be the most suitable configurations for renewable energy sources. Their high-power quality, efficiency and performance make them interesting for PV applications. In low-power applications such as rooftop grid-connected PV systems, power converters with high efficiency and reliability are required. For this reason, multilevel converters based on parallel and cascaded configurations have been proposed and commercialized in the industry. Motivated by the features of multilevel converters based on cascaded configurations, this work presents the modulation and control of a rooftop single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic multilevel system. The configuration has a symmetrical cascade connection of two three-level T-type neutral point clamped power legs, which creates a five-level converter with two independent string connections. The proposed topology merges the benefits of multi-string PV and symmetrical cascade multilevel inverters. The switching operation principle, modulation technique and control scheme under an unbalanced power operation among the cell are addressed. Simulation and experimental validation results in a reduced-scale power single-phase converter prototype under variable conditions at different set points for both PV strings are presented. Finally, a comparative numerical analysis between other T-type configurations to highlight the advantages of the studied configuration is included.

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Park, Ji-Su, Won-Je Oh, Jang-Hun Joo, Jun-Sin Yi, Byung-You Hong, and Jae-Hyeong Lee. "Design of High-Power and High-Density Photovoltaic Modules Based on a Shingled Cell String." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 6996–7001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18837.

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Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) arrays, which are installed on the roofs of buildings as part of urban solar power generation, have created a demand for high-power and high-density photovoltaic (PV) modules to produce high-output power in a limited area. In this paper, a high-power PV module using a shingles technology is designed. When the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the module were 201.78 cm × 96.75 cm in the same area as that of the conventional PV module, the number of cell strips reached 390. When six 65-interconnection shingled strings were connected in series, the output power of 367.8 W was achieved. Compared with a conventional PV module of the same area, the output power was 8% greater.

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Alexandru, Cătălin. "Dynamic Simulation in Mechatronic Concept of a Photovoltaic String Equipped with Solar Tracker." Applied Mechanics and Materials 555 (June 2014): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.555.425.

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The work puts forward the dynamic analysis and optimization of a photovoltaic (PV) system equipped with solar tracker. This is a PV string with three modules (panels) arranged in-line, which is oriented (rotated) to follow the Sun from East to West (i.e. the daily motion), the elevation being fixed in an optimal position (corresponding to the implementation area - Braşov). The MBS (Multi-Body Systems) environment ADAMS is used to develop the mechanical device of the tracking system, while the control system is designed by using the DFC (Design for Control) software package MATLAB/Simulink. The controller tuning is performed in a parametric design study, which is based on DOE (Design of Experiments) Screening technique. Virtual and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the PV tracking system.

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Omar, Moien A., and Marwan M. Mahmoud. "Improvement Approach for Matching PV-array and Inverter of Grid Connected PV Systems Verified by a Case Study." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 687–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.36082.

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Correct matching between PV array and inverter improves the inverter efficiency, increases the annual produced energy, decreases the clipping losses of the inverter, and prevent to a large extent the inverter frequent shut downs during clear sunny days of high solar radiation and low ambient temperature. Therefore, this paper presents a new methodology for selecting the appropriate peak power of the PV array with respect to the inverter output AC rated power taking into account the local daily distribution of solar radiation and ambient temperature. In addition, the proposed methodology specifies the appropriate number of PV modules in each string and the number of parallel strings connected to the input of the inverteraccording to its specifications and to PV cell temperature. Mathematically modeling of system parameters and components are presented and used in the simulation to investigate the different scenarios. The paper presents also a case study using simulation to find the optimal matching parameters of a PV array connected to an inverter with the specifications: 6 kW rated output power, an input mpp voltage range of 333-500 V, 6.2 kW maximum input DC power, and an output AC voltage of 230 Vrms. Considering the local climate conditions in West Bank, the simulation resulted a peak power of 7 kW for the PV array, which is greater than the inverter output power by the factor 1.16. In addition, the obtained PV array consists of two parallel strings each includes 12 PV modules connected in series while each PV module is rated at 290 W. The output voltage of the PV arrayvaries between 359 V to 564 Vat minimum and maximum temperature of 10 ˚C to 70 ˚C respectively. This PV array-inverter combination resulted by simulation an annual yield of 1600 kWh/kWp and an energy of 11197 kWh which corresponds to an energy gain of 1591 kWh/year more than using a PV array with a peak power of 6 kW as the inverter rated power.

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Kim, Byung-Sun, and Soon-Sik Choi. "Elaboration of Power System for Solar Power High Efficiency." Korean Society of Technical Education and Training 25, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29279/kostet.2020.25.3.33.

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Анотація:

A photovoltaic inverter achieves maximum power tracking control considering the voltage and current of each string to produce maximum power. However, if the voltage and current characteristics of individual strings, including degraded modules, deteriorate, the total power production during maximum power point tracking(MPPT) control will reduce significantly. Therefore, we want to use the Internet of things(IoT) -based sensors to produce a string containing aging modules and insert a device that compensates for power (IoT-type power compensator with aging PV strings) so that the overall power production can be maximized at all times when controlling MPPT.

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Morales-Aragones, José Ignacio, Matthew St Michael Williams, Halleluyah Kupolati, Víctor Alonso-Gómez, Sara Gallardo-Saavedra, Alberto Redondo-Plaza, Miguel Ángel Muñoz-García, Francisco José Sánchez-Pacheco, and Luis Hernández-Callejo. "A Power-Line Communication System Governed by Loop Resonance for Photovoltaic Plant Monitoring." Sensors 22, no. 23 (November 26, 2022): 9207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239207.

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Within this paper, a PLC system that takes advantage of the loop resonance of an entire DC-PV string configured as a circular signal path is developed and implemented. Low cost and extremely simple transceivers intended to be installed within each PV module of a string have been designed and successfully tested. In addition, an anti-saturation coil has been conceived to avoid saturation of the core when the entire DC current of the string flows through it. Bi-directional half-duplex communication was successfully executed with up to a 1 MHz carrier frequency (150 kbps bitrate), using a simple ASK modulation scheme. The transmission and reception performance are presented, along with the overall system cost in comparison to the previous literature.

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34

Murtaza, Ali Faisal, and Hadeed Ahmed Sher. "A Reconfiguration Circuit to Boost the Output Power of a Partially Shaded PV String." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020622.

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Анотація:

An optical isolator circuit is developed to detect and dynamically relocate the photovoltaic (PV) module under partial shading. The suggested system control structure operates in two modes. Mode 1 governs the system at global maxima (GM) by tracing the power-voltage (PV) curve. Mode 2 detects and separates all the bypassed modules from a PV string/array by means of a decentralized control and stores its power in the battery. Simulations are performed on different shading patterns to verify the efficacy of the suggested system. The results showcase that the averaged harnessed power using the proposed circuit is 25.26% more than the total cross-tied (TCT) and series-parallel (SP) array configurations. The proposed circuit does not require complex gate driver circuits and large switch counts. The circuit is scalable and can be implemented on an “N × N” array.

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Wang, Dong, and Chen Guang Wei. "An Introduction to Dynamic Load Test on Photovoltaic Modules." Key Engineering Materials 726 (January 2017): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.726.13.

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The front cover of solar photovoltaic modules is mostly made of 3.2mm, 2mm or thinner glass. When under wind or other dynamic loading stress, the performance of the PV modules might be affected. This article analyzed data of dynamic load test on several different types of PV modules, and got the conclusion that the dynamic load stress could harm the string ribbon or interior circuits of the PV modules, and would therefore lead to capacity reduction and less insulation.

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36

Rajagukguk, Antonius, Dedet Candra Riawan, and Mochamad Ashari. "Performance Characteristics of Miniature Photovoltaic Farm Under Dynamic Partial Shading." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i1.pp400-408.

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<p>This paper presents investigation of performance characteristic on a miniature photovoltaic farm under dynamic partially shaded condition. Effects of applying bypass diodes in each photovoltaics modul and the transient current of the diode is also investigated. The miniature of PV Farm consisting 4 photovoltaic panels, connected in series to form one string. The whole system comprises 5 photovoltaic strings, which are connected in parallel producing 30 volt and 60 watt peak power fromminiature PV farm. Shading of 10%, 20 % up to 50 % with dynamically changed is applied. Result from both laboratory tests and simulations is investigated and show very similar.</p>

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37

Yu, Byunggyu, and Seok-Cheol Ko. "Power dissipation analysis of PV module under partial shading." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp1029-1035.

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Анотація:

Photovoltaic (PV) generation has been growing dramatically over the last years and it ranges from small, rooftop-mounted or building integrated systems, to large utility scale power stations. Especially for rooftop-mounted PV system, PV modules are serially connected to match with PV inverter input voltage specification. For serially connected PV system, shading is a problem since the shaded PV module reduces the output whole string of PV modules. The excess power from the unshaded PV module is dissipated in the shaded PV module. In this paper, power dissipation of PV module under partial shading is analyzed with circuit analysis for series connected PV modules. The specific current and voltage operating point of the shaded PV module are analyzed under shading. PSIM simulation tool is used to verify the power dissipation analysis. When there is no bypass diode and three solar modules are connected in series, upto 39.1% of the total maximum PV power is dissipated in the shaded PV module. On the other hand, when the bypass is attached, 0.3% of the total maximum power is generated as a loss in the shaded PV module. The proposed analysis technique of shaded PV module could be used in PV system performance analysis, especially for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) performance.

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Vuković, M., M. Jakovljević, A. S. Flø, E. Olsen, and I. Burud. "Noninvasive photoluminescence imaging of silicon PV modules in daylight." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 24 (June 13, 2022): 244102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0097576.

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Outdoor photoluminescence imaging on field-deployed solar cell modules has been conducted to an increasing extent in recent years. Photoluminescence images provide more details about defects than thermal infrared images, while the imaging procedure has the potential to be faster than electroluminescence imaging because it does not require electrical connection to the modules. However, when conducted with sunlight excitation, it is based on lock-in technique, which implies switching between the modules' two operating points. This often results in the need to connect additional electrical equipment dimensioned for the task and leads to production disruption for the investigated modules. The present study demonstrates image acquisition based on the string inverter's ability to sweep the IV curve. The advantage of this approach is twofold. This is a noninvasive method, which only requires imaging apparatus and, therefore, allows for a flexible imaging procedure on the string, module, or cell level without having to take into account additional equipment. Furthermore, photoluminescence images spanning the whole IV curve can be obtained during one sweep, as opposed to obtaining images in two operating points when using lock-in technique. Such image series can be used to investigate the state of the cells and modules by looking at the photoluminescence images acquired on different current extraction levels. This has been done for a healthy string and a broken module.

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Nakai, Tomoya, Keiichi Okajima, Tomoyoshi Yokota, and Ryuuji Yamada. "Power drop detection in PV string by analyzing I–V characteristics." Journal of International Council on Electrical Engineering 7, no. 1 (December 30, 2016): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22348972.2016.1273296.

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40

Freitas, S., F. Serra, and M. C. Brito. "Pv layout optimization: String tiling using a multi-objective genetic algorithm." Solar Energy 118 (August 2015): 562–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.06.018.

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41

Hazra, Abhik, Saborni Das, and Mousumi Basu. "An efficient fault diagnosis method for PV systems following string current." Journal of Cleaner Production 154 (June 2017): 220–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.214.

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42

Mohammad Noor, Siti Zaliha, Ahmad Maliki Omar, and M. A. M. Radzi. "Single-Phase Single Stage String Inverter for Grid Connected Photovoltaic System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 785 (August 2015): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.785.177.

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This paper presents the development of single-phase single stage string inverters for grid connected photovoltaic system. The inverter is designed to generate an AC current in phase with the grid voltage and to extract the maximum power from the PV array. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is achieved by adjusting the modulation index and phase angle of the inverter’s voltage accordingly using fuzzy logic control algorithm. The prototype system is tested using 2 series of STP170s-24/Ac PV modules. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) are used as power switches while the Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) scheme is used as the switching technique to synthesize the output waveform. Simulation model was developed in MATLAB/Simulink environment to study and evaluate behavior of the proposed converter. The results of the prototype system show good agreement with the simulation model.

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Nathawibawa, A. A. Ngurah Bagus Budi, I. Nyoman Satya Kumara, and Wayan Gede Ariastina. "Analisis Produksi Energi dari Inverter pada Grid-connected PLTS 1 MWp di Desa Kayubihi Kabupaten Bangli." Majalah Ilmiah Teknologi Elektro 16, no. 1 (October 10, 2016): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mite.1601.18.

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Inverter is a very important component of a grid-connected PV plant related its function to convert photovoltaic DC to be AC power. Inverter constructed from many components to support its operation so that inverter is the most complex component in a PV plant systems. 1 MWp Grid-connected Kayubihi PV Plant uses 50 units 20 kW grid-connected inverter. This research goal is to know how inverter performance also the string array position impact to energy production. Energy production analysis at Kayubihi PV Plant by mapping the energy production percentage each inverter, then choose an inverter with the highest energy production percentage as a reference to measure the other inverters performance. The analysis considers string array location which connected to the inverter too and also based on the condition of PV location. Obtained that the highest energy production is inverter 44-E5 at 17.827 kWh and the lowest is inverter 8-D3 at 8.898 kWh. The highest average energy production is inverter 44-E5 at 72,47 kWh/day, and the lowest is inverter 11-C5 at 39,26 kWh/day. The conclusion is inverter energy production is ? 75 % based on each string array optimum energy with inverter 29-B9 has the highest ? 75 % energy production percentage. Inverter merupakan komponen yang sangat penting dalam sebuah PLTS yang terhubung dengan jaringan listrik karena fungsinya untuk mengubah daya DC modul surya menjadi daya AC. Inverter dibangun dari berbagai macam komponen untuk menunjang operasinya, sehingga inverter adalah komponen paling kompleks di dalam sistem PLTS. Grid-connected PLTS 1 MWp Kayubihi menggunakan 50 unit inverter dengan kapasitas masing-masing 20 kW. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana unjuk kerja inverter serta pengaruh posisi string array terhadap produksi energi. Analisis produksi energi di PLTS Kayubihi dilakukan dengan pemetaan persentase produksi energi dari setiap inverter, kemudian memilih inverter dengan persentase produksi energi tertinggi sebagai acuan untuk menilai unjuk kerja dari 49 inverter yang lain. Analisis juga memperhatikan letak string array yang terhubung dengan inverter serta berdasarkan kondisi lingkungan di lokasi PLTS. Diperoleh bahwa produksi energi tertinggi dihasilkan oleh inverter 44-E5 sebesar 17.827 kWh dan terendah adalah inverter 8-D3 sebesar 8.898 kWh. Inverter dengan produksi energi rata-rata tertinggi adalah inverter 44-E5 sebesar 72,47 kWh/hari dan terendah adalah inverter 11-C5 sebesar 39,26 kWh/hari. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa produksi energi seluruh inverter di PLTS Kayubihi sudah ?75% berdasarkan energi optimum string array masing-masing, dengan inverter 29-B9 memiliki persentase produksi energi ? 75 % tertinggi. DOI: 10.24843/MITE.1601.18

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Numan, Ali H., Zahraa Salman Dawood, and Hashim A. Hussein. "Experimental Investigation of Photovoltaic Partial Shading Losses under Different Operation Conditions." Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 23, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.23010035.

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The partial shading conditions have a significant effect on the performance of Photovoltaic system and the ability of delivering energy. In this study, the impact of different partial shading on the mono crystalline (88W) PV module performance was investigated in this study. Horizontal string, vertical string, and single cell shading at different percentage of shading area have been studied. It is found that the horizontal string shading is more severe on the efficiency of the PV panel. In contrast, the efficiency of PV panel with cellular and vertical cell shading was less during the tests. The experimental results showed that the power losses were 99.8%, 66% and 56.8 % for horizontal, cellular and vertical shading respectively via applied non transparent material as shading element by 100% of shading area at 500 W/m2. Moreover, transparent material used to shade whole module horizontally, different shading area and different radiation level applied to find electrical characteristics of the module under these conditions. The results show that at 800W/m2 of irradiation levels and no shading condition the power was 68.6W, by increase shading area by 20% in each step, the power reducing by 44.94, 47.58, 49.42, 50.57 and 52.4% in compared with their initial value at no shading condition.

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45

Nobile, Giovanni, Ester Vasta, Mario Cacciato, Giuseppe Scarcella, Giacomo Scelba, Agnese Giuseppa Federica Di Stefano, Giuseppe Leotta, Paola Maria Pugliatti, and Fabrizio Bizzarri. "Performance Assessment of Large Photovoltaic (PV) Plants Using an Integrated State-Space Average Modeling Approach." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2020): 4777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184777.

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Анотація:

Distributed power converters represent a technical solution to improve the performance of large or utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) plants. Unfortunately, evaluation of the yield obtained in large PV fields by using distributed converters is a difficult task because of recurring partial unavailability, inaccuracy of power analyzers, operating constraints imposed by the Power Plant Controller and so on. To overcome such issues in real operating scenarios, a new modeling strategy has been introduced and validated in terms of computational complexity and accuracy. This approach is based on the state-space averaging technique which is applied to large PV plants with multiple conversion stages by performing some elaborations in order to get a final integrated model. The new modeling strategy has been tested in MatLab Simulink environment using data coming from a 300 MW PV plant located in Brazil representing the case study of this work. In this plant, one subfield is equipped with central inverters while another is with string inverters. The proposed model, whose accuracy is in the range from 2.2 to 2.7% with respect to the measured energy, effectively supports data analysis leading to a consistent performance assessment for the distributed conversion system. Final results highlight that string inverters ensure a gain of about 2% in terms of produced energy.

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46

Kim, Hyungjin, Gibum Yu, Jaehoon Kim, and Sewan Choi. "PV String-Level Isolated DC–DC Power Optimizer with Wide Voltage Range." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 1889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071889.

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Анотація:

This paper proposes a photovoltaic (PV) string-level isolated DC–DC power optimizer with wide voltage range. A hybrid control scheme in which pulse frequency modulation (PFM) control and pulse width modulation (PWM) control are combined with a variable switching frequency is employed to regulate the wide PV voltage range. By adjusting the switching frequency in the above region during the PWM control process, the circulating current period can be eliminated and the turn-on period of the bidirectional switch of the dual-bridge LLC (DBLLC) resonant converter is reduced compared to that with a conventional PWM control scheme with a fixed switching frequency, resulting in better switching and conduction loss. Soft start-up control under a no-load condition is proposed to charge the DC-link electrolytic capacitor from 0 V. A laboratory prototype of a 6.25 kW DBLLC resonant converter with a transformer, including integrated resonant inductance, is built and tested in order to verify the performance and theoretical claims.

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47

Basile, Mariano, Gianluca Dini, Filippo Vernia, and Luigi Lamoglie. "A Secure and Efficient Group Key Management Scheme for Clusters of String Inverters." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (November 7, 2020): 7900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217900.

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A string inverter converts the low voltage direct current coming from the string of its Photovoltaic (PV) panels into alternating current to be exported to the grid. In today Smart Grid’s context, PV plants feature clusters of cooperating smart string inverters that exchange information in a multicast fashion (typically) over the Internet Protocol (IP). However, IP multicast does not provide any mechanism to limit the access to multicast data to authorized subjects only. A security infringement may cause a cluster either into exporting no energy into the grid (zero energy attack) or more energy than the limit set (energy overflow attack). Both the attacks can lead to potential severe consequences. In this regard, we are the first addressing those issues. Particularly, we propose a Key Management Service (KMS) for group key generation and distribution. The KMS provides forward secrecy and periodic refresh. We implement a prototype on a cluster of Power-One Italy S.p.A. a member of FIMER Group smart string inverters and evaluate the performance. Experimental results indicate that the scheme scales up to clusters composed of 50 inverters with an efficiency of 90.5% in terms of latency for group key distribution and 99% in terms of memory overhead.

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48

Abidin, Luqi, Ciptian Weried Priananda, Khafit Imron Muzaki, Fauzi Imaduddin Adhim, Lucky Putri Rahayu, and Arif Musthofa. "Analisis Pengaruh Bayangan Sebagian Terhadap Karakteristik Daya Listrik pada PV Array." Journal of Applied Electrical Engineering 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/jaee.v6i2.4086.

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Fenomena Photovoltaic Array (PV Array) tertutup bayangan sebagian sangat berpotensi terjadi pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS). Fenomena tersebut dapat menyebabkan penurunan perolehan daya listrik pada PLTS. Penurunan daya listrik ini dipengaruhi oleh seberapa besar bayangan yang timbul pada area PV Array. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengujian melalui pendekatan simulasi (software) dan eksperimental (hardware) untuk mengetahui efek tertutup bayangan sebagian terhadap penurunan daya listrik keluaran PV Array. Penelitian ini melakukan pengujian secara praktis pada PV Array yang tersusun dari 25 modul PV 3-watt peak. PV Array ini memiliki konfigurasi 5 string dengan daya total 75-watt peak. Pada proses pengujian, digunakan beberapa skema tertutup bayangan sebagian dengan nilai persentase dan bentuk yang bervariasi. Pengujian dilakukan dengan mengambil data arus dan tegangan pada catu daya keluaran PV Array. Selanjutnya daya PV Array dihitung dengan mengalikan nilai arus dan tegangan. Perhitungan ini kemudian disajikan dalam bentuk kurva karakteristik P-V (Daya-Tegangan). Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, masing-masing skema tertutup bayangan sebagian memberikan dampak yang berbeda terhadap penurunan nilai daya listrik serta bentuk kurva karakteristik P-V yang dihasilkan selama proses pengujian. Pada kurva karakteristik P-V, ditemukan adanya sejumlah titik puncak daya (maksimum power point) dengan beragam variasi nilai puncak.

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Kang, Young-Ju, and Han-Ju Cha. "Design and Control of Interleaved Boost converter for Multi-string PV Inverter." Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 60, no. 3 (March 1, 2011): 538–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2011.60.3.538.

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50

Buccella, Concettina, Carlo Cecati, Hamed Latafat, and Kaveh Razi. "Multi String Grid-Connected PV System with LLC Resonant DC/DC Converter." Intelligent Industrial Systems 1, no. 1 (May 28, 2015): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40903-015-0006-9.

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