Статті в журналах: "PV ARRAY TOPOLOGIES"

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Raju Pendem, Suneel, Suresh Mikkili, Shriram S. Rangarajan, Sudhakar Avv, Randolph E. Collins, and Tomonobu Senjyu. "Optimal Hybrid PV Array Topologies to Maximize the Power Output by Reducing the Effect of Non-Uniform Operating Conditions." Electronics 10, no. 23 (December 2, 2021): 3014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10233014.

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The photovoltaic (PV) system center inverter architecture comprises various conventional array topologies such as simple-series (S-S), parallel (P), series-parallel (S-P), total-cross-tied (T-C-T), bridge-linked (B-L), and honey-comb (H-C). The conventional PV array topologies under non-uniform operating conditions (NUOCs) produce a higher amount of mismatching power loss and represent multiple maximum-power-points (M-P-Ps) in the output characteristics. The performance of T-C-T topology is found superior among the conventional topologies under NUOCs. However, T-C-T topology’s main limitations are higher redundancy, more number of electrical connections, higher cabling loss, poor performance during row-wise shading patterns, and more number of switches and sensors for the re-configuration of PV modules. This paper proposes the various optimal hybrid PV array topologies to overcome the limitations of conventional T-C-T array topology. The proposed hybrid topologies are such as series-parallel-cross-tied (S-P-C-T), bridge-link-cross-tied (B-L-C-T), honey-comb-cross-tied (H-C-C-T), series-parallel-total-cross-tied (S-P-T-C-T), bridge-link-total-cross-tied (B-L-T-C-T), honey-comb-total-cross-tied (H-C-T-C-T), and bridge-link-honey-comb (B-L-H-C). The proposed hybrid topologies performance is evaluated and compared with the conventional topologies under various NUOCs. The parameters used for the comparative study are open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, global-maximum-power-point (GMPP), local-maximum-power-point (LMPP), number of LMPPs, and fill factor (FF). Furthermore, the mismatched power loss and the conversion efficiency of conventional and hybrid array topologies are also determined. Based on the results, it is found that the hybrid array topologies maximize the power output by mitigating the effect of NUOCs and reducing the number of LMPPs.

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Premkumar, Manoharan, Umashankar Subramaniam, Thanikanti Sudhakar Babu, Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan, and Lucian Mihet-Popa. "Evaluation of Mathematical Model to Characterize the Performance of Conventional and Hybrid PV Array Topologies under Static and Dynamic Shading Patterns." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 20, 2020): 3216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123216.

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The analysis and the assessment of interconnected photovoltaic (PV) modules under different shading conditions and various shading patterns are presented in this paper. The partial shading conditions (PSCs) due to the various factors reduce the power output of PV arrays, and its characteristics have multiple peaks due to the mismatching losses between PV panels. The principal objective of this paper is to model, analyze, simulate and evaluate the performance of PV array topologies such as series-parallel (SP), honey-comb (HC), total-cross-tied (TCT), ladder (LD) and bridge-linked (BL) under different shading patterns to produce the maximum power by reducing the mismatching losses (MLs). Along with the conventional PV array topologies, this paper also discusses the hybrid PV array topologies such as bridge-linked honey-comb (BLHC), bridge-linked total-cross-tied (BLTCT) and series-parallel total-cross-tied (SPTCT). The performance analysis of the traditional PV array topologies along with the hybrid topologies is carried out during static and dynamic shading patterns by comparing the various parameters such as the global peak (GP), local peaks (LPs), corresponding voltage and current at GP and LPs, fill factor (FF) and ML. In addition, the voltage and current equations of the HC configuration under two shading conditions are derived, which represents one of the novelties of this paper. The various parameters of the SPR-200-BLK-U PV module are used for PV modeling and simulation in MATLAB/Simulink software. Thus, the obtained results provide useful information to the researchers for healthy operation and power maximization of PV systems.

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Singh, Santosh Kumar, Anurag Singh Yadav, Ashutosh Srivastava, and Amarjeet Singh. "Power Enhancement from Solar PV Array Topologies under Partial Shading Condition." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 10, no. 01 (July 25, 2018): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v10i01.5.

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In this paper, a detailed study is carried out on the solar photovoltaic (PV) array topologies under various shading patterns. The aim of this study is to investigate the mismatch effect losses in PV modules for non uniform irradiations. The shading causes not only power losses, but also non-linearity of P-V characteristics. Under partial shaded conditions, the P-V and I-V characteristics exhibit extreme non-linearity along with multiple load maxima. In this paper, the investigations of the optimal layout of PV modules in a PV array are worked out to provide maximum output power under various shaded conditions. Three type of solar PV array topologies e.g. Series-parallel (SP), Total cross tied (TCT) and Bridge link (BL) are considered for various typesof shaded patterns. The modeling of solar PV array for various types of topologies is done in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The extensive results have been taken on these topologies for partial shading patterns and analyzed, which proves the TCT topology performance is better as compared to other topologies for most of the shading patterns.

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Ye, Cheng-En, Cheng-Chi Tai, and Yu-Pei Huang. "Disperse Partial Shading Effect of Photovoltaic Array by Means of the Modified Complementary SuDoKu Puzzle Topology." Energies 16, no. 13 (June 24, 2023): 4910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16134910.

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This paper presents a novel modified Complementary SuDoKu puzzle (MC-SDKP) topology for the static reconfiguration of photovoltaic (PV) arrays. It was developed with the aim of enhancing the power output of a PV array which is exposed to partially shaded conditions (PSCs). To disperse patterns of both center shading and corner shading, the MC-SDKP technique modified and combined the Optimal SDKP and the Complementary SDKP (C-SDKP) topologies. An 8 × 8 PV array configured with the MC-SDKP topology was exposed to nine different shading patterns, and its performance was compared with that of the other four topologies. The results of the performance evaluation confirmed that, when configured according to the MC-SDKP, the PV array produced the highest average power output among all five topologies, with a 15.07% higher output on average than the total-cross tied. The PV array with the MC-SDKP topology also exhibited the lowest average power loss (1.34%). This study clearly established the effectiveness of the MC-SDKP topology at mitigating the effects of both center and corner shading. The advantages of the MC-SDKP reconfiguration technique are: an increase in extracted power, a reduction in current mismatch losses, an improvement in shade dispersion under conditions of center shading, and good scalability.

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Mansur, AA, MAU Haq, Md H. Maruf, ASM Shihavuddin, Md R. Amin, and KK Islam. "Experimental Investigation of PV Array Interconnection Topologies at Nonuniform Aging Condition for Power Maximization." GUB Journal of Science and Engineering 6, no. 1 (October 13, 2020): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/gubjse.v6i1.52049.

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In vast Photovoltaic (PV) power plant the output power production decreases significantly due to the fact of non-uniform aging of PV modules. The non-uniform aging of PV modules increases current-voltage (I-V) mismatch among the array modules and causes mismatch power loss (MPL). There are different interconnection topologies of the PV module in an array to minimize MPL and thus maximize the array output power. This paper investigates four different interconnection topologies experimentally on a 4×4 nonuniformly aged PV array. Three different patterns of PV module rearrangement are used to investigate the performance of each interconnection topology in terms of array output power and MPL. The experimental results show that the proposed interconnection topology is yields about 3.28% (average) higher output power than that of the most commonly used series-parallel array topology. GUB JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, Vol 6(1), Dec 2019 P 39-45

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Pareek, Smita, and Ratna Dahiya. "Output Power Comparison of TCT & SP Topologies for Easy-to-Predict Partial Shadow on a 4×4 PV Field." Applied Mechanics and Materials 612 (August 2014): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.612.71.

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The power generated by solar photovoltaic system depends on insolation, temperature and shading situation etc. These days’ solar PV arrays are mainly building integrated. Therefore PV array are often under partial shadow. The feature of these shadows can be either easy-to-predict (like neighbour’s chimney, nearby tree or neighbouring buildings) or difficult-to-predict (passing clouds, birds litter).Thus output power obtained by PV arrays decreases in a considerable manner. In this paper, output powers, currents and voltages for SP & TCT topologies are calculated for different patterns of easy-to-predict partial shading conditions on a 4×4 PV field.

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Mas'ud, Abdullahi Abubakar. "The Combined Effect of Current Boosting and Power Loss on Photovoltaic Arrays under Partial Shading Conditions." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 1 (February 5, 2023): 9932–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5369.

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This study proposes a novel technique for improving the performance of photovoltaic (PV) arrays under Partial Shading Conditions (PSCs). A 4×4 solar PV array with 16 panels was considered. Bridge-Linked (BL), Total Cross-Tied (TCT), Honey Comp (HC), One Cross-Link (OCL), and Two Cross-Link (TCL) were among the topologies of interest. First, the combined effect of connecting switches and partial shading on the PV array was studied. Then, the power loss/gain caused by reconfiguring the PV array structure from Series-Parallel (SP) to other schemes was investigated. Finally, a method of boosting current into the PV array is proposed to reduce PSCs-related power losses in the connecting switches. The results show that the number of connecting switches in the topology plays an important role in determining power gain or loss at different partial shading levels. TCT and HC outperformed the others in terms of power improvement when PSCs were considered without current boosting. This is true for different levels of solar irradiation exposure. The SP topology is optimal when the solar irradiation level is greater than 900W/m2 or less than 200W/m2. TCT outperformed the others when the current was boosted in the PV array, with a power improvement of 108%, for certain PSCs.

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Ishak, Mohammad Syahir Bin, Rahmatul Hidayah Salimin, Ismail Musirin, and Zulkiffli Abdul Hamid. "Development of PV array configuration under different partial shading condition." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i3.pp1263-1269.

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This paper investigates the performances of different photovoltaic (PV) array under several shading condition. Four types of photovoltaic array configuration scheme which are ‘Series’ (S), Series-Parallel’ (SP), Total-Cross-Tied’ (TCT), and ‘Bridge-Link’ (BL) array topologies were tested by applying a 6x6 PV array under 6 different shading scenarios. The modeling is developed using Matlab/Simulink. The performances and output characteristics of photovoltaic array are compared and analyzed. System engineer can use the detailed characteristics of different array configuration to approximate the outcome power and pick the best configuration of the system by concerning the current natural condition to enhance the overall efficiency.

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Singh, Neha, and Prof Govind Prasad Pandiya. "Interpretation of MPPT Techniques in Grid Connected Solar PV Array System." IJOSTHE 5, no. 6 (February 12, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ojssports.v5i6.96.

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Solar energy is one of the most used and readily available renewable energy sources among the other energy sources. The power generated by PV systems is dependent on solar irradiance and temperature parameters. In the literature, many researchers and studies are interested in estimating true maximum efficiency point for the PV systems. Due to that fact, MPPT applications and techniques become an important issue for PV systems under both uniform and non uniform conditions. Although, PV system under uniform environment has only one maxima point on P-V curve which is simple to estimate correctly by conventional MPPT techniques, it is not as simple as under non-uniform condition such as partial shading and mismatch effects. To overcome the drawbacks of the conventional MPPTs under non uniform condition, researchers has been investigated new soft computing MPPTs, PV array configurations, system architectures and topologies.

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Alves, Tiago, João Paulo N. Torres, Ricardo A. Marques Lameirinhas, and Carlos A. F. Fernandes. "Different Techniques to Mitigate Partial Shading in Photovoltaic Panels." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 27, 2021): 3863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133863.

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The effect of partial shading in photovoltaic (PV) panels is one of the biggest problems regarding power losses in PV systems. When the irradiance pattern throughout a PV panel is inequal, some cells with the possibility of higher power production will produce less and start to deteriorate. The objective of this research work is to present, test and discuss different techniques to help mitigate partial shading in PV panels, observing and commenting the advantages and disadvantages for different PV technologies under different operating conditions. The motivation is to contribute with research, simulation, and experimental work. Several state-of-the-artsolutions to the problem will be presented: different topologies in the interconnection of the panels; different PV system architectures, and also introducing new solution hypotheses, such as different cell interconnections topologies. Alongside, benefits and limitations will be discussed. To obtain actual results, the simulation work was conducted by creating MATLAB/Simulink models for each different technique tested, all centered around the 1M5P PV cell model. The several techniques tested will also take into account different patterns and sizes of partial shading, different PV panel technologies, different values of source irradiation, and different PV array sizes. The results will be discussed and validated by experimental tests.

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Mansur, Ahmed Al, Md Ruhul Amin, Molla Shahadat Hossain Lipu, Md Imamul Islam, Ratil H. Ashique, Zubaeer Bin Shams, Mohammad Asif ul Haq, Md Hasan Maruf, and ASM Shihavuddin. "The Effects of Non-Uniformly-Aged Photovoltaic Array on Mismatch Power Loss: A Practical Investigation towards Novel Hybrid Array Configurations." Sustainability 15, no. 17 (September 1, 2023): 13153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151713153.

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One of the most important causes of a reduction in power generation in PV panels is the non-uniform aging of photovoltaic (PV) modules. The increase in the current–voltage (I–V) mismatch among the array modules is the primary cause of this kind of degradation. There have been several array configurations investigated over the years to reduce mismatch power loss (MPL) caused by shadowing, but there have not been any experimental studies that have specifically examined the impact of various hybrid array topologies taking PV module aging into consideration. This research examines the influence of the non-uniform aging scenario on the performance of solar PV modules with various interconnection strategies. Experiments have been carried out on a 4 × 10, 400 W array with 12 possible configurations, including three proposed configurations (LD-TCT, SP-LD, and LD-SP), to detect the electrical characteristics of a PV system. Finally, the performances of different module configurations are analyzed where the newly proposed configurations (SP-LD and LD-SP) show 15.80% and 15.94% higher recoverable energy (RE), respectively, than the most-adopted configuration (SP). Moreover, among the twelve configurations, the SP configuration shows the highest percentage of MPL, which is about 17.96%, whereas LD-SP shows the lowest MPL at about 4.88%.

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Prince Winston, D., S. Kumaravel, B. Praveen Kumar, and S. Devakirubakaran. "Performance improvement of solar PV array topologies during various partial shading conditions." Solar Energy 196 (January 2020): 228–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.12.007.

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N., Sujitha, Partha Sarathi Subudhi, Krithiga S., Angalaeswari S., Deepa T., and Subbulekshmi D. "Grid tied PV System using modular multilevel inverter." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i4.pp2013-2020.

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A grid tied photovoltaic system using modular multilevel inverter topology is proposed in this paper. Basic unit structure of modular multilevel inverter used in this system is capable of converting DC power from PV array to AC power for feeding power to the household loads or utility grid. The proposed modular multilevel inverter structure has lesser power electronic devices compared to the existing multilevel inverter topologies. The proposed system generates a nearly sinusoidal signal and achieves better output profile with low total harmonic distortion. Simulation of the proposed system is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink software and the results are presented.

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Mishra, Neha, Anurag Singh Yadav, Rupendra Pachauri, Yogesh K. Chauhan, and Vinod K. Yadav. "Performance enhancement of PV system using proposed array topologies under various shadow patterns." Solar Energy 157 (November 2017): 641–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.08.021.

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Pelin, Denis, Matej Žnidarec, Damir Šljivac, and Andrej Brandis. "Fast Power Emulation Approach to the Operation of Photovoltaic Power Plants Made of Different Module Technologies." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 15, 2020): 5957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13225957.

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This paper gives a comprehensive approach to the emulation of photovoltaic (PV) plants made of different module technologies as well as varying peak power through the advanced fast PV power emulation technique. Even though PVs are recognized as a technology for CO2 emissions mitigation, the proposed emulation technique provides the opportunity to replicate PV plant operation without a carbon footprint because of its working principle. The process of PV power plant emulation consists of several stages which are described in detail. An algorithm for determining PV power plant configuration based on the technical characteristics of the PV emulation system equipment is developed and presented, as well as an algorithm for preparing data on the current–voltage (i–v) characteristics used as input data into programmable sources that mimic the power plant PV array. A case study of a single day operation of PV power plants made of two different topologies and technologies was carried out with the fast PV power emulation approach and the results are evaluated and presented.

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FARHAN SIDDIQUE, Saud Ahmad, Hassan Ullah Khan, Muhammad Sohrab, and Tasneem Afeefa. "Design of Three Level Neutral Point clamped inverter with Fuzzy logic based MPPT for PV applications." Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: A. Physical and Computational Sciences 59, no. 3 (September 24, 2022): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(59-3)775.

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In this paper a solar photovoltaic (PV) system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for domestic low power applications. The proposed system contains a PV array which provides electrical power, while a DC/DC converter is incorporated to regulate the power derived from PV panels. Fuzzy logic control (FLC) based MPPT has been proposed. To convert the DC voltages and currents obtained from Solar panels to AC voltages and currents, a Neutral point clamped multilevel inverter is included. Furthermore, harmonics are removed by using the LCL filter. The PV system working, design of the DC/DC Boost converter, Novel MPPT techniques, Multilevel inverter topologies and LCL filter design are explained. Results reveal that the FLC based MPPT has much lesser total harmonic distortion (THD) in the PV system. With this property, FLC possesses faster convergence than the perturb & observe (P&O) and other MPPT techniques.

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Nalli, Praveen Kumar, Kalyan Sagar Kadali, Ramu Bhukya, V. Rajeswari, and Durga Prasad Garapati. "Experimental Validation for A Nine-Switched 3-phase Multilevel Inverter (MLI) With a Photovoltaic (PV) Source of Array." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2089, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2089/1/012021.

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Abstract Now-a-days Usage of Multilevel Inverters application is very wide in the industrial applications. Keeping in view of industrial applications, a multi-level inverter with a solar PV array is designed in this paper to deliver power to the Alternating Current based load. A step-up converter is used at the input side of the three-phase multilevel inverter, which delivers the energy for the three-phase load, to regulate the output voltage of the solar Photovoltaic panel. The multilevel inverter utilizes 9 switching devices with five level sources in accordance to the usage of the level of sources in recent topologies. However, the advantage of this topology is that it uses fewer semiconductor switches than current topologies. Eventually, the paper includes the results of the modelling in the MATLAB and the experimental implementation of the proposed topology.

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Pesce, Cristián, Javier Riedemann, Rubén Peña, Michele Degano, Javier Pereda, Rodrigo Villalobos, Camilo Maury, Hector Young, and Iván Andrade. "A Modified Multi-Winding DC–DC Flyback Converter for Photovoltaic Applications." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 11999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411999.

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DC–DC power converters have generated much interest, as they can be used in a wide range of applications. In micro-inverter applications, flyback topologies are a relevant research topic due to their efficiency and simplicity. On the other hand, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are one of the fastest growing and most promising renewable energy sources in the world. A power electronic converter (either DC/DC or DC/AC) is needed to interface the PV array with the load/grid. In this paper, a modified interleaved-type step-up DC–DC flyback converter is presented for a PV application. The topology is based on a multi-winding flyback converter with N parallel connected inputs and a single output. Each input is supplied by an independent PV module, and a maximum power point tracking algorithm is implemented in each module to maximize solar energy harvesting. A single flyback transformer is used, and it manages only 1/N of the converter rated power, reducing the size of the magnetic core compared to other similar topologies. The design of the magnetic core is also presented in this work. Moreover, the proposed converter includes active snubber networks to increase the efficiency, consisting of a capacitor connected in series with a power switch, to protect the main switches from damaging dv/dt when returning part of the commutation energy back to the source. In this work, the operating principle of the topology is fully described on a mathematical basis, and an efficiency analysis is also included. The converter is simulated and experimentally validated with a 1 kW prototype considering three PV panels. The experimental results are in agreement with the simulations, verifying the feasibility of the proposal.

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Bhadoria, Vikas Singh, Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Shubham Tiwari, Shiva Pujan Jaiswal, and Hassan Haes Alhelou. "Investigation of Different BPD Placement Topologies for Shaded Modules in a Series-Parallel Configured PV Array." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 216911–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3041715.

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Karam, K., M. Badawi El Najjar, and M. El Hassan. "Three-Phase Transformerless Inverter for Photovoltaic Grid Connected System with Zero Common Mode Noise." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 19 (September 2021): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj19.239.

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The pervasion of transformerless grid connected photovoltaic (PV) inverters has triggered the concerns of many researchers since it can induce power quality problems. In these types of applications, the generation of common mode (CM) leakage current is one of the major factors that affects the reliability of the overall design. In single-phase systems, the concept of the common ground between the PV negative terminal and the neutral point of the grid is the only topology that “totally” cancels this CM noise. However, none of the existing three-phase inverter techniques is able to totally remove it. Therefore, this paper proposes a three-phase PV inverter based on the concept applied in the single-phase system in order to achieve, for the first time, a zero CM noise in three-phase grid-connected PV applications. The proposed inverter is simulated with a PV array, appropriate modulation technique, corresponding inverter controller, and a three-phase Y-connected alternating current (AC) grid voltage. The simulation of the overall system is done using Matlab/Simulink software. As compared with results of existing three-phase topologies, this is the only three-phase transformerless PV inverter technique that offers generation of multilevel output, total elimination of leakage current flow, simple inverter structure, and uncomplicated modulation technique.

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Tan, Weng-Hooi, and Junita Mohamad-Saleh. "Critical Review on Interrelationship of Electro-Devices in PV Solar Systems with Their Evolution and Future Prospects for MPPT Applications." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020850.

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A photovoltaic (PV) system is composed of a PV panel, controller and boost converter. This review article presents a critical review, contributing to a better understanding of the interrelationship of all these internal devices in the PV system, their respective layouts, fundamental working principles, and architectural effects. The PV panel is a power-generating device. A controller is an electronic device that controls the circulating circuits in a PV system to collect as much PV output as possible from the solar panel. The boost converter is an intermediate device that regulates the PV output based on the duty cycle provided by the controller. This review article also updates readers on the latest information regarding the technological evolution of these interconnected devices, along with their predicted future scope and challenges. Regarding the research on PV panels, this paper explains in depth the mathematical modeling of PV cells, the evolution of solar cell technology over generations, and their future prospects predicted based on the collected evidence. Then, connection patterns of PV modules are studied to better understand the effect of PV array configuration on photovoltaic performance. For the controller, state-of-the-art maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are reviewed under the classification to reveal near-term trends in MPPT applications. On the other hand, various converter topologies proposed from 2020 to 2022 are reviewed in terms of tested frequency, voltage gain, and peak efficiency to comprehend recent evolution trends and future challenges. All presented information is intended to facilitate and motivate researchers to deepen relevant applications in the future.

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Priyanga, S., and M. Valan Rajkumar. "Modeling and Simulation of 27- Level Hybrid H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter for PV System." International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science 7, no. 03 (March 24, 2018): 23773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijecs/v7i3.20.

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In this paper, modeling of photovoltaic array and hybrid H-bridge multilevel inverter is done using latest algorithm techniques in order to improve the performance of the PV system and decrease the complexity and total cost of the inverter. Here MPPT algorithm is used for extracting the maximum power from the solar PV module and transferring that power to the load by varying the duty cycle. Among MPPT algorithm techniques, incremental conductance method can perform maximum power point tracking under rapidly varying irradiation conditions with higher accuracy than the perturb and observe method .A hybrid H-bridge multilevel inverter is preferred over all other topologies as it requires less number of switches by which high number of voltage levels are obtained and also reduced THD. The modeling and simulation for the above systems is performed in MATLAB and the generated output voltage is analyzed

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Kumar, Astitva, Mohammad Rizwan, Uma Nangia, and Muhannad Alaraj. "Grey Wolf Optimizer-Based Array Reconfiguration to Enhance Power Production from Solar Photovoltaic Plants under Different Scenarios." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 13627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413627.

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Анотація:

The extraction of maximum power is a big challenge in solar photovoltaic-based power plants due to varying atmospheric and meteorological parameters. The concept of array reconfiguration is applied for the maximum power extraction in solar PV plants. Using this approach, the occurrence of multiple peaks in P-V and I-V characteristics during partial shade can be smoothened and reduced significantly. Partial shading due to the movement of the cloud is considered in the research. The cloud movement mainly because of velocity and wind direction is used for creating various shading conditions. The main focus is to reduce the power losses during partial shading using a nature-inspired optimization approach to reconfigure the array for different types of shading conditions. A grey wolf optimizer-based bridge-linked total cross-tied (GWO-BLTCT) configuration is proposed in this paper. The performance of the proposed topology is compared with standard and hybrid topologies, namely, series-parallel, total cross-tied, BLTCT, and SuDoKu-BLTCT, based on performance indicators such as fill factor, performance ratio, power enhancement, and power loss. The proposed GWO-BLTCT outperforms the remaining topologies due to the least power loss and high fill factor. It also has the highest average power enhancement and performance ratio with 23.75% and 70.02% respectively.

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Oliver, Jeba Singh, Prince Winston David, Praveen Kumar Balachandran, and Lucian Mihet-Popa. "Analysis of Grid-Interactive PV-Fed BLDC Pump Using Optimized MPPT in DC–DC Converters." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 13, 2022): 7205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127205.

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In solar photovoltaic (PV) system-based Brushless DC (BLDC) motors for water pumping application, the role of DC/DC converters is very important. In order to extract the maximum power from the PV array, an efficient DC/DC converter is essential at the intermediate stage. In this work, different DC/DC converter topologies suitable for BLDC motors are proposed. The converters are supported by an optimized maximum power point tracking system to provide a reliable operation. Recent optimization algorithms such as fuzzy logic, perturb and observe, grey wolf, and whale optimization are implemented with the PI controller in maximum power point tracking to maximize the conversion efficiency. The obtained results using SEPIC, LUO, and interleaved LUO converters provide a comparative study in the case of converter output, motor parameters, and grid output. The performance analysis on three different converters and multiple optimization methods are carried out. By analyzing the performance of different converter topologies, the interleaved LUO converter outperforms the other two converters with the results of a voltage gain ratio of 1:22, conversion efficiency of 98.3%, and grid current THD of 2.9%. Moreover, regarding the power quality aspect, the total harmonic distortion of the grid current is maintained below the IEEE-519 standard. In addition, the developed system has an advantage of operating both in stand-alone and grid-connected operation modes.

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Jammy, Ramesh Rahul, and Kirubakaran Annamalai. "Multistring seven-level quasi Z-source based asymmetrical inverter." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 15, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v15.i1.pp88-94.

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Анотація:

In this paper, a single-phase multistring seven-level Quasi-Z-source based Asymmetrical Inverter suitable for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system is presented. This topology is an upgrade of quasi-Z-source dc-dc (qZs) network and Asymmetrical multilevel inverter (AMLI). The AMLI generates higher number of levels with reduced switch count and number of sources when compared to symmetrical cascaded based MLI. The qZs network acts as an intermediate stage between the low-voltage PV array and AMLI, to enhance the output voltage gain of the inverter. The steady state performance the topology is verified through MATLAB simulation and experimentation. A laboratory prototype model is developed for a capacity of 200W to validate the theoretical studies. Finally, a comparative assessment of the proposed with the existing topologies is presented.

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Nyamathulla, Shaik, Dhanamjayulu Chittathuru, and S. M. Muyeen. "An Overview of Multilevel Inverters Lifetime Assessment for Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic Applications." Electronics 12, no. 8 (April 20, 2023): 1944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081944.

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Анотація:

Nowadays, due to advancements in power electronic devices as well as the rise in consumer awareness of the need to protect the environment on a global scale, many people are turning to the use of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology in the distributed power generation side. In the field of power electronics, manufacturers need to develop products that have high lifespans. Power electronic device reliability is important for the maintenance of the device and may be scheduled under that information. Rather than preventing failures, reliability can be improved by predicting them. Even though some research has been conducted over the past few years to investigate the reliability of power electronic devices, the reliability is many common circuits has not been investigated and this leads to a big challenge for researchers. In this review paper, an overview of the grid-connected multilevel inverters for PV systems with motivational factors, features, assessment parameters, topologies, modulation schemes of the multilevel inverter, and the selection process for specific applications are presented. In this paper, the findings of a comprehensive reliability analysis of fundamental multilevel inverters are studied. To evaluate the reliability of three basic multilevel inverters, a calculation is made using each component’s mean time before its failure. Two techniques of computation approximate and exact were used to arrive at the final result. To calculate power losses in temperature-sensitive components such as diodes and switches, MATLAB Simulink is employed. In addition, the concept of oversizing photovoltaic (PV) arrays is presented in this study. This concept proposes that energy output may be increased by increasing the size of the PV array under conditions of poor solar irradiation. Finally, the mission-profile-based and Monte Carlo simulation-based methods process flows are discussed for the accurate lifetime prediction and reliability assessments of PV inverters in a real-time scenario, followed by a conclusion with future work.

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Seba, Samah, Birane Mouhoub, and Khalil Benmouiza. "A Comparative Analysis of series and parallel topologies of Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (InC) MPPT Algorithms for Photovoltaic System." Algerian Journal of Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development 5, no. 1 (June 15, 2023): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46657/ajresd.2023.5.1.2.

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Анотація:

Photovoltaic (PV) is considered one of the most important sources of energy in the world, owing to its inherent advantages of being cheap, environmental friendliness, and energy-efficient. To increase the output power of the solar PV system, it is most important to enforce it to operate at the highest possible maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm lead an important role in optimization the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) generation systems. This paper compares two widely used MPPT algorithms, namely the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method and the Incremental Conductance (IC) method, known for their low cost and eases of realization. The algorithms were evaluated based on important parameters such as voltage, current, and power output for different combinations, with and without shading. The performance of the photovoltaic array was evaluated using the MATLAB Simulink toolbox. The simulation results demonstrate that the IC method can rapidly detect the maximum power point (MPP) when irradiance changes suddenly, with faster convergence and higher accuracy than the P&O algorithm. Simulations are performed to test the controller's capability oftracking the MPP when sudden variations in weather condition

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Pendem, Suneel Raju, and Suresh Mikkili. "Modelling and performance assessment of PV array topologies under partial shading conditions to mitigate the mismatching power losses." Solar Energy 160 (January 2018): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.12.010.

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Alhamrouni, Ibrahim, Mohamed Salem, Younes Zahraoui, Basilah Ismail, Awang Jusoh, and Tole Sutikno. "Multi-input interleaved DC-DC converter for hybrid renewable energy applications." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 1765–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i3.3779.

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Анотація:

The increasing demand for hybrid energy systems based on renewable energy sources has enabled the new dimension for multi-input converter (MIC). Various topologies have been introduced over the last decade. However, most of these topologies have several drawbacks in terms of design complexity or efficiency. Therefore, this research aims to introduce a multi-input DC-DC converter for hybrid renewable energy applications. The proposed multi-input converter is able to hybridize different sources such as solar PV array and PEMFC. Analysis and simulation have been carried out for the double input two-phase interleaved converter in operating the boost mode. The proposed converter is designed in matlab simulink by using interleaved boost converter method to achieve a boosted and smoothened output. The proposed topology has shown a remarkable performance in terms of output voltage boosting, voltage ripple reduction as well as enhanced efficiency through interleaved boosting technique. From the simulation results, it can be observed that the proposed converter can gain high efficiency which is higher than 97%. The obtained results have been validated with previously published works and the proposed technique has been proven to yield compatible and improved outcomes.

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Ghosh, Santosh, Vinod Kumar Yadav, and Vivekananda Mukherjee. "Evaluation of cumulative impact of partial shading and aerosols on different PV array topologies through combined Shannon's entropy and DEA." Energy 144 (February 2018): 765–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.040.

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Ruaa M. Al-dalawi, Ayad Al-Dujaili, and Daniel A. Pereira. "A Comprehensive Review of Multi-Port DC/DC Converters for The Off-Grid System Integration with Renewable Energy Resources." Journal of Techniques 5, no. 2 (June 23, 2023): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.51173/jt.v5i2.1227.

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Анотація:

Appropriate design of Multi-Port Converter (MPC) topology helps to overcome the difficulties of combining numerous renewable energy sources (RES). In this article, a comprehensive analysis of these MPCs in terms of their topologies, operating principles, various dependability, and overall efficacy is offered. There are two main types of MPCs which are non-isolated and isolated MPCs being coupled in parallel and series configurations to function as multi-input converters. These MPCs can flow the load power in one or both directions for the RES or BESS (battery energy storage system) applications. The non-isolated MPCs are most used in the latest years but they have some limitations such as small voltage gain, and failure in isolation. The isolated MPC is more effective than the non-isolated ones in terms of isolation between the input power stage and output but has some drawbacks such as the high cost, and large size of the high-frequency transformer (HFT). In this review paper, a high-efficiency voltage-regulator/battery energy storage system (VR-BESS) was presented as a multi-port DC-DC converter for the standalone PV (photovoltaic) array. This converter has fewer switches, is cheaper, and is more dependable than its counterparts.

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Kamal, Shoaib, P. S. Ramapraba, Avinash Kumar, Bikash Chandra Saha, M. Lakshminarayana, S. Sanal Kumar, Anitha Gopalan, and Kuma Gowwomsa Erko. "Optimization of Solar Panel Deployment Using Machine Learning." International Journal of Photoenergy 2022 (May 16, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7249109.

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Анотація:

In this work, we proposed a mechanism for topology reconfiguration or optimization of photovoltaic (PV) arrays using machine learning-assisted techniques. The study takes into concern several topologies that includes series parallel topology, parallel topology, bridge link topology, honeycomb topology, and total cross tied. The artificial neural network-based topology reconfiguration strategy allows for optimal working conditions for PV arrays. With this, machine learning-assisted topology reconfiguration or optimal solar panel deployment enables the proposed mechanism to achieve higher degree of testing accuracy precision, recall, and f-measure under standard ideal condition.

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Ngo, Minh Nhut, Philippe Ladoux, Jérémy Martin, and Sébastien Sanchez. "Silicium-Carbide-Based Isolated DC/DC Converter for Medium-Voltage Photovoltaic Power Plants." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031038.

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Анотація:

The production of large-scale photovoltaics (PVs) is becoming increasingly popular in the field of power generation; they require the construction of power plants of several hundred megawatts. Nevertheless, the construction of these PV power plants with conventional low-voltage (LV) conversion systems is not an appropriate technological path. Particularly, large cross-section cables, a high quantity of semiconductors, and the bulky layout of 50/60-Hz step-up transformers make the PV system less competitive in terms of energy efficiency and cost. To overcome these drawbacks, this paper introduces new PV plant topologies with an intermediate medium-voltage direct current (MVDC) collector that requires galvanic isolation for connecting the PV arrays. Then, the design of a power electronic transformer (PET) is proposed, implementing 1.7-kV and 3.3-kV silicium carbide (SiC) power modules. The study confirms that this converter allows the use of medium-frequency (MF) transformers with high power densities while maintaining high efficiency, which facilitates the implementation of isolated medium-voltage (MV) topologies for utility-scale PV power plants.

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Nasr Esfahani, Fatemeh, Ahmed Darwish, and Ahmed Massoud. "PV/Battery Grid Integration Using a Modular Multilevel Isolated SEPIC-Based Converter." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 28, 2022): 5462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155462.

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Photovoltaic (PV) plants can be built rapidly when compared with other conventional electrical plants; hence, they are a competent candidate for supplying the electricity grid. The output power of the PV modules can be used in plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) DC charging stations to reduce the burden on the electricity grid, particularly during peak load hours. To integrate PV modules and electric vehicles (EVs) with the electricity grid, the modular multilevel converters (MMCs) topologies producing staircase voltage waveforms are preferred as they are able to deliver less total harmonic distortion (THD) and higher efficiency in addition to lower voltage stress on semiconductor switches. In conventional centralized MMC topologies, a direct connection to a high-DC-link input voltage is required which is not appropriate for PV plants. A new MMC topology for PV/EV/grid integration is proposed in this paper, where the individual PV arrays are directly connected to each phase of the AC grid to harvest the maximum available power point. A current-source converter (CSC) based on a single-stage isolated SEPIC converter is adopted as the submodule (SM) for the proposed MMC topology given its outstanding features, such as low input ripple current, high efficiency, high power factor, and flexible output voltage higher or lower than the input voltage. The single-stage SMs can operate in both DC/DC and DC/AC operating modes. Proper controllers for each mode of operation are designed and applied to supply constant current from either the PV modules or the battery cells by eliminating the second-order harmonic component. The performance of the proposed converter is verified by simulations and a downscaled prototype controlled by TMSF28335 DSP.

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Ramos-Paja, Carlos Andrés, Daniel Gonzalez-Motoya, Juan Pablo Villegas-Seballos, Sergio Ignacio Serna-Garces, and Roberto Giral. "Sliding-mode controller for a photovoltaic system based on a Cuk converter." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 2027. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp2027-2044.

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Анотація:

The wide range of step-up and step-down input-output voltage characteristic of the Cuk converter makes it a good candidate to interface photovoltaic arrays in both classical and distributed maximum power point tracking systems. Because its two inductor structure, Cuk converters have continuous input and output currents, which reduce the additional filtering elements usually required for interfacing dc/dc converter topologies. However, PV systems based on Cuk converters usually do not provide formal proofs of global stability under realistic conditions, which makes impossible to ensure a safe operation of the PV installation. Therefore, this paper proposes a high performance sliding-mode controller for PV systems based on Cuk converters, which regulates the PV voltage in agreement with the commands imposed by a MPPT algorithm, rejecting both load and environmental perturbations, and ensuring global stability for real operation conditions. Finally, the performance of the regulated PV system is tested using both simulations and experiments.

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Santosh Kumar, Ch, and S. Tara Kalyani. "Implementation of PV Based Multilevel Inverter to Improve Power Quality using Fuzzy PI and PSO PI Controllers." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 11, no. 2 (June 10, 2023): 378–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.110219.

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Power quality is the primary issue to be taken into consideration in modern electrical systems, particularly on the distribution side, to protect sensitive loads. Long-term uses can never run out of renewable resources. Connecting STATCOM at the distribution side enhances the power factor by improving the quality of the current waveform. The reactive power range that needs adjustment by utilising PV arrays on the STATCOM's DC side. Increases due to the large rise in terms of the PV power plants' size and capacity. Cascaded H Bridge multilevel topologies can increase the flexibility and effectiveness of PV modules. The suggested approach in this paper gives outcome of reduced peak over shoot, rise time, settling time, steady state error, percentage of ripples and total harmonic distortion which improves the power quality. PV system with cascaded H bridge multilevel inverters STATCOM for harmonic suppression and to make reactive powerless. To produce modulation indices for H Bridge switching, synchronised reference frame theory is modified. H bridges' average DC voltage is managed by a PI controller, and controller gains are obtained using fuzzy, PSO, and the trial-and-error approach. To confirm the viability of the suggested approach, simulation results using MATLAB/SIMULINK are shown. The experimental setup of proposed method is carried out to validate the inverter response.

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Mendez, Efrain, Alexandro Ortiz, Pedro Ponce, Israel Macias, David Balderas, and Arturo Molina. "Improved MPPT Algorithm for Photovoltaic Systems Based on the Earthquake Optimization Algorithm." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 3047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123047.

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Анотація:

Nowadays, owing to the growing interest in renewable energy, Photovoltaic systems (PV) are responsible of supplying more than 500,000 GW of the electrical energy consumed around the world. Therefore, different converters topologies, control algorithms, and techniques have been studied and developed in order to maximize the energy harvested by PV sources. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods are usually employed with DC/DC converters, which together are responsible for varying the impedance at the output of photovoltaic arrays, leading to a change in the current and voltage supplied in order to achieve a dynamic optimization of the transferred energy. MPPT algorithms such as, Perturb and Observe (P&O) guarantee correct tracking behavior with low calibration parameter dependence, but with a compromised relation between the settling time and steady-state oscillations, leading to a trade off between them. Nevertheless, proposed methods like Particle Swarm Optimization- (PSO) based techniques have improved the settling time with the addition of lower steady-state oscillations. Yet, such a proposal performance is highly susceptible and dependent to correct and precise parameter calibration, which may not always ensure the expected behavior. Therefore, this work presents a novel alternative for MPPT, based on the Earthquake Optimization Algorithm (EA) that enables a solution with an easy parameters calibration and an improved dynamic behavior. Hence, a boost converter case study is proposed to verify the suitability of the proposed technique through Simscape Power Systems™ simulations, regarding the dynamic model fidelity capabilities of the software. Results show that the proposed structure can easily be suited into different power applications. The proposed solution, reduced between 12% and 36% the energy wasted in the simulation compared to the P&O and PSO based proposals.

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Ahmad, Javed, Mohammad Zaid, Adil Sarwar, Chang-Hua Lin, Mohammed Asim, Raj Kumar Yadav, Mohd Tariq, Kuntal Satpathi, and Basem Alamri. "A New High-Gain DC-DC Converter with Continuous Input Current for DC Microgrid Applications." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 2629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092629.

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Анотація:

The growth of renewable energy in the last two decades has led to the development of new power electronic converters. The DC microgrid can operate in standalone mode, or it can be grid-connected. A DC microgrid consists of various distributed generation (DG) units like solar PV arrays, fuel cells, ultracapacitors, and microturbines. The DC-DC converter plays an important role in boosting the output voltage in DC microgrids. DC-DC converters are needed to boost the output voltage so that a common voltage from different sources is available at the DC link. A conventional boost converter (CBC) suffers from the problem of limited voltage gain, and the stress across the switch is usually equal to the output voltage. The output from DG sources is low and requires high-gain boost converters to enhance the output voltage. In this paper, a new high-gain DC-DC converter with quadratic voltage gain and reduced voltage stress across switching devices was proposed. The proposed converter was an improvement over the CBC and quadratic boost converter (QBC). The converter utilized only two switched inductors, two capacitors, and two switches to achieve the gain. The converter was compared with other recently developed topologies in terms of stress, the number of passive components, and voltage stress across switching devices. The loss analysis also was done using the Piecewise Linear Electrical Circuit Simulation (PLCES). The experimental and theoretical analyses closely agreed with each other.

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Justin, Shekaina, Wafaa Saleh, Maha M. A. Lashin, and Hind Mohammed Albalawi. "Design of Metaheuristic Optimization with Deep-Learning-Assisted Solar-Operated On-Board Smart Charging Station for Mass Transport Passenger Vehicle." Sustainability 15, no. 10 (May 10, 2023): 7845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15107845.

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Анотація:

Electric vehicles (EVs) have become popular in reducing the negative impact of ICE automobiles on the environment. EVs have been predicted to be an important mode of mass transit around the globe in recent years. Several charging stations in island and remote areas are dependent on off-grid power sources and renewable energy. Solar energy is used in the daytime as it is based on several environmental components. The creation of efficient power trackers is necessary for solar arrays to produce power at their peak efficiency. To deliver energy during emergencies and store it in case there is an excess, energy storage systems are required. It has long been known that reliable battery management technology is essential for maintaining precise battery charge levels and avoiding overcharging. This study suggests an ideal deep-learning-assisted solar-operated off-board smart charging station (ODL-SOOSCS) design method as a result. The development of on-board smart charging for mass transit EVs is the main goal of the ODL-SOOSCS technique that is being described. In the ODL-SOOSCS approach described here, a perovskite solar film serves as the generating module, and the energy it generates is stored in a module with a hybrid ultracapacitor and a lithium-ion battery. Broad bridge converters and solar panels are incorporated into the deep belief network (DBN) controller, which doubles as an EV charging station. An oppositional bird swarm optimization (OBSO) algorithm is used as a hyperparameter optimizer to improve the performance of the DBN model. Moreover, an MPPT device is exploited for monitoring and providing maximal output of the solar panel if the power sources are PV arrays. The proposed system combines the power of metaheuristic optimization algorithms with deep learning techniques to create an efficient and smart charging station for mass transport passenger vehicles. This integration of two powerful technologies is a novel approach toward solving the complex problem of charging electric vehicles in mass transportation systems. The experimental validation of the ODL-SOOSCS technique is tested on distinct converter topologies. A widespread experimental analysis assures the promising performance of the ODL-SOOSCS method over other current methodologies.

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"Modeling and Relative Research of Solar Photovoltaic Array Topologies Under Partial Shading Conditions." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 8, no. 11 (July 26, 2019): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.f1069.0486s419.

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The electrical power generation from solar photo voltaic arrays increases by reducing partial shading effect due to the deposition of dust in modules, shadow of nearby buildings, cloud coverage leads to mismatching power losses. This paper gives the detailed analysis of modeling, simulation and performance analysis of different 4x4 size PV array topologies under different irradiance levels and to extract output power of panels maximum by reducing the mismatching power losses. For this analysis, a comparative study of six PV array topologies are Series, Parallel, Series-Parallel, Total-Cross-Tied, Bridge Linked and Honey-Comb are considered under various shading conditions such as one module shading, one string shading, zigzag type partial shading and total PV array partially shaded cases. The performance of above six topologies are compare with mismatching power losses and fill-factor. For designing and simulation of different PV array configurations/topologies in MaTLab/Simulink, the LG Electronics LG215P1W PV module parameters are used in all PV modules.

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Singh, Santosh Kumar, Anurag Singh Yadav, Ashutosh Srivastava, and Amarjeet Singh. "Power Enhancement from Solar PV Array Topologies under Partial Shading Condition." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 10, no. 1 (November 5, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v9i02.5.

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In this paper, a detailed study is carried out on the solar photovoltaic (PV) array topologies under various shading patterns. The aim of this study is to investigate the mismatch effect losses in PV modules for non uniform irradiations. The shading causes not only power losses, but also non-linearity of P-V characteristics. Under partial shaded conditions, the P-V and I-V characteristics exhibit extreme non-linearity along with multiple load maxima. In this paper, the investigations of the optimal layout of PV modules in a PV array are worked out to provide maximum output power under various shaded conditions. Three type of solar PV array topologies e.g. Series-parallel (SP), Total cross tied (TCT) and Bridge link (BL) are considered for various types of shaded patterns. The modeling of solar PV array for various types oopologies is done in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The extensive results have been taken on these topologies for partial shading patterns and analyzed, which proves the TCT topology performance is better as compared to other topologies for most of the shading patterns.

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Li, Xintong, Jianwei Mi, Yiqun Zhang, Guangda Chen, Guanheng Fan, Dongxu Wang, and Yingchun Du. "Current-injected photovoltaic array for concentrated space solar power station." Frontiers in Energy Research 11 (March 1, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1140537.

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In this article, the power generation of a concentrated space solar power station (SSPS) is enhanced by current-injected total-cross-tied (TCT-CI) photovoltaic (PV) array. First, a mathematical model of the TCT-CI–connected PV array is established. Second, PV arrays with several common topologies and TCT-CI topology are simulated and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink. At last, comparative experiments are conducted for TCT and TCT-CI–connected PV arrays under the condition of non-uniform light intensity distribution. The results of the above indicate the following: 1) TCT-CI–connected PV arrays reduce the difficulty of MPPT in concentrated SSPS, 2) TCT-CI–connected PV arrays increase the power generated in concentrated SSPS, and 3) TCT-CI–connected PV arrays are applicable for concentrated SSPS.

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Alam, Md Aftab, S. V. A. V. Prasad, and Mohammed Asim. "Performance Analysis of different Transformer-less Inverter Topologies for Grid-Connected PV Systems." Engineering Research Express, August 30, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/acf549.

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Анотація:

Abstract Transformerless Photovoltaic (PV) inverters are gaining popularity compared to their transformer-based counterparts. They are more efficient, cost-effective, and smaller in volume. Despite this, parasitic capacitance causes the common mode current to flow between the PV array and the grid. In addition to losses, leakage current increases electromagnetic interference (EMI) and poses issues to the protection system. Transformerless inverters should therefore be so designed that the leakage current is minimized. Common mode voltage changes (VCM) cause the leakage current. There are a number of PV inverter topologies that have been designed to minimize these variations. This paper discusses H4, H5 and HERIC single-phase PV inverter topologies. Circuit simulations have been used for analysis. HERIC Topology is the best one of these since it reduces the leakage current with the lowest power loss due to ac bypass instead of usual dc side decoupling. It is a type of resonant converter that operates at high frequencies to achieve efficient power conversion. In this work, comparison has been made between topologies for their effectiveness in reducing leakage current. Moreover, its variation with load has been studied, a perspective missed in other studies.

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Gnanavel, Chinnaraj, and Kumarasamy Vanchinathan. "Review and design of modular multilevel inverter with modified multicarrier PWM techniques for solar PV applications." Circuit World, June 8, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-06-2021-0162.

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Purpose These implementations not only generate excessive voltage levels to enhance the quality of power but also include a detailed investigating of the various modulation methods and control schemes for multilevel inverter (MLI) topologies. Reduced harmonic modulation technology is used to produce 11-level output voltage with the production of renewable energy applications. The simulation is done in the MATLAB/Simulink for 11-level symmetric MLI and is correlated with the conventional inverter design. Design/methodology/approach This paper is focused on investigating the different types of asymmetric, symmetric and hybrid topologies and control methods used for the modular multilevel inverter (MMI) operation. Classical MLI configurations are affected by performance issues such as poor power quality, uneconomic structure and low efficiency. Findings The variations in both carrier and reference signals and their performance are analyzed for the proposed inverter topologies. The simulation result compares unipolar and bipolar pulse-width modulation (PWM) techniques with total harmonic distortion (THD) results. The solar-fed 11-level MMI is controlled using various modulation strategies, which are connected to marine emergency lighting loads. Various modulation techniques are used to control the solar-fed 11-level MMI, which is connected to marine emergency lighting loads. The entire hardware system is controlled by using SPARTAN 3A field programmable gate array (FPGA) board and the least harmonics are obtained by improving the power quality. Originality/value The simulation result compares unipolar and bipolar PWM techniques with THD results. Various modulation techniques are used to control the solar-fed 11-level MMI, which is connected to marine emergency lighting loads. The entire hardware system is controlled by a SPARTAN 3A field programmable gate array (FPGA) board, and the power quality is improved to achieve the lowest harmonics possible.

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Sridhar, R., S. Jeevananthan, S. S. Dash, and Kiran Vemula. "Investigation on a Modified 11-Level Cascaded Inverter Fed by Photovoltaic Array for Standalone Applications." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 137, no. 2 (September 10, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4028397.

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This paper suggests a modified 11-level reduced switch inverter fed by photovoltaic (PV) array feeding standalone AC loads. Multilevel inverters (MLIs) have great influence in distributed power system due to their high power capability with reduced harmonic content. Among the various topologies of MLI, cascaded MLIs are widely adopted for PV applications since batteries charged by PV panels can serve as DC voltage sources for MLI. The PV system charges the batteries through a buck converter, controlled by a smart perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. The perturb and observe MPPT described in this work is capable of not only extracting maximum power from the panel but also regulate the charging mechanism of the battery. This work also aims at enhancing the performance of existing reduced switch topology, which is having higher harmonic and switching complexity by adopting a structural change. This topology uses less number of controlled switches compared to the existing method which aids in reducing losses and switching complexity. In addition to that, with a reduced switch count, it can be configured and realized easily. The proposed work is successfully realized in Matlab/Simulink and hardware environment. The simulation and hardware results prove that proposed work is highly viable.

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Yaouba, Mohit Bajaj, Colince Welba, Kola Bernard, Kitmo, Salah Kamel, and Mohamed F. El-Naggar. "An Experimental and Case Study on the Evaluation of the Partial Shading Impact on PV Module Performance Operating Under the Sudano-Sahelian Climate of Cameroon." Frontiers in Energy Research 10 (August 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.924285.

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Partial shading is a factor that influences the performance of a PV module. The study sought to evaluate the impact of partial shading on PV module performance in the Sudano-Sahelian climate conditions of Cameroon. The behavior of the PV module was simulated using MATLAB/Simulink for 12 months with data from the town of Yagoua. The power, current, and voltage losses of the PV module were estimated by varying the partial shading rate from 5.0% to 95.0%, with an increase factor of 5.0%. The results show that, when the shading ranges from 5.0% to 55.0%, the power and current losses are very significant and vary from 3.0% to 52.0% and 3.0%–53.0%, respectively. The voltage in this shading range remains almost invariant. For shading from 60.0% to 95.0%, the power losses increase slightly and reach approximately 60.0%. A very small current loss is observed, varying from 1.0% to 3.0%. Significant voltage losses are noted and vary from 55.0% to 59.0%. From 40.0% shading rate onwards, a mismatch is observed on the power-voltage characteristics curve by the presence of two maximum power points. This method can be used to evaluate the efficiency of different PV array topologies under partial shading. The results show the importance of paying attention to partial shading, however small its occurrence.

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Anjum, Shahroz, Vivekananda Mukherjee, and Gitanjali Mehta. "Hyper SuDoKu Based Solar PV Array Reconfiguration for Maximum Power Enhancement under Partial Shading Conditions." Journal of Energy Resources Technology, June 8, 2021, 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4051427.

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Abstract This manuscript focuses on the rearrangement of the structure of the photovoltaic (PV) array under different shading conditions. It aims to analyze the mismatch power losses (MPLs) due to irregular illumination over PV array (PVA). The impact of partial irradiance not only affects the electrical power but also causes multiple peaks in the P-V and I-V curves. The formulation of the best PVA configuration (PVAC) to achieve maximum output even under partial shading conditions is the deciding factor for the topologies considered. To aid the maximum power extraction, a new SuDoKu PVAC is designed like hyper SuDoKu (HS). This new structure is compared with the already existing PVACs such as bridge link, honey comb, series parallel, total cross-tied, and SuDoKu in the effect of considerable cases of shadowing. MATLAB/SIMULINK is used for the designing and computer based modeling of all these PVACs is considered in this work. The evaluation of these arrangements has been done by keeping several performance factors as the deciding pivot points. These factors include MPL, efficiency, global maximum power point (GMPP), and fill factor (FF). The results obtained through this document suggest that the HS arrangement proposed here gives the best outcome for each shading condition. The proposed HS structural arrangement of PVA deals with significantly superior GMPP, FF and efficiency while maintaining minimum MPL in comparison to the other arrangements.

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Pilakkat, Deepthi, S. Kanthalakshmi, and S. Navaneethan. "A Comprehensive Review of Swarm Optimization Algorithms for MPPT Control of PV Systems under Partially Shaded Conditions." Electronics ETF 24, no. 1 (July 8, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/els2024003p.

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Nowadays many researchers have been investigating on different photovoltaic (PV) modeling methods, various configurations of arrays, numerous algorithms, converter topologies etc to improve the efficiency of solar system. Improving the efficiency of solar panel by utilizing the correct maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control has become more important for conceiving the solar power reasonably. For designing an efficient PV system, an appropriate literature review is necessary for all the researchers. In this paper, a compendious study of different Swarm Intelligence (SI) based MPPT algorithms for PV systems feasible under partially shaded conditions are presented. SI algorithms use motivation from the foraging nature of animals and insects. In the last few decades, SI has gained tremendous attention as it has been proven as an efficient control technique for global optimization problems.

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Wang, Qin, Lingling Le, Dahu Li, Xiaomeng Ai, Jiakun Fang, Wei Yao, and Jinyu Wen. "Modeling and Energy Generation Evaluations of Large-Scale Photovoltaic Plants Equipped With Panel-Level DC Optimizers." Frontiers in Energy Research 10 (February 10, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.825994.

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The distributed maximum power point tracking (DMPPT) technology, based on a DC optimizer (DCO, a DC/DC micro-converter) for each single photovoltaic (PV) panel, is one of the most popular solutions to mitigating the waste of solar energy when suffering mismatch conditions. However, the trade-off between the additional costs of deploying the panel-level power electronic equipment and the improved generation benefits of a large-scale PV plant (LPP) remains to be further studied. This study presents a static modeling method for the DCO-based distributed LPPs to study the long-term energy generation characteristics based on historical hourly weather data and then evaluate the economic benefits. The operational characteristics of the PV strings equipped with series-connected DCOs for three different topologies (Boost, Buck, and Buck-boost) are investigated, and then the control strategies for the PV-DCO generation units are proposed to maximize the energy generation of LPPs under frequent mismatch conditions. Different mismatch scenarios caused by the panel aging, geographical location settings, and the partial shading in PV arrays are simulated in the model. Six typical centralized or distributed PV plant configurations are carried out for comparison in case studies, to explore the generation characteristics and the advantages of energy production for the DCO-based distributed LPPs. Besides, the Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) which considers both the energy generation benefits and investment costs is introduced to the economic evaluation of different structures of LPPs.

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Nagaraju, Motaparthi, and Kiran Kumar Malligunta. "Grid integration of hybrid renewable energy source using Aligned Multilevel Inverter." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, December 6, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2021-0366.

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Abstract Grid connected hybrid renewable energy sources (RES) are main challenges nowadays. Interconnecting of two or more RES is called hybrid system and battery is optional in this kind of systems where grid is in active. The normal inverters are unable to produce sinusoidal voltages and this will cause many problems in grid connected system. Hence, many topologies of multilevel inverters are proposed which can able to produce sinusoidal output voltage. However, the cost and operational complexity will increase due to increasing number of switches. In order to reduce total number of switches, an Aligned Multilevel Inverter (AMI) configuration of three phase is implemented in this paper. Wind energy-based electrical power generation system and solar energy based electrical power generation systems are considered for interconnection. Energy storage devices such as batteries are not incorporated to system since considered grid is in active mode. Maximum power point tracker (MPPT) devices are available to extract maximum power from photovoltaic arrays and wind turbines, hence a boost converter is considered as MPPT converter for wind turbine and proposed AMI also works as MPPT converter for PV by using proposed controller. Hence extra DC–DC converters are not essential for PV system for MPPT, resulting in reduction of overall system cost. Also, the modified invasive weed optimization (MIWO) based algorithm is proposed for PV system to harvest maximum energy under partial shading conditions. The proposed MIWO is compared with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and grey wolf optimization (GWO) to enhance the performance of proposed algorithm. Extensive results are validated with Hardware-in-Loop (HIL) designed on OPAL-RT platform.

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