Дисертації з теми "Purification silicium"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-26 дисертацій для дослідження на тему "Purification silicium".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте дисертації для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
MARONGIU-COMBES, ROS SANA. "Purification des siliciums de type n et p par fusion sous plasma inductif : Rôle du laitier fluore et du potentiel imposé. Application au silicium polycristallin photovoltaique." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066420.
Повний текст джерелаAbouchi, Hamza. "Purification de silicium solaire dans des réacteurs à grande surface." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI035.
Повний текст джерелаSolar grade silicon, needed to supply the ever-growing photovoltaic market, has to be purified from metallurgical silicon. The classical chemical route for purification has a high energy cost and environmental drawbacks. The alternative metallurgical route has to decrease its production cost to meet with the low market price. In this work, we study a technology breakthrough compared to existing processes to remove boron, such as the plasma process previously studied in the SIMaP laboratory.The first chapter of this thesis presents the context of silicon production for solar cells, with focus on the chemical route and the metallurgical route for silicon purification, and explains the goal of this work. The second chapter discuss a state of the art of the processes to remove boron by gas blowing. Different setups of different teams are presented, and the literature survey is specially focused on the role of each gas species, the kinetics of the boron removal and the purification limit due to the formation of a silica layer.Chapter three presents a theoretical model developed during this PhD to describe the boron removal by gas blowing, in continuous reactors with counter-current gas and liquid flows. The model takes into account a chemical equilibrium at the interface, mass transfer to the bulk fluids and the limit on the oxidant fraction due to the formation of a silica layer. It was run at laboratory scale and then used to extrapolate at industrial scale.The experimental part of the thesis is presented in chapters four and five, where the design, realisation and tests of a laboratory scale experiment are detailed. Thermal tuning was performed and new phenomena were reported, involving capillarity and condensation of gaseous species. Boron removal results are shown for situations where the continuous flow of silicon was suppressed. As shown in our last chapter, further experimental developments would be fruitful at laboratory scale, together with studies at industrial scale using our theoretical model
Dégoulange, Julien. "Purification et caracterisation physico-chimique et électriques de silicium d'origine métallurgique destiné à la conversion photovoltaïque." Grenoble INPG, 2008. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00368733.
Повний текст джерелаThe feedstock shortening is a major challenge for the photovoltaic industry. Among the possible routes from metallurgical grade to solar grade silicon, the plasma refining to reduce the boron content, combined with segregations to remove the metallic pollutants seems very promising. The plasma process combines electromagnetic stirring of the molten silicon with the boron volatilization by the reactive species produced by the plasma. The boron volatilization has been studied via thermodynamic calculations thanks to the FactSage code, and the chemical on line analysis of the volatilised pollutants in the flue gases of the process by ICP-OES. The electromagnetic stirring has been the subject of a numeric and experimental study. The distribution of reactive species onto the surface has been investigated replacing liquid silicon with a graphite target. The optimized process permitted the production of silicon with reduced boron content. The chemical and electrical characterisations of the refined and crystallised material have showed too high concentrations of aluminium, oxygen and phosphorus. However the life time of minority carriers was comprised between 20 and 50 µs and cells with efficiency above 14% have been produced
Vadon, Mathieu. "Extraction de bore par oxydation du silicium liquide pour applications photovoltaïques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI067/document.
Повний текст джерелаBoron extraction from liquid silicon is a step within a new chain of processes aimed to purify silicon that meets purity requirements specific to photovoltaic applications. This thesis focuses mostly on cold gas processes that involve the injection of a mixture of Ar-H2-H2O gases onto electromagnetically stirred liquid silicon. A second similar method ("plasma processes") that involves the injection of thermal plasma made from an Ar-H2-H2O mixture has also been studied. A model is needed to minimize energy consumption by optimizing the process.We want to be able to predict the flow of silicon from the reactive surface (oxidation speed), the flow of boron from the surface (to have the purification speed) and the passivation threshold. For a given setting, the passivation threshold is the limit oxydant partial pressure at injection beyond which a passivating silica layer appears on the surface of the liquid silicon, which interrupts the purification. In order to minimize the energy consumption, and for that matter , in order to speed up the process, we want to inject oxydant in a quantity just below the passivation threshold.Previous studies have shown that the limiting factor for the oxidation and purification speed is the transport of oxidant in the gas phase. That's why we have made a 1D reactive-diffusive model at thermodynamical equilibrium of the gaseous boundary layer. According to this model the effect of the formation of silica aerosols is to divide by two the flow of oxydant towards the surface, which is useful for the simplification of CFD simulations. This effect of the formation of silica aerosols on oxidant flows can also be found without the hypothesis of thermodynamical equilibrium of silica aerosols with the gas phase, as confirmed by simulations and experiments.Regarding the estimation of the purification speed, we have selected the most realistic values of the enthalpy of formation of HBO(g) and of the activity coefficient of boron in liquid silicon.We could get good estimates of the purification speed at different temperatures and levels of oxidant concentrations at injection, by using the selected thermodynamical values and by supposing that the surface reaction products HBO(g) and SiO(g) diffuse similarly. A reason for this similar diffusion of SiO(g) and HBO(g) might be a common and simultaneous precipitation , due to specific dynamics of nucleation and growth that need to be investigated further. Those results for cold gas processed could also be obtained for a plasma experiment.However for the plasma experiment, silica aerosols can be formed only in a very thin layer near the surface and this result needs confirmation from other experiments.Temperature measurement and control for electromagnetically levitating liquid silicon under a flow of oxidant were achieved. With more time, quantitative results could be achieved to measure thermodynamical data on impurities without contaminations.Regarding the prediction of the passivation threshold, we justified a thermodynamical equilibrium at surface of SiO(g) with Si(l) and SiO2(s/l) at passivation threshold with the spreading of silica particles over the liquid silicon surface with the stirring. We show that the passivation layer is compatible with silica aerosols only if those aerosols are not in equilibrium with the gas phase. Therefore the kinetics of formation of silica aerosols should be studied further. A previous empirical formula on the prediction of the passivation threshold for experiments where H2O is the oxidant has been confirmed using our CFD model. A passivation experiment has shown the absence of impact of silica aerosols on oxidant transport when the oxidant is O2
Ndzogha, Cyrille. "Etudes des phénomènes d’échange dans la purification du silicium par plasma et induction." Grenoble INPG, 2005. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01340596.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on a plasma process of purification of silicon for photovoltaic applications. It is applied to two types of materials: metallurgical silicon and recycling products from sawing sludge ingots and from wafers of photovoltaic industry. Platelet sawing sludge consist mainly of cutting fluid, SiC particles (abrasive), silicon microparticles and iron micro-particles from the cutting wire. Silicon sludge is a high-purity silicon, which is already of photovoltaic quality. It can represent 60% of the original weight of the ingot. The present process comprises a SiC phase separation by centrifugation, followed by chemical elimination phase of the iron, then a reactive plasma treatment for removing residual SiC. This work deals with this last phase. A more complex treatment than originally planned was made necessary by the existence in the SiC particles of sawing sludge from the initial breaking of the abrasive grains. Separation of SiC is incomplete, the plasma treatment had to remove much larger quantities than originally planned. This required a significant modification of the original process, and the setting of a pre-treatment phase point intended to make it usable by the product of the plasma separation. This work combines theoretical studies, numerical modeling and experimentation. Thermodynamic modeling to determine the best conditions for the removal of pollutants (adapted reactive gases, flow rates, temperatures, pressures) whereas modeling the electromagnetic measurement brewing efficiency renewing the surface of the liquid bath during treatment
De, Sousa Matthias. "Contribution à la purification des déchets de silicium solaire oxydé à l'aide d'un procédé assisté par plasma thermique." Thesis, Limoges, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIMO0033/document.
Повний текст джерелаWafer manufacturing produces large amounts of solar-grade silicon waste that is not currently recovered because of its contamination during the slicing process. This work deals with the purification of silicon waste using a non-transferred arc plasma process. It was carried out by using a double approach combining numerical simulations and experiments. The former were done using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code and made it to size the experimental configuration and understand the effect of process parameters on gas flow fields and powder treatment. The experimental study consisted in injecting powdered silicon waste (sawdust silicon, crushed powder) into the plasma jet under controlled atmosphere and collecting the treated material in a hot crucible. Decarburization and deoxidation of silicon waste, including sawdust resulting from wafer slicing, was achieved by the developed method. However, the removal of metal impurities in silicon sawdust was not demonstrated in this study. The experimental and numerical results showed that deoxidation was improved with a low-velocity plasma jet and limited air content in the area of treatment. Silica carboreduction and silica volatilization by silicon oxidation seemed to be the two mechanisms involved in the purification process
Rousseau, Sylvain. "Développement du procédé de purification du silicium par plasma thermique RF : mécanisme d’élimination des impuretés : effet simultané de la polarisation électrique du silicium liquide et de la composition du plasma." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066547.
Повний текст джерелаApostolidou, Eleni. "Etude des transferts de chaleur et de matiere lors de la purification du silicium par fusion sous plasma thermique reactif : caracterisation physicochimique du silicium photovoltaique elabore." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066173.
Повний текст джерелаPatatut, Loïc. "Développement d'un dispositif de LIBS pour l'analyse quantitative en ligne des procédés de purification du silicium fondu." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI100/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this PhD research work was to develop and to validate a quantitative method to measure the composition of molten silicon by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). The device used consists in an intrusive measurement on the surface of gas bubbles which are produced by blowing an inert gas through a pipe inserted into the melt. First, the signal acquisition conditions were optimized to ensure LIBS signal repeatability and reproducibility to overcome experimental fluctuations due to the bubbling. Second, the experimental parameters affecting plasma physics were evaluated to maximize the measurement sensitivity and to lower the limits of detection. The two key parameters identified are the laser power density and the ambient gas: the signal intensity and then the number of emitters inside the plasma are promoted by higher laser energy and an Ar atmosphere rather than a He one. The plasma spectroscopic diagnosis as a function of these parameters showed that they don’t have significant effect on the temperature of electrons, ions and neutral species. The only mechanisms to be considered are then the increase of the mass ablated by the laser and the modification of the plasma relaxation conditions by the ambient atmosphere. Third, calibration curves were established for B, Al, Fe, Cu and Ti impurities under the optimized conditions. Limits of detections from few ppmw for B, Fe and Al to less than 0,5 ppmw for Ti and Cu have been achieved. The predicted concentrations by LIBS are in very good agreement with the ones measured by the conventional ex-situ method, ICP-OES. The mean relative discrepancy is lower than 10 %. These results demonstrate the LIBS benefits for in-situ and in-line monitoring of photovoltaic silicon production processes
Apostolidou, Eleni. "Etude des transferts de chaleur et de matière lors de la purification du silicium par fusion sous plasma thermique réactif, caractérisation physico-chimique du silicium photovoltaique élaboré." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375954878.
Повний текст джерелаChatelain, Marc. "Modélisation des phénomènes de transport solutal et étude d’un dispositif de brassage pour la purification du silicium photovoltaïque." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI105/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe present study focuses on solute segregation during photovoltaic silicon directional solidification. This multi-physics problem involves various spatial and temporal scales. The numerical simulation of this process requires efficient models, especially for 3D industrial configurations. In the first part of the study, solute wall functions are derived from a scaling analysis in order to estimate the segregations without numerical resolution of the solute boundary layer. The method is based on the coupling of an hydrodynamic simulation of convection in the liquid phase and an analytical segregation computation. The developed analytical model provides an estimation of the convecto-diffusive parameter from the wall shear-stress at the solid/liquid interface. A reference case in 2D with imposed solidification rate is used for validation purposes. The developed model provides a meaningful estimation of concentration fields in the ingots. In a second part, we focus on segregation optimization by a mechanical stirrer. Transient stirring simulations, using a sliding mesh technique, are achieved with FLUENT commercial software. Results are compared to PIV velocity field measurements performed on an experimental setup using water. A segregation computation in a quasi-steady regime is then implemented in the stirring simulation. The effect of the stirring parameters are directly observed on the solute boundary layer at the solid/liquid interface. In a third part, a transient solidification simulation, including furnace thermal conditions, is performed in a 3D configuration with forced convection. The flow generated by the impeller is described thanks to an empirical model based on body forces. A first attempt is finally made to retrieve segregations in the ingot with the developed analytical method
Sow, Alioune. "Étude de la purification des poudres de silicium destinées à la fabrication de substrats frittés pour des applications photovoltaïques." Poitiers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011POIT2316.
Повний текст джерелаThe major challenge facing the photovoltaic industry is to find ways to produce solar cells with high conversion efficiency and low production cost. The manufacture of silicon substrates for photovoltaic applications by sintering silicon powders is one of promising solutions for this challenge. These sintered substrates can be used directly after a recrystallization step as active layer of the solar cell. Prepared from silicon powder metallurgical grade (Si-MG), they can also serve as substrates for crystalline silicon thin-film (c-Si TF) solar cells. However, the metallic impurities present in the substrate can diffuse into the active layer during the different thermal steps involved in the cell production and thus degrade the performance. Furthermore, an important oxygen impurity can affect the mechanical strength of the substrates and limit its electrical conductivity. The main objective of these thesis works is the development and optimization of a purification process of the powders and sintered silicon and to understand the physical and chemical processes that control the reaction. During this work, optimal conditions for preparation and treatment minimizing silicon powders oxidation have been found. This allows obtaining a good mechanical strength of sintered and so to implement the purification reactions including oxidation is an obstacle major. The development of a technique for purifying metallurgical silicon powders in solid state in the presence of chlorine gas allows reducing by over 90% the metallic impurities initially present in the powder. Some impurities such as Ti and Mn are reduced drastically already at 900°C while the reduction iron (Fe) concentrations for example, is more effective from 1100° C. The out-diffusion model developed was used to predict the evolution of the impurities content in the powders and to understand the removal mechanisms of these impurities. The development of experimental protocols to minimize sources of contamination during the sintering process has led to a reduction in the concentration of light elements (C, O) in the sintered material of 95%. We also know that recrystallization treatment through the melting of the sintered material dramatically reduces the levels of impurities in the substrate; this heat treatment used to improve the crystalline quality allows in particular reducing the levels of oxygen and metallic impurities. Contrariwise carbon and doping impurities do not change after recrystallization. Finally realizing solar cells on sintered substrates obtained by using the protocols of powders preparation and the treatments of recrystallization, we have shown that the sintered substrates allow obtaining functional solar cells
Soric, Audrey. "Influence de la polarisation sur la purification du silicium fondu par plasma thermique : étude du transfert de matière et contrôle du procédé en ligne par OES et de la pureté par LIBS." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066089.
Повний текст джерелаCAZARD-JUVERNAT, ISABELLE. "Elaboration du silicium photovoltaique par plasma thermique. Role de l'hydrogene atomique sur la purification en oxygene et la passivation des defauts." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066076.
Повний текст джерелаPelletier, David. "Modélisation de la cinétique chimique dans les plasmas inductifs : applications aux procédés." Grenoble INPG, 2006. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01331569.
Повний текст джерелаThe chemical equilibrium (CE), often used as a first approximation in the modeling of thermal plasma processes, does not always make it possible to explain the experimental results, in particular in the vicinity of a wall or a surface placed under the plasma jet. A numericaf tool allowing the analysis of effects related to chemical kinetics in atmospheric ICP was developed under FLUEN© and applied on a process of silicon purification by plasma. The first results show that the assumption of CE is valid within plasma, but not in the interfacial zone between the plasma and the target where a broad variation with CE was predicted. Ln addition, an experimental validation of the numerical model was carried out by a spectroscopie study of an ICP torch, and general kinetics studies through the attack of a graphite target by an Ar-02 plasma
Altenberend, Jochen. "Cinétique de la purification par plasma de silicium pour cellules photovoltaïques : étude expérimentale par spectrométrie Kinetics of the plasma refining process of silicon for solar cells." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENI082/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe plasma refining process studied in this work can efficiently remove boron fromsilicon. In combination with other processes one can purify silicon for solar cells atlow costs. The hot gases from the thermal plasma torch are blown onto the surface ofa silicon melt. However the chemistry at the silicon surface is so far poorlyunderstood. For a better understanding of the process we do parametricmeasurements of the boron removal rate, we calculate the chemical equilibriumconcentrations and we measure the temperature and radical concentrations in theplasma, using emission spectroscopy.The comparison of boron removal rates from literature to calculated chemicalequilibrium concentrations shows that the chemical reactions at the silicon surfaceare probably at chemical equilibrium. However, the boron to silicon ratio in theexhaust gases is higher than predicted by the chemical equilibrium calculations. Thisis probably due to the formation of a silica aerosol in the reactive boundary layer. Theresults of the parametric measurements of the boron removal rate agree also withthis theory.Several validation experiments showed that emission spectroscopy with Abelinversion can be used to measure the temperature and the concentration ratios O/Arand H/Ar in the plasma. The spectroscopic results helped to improve significantly anumerical mode. The results also showed that hydrogen diffuses strongly in theplasma while oxygen diffuses much less
MADIGOU, NICOLE. "Role des laitiers fluoro-silicates lors de la purification du silicium par fusion sous plasma inductif haute frequence, pour la production de silicium de qualite photovoltaique. Mise au point d'un systeme de controle du procede." Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066221.
Повний текст джерелаSantara, Fatoumata Bintou. "Cristallisation du silicium photovoltaïque sous induction électromagnétique : étude d'une vanne de rétention et de la ségrégation sous brassage." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00526496.
Повний текст джерелаHUMBERT, PATRICK. "Mise au point d'une installation pilote de purification du silicium par plasma thermique inductif et modelisation des transferts de matiere et de chaleur plasma-particule." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066162.
Повний текст джерелаParbaile, Emilien. "Contribution à l'optimisation des techniques de dépôts sous vide de cellules solaires organiques." Limoges, 2009. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/e6a50ed2-0fc2-4a6e-abd4-d838a9507b10/blobholder:0/2009LIMO4061.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаOrganic solar cells are low weight and particularly resistant to shocks (active layer and substrate in plastic). They are suitable for harsh environments such as military environment. Furthermore, conformability of these cells would permit to integrate them in mobile phones and other portable devices requiring high autonomies. The works of this thesis consisted to study different cell structures, improve reproducibility, realize cells with purified materials and make cells on flexible substrates in particular. The realization of cells on such substrates showed that the transition from a rigid substrate to a flexible substrate modifies only slightly the performance. The cells produced and characterized were mainly cells based on CuPc and C60. The deposition techniques used were spin coating and thermal vacuum sublimation. In addition, measurements of incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE) showed that they depend on the incident light power. Other IPCE measurements permitted to estimate the phosphorescence time of C60 and determine the charge mobility in the CuPc. A radiometry study on the solar simulator was led in order to allow compare cell efficiencies with those of other laboratories. A method established permits to approach as close as possible the standard of illumination AM1. 5G with the simulator
Schutz-Kuchly, Thomas. "Investigation du silicium de qualité solaire de type n pour la fabrication de cellules photovoltaïques." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille Université, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00809386.
Повний текст джерелаLaurent, Julien. "Amélioration du rendement matière lors de la cristallisation de lingots de silicium photovoltaïque multi-cristallin." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAD025.
Повний текст джерелаThe majority of silicon used for PV applications is crystallized via directional solidification in silica crucibles with suitable coatings. The obtained ingots exhibit, however, poor electrical properties near the crucible walls (red zones). Until present, the physical mechanisms leading to this degradation are both unclear and unresolved. This thesis addresses exactly these two points. It analyses the root causes leading to the electrical degradation and it proposes an innovative crucible to limit it. An electrical and chemical quantitative study is performed to determine the influence of the purity of the crucible on the quality of the obtained silicon. Specifically, the extent of the red zone is analyzed in great detail in laboratory-scale ingots crystallized in crucibles of different purity. Once the role of impurities present in the crucible is determined, an innovative crucible is proposed and tested. Its scope is to minimize impurity diffusion from the crucible and its coating to the silicon. As proof of concept, laboratory scale (3 kg) and semi-industrial scale (60 kg) ingots are crystallized in this novel crucible and in a standard, reference crucible. The semi-industrial ingots are further used to fabricate solar cells. Characterization of the solar cells validates the beneficial effects of the innovative crucible with respect to the standard one
Mathieu, Catherine. "Élaboration d'un procédé industriel d'élimination de si, al et cr des bains acides de chlorure de fer et étude de l'influence du silicium sur les propriétés magnétiques des ferrites." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10292.
Повний текст джерелаMoreira, Simone de Paula. "Purificação de silicio metalurgico por fusão zonal horizontal em forno de feixe de eletrons." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265054.
Повний текст джерелаTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T07:44:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira_SimonedePaula_D.pdf: 8445181 bytes, checksum: a58955df1f5c0b0b975a053856fe9dc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: A busca por fontes renováveis de energia fez com que a produção de células solares apresentasse um crescimento explosivo nesta década, passando de 0,3 GW em 2002 para 6,0 GW em 2008, envolvendo em 2008 a cifra de 37 bilhões de dólares. A produção de Silício Grau Eletrônico (SiGE) aumentou 127% de 2007 para 2008, sendo que cerca de 90% das células solares produzidas atualmente utiliza o SiGE, que é responsável por 1/4 do custo total da instalação de um painel solar. O processo de purificação de silício utilizado em todo o mundo é o Siemens, baseado na cloração do silício, o qual possui o inconveniente de gerar resíduos químicos de alta toxidade. Esse processo produz o silício de alta pureza, com menos de 1 ppm de impurezas, chamado de Silício Grau Eletrônico (SiGE), usado tanto pela indústria microeletrônica como a de produção de células solares. Para suprir tal demanda de silício para a área fotovoltaica, existem duas alternativas. A primeira visa desenvolver processos químicos derivados do Siemens para produzir um silício de qualidade inferior e de menor custo, denominado de Silício Grau Solar (SiGS), mas que atenda a exigência para a fabricação de células solares. A segunda alternativa é tentar adaptar etapas metalúrgicas de purificação ao silício de grau metalúrgico (SiGM), de forma a obter um silício com exigências a um SiGS, foco deste trabalho. As possibilidades de inserção do Brasil no mercado fotovoltaico são muito grandes, pois além de possuir a maior reserva mundial de quartzo, é o terceiro maior produtor de silício metalúrgico do mundo e o exporta a, aproximadamente, U$ 1/kg. Entretanto a agregação de tecnologia na purificação do silício eleva exponencialmente o seu valor, chegando a US$ 100 /kg para o silício policristalino de grau eletrônico ou até US$ 4.000/kg para lâminas de silício mono e policristalino da mesma pureza. O Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais da Unicamp pesquisa o SiGS desde 1980, tendo obtido naquela época, através da lixiviação ácida e solidificação unidirecional de SIGM, um lingote com 170 ppm de impurezas metálicas na sua região mais pura. Deste lingote foram produzidas células solares com eficiência de 4 % no Instituto de Física da Unicamp. A partir de 1990, com compra de um forno de feixe de elétrons, iniciaram-se os estudos sobre a purificação do SiGM neste equipamento, tendo sido observada numa amostra circular, solidificada a 10 mm/min, a segregação radial de impurezas, com uma redução de 1100 para 15 ppm na região mais pura da amostra. Os resultados obtidos nos levaram a estudar o potencial de purificação de silício metalúrgico no forno EBM com a técnica de fusão zonal horizontal, utilizando cadinhos de cobre refrigerado à água e de grafita, com diferentes velocidades de avanço de zona (1 e 10 mm/min), foco deste trabalho. As vantagens do processo de fusão zonal horizontal (com cadinho) sobre o de fusão zonal vertical ou flutuante (sem cadinho) é que o controle do tamanho da zona é bem mais simples no primeiro, além de permitir o uso de silício em qualquer forma (pedras, granulado ou lingotes) enquanto que para o segundo somente podem ser utilizadas barras de silício Os resultados obtidos utilizando-se o SiGM fornecido pela empresa Liasa com teor total de impurezas de 1454 ppm e mais de 100 ppm de carbono e 30 ppm de oxigênio e o SiGM fornecido pela empresa Rima, com teor total de impurezas de 254 ppm e mais 140 ppm de carbono e 2500 ppm de oxigênio foram os seguintes: - O uso de cadinho de cobre refrigerado a água foi adequado, pois permitiu fácil desmoldagem do lingote sem contaminar o silício. Com 1 passada de fusão zonal em 2 lingotes, numa velocidade de 1 mm/min e uma nova passada no lingote formado pelas duas metades mais limpas, permitiu a obtenção de um teor total de impurezas de 25 ppm com silício Liasa e menos de 11 ppm com o silício Rima. O teores de carbono e oxigênio foram reduzidos para 35 e 6 ppm respectivamente, no silício Liasa e 40 e 10 ppm, no silício Rima, valores próximos do SiGE da Wacker, com 20 e 12 ppm. A perda de massa do silício por evaporação ficou em torno de 6% por passada, o que limita a aplicação da fusão zonal para um grande número de passadas; - Embora o cadinho de cobre forneça um silício bastante puro (5 noves ou 99,999%) o lingote apresentou trincas internas de solidificação e não pode ser usado diretamente na produção de células solares. Outro processo de solidificação (CZ ou HEM) posteriormente ao processo de fusão zonal deveria ser usado, obtendo assim lingote de melhor qualidade estrutural; - Todas as impurezas metálicas analisadas (Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Ti, V, W e Zr) além de boro e fósforo foram segregadas para o final do lingote. Além da segregação, houve a purificação por evaporação principalmente do fósforo, seguido em menores proporções de manganês, alumínio e cobre. O coeficiente de distribuição efetivo (K) de cada elemento mostrou ser dependente do teor total de impurezas e quanto maior o teor total de impurezas, maior foi o valor de K. O boro foi pouco afetado pelo processo de fusão zonal, pois não evapora e tem solubilidade próxima no sólido e no líquido; - O uso de cadinho de grafita no lugar do cadinho de cobre refrigerado a água, reduziu o consumo de energia em 20% e proporcionou a produção de um lingote de silício com boa pureza e melhor qualidade estrutural, com ausência de trincas internas. O contato do silício com o cadinho provocou, entretanto, a contaminação do silício pelo carbono e a formação de uma camada superficial de carboneto de silício, de extrema dureza, o que dificulta ou impede o corte das lâminas. Houve a quebra do cadinho de grafita durante a fusão ou a desmoldagem. Cadinhos especiais como FABMATE e SuperSiC também apresentaram a adesão do silício e quebraram; - A resistividade elétrica não mostrou correlação com o teor total de impurezas, ficando em torno de 0,08±0,04 ohm.cm para lâminas com teor total de impurezas entre 10 e 10.000 ppm. A resistividade elétrica também não mostrou correlação direta com a eficiência solar nas amostras produzidas; - A eficiência solar não mostrou relação direta com o teor total de impurezas, mas sim com a qualidade estrutural do lingote, pois as células que apresentaram maior eficiência foram produzidas no cadinho de grafita, onde as lâminas não apresentavam trincas de solidificação.
Abstract: The search for renewable energy sources has caused a boom in the production of solar cells in this decade, which rose from 0.3 GW in 2002 to 6.0 GW in 2008, totaling 37 billion dollars in 2008. The production of Electronic Grade Silicon (SiGE) increased 127% from 2007 to 2008, and approximately 90% of solar cells produced nowadays use SiGE, which is responsible for 1/4 of the total installation cost of a solar panel. The Siemens process is used all over the world to purify silicon. It is based on the chlorination of silicon and has the disadvantage of generating highly toxic chemical waste. This process produces high-purity silicon with less than 1 ppm impurities, called Electronic Grade Silicon (SiGE). It is used by the microelectronics industry and in the production of solar cells as well. There are two alternatives to meet the demand for silicon for the photovoltaic area. The first one, called Solar Grade Silicon (SiGS), aims to develop a chemical processes, derived from the Siemens process, to produce lower-quality silicon at lower costs, but which still meets the requirements for solar cell manufacture. The second alternative is to try to adapt the metallurgical purification steps of metallurgical grade silicon (SiGM) to obtain silicon that meets SiGS requirements, which is the focus of this work. The possibilities of insertion of Brazil in the photovoltaic market are very large because, besides having the largest quartz reserves in the world, it is the third largest producer of metallurgical silicon in the world and exports it at about U$ 1/kg. However, the aggregation of technology in silicon purification increases its value exponentially, reaching U$100/kg for electronic grade polycrystalline silicon and up to U$ 4.000/kg for layers of mono and polycrystalline silicon, with the same purity. The Department of Materials Engineering of Unicamp has researched SIGS since 1980, having obtained an ingot with 170 ppm metallic impurities in its purest region by acid leaching and unidirectional solidification of SiGM at that time; solar cells with 4% efficiency were produced from this ingot at the Institute of Physics at Unicamp. In 1990, with the purchase of an electron beam furnace, studies on the purification of SiGM in this equipment were started. Radial segregation of impurities was observed in a round sample solidified at 10 mm/min, with a reduction from 1100 to 15 ppm in its purest region. The results led us to study the potential for purification of metallurgical silicon in the EBM furnace with the horizontal zone melting technique, using water-cooled copper and graphite crucibles, with different zone advance speeds (1 and 10 mm/ min), which is the focus of this work. The advantages of the horizontal zone melting process (with crucible) over the vertical zone melting or floating (without crucible) process is that the control of the size of the zone is much simpler in the former, besides allowing the use of silicon in any shape (stones, granulated or ingots), while only silicon bars can be used in the latter. The results obtained using the SiGM provided by Liasa, with 1454 ppm total impurities content and more than 100 ppm and 30 ppm of carbon and oxygen, and the SiGM supplied by Rima Company, with 254 ppm total impurities content and 140 ppm carbon and 2500 ppm oxygen, were as follows: - The use of the water-cooled copper crucible was adequate because it allowed easy shakeout, with no silicon contamination. With 1 melting zone pass along 2 bars, at a speed of 1 mm/min, and a new pass along the ingot formed by the two cleanest halves, we obtained a total of 25 ppm impurities content with Liasa silicon and less than 11 ppm with Rima silicon. Carbon and oxygen contents were reduced to 35 and 6 ppm, respectively, in Liasa silicon and 40 and 10 ppm in Rima silicon; these values are near Wacker SiGE values of 20 and 12 ppm. The loss of silicon mass by evaporation was around 6% per pass, which limits the application of zone melting for a large number of passes; - Although the copper crucible leads to extremely pure silicon (5 nines or 99,999%) the ingot presented internal solidification cracks and cannot be used directly in the production of solar cells. Another solidification process (CZ or HEM) should be used after the zone melting process, leading to an ingot with better-quality structure; - All metal impurities analyzed (Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Ti, V, W and Zr), besides boron and phosphorus, were segregated towards the end of the block. Besides segregation, there was purification of phosphorus, mainly by evaporation, followed by smaller proportions of manganese, aluminum and copper. The effective distribution coefficient (K) of each element was shown to be dependent on the total impurities content, and the higher the total impurities content, the higher the value of K is. Boron was little affected by the zone melting process because it does not evaporate and its solubility is similar in the liquid and in the solid phases; - The use of the graphite crucible, instead of the water-cooled copper crucible, reduced energy consumption in 20% and led to the production of a silicon ingot with good purity and better structural quality, without internal cracks. The contact of silicon with the crucible has, however, caused the contamination of silicon by carbon and formed an extremely hard surface layer of silicon carbide, which makes it difficult to cut the layers or even prevents it. The graphite crucible broke during melting or shakeout. Special crucibles, such as FABMATE and SuperSiC, also suffered silicon adhesion and broke; - The electrical resistivity showed no correlation with the total impurities content, remaining around 0.08 ± 0.04 ohm.cm for samples with total impurities content between 10 and 10,000 ppm. The electrical resistivity also showed no direct correlation with solar efficiency in the samples produced.; - The solar efficiency showed no direct relationship to the total impurities content, but it showed a direct relationship to the structural quality of the ingot, as the higher efficiency cells were produced in the graphite crucible, with no solidification cracks in the layers;
Doutorado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
Argonz, Raquel. "Purificação de rejeitos de lascas de quartzo das industrias de silicio." [s.n.], 2001. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264918.
Повний текст джерелаTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-31T20:22:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Argonz_Raquel_D.pdf: 6011460 bytes, checksum: 288a8671c5c8ed96310d3c57226ce9c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001
Resumo: O Brasil é na atualidade um dos principais produtores de silício para o mundo, sendo que a quantidade de quartzo extraído para a sua produção incluindo o ferro-silício, é da ordem de 2 milhões de toneladas/ano. Para a obtenção do quartzo destinado à redução carbotérmica em silício, nos diversos estágios de extração, britagem, seleção, transporte, e lavagem, cerca de 300.000 toneladas/ano de lascas de quartzo tomam-se rejeitos. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma metodologia ambientalmente correta, denominada "quench-Ieaching" e "crush-leaching", que se utiliza da lixiviação aquosa para a purificação deste material. Os resultados mostram que ocorre uma remoção efetiva de impurezas majoritárias nas lascas de quartzo, tais como, AI, Fe, Na, K, Ca, Mn, ..., dando-lhe uma pureza de 99,9% de SI 'O IND 2'. Uma comparação com diversos insumos de quartzo produzidos no exterior para uso em tecnologia avançada, como para produção de sílica vítrea translucente e "fillers" de "micro-chips", revela que este material purificado com esta tecnologia toma-se de qualidade equivalente ao pó de quartzo internacional
Abstract: Nowadays, Brazil is one of the main silicon metal and iron-silicon producer in the world. But on the other hand, the amount of natural quartz that has been extracted for this purpose is up to 2 milliontons/year. The key-point is the large quantity of rejected quartz lascas, approximately 300,000 tons/year, generated during the various stages of extraction, crushing, selection, transportation, and washing. A new environrnentally mendly purification methodology denominated "quench-Ieaching" and "crush-leaching, that only uses aqueous leaching, has been developed. The result shows an effective elimination of major quartz impurities, such as Al, Fe, Na, K, Ca, Mn, ... , that transforms this rejected material into a 99.9% purity SI 'O IND 2'. The quality of this material is as high as the quartz powder commercially available in the intemational market for use as "fillers" and translucent silica glass raw material for semiconductor industries
Doutorado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
Degoulange, Julien. "Purification et caractérisations physico-chimiques et électriques de silicium d'origine métallurgique destiné à la conversion photovoltaïque." Phd thesis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00396396.
Повний текст джерела