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Статті в журналах з теми "Pulping Costs"
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Gavrilescu, Dan. "BEST PRACTICES IN KRAFT PULPING - BENEFITS AND COSTS." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 4, no. 1 (2005): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2005.003.
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Felissia, Fernando E., Maria C. Area, Olga M. Barboza, and Dora I. Bengoechea. "Anti-scaling agents in kraft pulping." BioResources 2, no. 2 (May 4, 2007): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.2.2.252-264.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Scale formation in the digester during kraft pulping represents a great problem in pulp mills. Scaling reduces pulping control and efficiency, increasing energy costs and leading to cleaning breakdowns, with subsequent losses in productivity. The kraft process promotes CaCO3 scaling due to high calcium ion and carbonate concentrations, as well as high alkalinity and temperature levels, which increase the speed with which liquors reach a state of supersaturation. This work examines the action of diethylene triamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMPA), either alone or combined with commercial anti-scaling agents, as an inhibitor of calcium carbonate precipitation in the kraft pulping of Pinus taeda. The theoretical amount of calcium deposited in the digester was obtained by mass balance. Soluble calcium was stable throughout cooking when using the phosphonates alone or combined with anti-scaling agents. When adding only DTPMPA, calcium stays in the pulp, rather than forming deposits.
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Watson, P. A., and J. V. Hatton. "Increasing the use of supplemental fibre sources in pulping." Forestry Chronicle 72, no. 5 (October 1, 1996): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc72501-5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The highlights of a recent two-day workshop to address problems of fibre shortages and increasingly high delivered wood costs show that, based on their quality, availability and impact, several supplemental fibre sources can be used effectively in chemical and mechanical pulping. The workshop, held in Vancouver, British Columbia, was hosted jointly by the Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada and the Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada.
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ANDREWS, JOHN D., and PETER W. HART. "Improving pulp yield for integrated southern hardwood kraft mills—significance and impact on chemical recovery, steam and power generation, and bleaching." TAPPI Journal 12, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj12.2.41.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Researchers have been attempting to improve the yield of bleachable-grade kraft pulp for several decades. Wood is typically one of the major costs associated with kraft pulping. Therefore, it is typically assumed that improving pulp yield or conversely, reducing the amount of wood required to make a specific mass of pulp, is a cost-effective, lucrative endeavor. Although this may be true, it is important to understand the impact of increasing pulp yield on the interconnected processes within an integrated pulp and paper mill and to fully evaluate the cost implications on these processes. The current work employed several sets of laboratory pulping conditions and a WinGEMS model of a pulp mill, fully integrated with chemical recovery, power, and recausticization, and pulp drying islands to determine where the largest cost impact associated with improved pulp yield may be experienced.
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Chaurasia, Shardesh, Prakashchandra Mervana, Satyapal Singh, and Sanjay Naithani. "Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Material for Biopulping: A Review." Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2016-mir5p1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Biopulping has the potential to improve pulp quality, paper properties and to reduce energy costs and environmental impact relative to traditional pulping approaches. The technology has focused on the white rot fungi that are known to be degrader of wood constituents. This group of fungi have complex extracellular ligninolytic enzyme systems that can selectively degrade/ alter lignin structure and allow cellulose fibres to be relatively unaffected. It colonizes either on living or dead wood and decomposes almost all plant cell wall polymers including lignin and extractives making it to be extremely potential to be used in biopulping. Biopulping reduces the chemical load in paper industry and thus partially limiting environmental threats caused by conventional pulping. It has been advised that energy savings alone could make the process economically viable. Other benefits include improved burst strength and tear indices of product and reduced pitch deposition.
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BROGDON, BRIAN N. "Optimization of elemental chlorine-free bleaching for a softwood kraft pulp • part 2: economic analysis of chemical and steam consumption." September 2010 9, no. 9 (October 1, 2010): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj9.9.47.
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Our previous investigation [1] re-analyzed the data from Basta and co-workers (1992 TAPPI Pulping Conference) to demonstrate how oxidative alkaline extraction can be augmented and how these changes affect chlorine dioxide consumption with elemental chlorine-free (ECF) sequences. The current study manipulates extraction delignification variables to curtail bleaching costs with a conventional U.S. Southern softwood kraft pulp. The economic advantages of ~0.35% to 0.65% H2O2 peroxide reinforcement in a 70°C (EOP)-stage versus 90°C (EO)-stage are predisposed to the brightness targets, to short or long bleach sequences, and to mill energy costs. Minimized bleaching costs are generally realized when a 90°C (EO) is employed in D0(EO)D1 bleaching, whereas a 70°C (EOP) is economically advantageous for D0(EOP)D1E2D2 bleaching. The findings we disclose here help to clarify previous ECF optimization studies of conventional softwood kraft pulps.
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Han, Xiao Fang, and Hong Qing Hu. "Application of Bleaching Reed Pulp by Xylanase-Producing Alkalophilic Bacillius." Advanced Materials Research 830 (October 2013): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.830.207.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The reeds are the reeds of the Gramineae Lo bamboo family and they are major non-wood papermaking raw materials. Based on the importance of the reed in the papermaking, many useful discussions have been carried out about its pulping and bleaching processes (Shatalov et al.,2001).Finnish scholars reported a pulp by the xylanase treatment could reduce the segment of chloride to chlorine consumption of 25% for the first time in 1986 (Viikari et al., 1986),and it was soon put into industrial production after then. Xylanase can reduce the amount of chemical additives by improving the bleach ability of the pulp, thereby reducing environmental pollution and reduce production costs, and increase the brightness of the paper (Anatoly et al., 2007).Although many scholars have done a lot of research in biobleaching, and have made some progress, but most of the selection of microorganisms are fungi and neutrophilic bacteria, the production of xylanase is usually in the pH 5 - 7, 40-50°C which often leads to maximal activity, thus lack of compatibility with the conventional chemical pulping process. In recent years, the thermal stability of alkaline xylanase has been paid much attention (Shatalov et al.,2003). Alkalophilic bacteria secreted extracellular enzyme with heat, basophilic characteristics, can be used directly to the biopulping pretreatment and bleaching of wood and non wood raw materials. The recent study on organic solventbased pulping of giant reed showed that competitive papermaking fibres could be produced using this advanced pulping technology (Shatalov and Pereira, 2001). The amount of enzyme not only directly affects the size of pulp hardness, degree of polymerization and brightness, but also was the basis for investigating the economic of dealing with enzyme.The results of alkaline bacteria xylanase bleaching ramie fiber have been reported previously (Zheng et al., 2000). In this study, the xylanase of alkalophilic Bacillus is used in reed pulp bleaching pretreatment, and the physical and chemical properties of the enzyme to deal with the reed pulp are analyzed.
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Bosco, Mtweve, Ekael Mbise, and Rwaichi Minja. "Production of Paper Pulp Using Sisal Fiber Waste from Sisal Spinning Processes." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 41, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v41i2.788.
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Disposal of large volumes of textile waste is an escalating problem for textile industries. Sisal spinning industry is the one of the textile industries releasing large volumes of textile waste in the landfills. The rising costs, and reduction of available space together with increasing stringent environmental measures are making burying and land filling of textile waste, a declining option. This study therefore explores recycling options where the potential of using sisal fiber waste produced during sisal spinning processes as raw materials for the production of paper pulp was investigated. Sampling was done at 21stCentury Holdings Limited allocated at Chang’ombe industrial street Dar es Salaam mainly dealer of sisal yarns production. Materials were prepared and cut into small pieces of about ½ inches to reduce the fiber into unit lengths so as to achieve pulping required performance. Pulping process was achieved through Soda pulping techniques with two different effective alkali charges (EA-20% and EA-24%) for 240 minutes under maximum temperature 140 C, and liquor to fiber ratio 4:1by using Mathis Labomat dyeing Machine. The kappa number obtained was (25.5, 34.5) for material treated under EA 24% and EA 20% respectively, Percentage pulp yield were (47.1, 54.4) for EA 24% and EA20% pulp respectively. Freeness (630CFS, 555CSF) after refining at 4500rpm. Finally, the resulting pulp was used for hand sheet making and the sheets were tested for their mechanical properties; Grammage (61.1, 61.1) g/m2, Tensile index (9.9, 22.3) Nm/g, Tear index (13.3, 17.4) Nm2/g, burst index (1.7, 3.7 and 1.6) k.pa.m2/g and Elongation at break (2.02, 2.22) % for EA24% pulp, EA20% pulp respectively. The findings shows that sisal fiber wastes have a promising potential for paper pulp production compared to other non-wood raw material.
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Hruška, Michal, Miroslav Variny, Juma Haydary, and Ján Janošovský. "Sulfur Recovery from Syngas in Pulp Mills with Integrated Black Liquor Gasification." Forests 11, no. 11 (November 3, 2020): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111173.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research Highlights: As to fill the current knowledge gap and to deliver important findings to the scientific community, efficient sulfur recovery from black liquor gasifier syngas, comprising both gas cleaning and returning sulfur to the pulping process, was modeled and assessed from a techno-economic viewpoint. This manuscript proves that the associated investment and operational costs cannot be neglected and that they impact the black liquor gasification feasibility significantly. To prove its gasification as a sustainable and more efficient processing route over its combustion in recovery boilers, a substantial process efficiency improvement and operating costs reduction must be targeted in future research. Background and Objectives: Sulfur compounds found in black liquor partly turn into hydrogen sulfide during gasification and exit the gasifier in the syngas. Their efficient recovery in their sulfidic form to the pulping process is of utmost importance. Current studies focus on black liquor gasifier syngas desulfurization only. Materials and Methods: A mathematical model of two H2S absorption units from a 66.7 tDS/h (1600 tons dry solids per day) black liquor gasification process to 20 ppm H2S content in cleaned syngas using either white liquor plus NaOH or N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) was created using the Aspen Plus simulation software. Results: The results show that CO2 co-absorption significantly increases the lime kiln load: +20% in the MDEA alternative and +100% in the other one. The MDEA alternative requires almost the same investment costs but by around USD 9.7 million (>50%) lower annual operating costs compared to the other one. Economic evaluation was based on the assumed discount rate of 5% and on the expected plant operation time of 25 years. The estimated total investment cost of the whole plant is around USD 170 million for both alternatives. The whole plant including this alternative exhibits a positive net present value (over USD 19 million), an internal rate of return of 5% and a profitability index of 1.12, whereas that with the other alternative is economically infeasible. Conclusions: The MDEA-based syngas cleaning technology represents a more efficient and economically feasible option of sulfur recovery. A major drawback of both modeled syngas cleaning technologies is that their estimated annual operating costs significantly reduce the expected profit margin of gasification over the traditional black liquor combustion in a recovery boiler. Syngas cleaning and sulfur recovery have to be further optimized to reach a significant cut down in operational costs to improve the economic feasibility of black liquor gasification.
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Pitt, Doug, Len Lanteigne, Michael K. Hoepting, Jean Plamondon, Isabelle Duchesne, Paul Bicho, and Gary Warren. "Effects of precommercial thinning on the forest value chain in northwestern New Brunswick: Part 6 – Estimating the economic benefits." Forestry Chronicle 89, no. 04 (August 2013): 502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2013-091.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Green River precommercial thinning (PCT) trials were established between 1959 and 1961 in naturally regenerating balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.)-dominated stands an average of eight years after overstory removal. Following clearcut harvest of three of the study's six replicates in the fall of 2008, the rotation-length effects of PCT and vegetation management (VM; deciduous tree and brush suppression) on the forest value chain were integrated into a spreadsheet-based model that estimates the net present value (NPV) of these silvicultural treatments. Assuming costs and prices near recent values, both PCT and VM were observed to support positive landowner NPVs through discount rates in excess of 6%. At a discount rate of 4% and an age where sawlog production was maximized, PCT and VM offered similar NPV (>$550/ha). Landowners that can attract buyers willing to pay a premium for wood from thinned stands (equal to the sum of reduced operational overhead charges, harvesting and sawmilling costs and increased pulping costs) could see the value of their stands double. Sensitivity analyses revealed that these results are dependent on site productivity, silvicultural costs and a strong premium on sawlog stumpage rates. Depending on economic circumstances, PCT and VM could be attractive investments on high quality sites that are situated in close proximity to wood processing infrastructure.
Дисертації з теми "Pulping Costs"
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Smith, David Brian. "A 2012 SURVEY AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF COMPOSTING AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OPTIONS FOR MIAMI UNIVERSITY." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1344965351.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "Pulping Costs"
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Cost implications for thermomechanical pulping and brightening of blue-stained chips. Victoria, B.C: Pacific Forestry Centre, 2007.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Pulping Costs"
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Garg, Harish, Monica Rani, and S. P. Sharma. "Predicting Uncertain Behavior and Performance Analysis of the Pulping System in a Paper Industry using PSO and Fuzzy Methodology." In Handbook of Research on Novel Soft Computing Intelligent Algorithms, 414–49. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4450-2.ch014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main objective of the present study is to permit the reliability analyst or system manager to analyze the failure behavior of the system in a more consistent and logical manner. As the collected or available data from various resources are uncertain and imprecise due to various practical constraints and hence the performance of the system cannot be made up to desired levels. To cope with such situations and subjective information in a consistent and logical manner, fuzzy methodology is one of the most vital and effective tool. To this effect a structural framework has been developed by the authors for analyzing and predicting the system behavior. The pulping unit of paper industry has been taken as an illustration. The failure rates and repair times for all the constituent components are obtained by solving availability-cost optimization model using particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm. To increase the performance of the system, various reliability parameters are computed with the obtained results using a confidence interval based fuzzy lambda-tau methodology. Sensitivity as well as performance analysis of the system performance has been done for ranking the critical component of the system as per preferential order. The computed results are compared with existing fuzzy lambda-tau and traditional (crisp) methodology results.
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Garg, Harish, Monica Rani, and S. P. Sharma. "Predicting Uncertain Behavior and Performance Analysis of the Pulping System in a Paper Industry Using PSO and Fuzzy Methodology." In Fuzzy Systems, 1070–109. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1908-9.ch046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main objective of the present study is to permit the reliability analyst or system manager to analyze the failure behavior of the system in a more consistent and logical manner. As the collected or available data from various resources are uncertain and imprecise due to various practical constraints and hence the performance of the system cannot be made up to desired levels. To cope with such situations and subjective information in a consistent and logical manner, fuzzy methodology is one of the most vital and effective tool. To this effect a structural framework has been developed by the authors for analyzing and predicting the system behavior. The pulping unit of paper industry has been taken as an illustration. The failure rates and repair times for all the constituent components are obtained by solving availability-cost optimization model using particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm. To increase the performance of the system, various reliability parameters are computed with the obtained results using a confidence interval based fuzzy lambda-tau methodology. Sensitivity as well as performance analysis of the system performance has been done for ranking the critical component of the system as per preferential order. The computed results are compared with existing fuzzy lambda-tau and traditional (crisp) methodology results.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Pulping Costs"
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Leshchinskaya, Alexandra. "A. Leshchinskaya. MICROWAVE WOOD CHIP TREATMENT USE IN CHEMICAL PULP MANUFACTURING (TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC ASSESMENT)." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9706.
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MICROWAVE WOOD CHIP TREATMENT USE IN CHEMICAL PULP MANUFACTURING (TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC ASSESMENT) A. Leshchinskaya Plekhanov Russian University of Economics. 36 Stremyannyy Pereulok, 115093 Moscow, Russia, e-mail: alixfl@mail.ru] Keywords: chemical pulping, microwave wood modification, pulp, softwood, wood chips. Large volumes of cellulose are produced from wood chips by chemical methods. Low permeability of many wood species causes problems in the chemical pulp industry. These include: very long cooking times, high chemical consumption, large material losses, high energy consumption, and environmental pollution. New microwave (MW) wood modification technology can provide an increase in wood permeability for liquids and gases, which solves many of these problems. The technology works by applying intensive MW power to green wood, which generates steam pressure within wood cells. High internal pressure destroys weak elements of wood structure, opens pores and forms micro and macro cracks. A several thousand-fold increase in wood permeability can be achieved in species previously found to be impermeable to liquids and gases. It allows a significant increase in the speed of pulp cooking and improves a production processes. The study of the technology showed radical potential improvements in the pulp industry through: increase in mill throughput significant reduction of chemical consumptionreduction of energy consumption • increase in pulp quality and yield improvement of environmental performance. Pulp manufacturing process includs timber chipping, microwave chip treatment, steaming, cooking, washing, and pulp making. The use of MW wood chip treatment in pulp mills with outputs of 50,000 to 500,000 air dry tons (ADT) per year requires MW equipment with power from 1000 to 10,000 kW. Economic modelling of this technology used in different pulp mill conditions allowed assessment of the effect of capital costs, electricity costs, labour costs and other cost components to specific total costs of MW chip processing. Economic assessment of MW technology application showed that specific costs of softwood chip processing at electricity costs of 0.08 - 0.12 US$/kWh are 25.4 -33.7 US$/ADT of pulp. Electricity costs form the most significant part of the total specific costs of MW processing and form 51-69% shear in the total specific costs. Under the same conditions capital costs form 15-20% shear, and labour costs form 5-18% shear of the total specific costs. The electricity cost increase from $0.04 to $0.24/kWh provides specific MW processing cost rise by 2.7 to 3.1 times at pulp mill output range 50,000 to 500,000 ADT/year. New technology use allows benefits up to 7 – 22 Mil US$ per year for pulp mills with output of more than 200,000 ADT/year. The technology can be used by pulp mills with batch and continuous digesting and is not limited by mill throughput. Ecological impacts and high economic advantages of this MW technology application in pulp and paper industry provide good opportunity for commercialisation.
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Consonni, Stefano, Eric D. Larson, and Ryan Katofsky. "An Assessment of Black Liquor Gasification Combined Cycles: Part A — Technological Issues and Performance Comparisons." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53179.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Black liquor gasification (BLG) technologies are under active commercial development in the United States and Europe. BLG has been proposed as a future replacement for Tomlinson boilers to provide more efficient, safer, environmentally-friendlier, and more cost-competitive chemical and energy recovery at kraft pulp and paper mills. Also, some pulping process improvements are more readily implemented with BLG than with black liquor combustion. This is Part A of a two-part paper summarizing results of a large study supported by the US Department of Energy, the American Forest and Paper Association, the Southern Company, and the Tennessee Valley Authority to assess performances, emissions, costs and overall benefits of black liquor gasification combined cycle (BLGCC) technology for the U.S. kraft pulp and paper industry. Part A discusses the status of leading black liquor gasification technologies and presents detailed mass and energy balances for BLGCC integrated with a pulp and paper mill producing 1725 metric tons per day of uncoated freesheet paper. The corresponding nominal flow of black liquor solids is 6 million 1bs/day (or 438 MW of contained energy). Mass and energy balances are also presented at a comparable level of detail for state-of-the-art and advanced Tomlinson systems. Tomlinson performances are compared with that for three BLGCC configurations: (i) low-temperature, indirectly-heated gasifier coupled with a medium-power output heavy-duty gas turbine; (ii) high-temperature, oxygen-blown gasifier coupled with a medium-power output gas turbine; (iii) same high-temperature gasifier coupled with a utility-scale gas turbine, where the extra fuel input required to fully load the gas turbine is supplied by natural gas. With state-of-the-art Tomlinson technology, the integrated mill must import approximately 36 MW from the electric grid, which can be reduced to 11.5 MW with an advanced Tomlinson design. Medium-scale BLGCC allows export of 15–20 MW to the grid. This increases to 125 MW when the gasifier is coupled to the utility-scale gas turbine. The superior thermodynamic features of BLGCC are evidenced by the high ratio (0.5–0.9) of extra electricity generated by the BLGCC to extra fossil fuel purchased (higher heating value basis).
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T. Osterloh, W., and M. J. Jante. "Low-Cost Foam Surfactant from Wood Pulping By-Products." In IOR 1995 - 8th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201406971.
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Ghazali, Nurul Aimi, Shigemi Naganawa, Yoshihiro Masuda, Wan Asma Ibrahim, and Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar. "Eco-Friendly Drilling Fluid Deflocculant for Drilling High Temperature Well: A Review." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78149.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Conventional clay-based drilling fluids often experienced difficulties in controlling the rheological properties, gelation, and filtration due to flocculation of clay at the temperature higher than 121°C. Deflocculant or thinner, one of the drilling fluid additives, serves a significant role in preventing the association of clay particles particularly in high temperature environments such as high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) deep-water drilling. Lignosulfonate has been commonly used in the industry as deflocculant for clay-based drilling fluids since the late 1950s as a replacement for Quebracho tannin. Degradation at the elevated temperature limits the usage of anionic polymer and lignosulfonate. In improving the stability of deflocculant at high temperature, lignosulfonate is admixed or reacted with chromium and iron compound to obtain ferro-chrome lignosulfonate whose temperature limit is approximately 190°C. While recent ferro-chrome lignosulfonate contains less chrome than in the past, development of more environmentally friendly and higher thermally stable deflocculant is still needed. In HPHT environment which requires high-density drilling fluid, a higher thermally-stable deflocculant is also valuable for barite sagging that becomes problematic at a temperature higher than 200°C. Several findings in the past development of adhesives show that addition of tannin improves the thermal stability of lignosulfonate. Tannin is a polyphenolic compound that is natural, non-toxic and biodegradable and can be found in various part of a vascular plant other than Quebracho. Lignosulfonate, on the other hand, is a byproduct of the paper pulping process. Tannin and lignosulfonate are cross-linked to obtain tannin–lignosulfonate for use as a high-temperature drilling fluid deflocculant. Tannin and lignin are the most abundant compounds extracted from biomass. The wide availability of tannin and lignosulfonate is an advantage from a manufacturing cost viewpoint. In this paper, an overview of drilling fluids, classification of drilling fluid, high temperature reservoir environment, and mechanisms of dispersion and deflocculation are presented. Further discussion on the potential development of eco-friendly tannin–lignosulfonate based drilling fluid system for the high temperature well development also presented.
Звіти організацій з теми "Pulping Costs"
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Yulin Deng and Art Ragauskas. Dry Kraft Pulping at Ambient Pressure for Cost Effective Energy Saving and Pollution Deduction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1049310.
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