Дисертації з теми "Pulmonary adenocarcinoma"
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Brocksmith, Debra. "Identification and analysis of differentially expressed genes in human pulmonary adenocarcinoma." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29447.
Повний текст джерелаSalvatori, Daniela. "Studies on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29348.
Повний текст джерелаAldujaily, Esraa Abdulaal. "An investigation of tumour-associated macrophages and statin therapy in human pulmonary adenocarcinoma." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/43086.
Повний текст джерелаSummers, Christina. "Immune responses during jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus infection and development of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30805.
Повний текст джерелаAgrawal, Deepti [Verfasser], Philipp J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Jost, Radu Roland [Gutachter] Rad, and Marc [Gutachter] Schmidt-Supprian. "RIPK3 suppresses Kras-driven pulmonary adenoma and adenocarcinoma formation / Deepti Agrawal ; Gutachter: Radu Roland Rad, Marc Schmidt-Supprian ; Betreuer: Philipp J. Jost." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1211725278/34.
Повний текст джерелаFrança, Fernanda Stapenhorst. "Reprogramação metabólica e possíveis alvos terapêuticos em adenocarcinoma pulmonar." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/151298.
Повний текст джерелаBalbinotti, Helier. "Investigação dos possíveis papéis de vesículas extracelulares e suas proteínas na transferência intercelular de resistência à cisplatin em adenocarcinoma de pulmão humano." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/187265.
Повний текст джерелаMany patients with lung cancer have tumors in advanced stage and the main drug used for their treatment is cisplatin (CDDP). The CDDP use is limited, because tumors may become resistant to their action. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have functions in chemoresistance transfer between tumor cells and proteins participate in this effect. The study of VEs protein profile from drug–sensitive and –resistant tumor cells allows a better understanding of the mechanisms of this transfer. Therefore, this work focused on the investigation of the possible roles of EVs and their proteins in the resistance intercellular transfer between CDDP–resistant and –sensitive lung adenocarcinoma human cells. Cell subline with resistance (RA-A549) was established, exposing the A549 line to CDDP concentrations. After, transwell co-cultures were performed between RA-A549 cells with A549 cells to verify EVs cell uptake and to assess the resistance transfer between the lines. In the transfer assay, A549 cells were co-cultivated with the A549 cells or RA-A549 with CDDP or not by 72 h and thereafter labeled with FDA. The EVs were isolated from culture supernatant by the differential centrifugation and ultracentrifugation method and analyzed by different techniques. The isolated EVs protein from RA-A549 and A549 were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The RA-A549 subline showed IC50 value greater than of A549 line (about 4.5 fold). A549 cells co-cultivated with RA-A549 were able to RA-A549 EVs uptake and showed a lower sensitivity to CDDP (p < 0,001), suggesting chemoresistance intercellular transfer. The isolated EVs showed a variable diameter (10-420 nm) with a predominance of ~100 nm, and their presence was further confirmed by detection of CD63 protein. Two hundred and twenty-five different proteins were identified in the A549 and RA-A549 cell EVs, among these EVs classic protein markers, such as CD9, CD8, Alix, annexins, Rab GTPases e HSPs. Proteins were identified in the EVs potentially involved in the CDDP-resistance transfer and associated with cell proliferation and adhesion, drug flow blockage, cell invasion and migration, apoptosis evasion, attenuation of immune system and coagulation, angiogenesis, cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, modulation of energy metabolism, efflux or neutralization of the drug, protein degradation, reorganization of the tumor cell structure and shape.
Dutra, Cristine de Souza. "Análise proteômica de proteínas sintetizadas em resposta acisplatina em células de adenocarcinoma de pulmão humano resistentes e sensíveis a droga." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/180571.
Повний текст джерелаLung cancer is among the most frequent cancer in the world population and it is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Since lung cancer is identified in advanced stages of development, the main treatment is based in chemotherapy using platinum containing compounds, mainly cisplatin (CDDP). CDDP is able to crosslink with DNA leading to cell death, however many patients show tumor that are resistance to CDDP. This resistance is one of the main barriers for the success of lung cancer treatment by chemotherapy. To understand the mechanisms involved in CDDP resistance in lung cancer, we used CDDPsensitive (A549) and –resistant (A549/CDDP) cells to identify the newly synthesized proteins in response to drug exposure by BONCAT technique. It was possible the identification of 173 and 136 proteins regulated by CDDP in A549 and A549/CDDP cells, respectively. The identified proteins were related to several distinct molecular mechanisms potentially involved in CDDP response, including alternative splicing, response to oxidative stress, telomere maintenance, apoptosis regulation and cystoskeleton reorganization. Our results showed that A549/CDDP cells are less susceptible to DNA damage caused by CDDP than A549 cells. A549/CDDP also are able to increase the expression of proteins that combat the reactive oxygen species generated due to CDDP presence. In addition, CDDP induces different apoptotic pathways in drug-sensitive and resistant cell. In the A549 cells, CDDP induces the activation of the extrinsic pathway, while in A549/CDDP cells CDDP induces the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. So, our study was able to provide evidence of proteins and pathways that are differentially express and activated after CDDP treatment.
Rocha, José Aurillo. "Perfil epidemiológico e molecular em pacientes com câncer de pulmão e adenocarcinoma no Ceará." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/15374.
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Introduction: Cancer is a leading global health problems and one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in public health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) is the second leading cause of death worldwide, second only to the diseases cardiovasculares.Temos national high incidence of patients with advanced lung cancer. There unpredictability of epidemiological profiles and therapeutic responses. Molecular biology has been important in the characterization of tumor differentiation and prognosis of the disease. New treatments are directed by pharmacogenomic characteristics. Little is known about the prevalence of these genes in Cearáand Latin America as well as on clinical characteristics and outcomes related. Objective: To identify the characteristics and distribution of the epidemiological profile of patients with advanced lung cancer, treated at the oncology clinic at the Messejana Hospital - Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart. Material and Methods: An observational, prospective and analytical study with inclusion of 135 patients with advanced lung cancer, between 08/2012 to 12/2014; being analyzed for the distribution of origin by frequency, sex, race, education, clinical complaints, smoking and molecular profile. Results: There was a predominance in the success of patients from small towns of Ceará(69%); female patients (51.1%), low education (first degree or less -19%), farmers (22.4%), Pardos (47.4%) and smokers. (79%) The histological subtype was adenocarcinoma predominantly (32.5%). Dyspnea was the main complaint clinica.O predominant initial treatment occurred in hospital stay (75.5%). Conclusion: In this group of patients identified a profile of epidemiological characteristics. Created a hospital cancer registry. There proportionality results with the literature.
Introdução: O câncer éum dos principais problemas mundiais de saúde e uma das causas mais importantes de morbidade e mortalidade em saúde pública. Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) éa segunda causa de morte no mundo;perdendo apenas para as doenças cardiovasculares.Temos alta incidência nacional de pacientes com câncer de pulmão avançado. Há imprevisibilidade de perfis epidemiológicos e respostas terapêuticas. A biologia molecular tem sido importante na caracterização sobre a diferenciação tumoral e prognóstico da doença.Novos tratamentos são direcionados por características farmacogenômicas. Pouco se sabe sobre a prevalência desses genes no Cearáe na América Latina, bem como sobre características clínicas e desfechos relacionados. Objetivo: Identificar as características e distribuição do perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes portadores de neoplasia de pulmão avançado, atendidos no ambulatório de oncologia do Hospital de Messejana - Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart. Material e Métodos: Estudo observacional, prospectivo e analítico com inclusão de 135 pacientes portadores de neoplasia de pulmão avançado, entre 08/2012 a 12/2014; sendo analisados quanto a distribuição de frequência por procedência, sexo, raça, escolaridade, queixas clinicas, tabagismo e perfil molecular. Resultados: Houve predominância na procedência de pacientes oriundos de cidades do interior do Ceará (69%); pacientes do sexo feminino (51,1%), baixa escolaridade (1o grau ou menos -19%), agricultores (22,4%), Pardos (47,4%) e tabagistas.(79%)O subtipo histológico adenocarcinoma foi predominante (32,5%). Dispnéia foi a principal queixa clinica. O atendimento inicial predominante se deu no período de internamento (75,5%). Conclusão: Neste grupo de pacientes identificou-se um perfil de características epidemiológicas próprias. Criou-se um registro de câncer do hospital.Há proporcionalidade de resultados com a literatura.
Spilimbergo, Fernanda Brum. "Carcinoma bronquioloalveolar (CBA) : aspectos diagnósticos e terapêuticos em uma série de 72 casos estudados entre 1965 e 2006." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/60751.
Повний текст джерелаThe Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), at first defined as a sub type of adenocarcinoma originating in peripheral pulmonary zones, cytologically well differentiated, growing along the alveolar septa, and propagating via bronchial tree, had since 2004 its concept restricted: Pure bronchioloalveolar carcinoma for tumors growing along the alveolar septa without stroma, vessel, lymphatic or pleural invasion, preserving the pulmonary architecture, and Mixed type of adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar component when invasion is present. In this work there were studied 72 patients with adenocacrcinoma of the lung, who were admitted between 1965 and 2006 in a Service of Chest Diseases, whose the histopathologic, clinical manifestations and radiographic findings concluded by the diagnostic of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC). The study was divided in two parts: a 1965-2001 one with 51 cases, and another from 2001 to 2006 with 21 cases. The whole series of 72 patients represented 4.0 per cent of the adenocarcinoma and 1.0 per cent of the lung cancer cases verified in 42 years. Of 72 patients with BAC, 45 (62.5%) were male, most (95.8%) white. The mean age was 68.6 years for males and 64.7 years for females, and 65.5% were smokers. The most frequent clinical symptoms were cough, dyspnea, weight loss and bronchorrea. Digital clubbing was present in 20.8% of the patients and fever in 13.9% . At the X-ray, 61.1 % of the cases presented as an acinar-lobular pattern, in 29.2% as a nodule-mass and in 16.7% as an interstitial aspect. Unilateral lesions were observed in 72.2% of the cases, in one pulmonary lobe in 30.6%; in 9.7% there were mediastinal lymphadenopathies, and in one case (1.4%) a pleural effusion was identified. Diagnostic material was obtained in 50% of cases by toracotomy, in 18.1% by endoscopy, in 13.9% by punch lung biopsy, and in 20.8% by sputum cytology. In all cases, however, the BAC diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic criteria – mostly at thoracotomy ,and in two cases at necropsy. The therapeutic conduction in these 72 cases of BAC was pulmonary resection in 39 (54.2%) patients (lobectomy 19, segmentectomy 3, major partial resection 14, pneumonectomy 3); chemotherapy in 18 (25.0%) and radiotherapy in 4 (5.5%), alone or combined with a surgical procedure (4.0%); and 15 patients (20.8%) received only symptomatic medication.
Lapa, Rainer M. L. "Identificação de Alterações na Expressão de Pseudogenes e seus Genes Parentais correspondentes em Adenocarcinoma Pulmonar." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/181777.
Повний текст джерелаResumo: Introdução: O adenocarcinoma é o subtipo histológico mais comum de câncer de pulmão e leva à óbito milhões de pacientes a cada ano, mundialmente. Biomarcadores com utilidade clínica potencial têm sido identificados; entre estes, os RNAs não codificadores e os pseudogenes apresentam um potente papel na regulação de genes-alvo e genes parentais regulados por mRNAs respectivamente, os quais estão associados a vias moleculares de tumorigênese. Objetivos: Identificar alterações na expressão de pseudogenes em adenocarcinoma pulmonar, utilizando dados de transcritoma (RNA-Seq). Material e Métodos: Este estudo incluiu 27 tumores de adenocarcinoma pulmonar e 10 tecidos pulmonares histologicamente normais, adjacentes ao tumor, dos mesmos pacientes. Dados de RNA-Seq foram gerados na plataforma Illumina HiScan SQ e utilizados para a aplicação de uma estratégia de análise a fim de identificar sequências de pseudogenes com expressão anormal em tumores. Os pseudogenes com expressão significativamente alterada (p<0,05) foram validados no banco de dados The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) e utilizados para identificação funcional, in silico, utilizando métodos computacionais incluindo o IID (Integrated Interactions Database), TOPPGENES (functional enrichment analysis), mirDip (microRNA Data Integration Portal) e NAViGaTOR (Network Analysis, Visualization, & GraphingTORonto). Resultados e Discussão: Foram identificados 60 pseudogenes desregulados em adenocarcinoma pulmonar, sendo que 34 destes fora... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Background: Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common histological subtype of lung cancer and is associated with high rates of patient death (>1 million), every year. Clinically useful biomarkers have been identified; among these, non-coding RNAs and pseudogenes have a potent role in the regulation of miRNA target genes and parental genes, respectively, which are associated with tumorigenesis pathways. Objectives: To identify alterations in pseudogene expression in lung adenocarcinoma using transcriptome data (RNA-Seq). Material and Methods: This study included 27 lung adenocarcinoma and 10 histologically normal tissues, adjacent to the tumors, from the same patients. RNA-Seq data were generated on the Illumina HiScan SQ platform and utilized for application of a data analysis strategy (pipeline) in order to identify pseudogene sequences with abnormal expression in tumor compare to normal tissues. Pseudogenes with significantly altered expression (p<0,05) were validated using external dataset The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and subsequently used for in silico functional analysis, using computational tools including IID (Integrated Interactions Database), TOPPGENES (functional enrichment analysis), mirDip (microRNA Data Integration Portal) and NAViGaTOR (Network Analysis, Visualization, & Graphing TORonto). Results and Discussion: A total of 60 deregulated pseudogenes were identified in pulmonary adenocarcinoma, 34 of which were validated in the TCGA database. Some pseudogenes sho... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
Martini, Simone de Leon. "O potencial papel da cinase reguladora extracelular (ERK) na sobrevida de pacientes com adenocarcinoma de pulmão em estágios iniciais." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/97721.
Повний текст джерелаIntroduction: Lung cancer is among the most common types of neoplasias, and adenocarcinoma is the most frequent histological type. Currently, there is an extensive search for prognostic biomarkers of squamous nonsmall cell lung cancer. Objective: To analyze the correlation of clinical data and patient survival with the levels of activated extracellular regulatory kinase (ERK) in histological samples of surgically resected early stage lung adenocarcinoma. Methods: We randomly selected 36 patients with stage I or II lung adenocarcinoma who underwent pulmonary lobectomy between 1998 and 2004. Patients were divided into the following 2 groups according to immunohistochemical profile: a group with <15% ERK-positive tumor cells and a group with ≥15% ERK-positive tumor cells. For data comparison, an enrichment analysis of a microarray database was performed (GSE29016, n = 72). Results: Activated ERK levels were ≥15% and <15% in 21 (58%) and 15 (43%) patients, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in age, sex, smoking history, and body mass index among the groups stratified by ERK levels. The survival rate was lower in the ERK ≥15% group than in the ERK <15% group (P = 0.045). Enrichment analyses showed no correlation between variations in gene expression of ERK in adenocarcinoma patients and survival rates in patients with stage I and combined stage II+III disease. Conclusions: High ERK positivity in cells from biological samples of lung adenocarcinoma is related with tumor aggressiveness and a poorer prognosis.
Jaeger, Natália. "Investigação do efeito proliferativo e migratório do peptídeo liberador de gastrina (GRP) sobre uma linhagem de adenocarcinoma pulmonar." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/6965.
Повний текст джерелаLung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer and the leading cause of cancer related mortality in the world, causing nearly one million deaths per year. Among all histological types, adenocarcinoma is the most frequent one (75-80%). Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is considered to be a mitogen, capable of inducing cell proliferation, since it is involved in fetal lung development. This neuropeptide had its effect on tumor growth first identified in human cells of small cell lung cancer, acting as an autocrine growth factor for tumor tissues by binding to its receptor GRPR. The receptor has been found in many tumor types such as prostate, breast, stomach, pancreas and colon. Moreover, this peptide acts as a morphogen, in angiogenesis and is related to inflammatory processes and in the regulation of cells of the immune system. Furthermore, asymptomatic smokers have high levels of GRP in bronchoalveolar lavage and urine. However, little is known about its effects in tumorigenesis and metastasis, and which molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways are responsible for the effects found. Our group demonstrated recently that GRP could act as a chemotactic molecule for neutrophils. Thus, we hypothesized that GRP could be also a chemotactic stimulus to tumor cells expressing the GRPR. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by examining the effect of GRP on proliferation, survival and migration of cells from the adenocarcinoma cell line A549, seeking to identify the mechanisms of action of this peptide. These cells express high levels of GRPR and treatment with GRP leads to activation of kinases such as AKT and ERK1/2 that are involved in the cellular processes mentioned. Our results suggest that GRP is a migratory stimulus to these cells without evidence of significant effect on their proliferation or survival to treatment with the chemotherapy drug cisplatin (CDDP). Nonetheless, they become more sensitive to CDDP when the drug is combined with a GRPR antagonist. Thus, we believe that future studies should consider a possible role for GRP in metastasis of NSCLC.
O câncer de pulmão é o tipo de câncer que mais comumente diagnosticado e o que mais mata no mundo levando a quase 1 milhão de mortes por ano. Entre todos os tipos histológicos, o adenocarcinoma é o mais frequente (75-80%). O peptídeo liberador de gastrina (GRP) é considerado um agente mitogênico, capaz de induzir a proliferação celular, uma vez que está envolvido no desenvolvimento fetal dos pulmões. Este peptídeo teve sua ação sobre o crescimento tumoral primeiramente identificada em células humanas de câncer de pulmão de pequenas células, atuando como fator autócrino de crescimento de tecidos e tumores através da ligação ao seu receptor GRPR. Este receptor foi encontrado em diversos tipos de tumores como próstata, mama, estômago, pâncreas e cólon. Além disso, este peptídeo atua como um morfógeno, na angiogênese e, está relacionado a processos inflamatórios e na regulação de células do sistema imune. E, fumantes assintomáticos possuem altos níveis de GRP no lavado broncoalveolar e na urina. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre os seus efeitos na tumorigênese e metástase e, quais os mecanismos moleculares e as vias de sinalização que são responsáveis pelos efeitos encontrados. Nosso grupo demonstrou, recentemente, que o GRP pode atuar como uma molécula quimiotática para neutrófilos. Desta forma, hipotetizamos que o GRP poderia constituir num estimulo quimiotático também para as células tumorais que expressão o GRPR. Neste trabalho, testamos essa hipótese, analisando o efeito do GRP sobre a proliferação, sobrevivência e migração de células da linhagem de adenocarcinoma A549, buscando identificar mecanismos de ação desse peptídeo. Esta linhagem expressa altos níveis de GRPR.O tratamento com GRP leva a ativação de quinases como a AKT e ERK1/2 que estão envolvidas nestes processos celulares. Nossos resultados sugerem que o GRP é principalmente um estímulo migratório para estas células, sem evidências de efeito significativo sobre a sua proliferação ou sobrevivência ao tratamento com a droga quimioterápica cisplatina, mas tornam-se mais sensíveis quando a droga é combinada com um antagonista do GRPR. Dessa forma, acreditamos que estudos futuros devam considerar um possível papel para o GRP na metástase.
Martins, Sandro José. ""Contribuição à avaliação prognóstica de pacientes com adenocarcinoma pulmonar avançado: estudo imunohistoquímico da expressão do fator 1 de transcrição tireoideano e da metaloproteinase 9"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5150/tde-03062005-155426/.
Повний текст джерелаThe prognostic value of Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 (TTF-1) and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) tumor expression was evaluated in 51 patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Poor performance status (P = 0.017), low TTF-1 (P = 0.001), and high MMP-9 (P = 0.008) were independent prognostic factors. There was three risk groups: low risk (TTF-1 > 40% and MMP-9 < 80%; median survival: 127.6 wk), intermediate risk (TTF-1 < 40% or MMP-9 > 80%; median survival: 39.0 wk), and high risk (TTF-1 < 40% and MMP-9 > 80%; median survival: 16.4 wk). Evaluation of TTF-1 and MMP-9 may allow us to identify different, clinically meaningful, prognostic groups of lung adenocarcinoma patients.
Camargo, Bethina da Rocha. "Análise estatística baseada na construção de árvores de classificação e regressão de microRNAs de pacientes com adenocarcinoma pulmonar." Botucatu, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192594.
Повний текст джерелаResumo: O adenocarcinoma pulmonar é um problema mundial na saúde pública e representa uma das maiores causa de morte por câncer no mundo. Os microRNAs são grandes reguladores e têm sido propostos como biomarcadores em diversos tipos de cânceres. O objetivo desta pesquisa é encontrar possíveis microRNAs para melhorar a classificação dos tecidos (normal ou tumoral) e a sobrevivência dos pacientes. Utilizou-se o banco de dados do projeto Atlas do Genoma do Câncer (TCGA) para pacientes com adenocarcinoma pulmonar (LUAD). A análise estatística empregada foi baseada na construção de árvores de classificação, que encontrou o miR-21-5p, miR-133a-3p, miR-1287-3p e let-7g-3p estatisticamente significativos, e árvore de regressão para a sobrevivência dos pacientes, que encontrou o miR-887-3p, miR-1271-5p, miR-128-1-5p, miR-493-3p e miR-4999-5p estatisticamente significativos.
Abstract: Pulmonary adenocarcinoma is a worldwide public health problem and represents one of the biggest causes of cancer death in the world. MicroRNAs are strong regulators and have been proposed as biomarkers in several types of cancer. The objective of this research is to find possible microRNAs to improve the classification of tissues (normal or tumor) and patient survival. We used the database of the Atlas of Cancer Genome project (TCGA) for patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma (LUAD). A statistical analysis employed was based on the construction of classification trees, which found miR-21-5p, miR-133a-3p, miR-1287-3p and let-7g-3p, with statistical classification, and regression tree for the situation of patients, who found miR-887-3p, miR-1271-5p, miR-128-1-5p, miR-493-3p and miR-4999-5p are statistically used.
Mestre
Oliveira, Valeska Aguiar de. "Avaliação da terapia combinada com catalase na eficácia de diferentes quimioterápicos em adenocarcinoma de pulmão." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/115896.
Повний текст джерелаLung cancer remains the most lethal malignant disease with nearly 1.59 million deaths annually worldwide, limited efficacy of current therapeutics and dismal prognostic. Approximately 80% of the cases are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), of these, roughly 50% are adenocarcinomas (AdC). Currently, the gold standard treatment for AdC is based on platinum agents, usually given in combination with other agents. Despite these therapies, the disease is rarely curable. Several factors contribute to the high mortality rate and one of the most common includes tumor cell chemoresistance to cytotoxic drugs. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more effective therapies that could increase the overall survival of lung AdC patients. With the notion that the development of novel drugs require much time and financial investment, the use of existing drugs as adjuvant treatment becomes a good approach. Previous studies of our group demonstrated that lung AdC aggressiveness is associated with elevated intracellular oxidative stress, in which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a crucial role, since the exogenous treatment with the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) attenuated tumor aggressiveness. Then, this study evaluated the efficacy of CAT adjuvant treatment in the human AdC cell line A549. Firstly, exogenous addition of CAT caused a dose dependent inhibition on cellular proliferation with a maximal dose effect of 1000 U/mL. Growth inhibition was related to a cytostatic, not cytotoxic, effect of intracellular H2O2 consumption, since CAT washout readily restored cellular proliferative rate similar to control. After that, evaluation of NFB activation status showed a 2.9-fold increase in the cytosolic immunocontent of the NFB subunit p65, suggesting a decreased NFB activation in CAT-treated cells. Analysis of CAT treatment effect in redox parameters showed decreased intracellular thiol levels (-SH) and non-enzymatic antioxidant potential (TRAP) and increases the H2O2 production and glutathione levels (GSH). Among drugs tested (cisplatin, paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, daunorubicin, hydroxurea) (GI50), only paclitaxel and hydroxyurea showed increased production of H2O2 when compared with vehicle. However, co-treatement with CAT and paclitaxel had no alteration in the H2O2 production. Hydroxyurea plus CAT had a decreased in H2O2 production when compared with the drug alone. Cisplatin, alone had no effect in H2O2 production, but cisplatin plus CAT, had an increased in H2O2 production. Regarding the effectiveness of adjuvant CAT treatment in potentiate chemotherapeutic drugs cytotoxicities, we used de SRB assay and Calcusyn Software to access this interaction. From analyzes of combination index (CI) values, generated by CalcuSyn, we observed that with the exception of CAT plus paclitaxel, all combinations exhibited a synergistic effect. Taken together, data presented here suggest that adjuvant CAT treatment can act synergistically with chemotherapeutics and modulate tumorassociated signaling pathways providing a new therapeutic strategy for AdC therapy.
Geib, Guilherme. "Avaliação da custo-efetividade do tratamento do adenocarcinoma de pulmão avançado direcionado pela avaliação molecular do EGFR." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/66664.
Повний текст джерелаINTRODUCTION: Lung cancer is a major health problem worldwide frequently diagnosed in advanced stages and associated with an elevated consumption of resources. Patients with adenocarcinoma harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activating mutations derive important clinical benefit from treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), contrary to patients with wild type EGFR, in which chemotherapy is superior. EGFR molecular testing and TKIs are not available in Brazilian Public Health Service (BPHS). OBJETIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of EGFR testing strategy to select treatment in adenocarcinoma patients compared to conventional strategy in BPHS. METHODS: A Markov model was constructed to represent a hypothetical cohort of advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients. Patients in conventional strategy receive chemotherapy and those in EGFR testing strategy are treated according to EGFR mutation status with gefitinib or chemotherapy. Survival data and health resources consumption were derived from a cohort of advanced lung cancer patients treated at a tertiary care public hospital in South Brazil. Prevalence of EGFR activating mutations was estimated from data of Brazilian National Institute of Cancer. Gefitinib effectiveness and utilities of pacientes with lung cancer were obtained from available studies. Direct costs related to lung cancer management were obtained from reimbursement codes of BPHS. EGFR testing and gefitinib costs were obtained from private practice services. Effectiveness was measured in overall survival and qualityadjusted life years (QALYs). Costs are expressed in Brazilian Reais (R$). One-way sensitivity analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted. A discount rate of 5% was incorporated in the model. The willingness to pay threshold was defined as three times the country´s Gross Domestic Product (GPD). RESULTS: In base case analysis, the overall survival in conventional strategy and EGFR testing strategy were, respectively, 13.8 months and 14.5 months, representing 0.59 and 0.64 QALY. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of EGFR testing strategy over conventional strategy was R$ 163,840/QALY. The model was most sensitive to cost and effectiveness of gefitinib, and to the prevalence of EGFR activating mutations. Threshold analysis showed that EGFR testing strategy becomes cost-effective when gefitinib cost less than a third of actual price. CONCLUSION: At current practiced prices EGFR testing strategy is not costeffective in BPHS.
Jaeger, Nat?lia. "Investiga??o do efeito proliferativo e migrat?rio do pept?deo liberador de gastrina (GRP) sobre uma linhagem de adenocarcinoma pulmonar." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2014. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/5511.
Повний текст джерелаLung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer and the leading cause of cancer related mortality in the world, causing nearly one million deaths per year. Among all histological types, adenocarcinoma is the most frequent one (75-80%). Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is considered to be a mitogen, capable of inducing cell proliferation, since it is involved in fetal lung development. This neuropeptide had its effect on tumor growth first identified in human cells of small cell lung cancer, acting as an autocrine growth factor for tumor tissues by binding to its receptor GRPR. The receptor has been found in many tumor types such as prostate, breast, stomach, pancreas and colon. Moreover, this peptide acts as a morphogen, in angiogenesis and is related to inflammatory processes and in the regulation of cells of the immune system. Furthermore, asymptomatic smokers have high levels of GRP in bronchoalveolar lavage and urine. However, little is known about its effects in tumorigenesis and metastasis, and which molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways are responsible for the effects found. Our group demonstrated recently that GRP could act as a chemotactic molecule for neutrophils. Thus, we hypothesized that GRP could be also a chemotactic stimulus to tumor cells expressing the GRPR. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by examining the effect of GRP on proliferation, survival and migration of cells from the adenocarcinoma cell line A549, seeking to identify the mechanisms of action of this peptide. These cells express high levels of GRPR and treatment with GRP leads to activation of kinases such as AKT and ERK1/2 that are involved in the cellular processes mentioned. Our results suggest that GRP is a migratory stimulus to these cells without evidence of significant effect on their proliferation or survival to treatment with the chemotherapy drug cisplatin (CDDP). Nonetheless, they become more sensitive to CDDP when the drug is combined with a GRPR antagonist. Thus, we believe that future studies should consider a possible role for GRP in metastasis of NSCLC.
O c?ncer de pulm?o ? o tipo de c?ncer que mais comumente diagnosticado e o que mais mata no mundo levando a quase 1 milh?o de mortes por ano. Entre todos os tipos histol?gicos, o adenocarcinoma ? o mais frequente (75-80%). O pept?deo liberador de gastrina (GRP) ? considerado um agente mitog?nico, capaz de induzir a prolifera??o celular, uma vez que est? envolvido no desenvolvimento fetal dos pulm?es. Este pept?deo teve sua a??o sobre o crescimento tumoral primeiramente identificada em c?lulas humanas de c?ncer de pulm?o de pequenas c?lulas, atuando como fator aut?crino de crescimento de tecidos e tumores atrav?s da liga??o ao seu receptor GRPR. Este receptor foi encontrado em diversos tipos de tumores como pr?stata, mama, est?mago, p?ncreas e c?lon. Al?m disso, este pept?deo atua como um morf?geno, na angiog?nese e, est? relacionado a processos inflamat?rios e na regula??o de c?lulas do sistema imune. E, fumantes assintom?ticos possuem altos n?veis de GRP no lavado broncoalveolar e na urina. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre os seus efeitos na tumorig?nese e met?stase e, quais os mecanismos moleculares e as vias de sinaliza??o que s?o respons?veis pelos efeitos encontrados. Nosso grupo demonstrou, recentemente, que o GRP pode atuar como uma mol?cula quimiot?tica para neutr?filos. Desta forma, hipotetizamos que o GRP poderia constituir num estimulo quimiot?tico tamb?m para as c?lulas tumorais que express?o o GRPR. Neste trabalho, testamos essa hip?tese, analisando o efeito do GRP sobre a prolifera??o, sobreviv?ncia e migra??o de c?lulas da linhagem de adenocarcinoma A549, buscando identificar mecanismos de a??o desse pept?deo. Esta linhagem expressa altos n?veis de GRPR. O tratamento com GRP leva a ativa??o de quinases como a AKT e ERK1/2 que est?o envolvidas nestes processos celulares. Nossos resultados sugerem que o GRP ? principalmente um est?mulo migrat?rio para estas c?lulas, sem evid?ncias de efeito significativo sobre a sua prolifera??o ou sobreviv?ncia ao tratamento com a droga quimioter?pica cisplatina, mas tornam-se mais sens?veis quando a droga ? combinada com um antagonista do GRPR. Dessa forma, acreditamos que estudos futuros devam considerar um poss?vel papel para o GRP na met?stase.
Barrionuevo, Cornejo Carlos Edmundo. "Tipos moleculares de carcinoma pulmonar en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas en pacientes atendidos entre los años 2007 y 2013." Doctoral thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/11613.
Повний текст джерелаTesis
Puka, Juliana. "Perfil biomolecular do derrame pleural maligno experimentalmente induzido: frequência de mutações e impacto de terapias-alvo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5150/tde-06022017-154634/.
Повний текст джерелаINTRODUCTION: Lung cancer is the leading cause of death by cancer in the world. Many patients have pleural effusion in an advanced stage of the disease, with high morbidity and mortality. However, the pathogenesis of malignant pleural effusion is still poorly understood and the treatment options are limited. OBJECTIVE: 1) To study the pathophysiology of malignant pleural effusion in animal model with Lewis cells in different concentrations; 2) Evaluate the effects of the intrapleural therapy with anti-VEGF and anti-EGFR and the frequency of EGFR and KRAS mutations in this model. METHODS: We used pleural neoplasm experimental model with mice C57BL/6 and Lewis cells (LLC) divided into two steps: study with different concentrations of LLC cells (0.1, 0.5 and 1.5x105) and evaluation of targeted therapies. After the standardization of the model, four groups of mice received intrapleural treatment with anti-VEGF, anti-EGFR, anti-VEGF+anti-EGFR or saline (untreated) 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after induction of pleural neoplasm with injection of 0.5x105 LLC cells. In 20 animals of each group was evaluated the survival curve. 160 animals underwent euthanasia 7, 10, 14 or 21 days after and assessed weight, mobility, volume of pleural fluid, inflammatory, immunological and biochemical markers in the liquid, presence of tumor and histological changes in pleura, lung, kidney, liver and spleen. It was evaluated, through immunohistochemistry, tumor apoptosis and proliferation, VEGF and EGFR. Gene expression of EGFR, VEGF, KRAS and ALK and frequency of mutations of EGFR and KRAS were also evaluated. Statistical analysis: One Way ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier, p < 0.05. RESULTS: In the standardization of the model we observed that the concentration that kept parameters of pleural neoplasm with higher survival rate was 0.5x105 LLC cells. In the second stage, target-therapies, pleural carcinomatosis was lethal with maximum survival of 25 days, with no difference between the groups. Weight decrease was observed in all groups after 21 days. Mobility was better in groups that receiving anti-EGFR. Pleural fluid volume was greater in the untreated group throughout the study. Immunological and biochemical parameters have increased temporarily being most evident in the untreated group. Tumor implants in pleura were more apparent in the untreated group after 14 days. The lung inflammation was minimal in all groups. The untreated group showed tumor implants in the pericardium and heart muscle after 21 days, hepatic and renal steatosis after 14 days and spleen white pulp hyperplasia in 21 day. High rates of apoptosis and smaller tumor proliferation indices were observed in groups that received treatment with anti-VEGF and anti-EGFR+anti-EGFR. We also found gene KRAS mutation and tumoral gene overexpression of EGFR and KRAS. CONCLUSION: Targeted therapies reduced significantly the pleural effusion, morbidity and histological parameters, although without an impact on survival rate in this experimental model. Our data indicate that the tumor lineage LLC has an aggressive tumor phenotype shown by KRAS mutation and overexpression of EGFR, which can be associated with a worse prognosis and a lower response to EGFR inhibitors
Obst, Fernando Mariano. "Manifestações clínicas, tipo histológico e estádio no câncer de pulmão : influência do sexo, da idade e do hábito tabágico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/149959.
Повний текст джерелаIntroduction: Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Aim: To describe clinical findings and to compare the characteristics of lung cancer accordingto gender, age and smoking history. Methods: Retrospective chart reviewof 460 patients with lung cancer. Results: The mean age was 61 ± 10 years; 359 of the patients (78%) were men. The smoking history was positive in 93.7% of the patients. Of the 28 non-smoking patients, 23 were women. Chronic obstructive lung disease (DPOC) was found in 325 patients (70.7%) and obstructive pneumonia in 31.5% of the cases. The most frequent respiratory complains were cough, dyspnea, thoracic pain and hemoptysis in 78.3%, 61.5%, 53.9% and 37.4% of the cases, respectively. The common systemic symptoms were weight loss in 71.1%, anorexia in 54.1% and fever in 25.4%. The most frequent histological types were adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma in 44.4%, 35% and 13.9%, respectively. The cancer staging was IA/IB in 10% and IIIB/IV in 65.6% of the patients. In 16.7% of the cases the lung cancer was treated by surgery. Thoracic pain and superior vena cava syndrome were more frequent in patients £ 50 years old. The frequency of adenocarcinoma was significantly higher in non-smokers (75% vs 42.1%; p<0.01) and in women (60.4% vs 39.8%; p<0.005). There were no differences in relationship to the cancer staging or treatment when patients were compared according to gender, age and smoking history. Conclusions: The prevalence of COPD was high among patients with lung cancer. The commonest symptoms were cough and weight loss and most of the patients had advanced disease. The most frequent histological type was adenocarcinoma, highly prevailing in non-smoking women. Cancer staging and treatment was not related to gender, age and smoking history.
Girard, Nicolas. "Tumeurs intra-thoraciques : mutations oncogéniques et problématiques cliniques : prédisposition génétique au cancer broncho-pulmonaire chez le patient non-fumeur : hétérogénéité inter- et intra- tumorale des cancers broncho-pulmonaires : étude génomique intégrative des tumeurs épithéliales du thymus." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00926538.
Повний текст джерелаPiton, Nicolas. "Optimisation de la prise en charge diagnostique, pronostique et théranostique des carcinomes broncho-pulmonaires humains : des techniques d’imagerie in vivo à la biologie moléculaire. Ligation -dependent RT-PCR : a new specific and low-cost technique to detect ALK, ROS and RET rearrangements in lung adenocarcinoma A new assay for detection of theranostic gene translocations and MET exon 14 skipping in thoracic oncology. One-year perspective routine LD-RT-PCR in 413 newly diagnosed lung tumors STK11 mutations are associated with lower PDL1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma BRAF V600E mutation is not always present as expected ! A case report of lung and thyroid carcinomas A novel method for in vivo imaging of solitary lung nodules using navigational bronchoscopy and confocal laser microendoscopy." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR119.
Повний текст джерелаLung cancer is a serious and frequent condition for which the management strategies have been dramatically modified in recent years, from a diagnostic, prognostic and “theranostic” perspective, most notably with the introduction of “targeted therapies”. The latter have demonstrated dramatic improvement in both quality of life and survival rates of eligible patients, yet consequently highlight new complications in diagnosis, treatment options or technical considerations which can be attributed to the growing number of molecular alterations to be detected from limited tissue samples frequently encountered in thoracic oncology. This work combines 5 different research papers from 2 different angles: prognostic and “theranostic” molecular markers of lung cancer, as well as in vivo diagnostic procedures of lung cancer. The first angle encompasses 4 articles. The first two evaluate a new molecular technique, LD-RT-PCR, to detect gene translocation in lung cancer. The third article explores the association between STK11 mutations in lung cancer and the expression of PDL1. Finally, the fourth article is a case report illustrating the importance of a morphological approach to lung cancer. The second angle compares in vivo imaging techniques by endoscopy using confocal laser microendoscopy alongside a conventional microscopic approach
Vilaverde, Laura Catarina Simões. "Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation in Adults and Mucinous Adenocarcinoma." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/98353.
Повний текст джерелаA malformação congénita das vias aéreas pulmonares (MCVAP), é a malformação congénita pulmonar mais comum, diagnosticada no período pré-natal ou em recém-nascidos sintomáticos, é rara na idade adulta. Uma série de MCVAP em adultos foi diagnosticada no Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra - Portugal, durante doze anos (desde 2008 a 2019). Foi desenvolvida uma análise descritiva de 27 casos que foram revistos relativamente a achados clínicos, radiológicos e histopatológicos, reportando-se também a incidência do adenocarcinoma mucinoso. Os doentes apresentaram idade mediana de 48.0 anos no momento do diagnóstico e predominância do género feminino (1:2.3). A maioria das lesões estava localizada nos lobos inferiores e os doentes (24/27) apresentaram sintomas que necessitaram de investigação clínica e radiológica. De acordo com a classificação de Stocker, a maior parte dos casos foram classificados como tipo 1 (19/27), e os restantes como sendo do tipo 2 (8/27). Esta malformação predispõe os doentes a infeções pulmonares recorrentes, observadas em praticamente metade dos doentes. A aspergilose associada a esta lesão pulmonar foi igualmente reportada. Em cinco casos, foram diagnosticados adenocarcinomas mucinosos, tratando-se de dois casos do tipo 1 e três casos do tipo 2. A idade mediana destes doentes era superior à dos doentes sem neoplasia (74.0 vs. 42.0). Tratando-se de casos raros, poderá ser um indício de que a MCVAP, nomeadamente dos tipos 1 e 2, poderá ser considerada uma potencial condição pré-neoplásica.A gestão de doentes adultos assintomáticos com MCVAP permanece controversa e a incidência de carcinomas do pulmão poderá estar a ser subestimada por diagnóstico incompleto em peças cirúrgicas de resseção tumoral. A série apresentada indica que a resseção das lesões pode ser o método mais eficaz para a prevenção da transformação maligna, bem como para o diagnóstico de MCVAP em adultos.
Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) is the most common developmental congenital malformation of the lung, diagnosed antenatally or symptomatic in infants, is rare in adulthood. A series of CPAM in adult patients was diagnosed at Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra – Portugal during 12 years (2008 to 2019). A descriptive analysis of 27 CPAM cases was developed and reviewed concerning clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings, with reported incidence of mucinous adenocarcinoma.Patients median age was 48.0 years at diagnosis, with female predominance (1:2.3). Most lesions were located at the lower lobes and patients (24/27) presented with symptoms that led to a clinical and radiological investigation. According to Stocker’s classification, most cases were classified as CPAM type 1 (19/27) and the remaining as CPAM type 2 (8/27). This malformation predisposes to recurrent pulmonary infections, seen in almost half of the patients. Aspergillosis CPAM associated was also reported.In five cases, concerning two cases of CPAM type 1 and three cases of type 2, mucinous adenocarcinoma was diagnosed. The median age at diagnosis of these five patients was superior to patients without lung tumors (74.0 vs. 42.0). These rare cases might indicate CPAM types 1 and 2, as potential pre-neoplastic conditions. The management of asymptomatic CPAM in adult patients remains controversial and pulmonary carcinomas incidence might be underestimated due to CPAM incomplete diagnosis in tumoral surgical specimens. The presented series supports surgical resection as the most effective way to prevent malignant transformation, as well as CPAM diagnosis in adults.
Hung, Sue-Mei, and 洪淑媚. "clusterin is associated with metastasis potential and cell migration of pulmonary adenocarcinoma." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98384670970684016984.
Повний текст джерела國立陽明大學
生化暨分子生物研究所
96
Adenocarcinoma is the most predominant histological subtype of lung cancer in Taiwan. Metastasis is the most significant factor threatening a cancer patient’s life. However, molecules and mechanisms involved in the complex series of steps in cancer metastasis have not been fully uncovered. In this study, we have applied subtractive hybridization and cDNA microarray techniques on paired primary and metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma tissues to search for differentially expressed genes associated with metastasis. Among the genes expressed at higher levels in the metastatic than in the primary tumor tissues, the CLU gene which encodes a secretory glycoprotein clusterin was particularly of interest. Increased CLU expression has been implicated in the progression of many human malignancies and in promoting metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying the modulation of tumor progression and/or metastasis by clusterin is still unclear, and the relation of clusterin with the development of metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma has never been reported. To explore the involvement of clusterin in cancer metastasis, silencing of clusterin expression was performed in a highly metastatic human lung adenocarcinoma cell line CL1-5 using small interfering RNA. Suppression of cell migration was found in CLU-knocked down (CLUi) CL1-5 cells. Several clusterin isoforms, including three presumably glycosylated secretory isoforms which are separately translated from distinct CLU transcripts and one non-secretory nuclear isoform, have been reported. To find out which isoform(s) may participate in the regulation of cancer cell migration, four isoforms were individually transfected into CLUi cells. The data showed that all four isoforms could alleviate the CLU-silencing induced suppression of migration. Western analysis also revealed a negative correlation between levels of clusterin expression and the phosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase on the Y397 residue (pY397-FAK) in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Taken together, our results suggest that clusterin may, through decreasing levels of pY397-FAK, enhance the migration capability of cancer cells and thereby contribute to the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma.
Francisco, João Pedro Dinis. "MicroR-21 overexpression in pulmonary adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/19074.
Повний текст джерелаIntrodução: Os microRNA’s (miRNA) são uma classe de pequenos RNA’s celulares que actuam na via de interferência e conduzem ao silenciamento de determinados genes-alvo, exprimindo-se de forma distinta no cancro humano. O papel preciso dos microRNA’s nos estadios da progressão tumoral, incluindo a metastização, é ainda desconhecido. Objectivos: consistiu na pesquisa do perfil de expressão do miR-21 no cancro do pulmão. Materiais e Métodos: para este propósito, fez-se uma qRT-PCR dos microRNA em 7 adenocarcinomas, em 5 carcinomas de células epidermóides e nas respectivas metástases, com o objectivo de tentar compreender o seu papel na tumorogénese. Resultados e Discussão: encontrou-se um aumento da expressão de miR-21 nos tumores primários e metástases nos adenocarcinomas pulmonares, quando comparados com a sobre-expressão nos carcinomas de células epidermóides. Apesar do número reduzido de amostras estudadas, investigações futuras podem mostrar a importância terapêutica e prognóstica desta descoberta, dado que estudos anteriores sugerem que o miR-21 se comporta como um oncogene e tem um papel na tumorogénese, através da regulação de genes supressores tumorais.
Cabral, Sara Carla Moura. "Bronchial pulmonary carcinoma: molecular and clinical characterization: histology, mutations, staging, therapeutics and survival." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/30456.
Повний текст джерелаOBJECTIVE: Clinical characterization and therapeutic follow-up after histological typing and molecular pathology of Bronchial-Pulmonary Carcinoma MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study is supported by information collected from a 2011-2013 data basis provided by Instituto de Anatomia Patológica e Patologia Molecular of Faculty of Medicine of Coimbra, concerning histological typing and EGFR, KRAS and ALK mutation status in biopsies, and subsequent follow up of patients, treated at University Hospital of Coimbra, Instituto Português de Oncologia of Coimbra and Hospital of Guarda. RESULTS: Data corresponds to 56 patients with bronchial-pulmonary carcinoma, most (64.3%) of whom were male. Adenocarcinoma was the most common histological type (66.1%), followed by pleomorphic (8.9%), epidermoid (7.1%), adenosquamous (7.1%), large cell (5.4%), sarcomatoid (3.6%) and mucoepidermoid (1.8%) carcinomas. In men, the most common histological type was adenocarcinoma (66.7%), as well as in women (65%). The mean age at diagnosis was 66 years old. About 62.5% had prior history of smoking. 64.3% presented stage IV at diagnosis, 14.3 % IIIB, 7.1 % IIIA and the remaining 14.3% was classified as stage I or II. In 29 cases patients showed mutated epidermal growth factor receptor, comparing with 27 biopsies wild type. About 39.3% received tyrosine kinase inhibitors and 32.1% were treated with chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed higher incidence of bronchial pulmonary carcinoma in men. Adenocarcinoma was the most frequent histological type either in men and women. Smoking habit was prevalent. The majority of patients with mutated status for epidermal growth factor receptor received tyrosine kinase inhibitors (19). For patients wild type, conventional chemotherapy was applied in most cases (19) .The overall survival for patients carrying mutated epidermal growth factor receptor is higher, comparing with the ones wild type, and this result has statistical significance. Radiotherapy was used in association with chemotherapy or alone in palliative therapeutic measures. Most patients presented advanced stages at diagnosis and so curative options were applied only in few cases (11).
Romano, Sofia Pereira Constantino. "miR-126 and miR-126* expression in pulmonary carcinomas : future important markers of carcinogenesis." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/25895.
Повний текст джерелаSquamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are the main types of pulmonary malignant epithelial tumours and are the main cause of death from cancer. Considering the increasing incidence of these pathologies in advanced stages prone to targeted therapy, unravelling the molecular mechanisms underlying their development and characterising the differences between the two histological types becomes essential. microRNAs have been recently identified as important regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, playing a key role in tumourigenesis. miR-126 and miR- 126* are two of those regulators and several studies confirm their importance in cancer. However, a detailed characterization of these microRNAs in pulmonary carcinoma is lacking. In this study, we performed laser microdissection of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma samples, as well as of matched pulmonary parenchyma and lymph node metastasis from surgical specimens to evaluate the expression of miR-126 and miR-126* by real-time PCR. miR-126 and miR-126* presented lower expression in primary pulmonary carcinomas and lymph node metastasis when matched with pulmonary parenchyma. Primary carcinomas and lymph node metastasis presented similar expression, as well as tumours of patients with and without lymph node metastasis. Adenocarcinomas from female patients presented lower levels of miR-126 and miR-126* than the cases of male patients. In male gender, squamous cell carcinomas presented lower levels than adenocarcinomas. In addition, pulmonary parenchyma from male patients with squamous cell carcinoma and from female patients with adenocarcinoma presented higher expression than the pulmonary parenchyma of male patients with 2 adenocarcinoma. These results support a role for these microRNAs in pulmonary adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma carcinogenesis and progression from early stages and suggest that they could be used as biomarkers to distinguish between the histological types and for an early detection of adenocarcinomas. An attempt of characterising the methylation pattern of miR-126/miR-126* host gene promoter by MS-PCR was made. However, adequate primer design for this particular region presented some constraints. Other alternatives should be therefore considered for this type of analysis
O carcinoma epidermóide e o adenocarcinoma são os principais tipos de tumores epiteliais malignos e são a principal causa de morte por cancro. Tendo em conta a crescente incidência destas patologias em estádios avançados propensos a terapia dirigida, torna-se essencial perceber os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes ao seu desenvolvimento e caracterizar as diferenças entre os dois tipos histológicos. Os microRNAs foram recentemente identificados como importantes reguladores da expressão génica ao nível pós-transcricional, desempenhando um papel chave na tumorigénese. O miR-126 e o miR-126* são dois destes regulares e vários estudos confirmam a sua importância no cancro. Contudo, não existe uma caracterização detalhada destes microRNAs nos carcinomas pulmonares. Neste estudo realizou-se microdissecção a laser de amostras de peças cirúrgicas de carcinoma epidermóide e adenocarcinoma, assim como do parênquima pulmonar e metástases dos gânglios linfáticos correspondentes, e avaliou-se a expressão do miR- 126 e do miR-126* por PCR em tempo real. O miR-126 e o miR-126* apresentaram menor expressão nos carcinomas pulmonares primários e nas metástases dos gânglios linfáticos do que no parênquima pulmonar correspondente. Os carcinomas primários e as metástases dos gânglios linfáticos apresentaram expressão semelhante, assim como os tumores de doentes com e sem metástases dos gânglios linfáticos. Os adenocarcinomas de doentes do género feminino apresentaram menores níveis de miR-126 e miR-126* do que os dos doentes do género masculino. No género masculino, os carcinomas epidermóides apresentaram menores níves do que os adenocarcinomas. Além disso, o parênquima pulmonar das peças cirúrgicas de doentes do género masculino com carcinoma epidermóide e de 4 doentes do género feminino com adenocarcinoma apresentou maior expressão do que os de doentes do género masculino com adenocarcinoma. Estes resultados apontam para um papel destes microRNAs na carcinogénese de adenocarcinoma e carcinoma epidermóide pulmonares e progressão em fases iniciais e sugerem que estes possam ser utilizados como biomarcadores para distinguir os dois tipos histológicos e para uma detecção precoce dos adenocarcinomas. Tentou-se caracterizar o padrão de metilação do promotor do gene hospedeiro dos miR-126/miR-126* por MS-PCR. Contudo, o desenho de primers adequados para esta região em particular apresentou algumas restrições. Assim, outras alternativas devem ser consideradas para este tipo de análise.
Yi-TszLin and 林憶慈. "The role of HGF/c-Met signaling in ultrafine carbon particles-induced proliferation of human pulmonary adenocarcinoma H441 cells." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32910678695346823512.
Повний текст джерелаFerreira, Ana Carolina Neves. "Desafios da Imunoterapia no Tratamento do Adenocarcinoma Pulmonar." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/84737.
Повний текст джерелаO adenocarcinoma pulmonar é um subtipo de cancro do pulmão de células não pequenas que ocorre nas células que revestem os alvéolos e possui uma maior frequência em não fumadores, e tendo uma evolução muito rápida e uma taxa de mortalidade elevada. O uso de terapias convencionais como a quimioterapia e a radioterapia apenas se revela eficaz em doentes em fases pouco avançadas da doença e, como tal, têm sido desenvolvidas terapias alternativas. Além dos inibidores da tirosina cinase, os esforços mais promissores têm sido postos na imunoterapia e na produção de agentes terapêuticos, como o nivolumab e o pembrolizumab (ambos já aprovados pela FDA), e vacinas capazes de estimular a resposta do sistema imunológico do doente contra as células tumorais. Contudo, estas terapias têm mostrado discrepância quanto à resposta expectável e a resposta realmente obtida, que fica aquém do esperado. Deste modo, o uso das imunoterapias exige novos indicadores de prognóstico e novas abordagens e combinações terapêuticas que permitam melhorar a resposta ao tratamento e que diminuam as recidivas e o surgimento de tumores resistentes.Nesta monografia, abordam-se alguns dos principais problemas dos inibidores de checkpoint e da tirosina cinase, referindo-se possíveis estratégias para os ultrapassar. Nos relatórios de estágio, é feita uma análise SWOT dos períodos de estágio decorridos no Hospital CUF Descobertas e na Farmácia São Sebastião, fazendo referência aos pontos fortes, aos pontos fracos, às oportunidades e às ameaças detetados.
Lung adenocarcinoma is an aggressive type of lung cancer most common in non-smokers and with high death rates. While conventional therapies like chemo- and radiotherapy are effective for non-advanced, non-metastatic lung cancers, for stage IV cancers, with metastasis, they don’t suffice, which creates the necessity for new therapies. More than tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immunotherapies are being highly developed and studied, showing promising results for checkpoint inhibitors (of which nivolumab and pembrolizumab are already FDA approved) and immunostimulant vaccines, which are able to stimulate the patient’s own immune system to combat tumor’s cells. However, the results obtained in practice aren’t as good as the one’s from clinical trials. Hence, there’s the need to research for better ways to predict one’s response to the treatment and the need for new therapies and new combinations which can improve treatment response, overall survival and disease-free progression.In the present report, I’ll point out some of checkpoint inhibitor’s and tyrosine kinase’s challenges and some possible strategies to go around them.As for the internship's report, it is made in the form of a SWOT analysis, where I evaluate my internships in CUF Descobertas Hospital and in Farmácia São Sebastião, focusing on the internship's strenghts, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
Liu, Hsin-Ling, and 劉馨鈴. "Genetic Profiling of in situ and Invasive Pulmonary Adenocarcinomas." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20812492685671445606.
Повний текст джерела國立陽明大學
生物化學研究所
93
The morbidity and mortality of cancer patients mainly result from the invasion of tumor cells into neighboring tissues and tumor metastases to remote sites. Lung cancer currently leads the cancer death rate in Taiwan. Adenocarcinoma is the major subtype of pulmonary non-small cell carcinomas and tends to occur at the peripheral pulmonary parenchyma, which renders early diagnoses extremely difficult. It would be interesting to understand how the in situ lung adenocarcinoma transforms into invasive lung adenocarcinoma. In this study, we performed laser capture microdissection and cDNA microarray analysis on RNA extracted from in situ and invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma tissues to analyze the genetic profiles and differentially expressed genes associated with invasion. Approximately 45 genes with 3-fold up-regulation associated with tumor invasion were obtained, including matrix metalloproteinases, keratin 6A, prion and unknown genes. After confirming the differential expression patterns using molecular pathology and immunohistochemical methods, we focused on the study of cellular prion protein (PrPc). Accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) causes neurodegenerative diseases such as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (CJD). The cellular prion protein is a ubiquitous host protein expressed by all known mammals, but its normal function was not clear. We studied the expression of prion in pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients by immunohistochemistry and found that while 12 in situ adenocarcinomas do not express prion, 91 out of 92 invasive adenocarcinomas have high expression level of prion. On the other hands, we performed semi-quantitative RT-PCR to investigate the expression levels of prion in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines with variable invasiveness ability and found that there is low expression in the low-invasiveness cell lines and high expression in the high-invasiveness cell lines. Our data suggest that prion is associated with tumor invasion in pulmonary adenocarcinomas.
Portovedo, Sérgio Filipe de Jesus. "Caraterização do perfil genómico do carcinoma pulmonar." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/36149.
Повний текст джерелаO carcinoma pulmonar (CP) é a neoplasia mais comum em todo o mundo, e também a principal causa de morte por cancro. Aproximadamente 85% dos tumores do pulmão diagnosticados correspondem a carcinomas de não pequenas células (CPNPC) e destes, aproximadamente, 30% são carcinomas de células escamosas (CPCE), e 50% adenocarcinomas (ADC). A deteção destes tumores em estadios iniciais e a identificação de alterações associadas a um elevado risco de recidiva, ou que permitam prever a progressão clínica, permanecem como questões desafiantes na prática clínica. Deste modo, pretendeu-se com este estudo caracterizar o perfil genómico do CP, de forma a contribuir nomeadamente para o desenvolvimento de soluções de diagnóstico, direccionamento e personalização do tratamento, procurando reduzir o número de mortes por CP e os custos de saúde associados a esta doença. Neste estudo foram identificadas diversas alterações genómicas concordantes com as alterações descritas na literatura como associadas ao CP, bem como algumas regiões cromossómicas e/ou genes com forte possibilidade de estarem envolvidos na carcinogénese pulmonar. Por aCGH, embora os ADC não tenham revelado correspondência em termos de alterações genómicas nos diferentes estadios TNM, nos CPCE foram detectadas alterações concordantes em ganho em 3q, 5p, 7, 8q, 12, 15q, 17q, 19, 20 e 22q e, em perda, em 3p, 4p, 5q, 8p, 9p, Xp e Y, que poderão ter potencial para diagnóstico. Os genes PIK3CA, SOX2 e MYC revelaram, por aCGH, ser os genes mais alterados em CP. Os resultados obtidos com a técnica de MLPA permitiram, na generalidade, comprovar os resultados obtidos por aCGH. Foram identificadas alterações em elevado número de cópias nos genes PIK3CA, FGFR1 e PTEN, por MLPA, no CPCE. Para além disso, o gene FKBP8 apresentou a percentagem de alteração mais elevada, por MLPA, revelando ter potencial como um futuro biomarcador no CP. A análise, através destas duas metodologias, permitiu diferenciar ADC de CPCE, exibindo este último um maior número de alterações. Alterações em ganho e em perda dos genes PIK3CA e PTEN, respectivamente, parecem ser caraterísticas de CPCE. A estratégia direcionada de Touch FISH permitiu validar o aCGH e o MLPA, revelando ser eficaz na deteção de regiões específicas associadas ao CP. O conhecimento prévio do perfil metabonómico dos tipos histológicos analisados foi correlacionado de forma exploratória com o perfil genómico obtido neste estudo, destes mesmos tumores. A sobre-expressão aumentada dos oncogenes MYC, PIK3CA e AKT1 parece estar envolvida na glicólise e glutaminólise, dado o aumento de lactato e glutamina verificados previamente nestes casos.
Lung Cancer (LC) is the most common malignancy in the world and the leading cause of cancer death. Approximately 85% of lung tumors are Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), and of these, approximately 30% are Squamous Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and 50% Adenocarcinomas (ADC). The detection of these tumors in early stages and the identification of characteristics associated with a high risk of recurrence or with the prediction of clinical progression, remain challenging issues in clinical practice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the genomic profile of LC in order to contribute to the development of diagnostic solutions, targeted and personalized treatment, ultimately seeking to reduce the number of deaths from lung cancer and health costs associated with this disease. This study identified several genomic alterations consistent with the changes described in literature as being associated to LC, as well as certain chromosomal regions and/or genes with strong possibility of being involved in pulmonary carcinogenesis. Although ADC have not shown any correspondence in terms of genomic changes in different TNM stages, with aCGH, the SCLC alterations were consistent for gains in 3q, 5p, 7, 8q, 12, 15q, 17q, 19, 20 and 22q, and losses in 3p, 4p, 5q, 8p, 9p, Xp and Y, which may have diagnostic potential. The PIK3CA, SOX2 and MYC genes were revealed, by aCGH, to be the most altered genes in LC. The results obtained with MLPA technique allowed, in general, to demonstrate the results obtained by aCGH. Changes of copy numbers were identified in PIK3CA, FGFR1 and PTEN genes, by MLPA in SCLC. In addition, the gene FKBP8 presented the highest percentage change by MLPA, revealing potential as a biomarker of LC in the future. The analysis through these two methods, allowed to distinguish ADC from SCLC, being SCLC the one that showed a larger number of changes. Alterations in gain and loss of genes PIK3CA and PTEN, respectively, seem to be characteristic of SCLC. The targeted strategy of Touch FISH allowed us to validate the aCGH and MLPA results, proving to be effective in the detection of changes in specific regions associated with LC. Previous knowledge of the metabonomics profile of histological types was correlated in an exploratory manner with the genomic profile obtained in this study, of these same tumors. Overexpression of MYC, AKT1 and PIK3CA oncogenes could be correlated with the increase in lactate and glutamine previously recorded in these cases.
Portovedo, Sérgio Filipe Jesus. "Caracterização do perfil genómico do carcinoma pulmonar." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/37847.
Повний текст джерелаRodrigues, Carolina Isabel da Silva. "Lung adenocarcinoma : subtyping and EGFR and KRAS mutational status." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/44137.
Повний текст джерелаOs adenocarcinomas bronco-pulmonares continuam sob estandardização morfológica, imunohistoquímica e genética por forma a atingir parâmetros que possam ser preditivos. As classificações actualmente propostas para os adenocarcinomas do pulmão necessitam de esclarecer determinados pontos, nomeadamente qual o valor da interpretação histológica dos diferentes padrões observados em pequenas biópsias. Um conjunto de 31 adenocarcinomas do pulmão foi submetido a estudos imunohistoquímicos, a FISH e a PCR, seguido de sequenciação e análise de fragmentos dos genes EGFR, HER2 e KRAS após a sua subdivisão baseada na classificação de 2004 da WHO. Foi aplicado o seguinte painel imunohistoquímico: CK7, CK5,6,18, CK20, TTF1, Cromogranina A, HER2, EGFR e Ki-67. O estado mutacional do EGFR e KRAS foi pesquisado simultaneamente com o número de cópias por FISH para o EGFR e HER2. Aplicaram-se os parâmetros explicados aos padrões histológicos encontrados em cada adenocarcinoma, quando pertencentes ao tipo misto da classificação de 2004 da WHO: acinar, papilar e carcinoma bronquíolo-alveolar não mucinoso; os padrões micropapilar e mucinoso (incluindo os padrões bronquíolo-alveolar mucinoso e glandular produtor de mucina) também foram isolados por microdissecção digital e manual. Não foi identificada expressão para CK5,6,18 e Cromogranina A; o padrão sólido não expressou TTF1 e expressou um índice de proliferação do Ki-67 mais alto. O HER2 apenas revelou positividade citoplasmática e a expressão membranar de EGFR foi aumentando desde o carcinoma bronquíolo-alveolar não mucinoso até ao sólido e do micropapilar até ao padrão acinar. Para as mutações do EGFR, principalmente a do exão 19, a presença de tumor nas mulheres e nos não fumadores, apresentou uma significância estatística elevada (p=0,000) enquanto que as mutações do exão 2 do KRAS estavam predominantemente presentes nos casos do sexo masculino (p=0,000), com relevância para o padrão sólido. O número de cópias do EGFR detectado por FISH estava fortemente relacionado com a existência de mutação no EGFR e o número de cópias do HER2 estava aumentado, principalmente nos tumores presentes no sexo feminino. Esta pequena amostra é suficientemente representativa para permitir a eliminação definitiva da designação de NSCLC e considerar o padrão sólido como aquele TTF1 negativo, CK5,6,18 e CK7 positivo, como um adenocarcinoma com elevado índice de proliferação, principalmente nos doentes do sexo masculino, onde os tumores com mutações do exão 2 do KRAS poderão ser um factor de exclusão para prescrição de TKIs. O padrão carcinoma bronquíolo-alveolar não mucinoso, não deverá ser eliminado visto que ele apresenta determinadas características ausentes nos restantes carcinomas bronquíolo-alveolares mucinosos que podem ser incluídas no tipo adenocarcinoma mucinoso. Permanece para ser explorada, a designação de carcinoma pulmonar pleomórfico, quando células largas, gigantes e fusiformes estão presentes em pequenas biópsias, por forma a terminar com esta designação pobremente diferenciada, visto que tais características histológicas não foram observadas neste conjunto de adenocarcinomas.
Bronchial-pulmonary adenocarcinomas are still under morphological, immunohistochemical and genetic standardization to reach predictive parameters. The recent proposed classification for lung adenocarcinomas needs to be clarified at certain points, namely the value of histological patterns to be interpreted in small biopsies. A series of 31 pulmonary adenocarcinomas was submitted to immunohistochemical study, FISH and PCR followed by sequencing and fragment analysis of the genes EGFR, HER2 and KRAS after classification based in 2004 WHO guidelines. The following immunohistochemical panel was applied: CK7, CK5,6,18, CK20, TTF1, Chromogranin A, HER2, EGFR and Ki-67. EGFR and KRAS mutational status was searched together with copy number by FISH for HER2 and EGFR. The explained parameters were applied to each histological pattern found in all adenocarcinomas as belonging to the mixed type of WHO 2004 classification: acinar, papillary, solid and non-mucinous BAC; the micropapillary pattern and mucinous pattern (gathering mucinous BAC and glandular mucin producing pattern) were also isolated, all by digital and manual microdissection. Expression for CK5,6,18 and Chromogranin A was not verified; solid pattern failed to express TTF1 and expressed higher Ki-67 proliferation index. HER2 revealed only cytoplasmatic positivity and EGFR membranous staining had increasing expression from non-mucinous BAC to solid pattern and micropapillary till acinar pattern. For EGFR mutations, mainly in exon 19, female tumors had higher statistical significance (p=0,000) together with non- smoking status, while KRAS exon 2 mutation was present in male cases (p=0,000), with relevance to solid pattern. FISH EGFR copy number related grossly with EGFR mutations and HER2 copy number was raised, mainly in female tumors. This small series is representative to allow definite elimination of the NSCLC designation from pathology language and consider a solid pattern TTF1 negative, CK5,6,18 negative, CK7 positive as an adenocarcinoma with high proliferation index, mainly in male patients where KRAS exon 2 mutation may be eliminatory to TKIs prescription. BAC non-mucinous pattern should not be abolished as it presents with particular characteristics other than the former mucinous BAC that can be gathered under mucinous adenocarcinoma typing. Still to be explored, the pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung designation, when large cells, giant cells and fusiform cells are present in small biopsies, to cut the poorly differentiated designation, as those histological characteristics have not been observed in this series of adenocarcinomas.
Almeida, Gustavo Antunes de. "Cirúrugia torácica videoassistida por porta única : um caso de adenocarcinoma do pulmão." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/24016.
Повний текст джерелаLung cancer is the most common cancer in the World, with about one million and eight hundred thousand new diagnoses each year. The therapeutical approach to a patient with lung cancer depends upon the tumor hystology and disease extent, the patient specific characteristics and mostly of a premature diagnosis. Surgery is widely accepted as the treatment of choice in early stage lung cancer. Lung cancer ressection can be performed using different surgical techniques. Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS) is the state of the art technique in Thoracic Surgery, being usually performed using 3 or 2 incisions. Recently it started being performed using only 1 incision (Single-Port VATS). The presented clinical case refers a 47 year old woman, who was an active smoker diagnosed with resectable early stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Superior right lobectomy was performed in this case by Single-Port VATS.
O cancro do pulmão é a neoplasia mais comum no Mundo, com cerca de um milhão e oitocentos mil novos diagnósticos por ano. A abordagem terapêutica a um doente com cancro do pulmão depende da histologia do tumor, da extensão da doença, das características específicas do doente e sobretudo de um diagnóstico precoce. A cirurgia é geralmente aceite como o tratamento de escolha em cancro do pulmão em estádio inicial. A ressecção cirúrgica no cancro do pulmão pode ser realizada recorrendo a várias técnicas cirúrgicas. A Cirurgia Torácica Videoassistida (VATS) apresenta-se como o estado da arte em Cirurgia Torácica, sendo normalmente realizada recorrendo a 3 ou 2 incisões. Nos últimos anos surgiu uma técnica que apenas necessita de 1 incisão (Single-Port VATS). Apresenta-se um caso clínico de uma mulher de 47 anos, fumadora ativa, diagnosticada com Cancro do Pulmão de Não Pequenas Células (CPNPC). Neste caso realizou-se uma lobectomia superior direita recorrendo a Single-Port VATS.
""Contribuição à avaliação prognóstica de pacientes com adenocarcinoma pulmonar avançado: estudo imunohistoquímico da expressão do fator 1 de transcrição tireoideano e da metaloproteinase 9"." Tese, Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5150/tde-03062005-155426/.
Повний текст джерела