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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Botello, Hector, and Isaac Guerrero Rincon. "IMPACT OF COVID 19 ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CENTRAL AMERICAN EXPORTING COMPANIES: A FIRST REVIEW." Economic Profile 16, no. 2(22) (January 15, 2022): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2021.22.02.

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Анотація:
The Covid-19 disease has had major consequences around the world for both public health and the real economy. This economic crisis generated by COVID-19 turns out to be different from previous crises in aspects such as the urgency, scope and magnitude of the negative shock on demand and supply. Countries such as El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala and Nicaragua, located in Central America, which are among the poorest in Latin America implemented anti-Covid-19 measures since March 2020. Such as restricting mobility and temporarily shutting down non-essential economic activities. As a result, households and businesses are facing an economic downturn due to the pandemic, with effects across the supply chain and from the demand side, because customers can't leave. For this analysis, the average impact on the sales of exporting companies will be estimated. The results indicate that all companies experienced a sudden drop-in economic activity. Permanently closed exporting firms accounted for 6% of employment, compared with 1% for all other firms in the domestic market. This is a first review of the effects of Covid-19 mitigation measures on the performance of exporting companies in four Latin American countries. The study uses a longitudinal database to perform a descriptive analysis of company conditions and company survival. A difference model is used to estimate the average impact on the sales of exporting companies. The control variables were the characteristics of the company, as well as whether it was temporarily closed due to Covid-19. The results indicate that all companies experienced a sudden drop-in economic activity. Permanently closed exporting firms accounted for 6% of employment, compared with 1% for all other firms in the domestic market. The estimation model indicates that for businesses that temporarily closed during this period, there was a further 8% reduction in sales. This article contributes to the literature in several aspects. First, the results complement articles investigating the economic impact of COVID-19 by providing quantitative evidence on the pandemic situation in four Central American countries. Second, longitudinal data provides a unique perspective on how companies have been reacting to the pandemic, as they allow us to control a few variables that can alter analysis in other types of structures. Third, I further examine how the impact of the pandemic on businesses varies by country based on ownership structure and other characteristics. With the observed consequences, our results provide information that can help us consider the broader economic implications of the impact of COVID 19, as well as the design of strategies for recovery.
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2

Krzysztoszek, Jana, Dorota Koligat, Piotr Ratajczak, Wiesław Bryl, Maciej Cymerys, Karolina Hoffmann, Ewelina Wierzejska, and Paweł Kleka. "Public health Economic aspects of hypertension treatment in Poland." Archives of Medical Science 3 (2014): 607–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2013.32853.

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3

Rhodes, S. P., and S. Ridley. "Economic Aspects of General Anaesthesia." PharmacoEconomics 3, no. 2 (February 1993): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199303020-00005.

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4

Destache, Christopher J. "Economic Aspects of Pharmacokinetic Services." PharmacoEconomics 3, no. 6 (June 1993): 433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199303060-00002.

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5

De Graeve, Diana, and Philippe Beutels. "Economic Aspects of Pneumococcal Pneumonia." PharmacoEconomics 22, no. 11 (2004): 719–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200422110-00003.

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6

Burchardi, Hilmar, and Heinz Schneider. "Economic Aspects of Severe Sepsis." PharmacoEconomics 22, no. 12 (2004): 793–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200422120-00003.

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7

MAYNARD, ALAN. "Economic aspects of addiction policy." Health Promotion International 1, no. 1 (1986): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/1.1.61.

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8

Schondelmeyer, Stephen W. "Economic Aspects of Switch." Drug Information Journal 24, no. 1 (January 1990): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286159002400111.

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9

Fuentes, Itzel, Karla Henriquez, Fausto Muñoz, Elsa Palou, Tito Alvarado, Ivette Lorenzana, Víctor Valladares, Arturo Corrales, Lysien Zambrano, and Manuel Sierra. "COVID-19 situation in Honduras: lessons learned." Gaceta Médica de Caracas 128, S2 (December 1, 2020): S242—S250. http://dx.doi.org/10.47307/gmc.2020.128.s2.12.

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Анотація:
Introduction: Several emerging and re-emerging diseases in the last decade have shown the global weakness to detect and act in a timely manner in situations that threaten the health of the planet. Latin America has been vulnerable to outbreaks as a result of increased poverty, social inequity and the poor response capacity of the public health system. Objective: Describe the situation of COVID-19 in Honduras and the challenges it presents. Methodology: Analysis of the epidemiology and control strategies applied in the country to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2, in the context of the social and economic reality until September 18, 2020. Results: Honduras ranks fifth in Central America in the number of tests performed; the cumulative incidence rate of cases is 7 105 per million inhabitants. The country has an accelerated growth in the percentage of positivity with intense community transmission. Some 63.4 % of cases are concentrated in the group 20-49 years old (43 624 cases); 15.2 % in adults 60+ (10 440 cases) and 7.5 % in children under 20 (5 133 cases). With a disjointed health system and a chronic and recurrent shortage of physical and human resources, the National Risk Management System (SINAGER), which includes the Ministry of Health (SESAL), implemented various strategies to reduce the spread of the virus. Some control measures were border closures, physical distancing and the use of masks were made mandatory by legislative decree. The serious impact on the weak national economy forced an intelligent opening coinciding with the rise of cases. Conclusions: Current data show that the age group most affected is adults between 20 and 49 years old. The country’s socioeconomic situation has been aggravated by the pandemic; the continuous rise in the number of cases, hospitalizations and deaths has collapsed the public health system leaving the majority of Hondurans in continuous vulnerability. Primary care clinics and mobile medical brigades have been implemented as a new way to contain the spread and impact of transmission. Several European countries and cities in the Americas have had to reverse the process of economic reopening when faced with successive waves of outbreaks. Honduras has demonstrated limited capacity to deal with catastrophic situations. The national epidemiological surveillance system and access to timely and quality diagnostic tests remain weak and fragmented. There is an urgent need to improve the health and surveillance system to guide strategic evidence-based decision making and to prevent future pandemics.
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10

Beringer, Paul M., Annie Wong-Berringer, and Jay P. Rho. "Economic Aspects of Antibacterial Adverse Effects." PharmacoEconomics 13, no. 1 (1998): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199813010-00004.

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11

Andrews, Gavin. "Psychiatry in Australia: economic and service delivery aspects." Psychiatric Bulletin 15, no. 7 (July 1991): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.15.7.446.

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Анотація:
In 1987 there were 1,428 psychiatrists in Australia, 8.8 per 100,000 population (Burvill, 1988), 55% identified as in private practice and 45% in public sector practice. Let us be clear about terms. Public sector practice means that each week you receive a salary from the public purse whether you have seen one or a hundred patients. Private practice means that you are paid on a piece-work basis, also largely from the public purse (national health insurance or Medicare), but the income (at about $100 per hour) depends exactly on the number of hours spent with patients. On average, private psychiatrists in Australia gross about $150,000 per year, out of which they must pay practice expenses. The pay for public sector psychiatrists probably averages $70,000 to which, for the purposes of our calculation, we will add the cost of rooms, telephone and secretary provided by the hospital which at $30,000 brings the cost of a public sector psychiatrist to about $100,000 per year. If 45% of psychiatrists are in public practice then the averaged cost of a psychiatrist in Australia can be calculated as $127,500 per annum, and as there are 8.8 psychiatrists per 100,000 the cost, calculated on this simple basis, is $1.12 million per 100,000 population (Andrews, 1989).
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12

Irodova, E. E., and N. Yu Smolnitskaya. "Economic aspects of public health: costs and benefits of the enterprise." Public Health 2, no. 2 (August 12, 2022): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21045/2782-1676-2022-2-2-58-72.

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Анотація:
The purpose of this article is to analyze the socio-economic aspects of public health in the context of the costs and benefits of modern enterprise. As a key characteristic of labor resources, public health significantly affects the pace and quality of socio-economic development. In the modern economy, public health is on a par with such system-forming characteristics of the labor force as education, qualifications, creativity, and is increasingly trying on the role of the leading factor in economic growth. The article provides evidence that concern for the health of personnel should act as a burden on owners and managers, relying on formal (by the state) and informal (by public opinion) norms that oblige entrepreneurs to take on a certain amount of responsibility in relation to its personnel in terms of employee insurance; ensuring proper working conditions, labor protection, etc.; formation of a health fund; creation of medical structures. Along with this, we record a number of benefits arising from this, including retention of personnel, the formation of a stable and interested core of the labor collective, stability, loyalty of the labor collective, a reduction in the number of absences due to illness, increased efficiency, an increase in the number of so-called innovative “smuggling” projects, the demonstration effect of moral standards.
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13

Gómez-Cardenas, Aura Cristina. "Elder Abandonment in Mexico: Unattended public health problem." Mexican Journal of Medical Research ICSA 7, no. 13 (January 5, 2019): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/mjmr.v7i13.3798.

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Анотація:
Aging is occurring at a speed higher than that experienced historically by the developed countries. Older population will grow three times faster than the growth rate of the total population. The largest increases will happen in countries that do not now show the highest percentages of people over the age of 60, as in the case of Brazil, Mexico and the Dominican Republic. However, in countries like Honduras and Paraguay this population grows at higher rates with respect to other countries. Public health in Mexico and Latin America faces the challenge of reforming health systems in a way that they can face a double burden of disease, represented by the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and their complications, in addition to the persistence of transferable infectious diseases and those associated with nutritional problems. For this reason, the perception of abandonment of the older adults, it is appropriate to define some concepts implicit in the sociodemographic characteristics that are reflected in the statistics of each Latin American country and especially in Mexico, because their population pyramid is increasing with this age-specific disease, generating that due to multiple economic and physical consequences, among others, abandonment becomes a consequence frequently neglected.
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14

Van Minh, Hoang, Dao Lan Huong, Kim Bao Giang, and Peter Byass. "Economic aspects of chronic diseases in Vietnam." Global Health Action 2, no. 1 (November 11, 2009): 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v2i0.1965.

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15

Auerbach, Alan J. "American Economic Journal: Economic Policy." American Economic Review 99, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 679–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.2.679.

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Анотація:
AEJ Policy will publish papers covering a range of topics, the common theme being the role of economic policy in economic outcomes. Subject areas will include public economics; urban and regional economics; public policy aspects of health, education, welfare, and political institutions; law and economics; economic regulation; and environmental and natural resource economics.
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16

Passmore, A. Peter. "Economic Aspects of Pharmacotherapy for Chronic Constipation." PharmacoEconomics 7, no. 1 (January 1995): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199507010-00003.

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17

Minssen, Timo, Kevin Outterson, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, Pedro Henrique D. Batista, Clare I. R. Chandler, Francesco Ciabuschi, Stephan Harbarth, et al. "Social, cultural and economic aspects of antimicrobial resistance." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 98, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 823–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.20.275875.

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18

Ahonen, Guy. "Economic aspects of the work life in transition." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 36, S1 (September 1999): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199909)36:1+<15::aid-ajim5>3.0.co;2-#.

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19

Kuzmichkina, M. A., and V. N. Serebryakova. "Aspects of economic efficiency of surgical myocardial revascularization." Profilakticheskaya meditsina 24, no. 3 (2021): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/profmed202124031100.

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20

Wu, Chien-Huei. "Beyond Liberalization: Health-Related Aspects of EU External Economic Agreements." European Foreign Affairs Review 17, Issue 4 (November 1, 2012): 511–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2012037.

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Анотація:
This article argues that there exists a discrepancy between the Union's external competence in the sphere of public health or health services and the Union's internal competence on health policies. While the TFEU brings trade in health services into the scope of the CCP and assigns it as an exclusive competence of the EU, the Union may still have to rely upon the Member States in implementing international obligations relating to trade in health services. This article also argues that health-related aspects of EU external economic agreements go beyond liberalization front. In addition to conventional equivalency test on SPS measures and mutual recognition agreements on TBT issues, they also cover public health issues relating to tobacco control, alcohol, illicit drugs, HIV-AIDS, and sometimes nuclear disaster and soft instruments governing regulatory dialogue and cooperation.
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21

Utriainen, Pekka, and Eeva Widstrom. "Economic aspects of dental care in Finnish health centers." Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 18, no. 5 (October 1990): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1990.tb00066.x.

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22

Massie, R. John, and Craig M. Mellis. "The Economic Aspects of Drug Delivery in Asthma." PharmacoEconomics 11, no. 5 (May 1997): 398–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199711050-00003.

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23

Fedichkina, Tatiana P., L. G. Solenova, I. E. Zykova, S. V. German, A. V. Modestova, V. A. Kislitsyn, Yu A. Rakhmanin, and I. P. Bobrovnitsky. "Socio-economic aspects of epidemiology of helicobateriosis." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 9 (October 28, 2019): 861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-9-861-864.

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Анотація:
There are considered special social and economic aspects of the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori. These aspects acquired the particular importance for the last time due to the fact that the provision of the people with pure water has been becoming the focus of the attention of geopolitical and socio-economic interests in a number of countries. The availability ofpure drinking water serves a marker of the socio-economic state of the territory and the population living there. In Russia where different climatic conditions are deposited by considerable regional differences in the conditions of communal services caused both by various level of the socio-economic development of the territory, the supplementation with pure drinking water serves as the social determinant of the ecological conditions of the population’s life. This particularly has impact on the unfeasible technical state of the water distribution systems, microorganism ecology of which can substantially affect public health. The performed by authors a specialized screening ofpresented at the official web site of the joint-stock company «Mosvodokanal» current data concerning the quality of drinking water consumed by 2500 Moscovites, tested for the Helicobacter pylori infection revealed no deviations from the sanitary standards in the water received by the consumers. Along with that, the comparison of the map documents of the distribution of the Helicobacter pylori infection in Moscow with the distribution of citizens’ complaints of the decline of the quality of tap water has revealed a territorial fastening of the high values of the population infection rate of n^ylori and the urban sites with the greatest number of complaints. In the microbial ecology of water-distribution systems there are tightly aligned problems of their epidemiological safety, technical state and economic damage caused by corrosion as a result of microbiotic activity. In contrast to acute bacterial and viral infections which are deemed of the greatest importance when assessing the sanitary condition of water sources and water-distribution systems, the consequences of infection with H. pylori may not be manifestedfor a long time but some years later they may be manifested as serious chronic diseases (from gastritis to adenocarcinoma of the stomach and a wide range of extraintestinal pathologies), which causes great social and economic losses. Thus, the socio-economic aspect of the epidemiology of helicobacteriosis includes at least two components: the technic - the maintenance of the feasible technic and sanitary state of the water distribution systems and the medico-social - expenditures for screening and treatment of infected patients. In total they are an inseparable part of the prevention of socially-important diseases in the public health system.
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24

Oynotkinova, Olga Sh, and Vera N. Larina. "Medical and social aspects of health security in the formation of public health." City Healthcare 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47619/2713-2617.zm.2022.v.3i3;67-76.

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Анотація:
Introduction. Monitoring of the health status of the population as a whole, assessment and analysis of the leading determinants of health, including genetic, behavioral, anthropogenic, biophysiological factors, represent one of the global functions of public health, focused on health protection and provision of medical services. To date, health disorders are primarily related to lifestyle and are always a collection of individual personalized health data. Unhealthy diet and low physical activity are risk factors for the development of a number of chronic non-communicable diseases, primarily cardiovascular, metabolic, in particular type 2 diabetes mellitus and some types of cancer. These risk factors lead to early disability, a decrease in the quality and life expectancy of people, disability, as well as the health budget and the economy. So, if on average only 3 % of the health budget is spent on disease prevention programs, then about 7 % of the budget in the EU countries is spent on the treatment of obesity and turns into 2.8 % of world GDP. In this regard, the implementation of early preventive measures is characterized by favorable and positive results. Purpose. Analyzes the role of unhealthy diet and low physical activity as key risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, especially in the population of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods and materials. The characteristics of the presented studies included in the article cover international experience and analysis of the pilot study conducted on a population sample of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. To assess the economic costs associated with unhealthy diet and low physical activity, a general approach was used based on the analysis of individual diseases, in particular, type 2 diabetes mellitus, using population attributive fractions, regression method. Results. Based on the data obtained, it follows that patients with an unhealthy diet and low physical activity, burdened with overweight or obesity, have a high five-year risk of developing new cases of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications. This includes early disability and the economic costs of providing medical care. Using the example of a number of European countries and its own results, this study is focused on assessing the economic damage that is associated with unhealthy diet and low physical activity among the population, regardless of the region of residence and the metropolis.
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25

Arokiasamy, John T., and R. Krishnan. "Some Epidemiological Aspects and Economic Costs of Injuries in Malaysia." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 7, no. 1 (January 1994): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959400700103.

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Анотація:
Injuries are one of the leading causes of death in the world. In Malaysia, injuries form one of the three main causes of mortality. They are also an important cause of permanent and temporary disability and work absenteeism in the productive age group. Increasing affluence and industrialization coupled with growing population and transportation needs in rapidly developing countries like Malaysia have resulted in a surge of road and occupational injuries. Three quarters of fatalities due to road, occupational, drowning and home injuries occur in those below 45 years of age. A majority of injuries in these categories are attributed to “human” factors and therefore can be prevented by public education and enforced training of workers. The total annual economic loss due to all types of injuries is estimated to be 2 billion Malaysian Ringgit (US$1 = MR2.76 approximately). The government is currently in the process of setting up full-time departments for road safety and occupational health and safety.
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26

Stant, A. D., S. Castelein, R. Bruggeman, J. T. van Busschbach, M. van der Gaag, H. Knegtering, and D. Wiersma. "Economic Aspects of Peer Support Groups for Psychosis." Community Mental Health Journal 47, no. 1 (March 24, 2009): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10597-009-9193-8.

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27

Horne, L. Chad. "“Public Health, Public Goods, and Market Failure”." Public Health Ethics 12, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phz004.

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Abstract This discussion revises and extends Jonny Anomaly's ‘public goods’ account of public health ethics in light of recent criticism from Richard Dees. Public goods are goods that are both non-rival and non-excludable. What is significant about such goods is that they are not always provided efficiently by the market. Indeed, the state can sometimes realize efficiency gains either by supplying such goods directly or by compelling private purchase. But public goods are not the only goods that the market may fail to provide efficiently. This point to a way of broadening the public goods account of public health to accommodate Dees' counterexamples, without abandoning its distinctive appeal. On the market failures approach to public health ethics, the role of public health is to correct public health-related market failures of all kinds, so far as possible. The underlying moral commitment is to economic efficiency in the sense of Pareto: if we can re-allocate resources in the economy so as to raise the welfare of some without lowering the welfare of any other, we ought to do so.
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28

Feenstra, Talitha, Isaac Corro-Ramos, Dominique Hamerlijnck, George van Voorn, and Salah Ghabri. "Four Aspects Affecting Health Economic Decision Models and Their Validation." PharmacoEconomics 40, no. 3 (December 16, 2021): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40273-021-01110-w.

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29

Oki, Taikan, Shinjiro Yano, and Naota Hanasaki. "Economic aspects of virtual water trade." Environmental Research Letters 12, no. 4 (March 27, 2017): 044002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa625f.

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30

Cvetanović, Slobodan, Sretko Ribać, and Danijela Despotović. "FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF HEALTH PROTECTION." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij2801297c.

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Анотація:
In addition to education, health is a basic component of human capital. Until recently the significance of health of the population was not the subject of serious study in economic science. However, in recent research, health is increasingly treated as a factor with long-term effect on economic development. It was concluded that the realisation of various health programmes had pronounced and numerous economic effects. The improvement of health services resulted in reduced mortality rate between the developed and underdeveloped countries, which had effect on economic growth. The health of individuals is reflected in biological, psychological, and social sphere, and their interaction. The more healthy individuals in a society, the easier it is to drive economic development. Thus in the economy of health the “production “of health as an important process in human capital increases. Total health “production” is determined by numerous factors such as available income, property, degree of education, genetic predisposition and level of public health. Besides, many other factors that determine life style of an individual are also important, which influences the creation of health needs like smoking, alcohol and drug consumption etc. These factors have impact on health “production” by using the available financial resources. Here, the possibilities of new technologies to satisfy various needs for health care should also be mentioned, since they are unavoidably connected with the increasing finances. Treatment of health protection as a domain where health is “produced” leads to conclusion that it is possible, in analytical sense, to express the relation between health status (of an individual, certain group of people, or ethnic community) as a result of health protection system and factors that determine that status in the form of production function Health = F (health protection, other inputs, time). This does not refer so much to health industry, aimed at preventing diseases (although it is important as well), but, first and foremost, to prevention and healthy lifestyle (diet, physical activity, finding right measures for each thing, avoiding harmful substances and pollution of the environment). Healthy life, of course, includes sufficient free time and appropriate living standard. Health of labour is particularly affected by healthy diet, healthy working environment, appropriate daily, weekly, and annual breaks, appropriate housing, organized care of employees’ young children, organization of physical and social activities in the company, and the like. In this context, the central problem of health protection system management is how to provide maximum possible level of health status of population with the available finances allocated for health protection. Health economists, logically, cannot directly influence the improvement of health status of the population, but can be useful in increase of efficiency in the use of available finances for health care, i.e. increase the level of health status of the population by using the same amount of finances.
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31

Hennessy, David A. "Economic Aspects of Agricultural and Food Biosecurity." Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 6, no. 1 (March 2008): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2007.0016.

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32

Creese, Andrew L. "Economic aspects of tropical disease: What is better health worth?" Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79, no. 2 (January 1985): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(85)90317-7.

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33

Tello, Juan Eduardo, and Paola Bonizzato. "Social economic inequalities and mental health II. Methodological aspects and literature review." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 12, no. 4 (December 2003): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00003079.

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Анотація:
SummaryObjective - This study provides a framework for mental health inequalities beginners. It describes the methods used to measure socio economic inequalities and the inter-relations with different aspects of mental health: residence, mental health services organisation and main diagnostic categories. Method - Literature electronic-search on Medline, Psyclit, Econlit, Social Science Index and SocioSearch usingand relating the key-words inequalities, deprivation, poverty, socio-economic status, social class, occupational class, mental health for the period 1965-2002 (June). The articles selected were integrated with manual search (publications of the same authors, cross-references, working documents and reports of international andregional organisations). Results - Inequality is not an absolute concept and, mainly, it has been changing during the last years. For example, the integration and re-definition of variables that capture, in simple indices, a complex reality; the accent on social more than on economic aspects; the geo-validity and time-reference of the inequality's indices. Moreover, the inequalities could be the result of individual preferences, in this case, the social selectionand social causation issues will raise the suitability for a public intervention. Conclusions - Up to now, research has been mainly concentrated in describing and measuring health inequalities. For designing effective interventions, policy makers need to ground decisions on health-socioeconomic inequalities explanatory models.Declaration of Interestthis work was partly funded by the Department of the Public Health Sciences “G. Sanarelli” of the University of Rome “La Sapienza” and the Department of Medicine and Public Health of the University of Verona.
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34

Macrow, Peter J. "Political, Economic and Ethical Aspects of Use of Medical Abortifacients." PharmacoEconomics 5, no. 4 (April 1994): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199405040-00001.

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35

Postma, M. J., J. C. Jager, and L. T. W. de Jong-van den Berg. "Socio-economic aspects of extended STD screening in pregnancy." AIDS Care 12, no. 6 (December 2000): 731–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120020014273.

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36

Czech, M., M. Horoszewska, and R. Pachocki. "PHP14 ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF INDIVIDUAL TREATMENT IN POLAND—OUT-PATIENT VIEWPOINT." Value in Health 7, no. 6 (November 2004): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(10)65873-1.

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37

WALKER, KIRSTY. "HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ECONOMIC CRISES AND HEALTH." Historical Journal 53, no. 2 (April 27, 2010): 477–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x10000130.

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ABSTRACTDuring periods of recession, both historians and policy-makers have tended to revisit the multi-faceted relationship between health and economic crisis. It seems likely that the current economic downturn will trigger a new revival of efforts to gauge its implications for people's health around the world. This review will reflect on aspects of the relationship between health and economic crisis, exploring some of the unanswered questions within the historiography of the Great Depression and health, and suggest new directions that this work might take. Within a broadly transnational framework, I will reassess the diverse historiographies of interwar public health, in order to highlight ways in which the methodologies used could inspire future studies for neglected areas within this field, such as Southeast Asia. In doing so, I will illustrate that the effects of the interwar economic fluctuations on health status remain imprecise and difficult to define, but marked a transitional moment in the history of public health.
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38

Isunju, J. B., K. Schwartz, M. A. Schouten, W. P. Johnson, and M. P. van Dijk. "Socio-economic aspects of improved sanitation in slums: A review." Public Health 125, no. 6 (June 2011): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2011.03.008.

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39

Чубарова and Tatyana Chubarova. "financial and economic aspects of access to health care in russia." Бюллетень Восточно-Сибирского научного центра Сибирского отделения Российской академии медицинских наук 1, no. 5 (December 6, 2016): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23397.

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The article deals with the financial and economic problems of access to health care for the citizens of Russia. It analyzes basic methodological approaches as well as the corresponding official statistics and sociological research on the state of the country’s health system, which, according to author’s opinion, can describe the situation with the accessibility of health care. It is shown that underfunding of health care from public sources and the associated expansion of private finances, can signal problems with access for Russian citizens. Especially if the overall socio-economic situation in the country is taken into account, namely the federal state policy of shifting health expenditures to regional level under the conditions of high regional social and economic differentiation and high income inequality. Thus, the development of fiscal policy within the budget federalism in Russia should take into account its implications for people’s access to health.
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40

Zdravkovska, Milka, Zharko Stojmanovski, Vaso Taleski, Svetlana Jovevska, and Velo Markovski. "Public Health Aspects of Human Brucellosis in the Republic of Macedonia." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2013): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2013.022.

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Background: The Republic of Macedonia is an endemic area where brucellosis is a dominant zoonosis with high morbidity and enormous economic loss.Aim: To determine the incidence rate, prevalence rate and development tendency of infected people with brucellosis in R. Macedonia in the period from 01.01.1999 to 31.12.2009, to register and analyse the epidemiological characteristics of the infected with brucellosis according to gender, age and regional distribution.Materials and methods: The data about the infected people with brucellosis were taken from the register of individual cases as well as monthly and annual reports for infectious diseases prepared by the Institute for Public Health of Republic of Macedonia.Results: According to the survey the highest number of incidence of human brucellosis in R. Macedonia was found in 2008, 23.94/100,000 people, and the lowest number of infected people was in 2009, about 13.99/100,000 people. Human brucellosis has a decreasing tendency.Conclusion: Human brucellosis remains a public health problem in Republic of Macedonia.
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41

Fletcher, Reginald J., Ian P. Bell, and Janet P. Lambert. "Public health aspects of food fortification: a question of balance." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 63, no. 4 (November 2004): 605–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2004391.

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Micronutrient malnutrition is widespread throughout the world, with important health and economic consequences. Tools to address this situation include food fortification, supplementation and dietary diversification, each having different and complementary roles. Fortification (mandatory and voluntary) has been practised over several decades in Western countries as well as in developing countries. Iodised salt was introduced in the USA in 1924 to reduce severe I deficiency. In 1938 voluntary enrichment of flours and breads with niacin and Fe was initiated to reduce the incidence of pellagra and Fe-deficiency anaemia respectively. Micronutrient intakes in European countries appear to be generally adequate for most nutrients. However, a number of population subgroups are at higher risk of suboptimal intakes (below the lower reference nutrient intake) for some micronutrients, e.g. folate, Fe, Zn and Ca in children, adolescents and young women. Dietary surveys indicate that fortified foods play a role in mitigating such risks for several important nutrients. The number of foods suited to fortification are considerably limited by several factors, including technological properties (notably moisture, pH and O2permeability), leading to unacceptable taste and appearance, as well as cost and consumer expectations. In countries in which voluntary fortification is widely practised micronutrient intakes are considerably below tolerable upper intake levels. Concerns about safety are addressed in relation to the potentially increased level or proportion of fortified foods (e.g. following potential EU legislation), for nutrients with relatively low tolerable upper intake levels and where the potential benefit and risks are in different subpopulations (e.g. folic acid). Recent models for assessing these issues are discussed.
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42

White, Julian. "Ciguatera fish poisoning—A review: Sanitary and economic aspects." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 92, no. 2 (March 1998): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(98)90770-2.

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43

Ransom, Montrece McNeill, Amelia Greiner, Chris Kochtitzky, and Kristin S. Major. "Pursuing Health Equity: Zoning Codes and Public Health." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 39, S1 (2011): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2011.00576.x.

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Health equity can be defined as the absence of disadvantage to individuals and communities in health outcomes, access to health care, and quality of health care regardless of one’s race, gender, nationality, age, ethnicity, religion, and socioeconomic status. Health equity concerns those disparities in public health that can be traced to unequal, systemic economic, and social conditions. Despite significant improvements in the health of the overall population, health inequities in America persist. Racial and ethnic minorities continue to experience higher rates of morbidity and mortality than non-minorities across a range of health issues. For example, African-American children with asthma have a seven times greater mortality rate than Non-Hispanic white children with the illness. While cancer is the second leading cause of death among all populations in the U.S., ethnic minorities are especially burdened with the disease.
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44

Burliai, A. P. ,., V. S. Kostyuk, L. W. Smoliy, and A. A. Osipova. "Modern theories of economic development: social aspects." Collected Works of Uman National University of Horticulture 2, no. 98 (June 20, 2021): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2415-8240-2021-98-2-221-231.

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The article examines modern theories of economic development in the context of social aspects. The aim of the study is to generalize the social aspects of modern economic theories of development to determine the trajectory and possible directions of social policy. The essence and evolution of models of economic development according to the concepts of welfare are determined. Many well-known foreign researchers are interested in the causes of the wealth of some nations and the poverty and decline of others. Thus, D. Acemoglu and J. Robinson proved that the main condition for achieving the well-being of nations are economic institutions – rules that determine the social efficiency of the economy, incentives and motivations of people, rather than natural and geographical factors. Norwegian A. Reinert believes that rich countries have become rich through a combination of government intervention, strategic investment and protectionism, rather than free trade. American economist M. Olson pointed to the role of private property, taxation, public goods, collective action and contractual rights in economic development. N. Rosenberg and L. Birzdel, A. Sen, E. Duflo and A. Banerjee emphasize that the only issue they focus on is how to increase the material well-being of people, which is measured by the presence of most opportunities to choose and shape the quality of their own lives, to fight not with the consequences of poverty, but with its causes, that is, starting with public education, basic medicine and hygiene. New theoretical approaches to the interpretation of social factors of economic development and social transformations in Ukraine have also been formed in the works of Ukrainian researchers. It is established that a prerequisite for the successful development of the national economic system is to ensure the priority of man, education, health care, environmental protection, which, in turn, stimulate significant economic potential and long-term prosperity of society.
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45

Bart, Thomas N. "Parallel Trade of Pharmaceuticals: A Review of Legal, Economic, and Political Aspects." Value in Health 11, no. 5 (September 2008): 996–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00339.x.

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46

Srinivasa, D. K., and V. D'Souza. "Economic aspects of an epidemic of haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in a rural community." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 41, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.41.1.79.

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47

Schomann, Carsten, Wolfgang Stapel, Peter Nickel, Jens Eden, and Friedhelm Nachreiner. "BASS 4: a software system for ergonomic design and evaluation of working hours." Revista de Saúde Pública 38, suppl (December 2004): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102004000700009.

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OBJECTIVE: To extend an existing computer programme for the evaluation and design of shift schedules (BASS 3) by integrating workload as well as economic aspects. METHODS: The redesigned prototype BASS 4 includes a new module with a suitable and easily applicable screening method (EBA) for the assessment of the intensity of physical, emotional and cognitive workload components and their temporal patterns. Specified criterion functions based on these ratings allow for an adjustment of shift and rest duration according to the intensity of physical and mental workload. Furthermore, with regard to interactive effects both workload and temporal conditions, e.g. time of day, are taken into account. In a second new module, important economic aspects and criteria have been implemented. Different ergonomic solutions for scheduling problems can now also be evaluated with regard to their economic costs. RESULTS: The new version of the computer programme (BASS 4) can now simultaneously take into account numerous ergonomic, legal, agreed and economic criteria for the design and evaluation of working hours. CONCLUSIONS: BASS 4 can now be used as an instrument for the design and the evaluation of working hours with regard to legal, ergonomic and economic aspects at the shop floor as well as in administrative (e.g. health and safety inspection) and research problems.
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48

Graham, P., and J. Boyages. "Economic and Quality-of-Life Aspects of Treating Small Cell Lung Cancer." PharmacoEconomics 3, no. 6 (June 1993): 446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199303060-00004.

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49

Freedberg, Kenneth A. "Clinical and Economic Aspects of Prophylaxis and Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia." PharmacoEconomics 7, no. 2 (February 1995): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199507020-00001.

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50

Skelly, Lara, Christine Stilwell, and Peter G. Underwood. "Correlations between the economy and public library use." Bottom Line 28, no. 1/2 (July 6, 2015): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bl-12-2014-0032.

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Анотація:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between different aspects of public library use with elements of economic growth and development. Design/methodology/approach – Statistical correlations were performed to uncover statistically significant relationships. Findings – Relationships are not uniform: strongly positive relationships exist between education and visits, circulation and library programmes, savings and visits and circulation and programmes, and a strongly negative relationship exists between health and circulation. Research limitations/implications – Only one proxy variable for each of the economic development indicators was used, including the fact that others might have revealed other information. Social implications – The revealed relationships should be kept in mind by librarians and policymakers as decisions to change library services that might trickle down to citizens through economic growth and development. Originality/value – This paper brings together a variety of economic growth and development factors and several aspects of public library use in a single framework.
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