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1
Kovačikova, Hana. "Western Balkans Regional Common Market: What lesson can be taught from EEA?: A case study of public procurement." Strani pravni zivot, no. 4 (2020): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spz64-29635.
Анотація:
The European Union pursues on the international scene to safeguards its values, support the rule of law, foster the sustainable economic, social and environmental development and support the integration of all countries into the world economy including through the progressive abolition of barriers on international trade. Trade agreements are used as an effective tool to this end. Within its present external action, European Union tries to cover its trade relations regionally homogenously. Through regionally homogenous trade agreements, Union can export its values, principles, and rules easier, which is also a way of strengthening its position geopolitically. This paper analyses trade agreements concluded between the European Union and candidate countries from Western Balkans. All these agreements recognise the accession to the European Union as their final goal. To achieve it, candidate countries need to fulfil various conditions, including the approximation and harmonisation of their legal orders with the EU acquis. Just recently (in November 2020), Western Balkans countries' leaders announced the creation of Regional Common Market which shall serve as a tool for approximation with European Union's Internal Market Rules. To this regard, author analysed the European Economic Area, where the export of European Union's Internal Market Rules was successfully realised, and which might therefore serve as an example for pre-accession cooperation between Western Balkans countries and European Union. Author chose the area of public procurement as a model case study.
2
Fernandez de la Hoz, K., D. Manissero, and on behalf of the Tuberculosis Disease Programme*. "A Framework Action Plan to fight Tuberculosis in the European Union." Eurosurveillance 13, no. 12 (March 18, 2008): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/ese.13.12.08074-en.
Анотація:
Many European Union (EU) Member States show a decline in tuberculosis (TB) incidence and many have low incidence rates (15 countries reported less than 10 cases per 100,000 population in 2006). However, despite the progress in curbing the TB epidemic, the disease remains a public health threat in the EU. The epidemiological patterns are still very diverse between countries and control efforts are challenged by problems such as multidrug-resistant (MDR TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB), TB/HIV co-infection and the concentration of cases within vulnerable groups.
3
Marušič, Andrej. "Mental health in the enlarged European Union: Need for relevant public mental health action." British Journal of Psychiatry 184, no. 5 (May 2004): 450–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.184.5.450.
Анотація:
On 1 May 2004 ten new countries will join the European Union (EU), which as a result will comprise 25 culturally quite different countries. Each enlargement of the EU so far has been a difficult experience for both the existing member states and the new entrants, since each membership change has altered the structure and the sharing of costs and benefits of membership. Furthermore, each new member brings its own traditions, preferences, strengths and weaknesses, including the mental health of its population and its psychiatric services. Are we ready for the changes to come?
4
GHETU, Raluca Andreea, Cristina-Simona CĂPĂȚÎNĂ, and Petre BREZEANU. "THE EVOLUTION OF FISCAL PRESSURE IN DEVELOPED E.U. COUNTRIES AND ITS DETERMINANTS." ANNALS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA. ECONOMIC SCIENCES 30, no. 2 (December 2021): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes30(2)025.
Анотація:
Since 1970, the intensity of implementing budgetary policies in the two categories of states, developed states, and emerging states, has been observed in Europe. These policies had the effect of increasing the levels of taxation, also called progressive taxation, at that time. To stop this phenomenon of progressive taxation, the Maastricht Treaty and then the Stability and Growth Pact have had the effect of forcing states to adopt different fiscal policies to reduce the feeling of fiscal pressure made necessary by budgetary deficiencies and public debt accumulated over time. In fact, since the 1990s, each Member State of the European Union has interpreted the treaties mentioned above separately; some states reduced spending, while others preferred to impose more significant fiscal pressure on citizens by raising taxes and fees. In our article, we analyze and disseminate the general fiscal pressure of some developed countries in the European Union. We identify the economic priority indicators that influence the phenomenon of fiscal pressure, such as the level of direct taxes, indirect taxes, the growth rate of gross domestic product, and the level of public debt, providing an overview of economic development over the last three decades.To this end, the authors have developed an econometric model that captures the factors that influence the fiscal pressure in several developed countries of the European Union in the period 1995-2018.
5
van Loock, F., Mike Rowland, T. Grein, and A. Moren. "Intervention epidemiology training: a European perspective." Eurosurveillance 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.06.03.00218-en.
Анотація:
Within the widening European Union, large-scale movements of people, animals and food-products increasingly contribute to the potential for spread of communicable diseases. The EU was given a mandate for public health action only in 1992, under the Treaty of European Union ("Maastricht Treaty"), which was broadened in the 1997 with the Treaty of Amsterdam. While all EU countries have statutory requirements for notifying communicable diseases, national and regional communicable disease surveillance practices vary considerably (1). The Network Committee (NC) for the Epidemiological Surveillance and Control of Communicable Diseases in the EU was established in 1998 to harmonise these activities.
6
Guillén, Ana M., and Laura Cabiedes. "Reforming Pharmaceutical Policies in the European Union: A “Penguin Effect”?" International Journal of Health Services 33, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1jc6-frl4-qm2l-qn6e.
Анотація:
Pharmaceutical policies form a substantial part of health care services, from the point of view of both equity and efficiency goals. Expenditure on pharmaceuticals has been growing steadily over the last few decades, and countries are finding the financing of drugs increasingly difficult. This article surveys the changes in pharmaceutical policies in the E.U. countries from the mid-1980s through the 1990s. It focuses primarily on policies dealing with cost control of publicly funded pharmaceuticals. In their analysis of these changes, the authors classify policies (or “packages of measures”), map out their incidence in each country, and assess their impact on the control of public pharmaceutical spending. They conclude that the E.U. countries are taking up apparently similar measures—dressing like penguins in a row—despite the limited effectiveness and limited evaluation of many of the measures adopted. The authors also analyze the role of national and international actors (most prominently, the European Union) in defining public pharmaceutical policies; look at how innovative policy ideas could be connected with the economic, political, and social interests that mold public action in this field; and propose new lines of investigation.
7
Bayar, Ali H. "Entry and Exit Dynamics of ‘Excessive Deficits’ in the European Union." Public Finance and Management 1, no. 1 (March 2001): 92–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152397210100100106.
Анотація:
The extent of government deficits and debt has been one of the most debated issues in recent years. However, very little has been contributed about their dynamics. Yet, the issue of entering into and exiting from excessive deficits will be critical in the European monetary union since the Stability and Growth Pact rules out deficits larger than three percent of GDP, except strictly defined unusual conditions. This paper provides a transition data analysis of the dynamics of public deficits. It shows the asymmetric role played by the economic determinants in this dynamics and estimates the evolution of the probability of entering into and exiting from excessive deficits for each one of the member states of the European Union since 1970. It also reveals how the concurrence of some minor changes may produce a major switchover in public finance outcomes. Finally, it points to the fragility of some countries even if they are now out of excessive deficits.
8
Ivanova, Lyudmila V. "WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, no. 10 (2021): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.10.02.009.
Анотація:
Numerous specialized and unauthorized landfills and huge volumes of waste are a serious problem for the use of minerals. The country's system of solid waste management, based on burial, incinera-tion, partial processing, does not fully comply with the climatic and socio-economic characteristics of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Russia is one of eight members of the Arctic Council, international organizations promoting development of cooperation in the field of environmental protection and sustainable develop-ment of circumpolar areas. In 2001, the Arctic Council approved an Action Plan for the elimination of pollution in the Arctic. For the implementation of the Plan, a specially created expert group on waste supports and oversees pilot projects demonstrating environmentally friendly waste management in the Arctic. Waste dis-posal methods that do not meet environmental standards can contribute to soil, water and air pollution through toxic emissions. Improper waste management can also lead to transboundary emissions. While there is clear progress in this direction in Europe due to the implementation of effective public policies on waste and a focus on the transition to a circular economy, significant amounts of valuable resources remain untapped as a result of ineffective waste management in practice.
9
Mărășescu, Cristina. "The Emergence of an European Union Cultural Diplomacy." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Negotia 65, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbnegotia.2020.3.03.
Анотація:
"On 16 April 2020, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) released preliminary figures according to which the collective Official Development Assistance (ODA) from the European Union (EU) and its Member States to developing countries amounted to 75.2 billion in 2019, representing 55.2% of global assistance. The EU and its Member States therefore maintain their position as the largest international aid donor. In spite of the vast amount of resources spent annually by the EU, there is widespread perception that the EU punches below its weight. Notwithstanding the undeniable positive impact that the EU external policies have on the ground, the EU’s role in international development remains mostly invisible. This paper presents the perception of the EU and EU’s policies abroad and makes the case for the necessity of an integrated and fully coordinated EU Public Diplomacy (PD) capable of communicating effectively and strengthening EU’s role as a global actor. It argues that culture has a substantial potential in Europe’s international relations, making the case for the necessity of an integrated and tailor-made EU Cultural Diplomacy. This paper shows that culture is a worthwhile investment in driving economic growth. Failure to capitalise on this would be a huge missed opportunity for Europe. Keywords: European Union, Economic Support to Developing Countries, Economic Growth, Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy, European External Action Service JEL classification: O10, Z10 "
10
Vasić, Milena, Biljana Kilibarda, Verica Jovanović, and Snežana Živković-Perišić. "Joint action "Innovative partnership for action against cancer"." Glasnik javnog zdravlja 95, no. 1 (2021): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gjz2101021v.
Анотація:
Malignant diseases are the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality, on the global scale, but also in European Union and Serbia. Recognizing this problem, the European Commission has been continuously investing funds into projects aimed against cancer for the past decade. One such project is the Joint Action "Innovative Partnership for Action Against Cancer", which launched in April 2018 and will wrap up in December 2021. The project is implemented within the Third Health Programme of the European Union, which funded the project. "Innovative Partnership for Action Against Cancer" encompasses 24 countries, representing 44 partner institutions. The National Institute of Public Health of Slovenia (NIPHS) coordinates the project. Project activities are implemented within 10 work packages, of which four are horizontal and mandatory (coordination, dissemination, evaluation and integration into national policies and sustainability), while 6 are the so-called "vertical" work packages, namely: cancer prevention, genomics in cancer control and care, cancer information and registries, challenges in cancer care, innovative therapies in cancer and governance of integrated and comprehensive cancer care. Each of the work packages has its objectives, activities and outcomes. The roadmap for implementation and sustainability of cancer control actions represents the key outcome of work package 4 (Integration in national policies and sustainability), as well as of the entire Joint Action. Work package 4 interviewed the representatives of countries participating in Joint Action to gain insight into their experiences and challenges in implementing cancer control policies. Some of these challenges have also been recognized in Serbia, leading the Government of the Republic of Serbia to adopt the cancer control program in the Republic of Serbia for the period 2020-2022. In the same year, 2020, the World Cancer Day (4 February) was commemorated with the event "Europe's Beating Cancer Plan - Let's Strive for More" in the European Parliament, and a year later, the European Commission presented the Europe's Beating Cancer Plan. Three Joint Action activities implemented thus far made a great contribution to the control of malignant diseases, many documents, instructions, programs were elaborated, and then used as key inputs into the new Europe's Beating Cancer Plan.
11
Duffy, David. "Tax Smoothing in the Presence of the Maastricht Constraint." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 25, no. 2 (October 1, 2007): 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569207x15664516861374.
Анотація:
Abstract A sample of European Union countries are examined for evidence of tax smoothing over the period 1970-2005. Two testing procedures are applied to a single sample of countries to assess the consistency of evidence across testing methods. This study includes the application of a new data set to the tax smoothing question which provides an estimate of the temporary component of public expenditure. This study also argues that the application of the constraints imposed on fiscal policy in the Maastricht Treaty will affect the conduct of a tax smoothing policy. The effects of the Maastricht Treaty on tax smoothing behaviour are investigated.
12
Koczkodaj, Paweł, Urszula Sulkowska, Joanna Didkowska, Piotr Rutkowski, and Marta Mańczuk. "Melanoma Mortality Trends in 28 European Countries: A Retrospective Analysis for the Years 1960–2020." Cancers 15, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15051514.
Анотація:
Background: In 2020, in 27 European Union (EU) Member States, melanoma accounted for 4% of all new cancer cases and 1.3% of all cancer deaths, making melanoma the fifth most common malignancy and placing it in the 15 most frequent causes of cancer deaths in the EU-27. The main aim of our study was to investigate melanoma mortality trends in 25 EU Member States and three non-EU countries (Norway, Russia, and Switzerland) in a broad time perspective (1960–2020) in a younger (45–74 years old) vs. older age group (75+). Methods: We identified melanoma deaths defined by ICD-10 codes C-43 for individuals aged 45–74 and 75+ years old between 1960–2020 in 25 EU Member States (excluding Iceland, Luxembourg, and Malta) and in 3 non-EU countries—Norway, Russia, and Switzerland. Age-standardized melanoma mortality rates (ASR) were computed using the direct age-standardization for Segi’s World Standard Population. To determine melanoma-mortality trends with 95% confidence intervals (CI), Joinpoint regression was applied. Our analysis used the Join-point Regression Program, version 4.3.1.0 (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA). Results: Regardless of the considered age groups, in all investigated countries, in general, melanoma standardized mortality rates were higher for men than women. Considering the age group 45–74, the highest number of countries was characterized by decreasing melanoma-mortality trends in both sexes—14 countries. Contrarily, the highest representation of countries in the age group 75+ was connected with increasing melanoma-mortality trends in both sexes—26 countries. Moreover, considering the older age group—75+—there was no country with a decreasing melanoma mortality in both sexes. Conclusions: Investigated melanoma-mortality trends vary in individual countries and age groups; however, a highly concerning phenomenon—increasing melanoma-mortality rates in both sexes—was observed in 7 countries for the younger age group and in as many as 26 countries for the older age group. There is a need for coordinated public-health actions to address this issue.
13
Kocowska-Siekierka, Elżbieta. "Prawo do dobrej administracji — w kierunku upraszczania języka urzędowego w Polsce i w Czechach." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 107 (April 4, 2017): 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.107.8.
Анотація:
THE RIGHT TO GOOD ADMINISTRATION — SIMPLIFYING THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE IN POLAND AND THE CZECH REPUBLICThe paper aims at investigating how European Union countries such as Poland and the Czech Republic deal with the problem of simplification of the official language. In former members of the Eastern European bloc bureaucratic language is one of the causes of the loss of confidence in public administration. Entry to the European Union increased the tendency for language reform in the creation of normative acts, and the way of communication between the civil servants and thecitizens. The paper presents two lines of action — education of civil servants in Poland and the transformation of the legal language in the Czech Republic.
14
Stickley, A., M. Leinsalu, E. Andreev, Y. Razvodovsky, D. Vagero, and M. McKee. "Alcohol poisoning in Russia and the countries in the European part of the former Soviet Union, 1970 2002." European Journal of Public Health 17, no. 5 (February 27, 2007): 444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckl275.
15
Dudek, Carolyn M. "Transmitting Environmentalism? The Unintended Global Consequences of European Union Environmental Policies." Global Environmental Politics 13, no. 2 (May 2013): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00169.
Анотація:
Will European companies investing abroad be transmitters of EU environmental policies or environmental dumpers? This article utilizes a most-differentcases approach to analyze transnational corporation (TNC) behavior in countries with less stringent environmental standards. Drawing on rational institutionalism, the article examines two significant European business investments in Mercosur countries: paper pulp mills in Uruguay and fishing off the coast of Argentina. These cases demonstrate that EU environmental standards will be diffused beyond Europe's borders if significant fixed assets are involved, high levels of public awareness and action in response to environmental degradation are possible, and if the environmental policy of an industry is successfully implemented in Europe. Paper pulp milling in Uruguay fulfilled these conditions and TNCs, in this case applied EU standards. This was not so with TNC fishing practices in Argentina. Also, with high citizen attention, local companies will adopt similar environmental practices to those of their European counterparts, improving environmental practices even without domestic government regulations.
16
STOIKA, Viktoriia. "Problems of Ukraine’s integration into the European Union." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2020, no. 146 (2020): 469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2020.146.33.
Анотація:
European integration and the identification of obstacles to full membership in the European Union. Design/methodology/approach: The methodological and theoretical basis of the article is the fundamental provisions of economic theory, the works of scientists and economists in the field of international economic relations and integration. Findings: The article explores the problems of Ukraine’s integration into the EU. The study analyzed the attitude of Ukrainians towards European integration, identified the main arguments for and against accession to the EU countries, as well as the main internal and external threats of the integration process. It has been determined that in recent years the proportion of the population that has supported Ukraine’s accession to the EU has significantly increased. From the integration into the EU, Ukrainians primarily expect to expand the space of their own capabilities and the country's internal development in accordance with modern world trends. It is concluded that the population considers a high level of corruption in the country, problems in the Donbass and the inefficiency of public administration as the main obstacles to this process. Most residents of Ukraine consider it necessary to implement European reforms, but the consequence of their implementation has identified significant problems in terms of their real social effect. It is determined that Ukraine in some macroeconomic indicators lags significantly behind the EU countries, continues to lose its position in the global ranking of countries in terms of economic competitiveness, and remains one of the poorest countries in Europe. A significant problem for the development of Ukraine is the labor migration of the population and, in particular, the increase in the number of illegal migrants - Ukrainians in Europe. The main achievements in the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU are analyzed and the main threats to the further European integration are identified. It is concluded that Ukraine needs to develop its own “action plan” for the possibility of realizing national interests, taking into account the interests of the parties involved in the integration process. Originality/value: The mood of Ukrainian society, the current position of the state, the main obstacles and priorities that Ukraine faces on the way to the EU have been analysed in detail.
17
Gaona Prieto, Rodrigo, Andrés De Castro, and José-Ignacio Antón. "Evaluation of a training program of African gendarmes' in Spain under the European Union GAR-SI Sahel project." Policing: An International Journal 45, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 266–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-06-2021-0082.
Анотація:
PurposeThis article provides the first assessment of the training program of African gendarmes from the so-called Sahel countries in the Special Training Center of the Spanish Civil Guard in Spain. This action is part of the European Union GAR-SI Sahel project, embedded in the framework of the international cooperation of the European Union with Africa and aims to create effective counter-terrorism police tactical units in the area.Design/methodology/approachThe study exploits instructors' assessment on the evolution of the 167 participants over the program from 2017 to 2019 and the satisfaction of attendants with the training action, using 22 Likert-type items and an open question. It employs both quantitative tools (descriptive and inferential statistical methods and multivariate techniques) and qualitative methods (content analysis of participants' comments).FindingsThe research finds evidence of a high participants' performance according to trainers and large levels of satisfaction among participants. The authors also discuss the differences found by country of origin and rank of the gendarmes who participated in the trainings.Originality/valueThis study is the first to provide an evaluation of the police training actions embedded GAR-SI Sahel project, part of much larger initiative of cooperation of the European Union with Africa.
18
Bregu, Meljana. "The Impact of the EU Engagement in Serbia and Albania During the First Wave of COVID-19." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 20, no. 14 (May 31, 2024): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n14p91.
Анотація:
Solidarity is a fundamental value of the European Union, alongside cooperation and competition. The COVID-19 pandemic tested the value of European solidarity; amid this unprecedented crisis, the EU initially failed to determine the most appropriate course of action. This provoked a strong reaction within the European Union and affected the EU's position in the Western Balkans as a soft power. This paper examined the consequences for Serbia and Albania of the lack of solidarity that characterized the initial surge of the pandemic and the consequences on the integration process. The two countries were selected based on their dissimilar foreign policies. The paper aimed to explain the distinct effects of Russia's and China's foreign policy during the pandemic in Albania and Serbia. The core idea of the research was to evaluate the European intervention and aid during the first phase of the pandemic and the public opinion perception of the EU's role in the two countries. The study collected the data of the Balkan Barometer surveys conducted in 2020 and 2021. Also, other data from the poll conducted by the International Republican Institute and various official statements and documents from the European Union were included in the study. As a brief conclusion, the study suggested that the EU's role in the two countries during the first phase of the COVID-19 crisis was impacted by national factors like national politics and media narratives and also by the external influence of other actors like Russia and China.
19
Angelovska, Julijana, and Anita Čeh Časni. "The influence of recurrent property income and expenditure on house prices in European Union countries: Evidence from a panel model." Croatian Review of Economic, Business and Social Statistics 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/crebss-2022-0003.
Анотація:
Abstract Land value capture can be defined as a policy approach that allows communities to restore and reinvest land value increases that result from public investment and other government actions. For that reason, public action should generate public benefit. The recurrent property tax, one of many tools for land value capture, is the foundation of a stable, enduring revenue source that supports the provision of essential housing and amenities services. This empirical paper aims to examine the influence of recurrent property tax income, and general government spending on housing and community amenities on house prices. To assess the hypothesized direction of the effects, yearly data structured in a balanced panel on a sample of 26 European Union economies from 2010 to 2019 was used. Fixed effects regression model with Driscoll and Kraay standard errors was employed and the results confirmed a negative but statistically insignificant effect of increased property tax revenue on house prices, while increased expenditure on housing and amenities confirmed a positive and statistically significant effect on house prices dynamics in European Union countries.
20
Mazur-Wierzbicka, Ewa. "Measurement of Progress in the Environmental Area: Poland against the Countries of the European Union." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010563.
Анотація:
The initiatives taken by the European Union (EU) and the strategies it adopts aim to achieve sustainable development in a long-term perspective. This, however, requires continuous and consistent efforts to minimise the pressure on the natural environment. By obliging and encouraging Member States to take action in the environmental area, the EU wants to be a leader in conducting the green energy transformation. The main aim of the article is to assess the level of advancement of the EU countries (taking into account their division into two groups: EU-13 and EU-15) in making efforts to preserve the natural environment, with a particular emphasis on the position of Poland among the EU countries. An environmental index (EI) was used to make comparisons between EU countries. This index was designed on the basis of selected indicators during a statistical analysis. The Principal Component Analysis and the cluster analysis are employed in the article. This analysis puts forward a claim that it was mainly the countries of the EU-15 (Denmark and Sweden, in particular) that ranked highest in the environmental area in the period analysed and thus are the most advanced in terms of taking action for environmental protection—they took leaders’ positions. Romania and Bulgaria took the lowest positions in these comparisons. Poland’s score was low for the EI in the period analysed compared to the EU-28 countries. Establishing a more effective environmental policy in Member States with the lowest results is most crucial. The consistency of ordering countries according to the EI was noticeable in the period investigated. This proves the stability of the positions occupied by the EU-13 and the EU-15 group. Even though the European Union has made great progress with regard to the protection of the natural environment and green transformation, there is still much more to be done to increase the efficiency of resource use, waste recycling, energy efficiency or RES sharing in energy mixes.
21
Zvozdetska, Oksana. "Combating Disinformation in the European Union: Legal Aspects." Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, no. 9 (December 28, 2021): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2021.9.245-262.
Анотація:
Today, both Ukraine and European countries are subject to disinformation and foreign intervention in their domestic policies. Each democracy no matter its geography experiences its distinct vulnerabilities and respectively, reactions to foreign interference. It should be stated, the immediate responses to such challenges in most Western countries have been rare and sluggish, hampered by legal constraints and bureaucracy, and furthermore, they lacked a real political awareness of the problem or proof of its further impact. Foreign actors are increasingly using disinformation strategies to influence public debate, stir controversy and interfere in democratic decision-making. Responding to these new challenges, the European Commission has introduced a set of actions and tools to better regulate the digital ecosystem of the media and its participants, in particular, the formation and improvement of the legal framework to combat disinformation in the European information space. The researcher’s focus revolves around the European Union’s comprehensive approach to vigorous combating misinformation. The research data prove that since 2015, the EU has adopted a number of regulations to counter this information threat and the potential effects of foreign interference. In particular, in 2016 the EU adopted a document “Joint Framework on countering hybrid threats, a European Union response”, and “Action Plan against Disinformation”, respectively in 2018. These documents provide a baseline for understanding the diverse types of challenges other countries face and how they are addressing them. Consequently, a number of initiatives and projects of the European institutions, and the first worldwide self-regulatory “EU Code of Practice on Disinformation” issued in 2018 on a voluntary basis, have become main pillars of the EU. The Code identifies issues related to ensuring the transparency of political advertising, strengthening efforts to close active counterfeits. accounts, enabling users to report misinformation and access various news sources, while improving the visibility and reliability of authoritative content; enabling the research community to monitor disinformation on the Internet through access to these platforms, compatible with the confidentiality signed by the largest Internet platforms and social media (Google, Facebook, Twitter and Mozilla) in the framework of WMC self-regulation activities. It should be noted that the implementation of the “European Union Code of Practice on Countering Disinformation” has yielded ambiguous fruits. Self-regulation was the first logical and necessary step, but few stakeholders were fully satisfied with the process or its outcome, significant challenges remain for building trust through industry, governments, academia and civil society engagement.
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Gedvilienė, Genutė, Marija Krunkaitytė, and Edita Trečiokienė. "VOLUNTEERING : EXPERIENCE OF SENIOR ADULTS." SOCIETY, INTEGRATION, EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 2 (July 24, 2015): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2014vol2.665.
Анотація:
The article deals with volunteering which in European Union is highlighted as one of the key possibilities for people to participate and include themselves into the international society life, solving various problems, such as poverty unemployment, public safety, organization of the meaningful leisure time. It analyzes communication and collaboration between international senior volunteers in two countries – Lithuania and Greece - sharing their experience in acquiring new abilities and skills, needed for knowledge-based society in the action based environment.
23
Lachat, Carl, John Van Camp, Stefaan De Henauw, Christophe Matthys, Yvan Larondelle, Anne-Marie Remaut–De Winter, and Patrick Kolsteren. "A concise overview of national nutrition action plans in the European Union Member States." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 3 (May 2005): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2004691.
Анотація:
AbstractObjectiveThis study presents an overview of national nutrition action plans in the member states of the European Union (EU), before its enlargement in 2004. In addition, their compliance with key recommendations of the World Health Organization, as documented in the First Action Plan for Food and Nutrition Policy and the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, has tentatively been evaluated on the basis of the policy documents published.DesignLiterature review of publicly available policy national plans on nutrition and physical activity.SettingMember states of the EU before enlargement in May 2004.ResultsThe development of national nutrition action plans is gaining momentum. Six of the 15 EU member states – namely, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, France, The Netherlands and the UK – have an operational nutrition policy and four of them have published an elaborated description of their nutrition policy in English. By the end of 2004, another four countries are expected to have their plan finalised. The available nutrition action plans generally seem to comply with international recommendations, although large variations are observed between the member states in terms of terminology, nutritional recommendations, institutional framework, nutritional scope, social groups targeted and monitoring and evaluation structures.ConclusionsAlthough the importance of nutritional surveillance, a comprehensive approach to nutritional problems and stakeholder involvement is recognised by the action plans, the justification for it is vaguely described. This paper advocates for proper evaluation and documentation of interventions in public health nutrition and nutrition policies.
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De Negri, Juan Francisco, Simon Pezzutto, Sonia Gantioler, David Moser, and Wolfram Sparber. "A Comprehensive Analysis of Public and Private Funding for Photovoltaics Research and Development in the European Union, Norway, and Turkey." Energies 13, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 2743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112743.
Анотація:
This study aimed to examine the financing of photovoltaics research and development by analyzing funding from public (European Union and national budgets) and private sources (enterprises), Strategic Energy Technology Plan participating countries being the main focus (European Union Member States plus Norway and Turkey). In the coming years, photovoltaics are expected to heavily contribute towards the achievement of audacious climate and energy objectives. Continuous monitoring of the effects is of great importance to assess a course of action taken at such a large scale. It will be revealed that the distribution of funding provided by national budgets highly concentrates on a few Member States, which is part of a general trend in Research and Development within Europe. Approximately 85% of the current European investment provided by the EU budget is administered in the framework of the Horizon 2020 (2014–2020) program; private investment behaves differently. The European photovoltaics manufacturing market has been obliterated by low-budget imported goods. A major characteristic is that the remaining companies are almost exclusively privately held. Gathering data has consequently been a challenge, as opposed to the readily available public datasets.
25
Rovinskaya, T. "Greens in Europe: Incremental Growth." World Economy and International Relations 59, no. 12 (2015): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-59-12-58-71.
Анотація:
The article deals with the environmental ideology evolution and the Green Movement political development – from groups of activists and ecological non-governmental organizations to influential political parties, at both national and international level (mainly in the Western Europe). The overlook covers the period from early 1970s to present. The mass political Green Movement arose in early 1970s in the Western Europe, USA and Australia in response to vivid ecological threats and the inability of national and international authorities to offer effective solutions. From the very beginning, the Greens declared their commitment to the principles of environmental responsibility, global sustainable development, inclusive democracy, consideration for diversity, personal freedom, gender equality and non-violence. In the political field, the Greens meet two main challenges: formation of political agenda with regard to environmental issues; promotion of effective political decisions and economic mechanisms to protect the environment from an anthropogenic impact. Ecological NGOs, especially large international organizations (like Greenpeace) perform public protest actions against the transnational and state corporations’ economic activities violating the environment (f.e. Arctic oil extraction, radioactive waste storage, gene engineering in agriculture etc.). But beyond the active political lobbying and drawing of wide public support to acute environmental issues, NGOs are not able to involve into political process directly. Within 1970s–1980s (and also later on) ecological political parties were formed in most Western European countries, with a target to participate in official parliamentary elections at local, regional, national and supra-national level. Many of them succeeded and became influencing in their countries. Political methods used by the Greens are thoroughly analyzed in the paper. Special attention is paid to political strategy and tactics of the German ecological party Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, as well as to participation of the European Union Green parties in work of the European Parliament. German Greens count for the most successful ecological party not only in Europe, but also worldwide. Using flexible tactics of parliamentary coalitions, they managed to facilitate a general turn of the German policy toward ecologization (renunciation of the atomic energy development in Germany, conservation of energy and renewable energy sources programs, ecological taxes implementation, prohibition on gene engineering in agriculture etc.). Being a part of the governing coalition, the “Bündnis 90/Die Grünen” were also involved in many other sociopolitical and international issues. Since 1984, many European ecological parties are present in the European Parliament. In 2004, the European Green Party was created to consolidate electoral efforts of the Greens at the European level. Almost all EU ecological parties are also members of the international Global Greens organization. Owing to activities of the Green Movement as a whole, state authorities of many countries (primarily in the Western Europe) adopted environment friendly legislation and state programs. Despite short periods of reverse, the general development of Greens is progressive and prospective.
26
Mehmedi, Suzana, and Ilir Mehmedi. "Republic of Macedonia – Reform Priorities in Public Administration for a Pro- European Country." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 11, no. 2 (June 10, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v11i2.p119-123.
Анотація:
The problem of research is very current for several reasons. Namely, the dominant approach on the basis of which are based all have developed and established theories of European integration, developing modern theories of international relations is a realistic basis. Neo-functionalism, inter-guvernmentalism , neo-liberalism, institutionalism (in most of its variants) as the most developed branches of the theory of European integration, despite differences in their settings to keep the basic premise that states are rational, unitary actors, whose interest stems from the assessment of their position in the system of states. For our study caused a special interest model of constructivism using Habermas theory of communicative action according to which entities in mutual interaction is open to other arguments and their validity appreciate having regard to the outgoing reasons and norms on which they are based, thereby seeking consensus as a common goal. Apply to the European Union, this approach allows European institutions were perceived as a place of discussion to reach consensus on solving common problems, rather than just the arena for bargaining. Functional adaptation to the numerous petitions which sets the European Union , requires thorough and integrated activities in the economic, institutional, administrative and legislative spheres. This process should be understood as a continuous, painstaking and long process, not a single radical surgery. Republic of Macedonia, as countries aspiring for membership in the European family must meet the political and economic criteria and to adapt political institutions in the country with those of the European Union and their needs and requirements. The aim of this paper is to perceive the key features and trends in the politics of enlargement and to make a comparison between the policy of expansion applied in the process of accession Central and Eastern Europe and the policy of expansion in the process of stabilization and association, with special emphasis on the Republic of Macedonia. Of course, previously been necessary to develop theoretical and practical approach to the concept of policy integration, development and its major elements and modalities.
27
Bhatnagar, D., G. Perrone, and A. Visconti. "The MycoGlobe project: a European Union funded successful experiment in enhancing cooperation and coordination amongst mycotoxin researchers worldwide." World Mycotoxin Journal 1, no. 4 (November 1, 2008): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2008.x045.
Анотація:
In 2004, the European Commission approved the specific support action 'Integration of Mycotoxin and Toxigenic Fungi Research for Food Safety in the Global System' (MycoGlobe, contract FOOD-CT-2004-007174) within the Sixth Framework Programme, Food Quality and Safety. The aim of the MycoGlobe project (http://mycoglobe.ispa.cnr.it) was to implement the outcomes of a wide range of European research projects in the area of mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi by supporting, stimulating and facilitating cooperation between countries in the European Union and other countries that have bilateral scientific and technological cooperation agreement with the European Union (such as USA, Australia and South America). Through a series of conferences and interactions between scientists worldwide, MycoGlobe was a very successful project. The scientific significance of the MycoGlobe project consisted in the spread of knowledge of advanced research tools in genomics and sophisticated and rapid detection systems for mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi; and evaluation of research policy and procedures to achieve best practice for enhancement of food quality and safety by elimination of mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi from commodities. The socio-economic significance of the project was the setting up of a global collaborative network for research and technology transfer in the field of mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi, particularly for the benefit of the developing countries. A relevant outcome of the project was also the launching of the International Society for Mycotoxicology (http://www.mycotoxsociety. org) to promote research on mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi, thereby leading to prevention and reduction in exposure to mycotoxins, enhanced food safety and a greater public awareness of this area.
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Rajabiun, Reza. "Strategic Considerations in the Emergence of Private Action Rights." World Competition 32, Issue 3 (September 1, 2009): 409–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2009038.
Анотація:
The design of mechanisms for the enforcement of rules regarding anticompetitive practices has been the subject of considerable controversy in both developed and developing countries. Public competition authorities have advantages in terms of scale economies and coordination of competing policy objectives. Private rights of action enhance the capacity of legal regimes to generate information and deter collusive agreements and exclusionary practices. Private enforcement also increases the transaction costs of regulatory capture. Given these differences, mixed regimes are likely to be superior to purely public or private arrangements. However, most national jurisdictions grant exclusive authority to public agencies and prosecutors. This article explores the puzzling resistance to the development of mixed competition enforcement regimes by studying recent attempts in the European Union (EU) to enhance private rights of access. The analysis suggests that decentralization of enforcement rights limits the capacity of a government to employ competition rules as an instrument of strategic trade policy. Evidence from EU illustrates that tensions between domestic and international policy considerations can generate distinctive paths of procedural development.
29
Dimitrova, Sevdalina, Stoyko Stoykov, and Rumen Marinov. "Black Sea Region and European Security Policy." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2018-0009.
Анотація:
Abstract It is obvious that the beginning of the 21st century is marked by many new challenges, problems and risks, which in addition to changing the ideas, concepts and practice of organized violence, lead to a deficit of ideas, methods and means of protection from it. The need to adapt available security systems, tools and practices is adopted in Europe as a response to a conscious public need rather than as a strategically planned action in a time of changes. This led to a spontaneous emergence of a common attempt to aggregate and structure the available security knowledge and to create a common stable conceptual basis for national security systems in countries not only in Europe. Moreover, the enlargement of the Union has opened up new horizons for the development of the countries and, at the same time, has changed the significance and scope of European security, where the demarcation line between external and internal security has become more and more difficult to be determined. The discussions about our country's contribution to strategic security in the Black Sea region as part of European security are in the context of the scientific search of ours science school
30
Raza, Werner. "The WTO – a driving force for the liberalisation of public services in the EU?" Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 14, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890801400208.
Анотація:
Liberalisation of public services can be implemented not only through autonomous legislative action by individual countries, but also as a consequence of obligations arising from membership of supranational or international organisations. This article analyses how the process of the commodification of services at the level of the WTO, i.e. via the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), interacts with the politics of trade and services liberalisation in the European Union. Thus, we highlight the specific role of services negotiations in the WTO for the political dynamics of liberalising public services in the EU. Our conclusions highlight three specific functions of the GATS agreement: first, it serves as an institutional mechanism to ‘lock-in’ liberalisations achieved at a national or European level, secondly, it exercises a disciplinary effect on national regulation, and, thirdly, it provides an additional platform for the application of forum-shifting in the politics of international trade.
31
Bauhr, Monika, and Nicholas Charron. "Why support International redistribution? Corruption and public support for aid in the eurozone." European Union Politics 19, no. 2 (March 5, 2018): 233–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465116518757702.
Анотація:
What factors explain public support for international redistribution? While the European Union has sent billions of taxpayers' money to over indebted euro countries in an attempt to avoid an economic collapse, these transfers have encountered fierce resistance among both donor and recipient constituents. However, we know surprisingly little about why citizens support or oppose redistribution within the EU. This paper suggests that domestic levels of corruption and institutional quality may be one of the most important explanations for the great variation in public support for financial assistance, bailouts and aid. Using recent European Elections Survey data merged with data on regional level quality of government, we show that the effects of institutional quality are consistently stronger than macro-economic factors, including economic development, inequality or levels of public debt. We find strong evidence that citizens in low corrupt contexts are more likely to support financial assistance to fellow member states. The results have implications for future challenges in securing public support for EU economic integration as well as for our understanding of how and why corruption undermines society's collective action capacity.
32
Nonic, Marina, Cristina Vettori, Fabio Boscaleri, Jelena Milovanovic, and Mirjana Sijacic-Nikolic. "Genetically modified trees: State and perspectives." Genetika 44, no. 2 (2012): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1202429n.
Анотація:
Genetically modified trees are the result of modern plant breeding. Its introduction into the environment for experimental purposes or wider cultivation is defined differently from country to country. Public opinion is divided! Conducted research are part of the activities within the COST Action FP0905 ?Biosafety of forest transgenic trees?, which aims to collect information and define the scientific attitude on genetically modified trees as a basis for future European Union (EU) policy in this field. The collected information refer to eight countries: four EU member states (Italy, Slovenia, Romania and Bulgaria) and four countries in the process of pre-accession (Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina). A comparative analysis involved the state of forest resources (area of forest land and forest cover), forestry legislation, legislation relating to genetically modified organisms and the general public attitude on this issue. The collected information provide a good basis for understanding this issue in order to define a clear scientific attitude as a recommendation.
33
Leyden, Kevin, Benita Lipps, and Namita Kambli. "Creating people-friendly cities in a data rich world: towards smarter and more liveable places." Journal of Public Space, Vol. 3 n. 3 | 2018 | FULL ISSUE (December 31, 2018): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32891/jps.v3i3.312.
Анотація:
There is a growing movement to make cities “smarter.” Typically the goal is to enhance a city’s efficiency and sustainability and thus lower carbon footprints. While these efforts are well-intended and of great importance, we must also make sure that our future cities are places that people also desire to live in across their lifespan. Against this backdrop, a European Union-funded COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action was undertaken from 2013-2017 entitled People-Friendly Cities in a Data Rich World. The Action culminated in a two-day Participatory Urbanism 2017 conference that brought together researchers, scientists, city planners, architects, public officials, urban activists, businesses, and NGOs from 30 countries. A crucial goal of this conference was to solicit both guiding principles and research questions that should be pursued in the quest to make cities more liveable for people and smarter for the planet. Here we present the main findings. Ultimately, it is hoped that these findings will help guide the creation of people-friendly cities in a data-rich world.
34
Guerrero, Fernando Elorza, and Manuel García Muñoz. "Conditionality and trade union action in the promotion and defence of workers’ rights: the Spanish case." Tempo Social 33, no. 2 (August 16, 2021): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2021.182990.
Анотація:
Conditionality, among other aspects, determines that the regulatory development of the countries that make up the European Union can be carried out, as is usual in the social sphere, without the intervention, or at least minimally, of the workers’ representatives and entrepreneurs, and also from other political formations in the legislative field. Logically, this absence of social or political participation can promote response actions against them, either traditional (strikes, demonstrations, withdrawal of parliamentary support in adoption of legislative measures etc.), or new types (spontaneous concentrations in public places, general assemblies of citizens without a defined convener, appearance of social and political formations of less visible typology, or other similar ones). The financial crisis unleashed at the end of 2007 and the one derived from the health emergency situation due to the global spread of Covid-19, at the beginning of 2020, have precisely encouraged the use of conditionality in the European Union space. However, the way in which conditionality has been developed in one and another crisis in the Spanish State can be said that it has not been identical. Neither have been the reactions of social and political subjects, because if in the first crisis these subjects have experienced a reduction in their functions of participation or intervention in legislative action and in the proposal of political actions, in the second the possibilities of action have been much more significant, and also their contribution to efforts to overcome the crisis situation.
35
Shidarta and Imelda Martinelli. "Should Indonesia Block ChatGPT?" E3S Web of Conferences 426 (2023): 02046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342602046.
Анотація:
The development of ChatGPT has raised so many concerns that several countries have banned it in their respective countries. Italy was the first Western country to deny it, albeit temporarily. Italy’s action has prompted OpenAI to improve the ChatGPT technology to ensure that it meets the standards of consumer protection, data protection, privacy, and public security standards, as set out in the General Data Protection Regulation for European Union countries. This move by Italy raises the question of whether Indonesia should also block ChatGPT. The authors answer this question by examining data on Internet usage, its penetration of Indonesian citizens, and recent developments in regulatory provision and implementation. From the bibliographic research, the authors state that Indonesia is in a different bargaining position than Italy, even though the number of Internet users in Indonesia is far greater. The authors conclude that Indonesia will only benefit from blocking ChatGPT by first improving digital literacy levels and building regional cooperation. Keywords: artificial intelligence, ChatGPT, personal data protection.
36
Smirnov, E. N., S. V. Pospelov, and B. D. Nuriev. "Digital attaches institute in system of digital technology export support on example of big data and European Union legislation." E-Management 5, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2658-3445-2022-5-1-43-51.
Анотація:
The article touches upon the problem of state support for the export of digital technologies, taking into account the requirements set out in the “Action Plan (roadmap) “Creating additional conditions for the development of the information technology industry”, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation in September 2021. The authors develop the idea of the need to activate the activities of digital attaches, which, as expected, in the near future will play an important role in promoting domestic IT companies abroad. At the same time, it is emphasized that in their activities, digital attaches should pay more attention to the legislative process in the partner countries. As an example, the authors analyzed the legislative activity in relation to big data in the European Union countries. The article states the importance of applying the opportunities that the “Data Governance Act”, which is under consideration in the European Parliament, can provide to domestic business. Particular attention is paid to such emerging law institutions as the reuse of public sector big data, the provider and digital altruism. The authors believe that currently there is a rethinking and reformatting of the mechanism of interaction between the state and business in the digital sphere, which also requires study by domestic specialists.
37
della Porta, Donatella, and Manuela Caiani. "Europeanization From Below? Social Movements and Europe." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.12.1.j48p252t414qu05x.
Анотація:
Although the process of European integration is proceeding speedily and social movements are often interacting transnationally, research on the Europeanization of social movement actors is far from developed. Some scholars, focusing especially on public interest groups active at EU level, expect that civil society actors, due among other reasons to the flexibility of their organizational structures, will be able to adapt quickly to integration. Others, especially scholars looking at protest activities, are skeptical on three accounts: (1) will actors endowed with scarce material resources be able to build transnational organizations; (2) will they be able to stage supranational protest events; and (3) will the European Union be accountable to pressure from below. In this article, we focus on the degree and forms of social movement participation in the public discourse and collective action concerning Europe—that is, their capacity to take part in the debate and mobilization referring to European issues, targets, and actors. On the basis of a comparative dataset that includes content analyses of daily press and interview data from seven European countries, we argue that various forms of Europeanization of the public discourse and mobilization by social movements are indeed on the rise, with a growing presence not only of purely European actors but also of European targets and frames, as well as transnational movement networks. Changes across time emerge, with the development of (conflictual) forms of "Europeanization from below."
38
Pan, Zhenxi. "A comparative study of blocking laws between China and EU." BCP Business & Management 27 (September 6, 2022): 260–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v27i.1970.
Анотація:
In recent years, the United States has frequently imposed sub-economic sanctions on other countries, which has seriously disrupted the regular order of the world economic and trade market. Since the Trump administration took office, China has gradually become the target of the United States, and the economic and trade friction between China and the United States has been constant. To counter the long-arm jurisdiction of the United States, China's Ministry of Commerce issued the Blocking Measures with Chinese characteristics on January 9, 2021. Its legislative model draws lessons from the European Union Blocking Law and adopts the combination of public enforcement mechanisms and private law relief mechanisms. As the legislative experience of China's blocking law is a little insufficient, the construction of the blocking law system still needs to be improved. Therefore, this paper selects the currently mature EU blocking law as the reference object, aiming to further enhance the system of China's blocking law by drawing on its legislative practice experience. This paper sorts out the legislative process of EU blocking law and analyzes its three major defects: weak enforcement, no clear criteria for violating the obligation of "prohibition of compliance" and insufficient punishment. Then, by combing the legislative process of China's blocking law, comparing and analyzing the institutional differences between China and Europe, and referring to the defects of the EU blocking law system, it summarizes the shortcomings of China's blocking law in four aspects: legal effect, the scope of application, exemption system and punishment measures, and takes them as China's blocking measures.
39
Komarnicka, Anna, and Anna Murawska. "Comparison of Consumption and Renewable Sources of Energy in European Union Countries—Sectoral Indicators, Economic Conditions and Environmental Impacts." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 21, 2021): 3714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123714.
Анотація:
The use of energy is a precondition for global economic and civilisational development. However, the growing demand for energy is depleting traditional energy resources and, most importantly, causing environmental pollution, mainly through the emission of greenhouse gases. As energy is necessary for the functioning of all sectors of the economy, such as industry, services, transport as well as households, these sectors are the largest contributors to energy consumption. Renewable energy sources are an alternative to generating energy from conventional fossil fuels. The main objective of this paper was to determine and compare the level, trends and variation in energy consumption by different economic sectors in countries of the European Union in 2010–2019. An analysis of the share of renewable energy consumption in different economic sectors was also carried out, as well as an assessment of the relationship of these indicators with the level of economic development of the countries and environmental impacts in the form of greenhouse gas emissions from energy consumption. To explore the topics under discussion, a dozen of indicators have been considered in the article. The source of empirical data collected was the European Statistical Office. The researched period covered the years 2010–2019. The empirical data was statistically analysed. The article considers changes in the values of the studied indicators, differentiation between countries and the results of correlation and regression analysis. As shown by the data from 2010–2019, the countries of the European Union vary significantly in respect of primary and final energy consumption. The highest final energy consumption occurs in the transport sector, followed by slightly lower consumption in the industrial sector and households sector and the lowest but also significant consumption in the commercial and public services sector. Since 2010, total primary and final energy consumption has decreased in the EU (27) countries. Total energy consumption and consumption by individual sectors in modern economies of the EU (27) countries are reflected on the one hand in economic development and on the other—in exacerbation of adverse climate changes. Therefore, all EU Member States, aware of their energy consumption and their own contribution to environmental pollution, should take effective and sustainable corrective action in this area as soon as possible.
40
Matraku, Doriana, and Adela Çafuli. "The Impact of Waste Management in the Macroeconomic Performance." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 2, no. 1 (August 30, 2015): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v2i1.p235-246.
Анотація:
Public attention to solid waste management has increased dramatically over the past decade in Europe because of the fact that the economic development has had its impact in consume. This increase in consume has affected to the production of different waste and therefore the necessity to manage them through different necessary policies of each country. Currently, Albania is a potential candidate country to be part of European Union. With the assignment of the Stabilization-Association Agreement, in 2006, the government undertook a series of commitments, where some of them are relative to taking into consideration the environment values during the decision-making process, in line with the sixth Action Program for the Environment, 2002. This paper provides an overview of recent trends in solid waste and management and the related public policy issues, in some cases combined with the economics literature related to this issues, in Europe and in particular in Albania. The main issues that will be treated in this paper are the public policies in Albania for solid waste and management. Is Albania completely ready for their management or not yet? The first part of this paper will give a theoretical overview of solid waste and of the ways used for their management as well as the economics literature related to the issues of the paper. A literature review will describe the recent trends in solid waste in some of the countries of European Union that have undertaken a lot of waste management policies and that have taken economic profit from this industry. The second part of the paper will focus in the Albanian case. Taking into consideration that Albania is a potential country to be integrated to European Union, we have commitment to complete also the waste management, in the framework of environmental issues. Also a very important part will focus in the impact of this issue to GDP growth of the country. In the end we will focus in some conclusions and also in recommendations about these important issues.
41
Heiss, Christian, Juraj Madaric, Jill Belch, Marianne Brodmann, and Lucia Mazzolai. "The compelling arguments for the need of medical vascular physicians in Europe." Vasa 48, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000810.
Анотація:
Summary. The burden of vascular diseases is growing worldwide, as the population ages, prompting a call to action not only in terms of awareness but also and most urgently in recognizing the need for vascular physicians, also called angiologists. Vascular medicine views the vascular system (arteries, veins, and lymphatics) as a whole, unique, and independent entity requiring specialized competencies. Vascular physicians offer a holistic and comprehensive approach to vascular patients including provision of interventional procedures, management of a heterogeneous group of multi-morbid and frail patients affected by multi-vessel diseases, and connecting different specialists in a multidisciplinary effort. Vascular medicine practise varies across European countries. While it is a firmly accepted medical speciality in many European countries it is not formally recognized by the European Union limiting adoption in the other countries. The lack of vascular physicians likely accounts for inequality of care of vascular patients as compared for example to patients with heart disease and might contribute to adverse outcomes and healthcare costs associated with vascular diseases. To move forward in the struggle to provide efficient care for multimorbid poly-vascular patients, it is essential to establish vascular medicine programs in Europe and worldwide. Important steps to achieve this goal include improving public awareness of vascular diseases, attain formal recognition by the EU of angiology/vascular medicine as a medical specialty, creating specialized treatment guidelines, and to harmonize vascular care in Europe.
42
Geghamyan, Sophya, and Katarina Pavlickova. "Does the Current State of Environmental Impact Assessment in Armenia Pose a Challenge for the Future?" Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 21, no. 02 (June 2019): 1950004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333219500042.
Анотація:
Many post-Soviet countries are still improving their Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) systems, and Armenia is no exception. In recent years, approximation to and harmonisation with the laws of the European Union has seen Armenia increasingly adopt and apply EU regulations and directives, and this process was supported by adoption of the new law on EIA and Expertise in 2014. The main objectives of this study are to review and analyse the current state of the Armenian EIA system and to assess its legal framework. We applied a method divided into two parts: review and analysis of the legislative aspects of the EIA system in Armenia and the circulation of a survey-questionnaire to EIA experts to establish current practices. The findings of this research provided positive and negative factors which can both be used to improve the assessment system in Armenia. While the most significant EIA strength combines the existence of a systematic law and public involvement in this process, the law has weaknesses in its monitoring, informative and quality control provisions. Moreover, public participation has many weaknesses in practice, including the definition of stakeholders and the lack of guidelines and manuals which challenges expert action. Finally, this paper has explored the major positives and negatives of the Armenian EIA system in practice, and we consider that this should help other Former Soviet Union (FSU) countries define and combat the challenges of their EIA systems.
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Mazepa, Svitlana, and Fryderyk Zoll. "ELI Principles for the COVID-19 crisis." Pravovedenie 64, no. 3 (2020): 400–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2020.305.
Анотація:
In connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictions were introduced in many countries based on the priority of public interests over personal freedom, national relations over international relations. The article draws attention to the difficulties that states have begun to experience in connection with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to the significant damage to the economy, the process of centralization of power and the suppression of the rule of law has increased. Isolation has had a significant impact on the functioning of European and national institutions. The European Law Institute has developed a special instrument that could become a kind of instruction or guide to action for states in a crisis in order to preserve democracy, the rule of law, as well as justice in human relations. This document is based on the demonstration of the need to comply with the fundamental principles required by the rule of law. The authors of the article are members of the European Law Institute, an international organization of legal practitioners and scholars. The main goal of the organization is to provide a common platform for all European countries to develop a legal culture. The article provides an analysis of all 15 principles of the European Law Institute, which are intended not only for member states of the European Union, but also for other democratic rule-of-law states. Human rights have become the main targets of the pandemic. According to the authors, this article should arouse the interest of scholars to discuss the principles of the European Law Institute, which are designed to remind people about the observance of the rule of law in a crisis.
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Bertollini, Roberto, Sofia Ribeiro, Kristina Mauer-Stender, and Gauden Galea. "Tobacco control in Europe: a policy review." European Respiratory Review 25, no. 140 (May 31, 2016): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0021-2016.
Анотація:
Tobacco is responsible for the death of 6 million people every year globally, of whom 700 000 are in Europe. Effective policies for tobacco control exist; however, the status of their implementation varies across the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region. In order to tackle the tobacco epidemic, action has been taken though the implementation of both legally binding and non-legally binding measures. This article aims to present the achievements and challenges of tobacco control in Europe, focussing on the available legally binding instruments such as the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the revision of the Tobacco Products Directive at the European Union level. Tobacco still faces heavy lobbying of the tobacco industry, which has systematically contrasted policies to achieve public health objectives. The legal instruments for tobacco control in Europe presented here are not always adequately enforced in all the countries and there is certainly room for improving their implementation. Finally, the need for a strong political commitment towards the end-game of the tobacco epidemic is emphasised.
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Körner, Jens. "Is debt restructuring needed to make the Stability and Growth Pact (more) credible?" Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 2 (2011): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159020155.
Анотація:
The emergence of the so-called PIIGS crisis which in 2009 became acute due to strongly diverging risk premiums, marked the beginning of a new phase for the European Monetary Union. Whilst the run-up to EMU had been characterized by an encouraging convergence of macroeconomic fundamentals of its member countries, it is now facing a serious threat in particular due to excessive levels of public debt. In 1997, the Stability and Growth Pact introduced a mechanism designed to prevent excessive public debt of the type currently observed; the fact of the matter, however, seems to be that levels of public debt has continuously grown from one economic cycle to the next. But the SGP apparently not only failed to fulfil its aim to keep the deficit and the debt level within its limits but also suffered from a severe loss of credibility; unless some profound action is taken it may further diminish, severely hampering the loose structure of the European Monetary Union. In order to regain some credibility, mitigate financial market’s concerns and, hence, lower borrowing cost, a consolidation path is needed to returns to acceptable levels of debt in the foreseeable future. This process has already started and measures have been taken by several eurozone countries to speed up fiscal consolidation. The aim of the paper is to analyze whether or not the group of the PIIGS countries are likely to return to debt levels in accordance with the SGP criteria or if it might be necessary to undergo a process of debt restructuring or default. By analysing different scenarios where nominal interest rates on debt (r) and nominal growth rates (n) as well as gaps thereof (r-n), herein called the automatic debt dynamics, are varied, this paper comes to the conclusion, that debt restructuring or default is a likely outcome for some of the PIIGS; arithmetics is in particular playing against Greece. As disillusioning and disappointing this outcome might be for some observers, it could be the starting point for a more credible set of rules for the SGP, which the author deems to remain a crucial component in any institutional set-up within the eurozone.
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Folea, Victoria. "EUROPEAN PUBLIC POLICIES IN THE AREA OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY AND SOCIETY: COUNTRY PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS." CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (September 24, 2018): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1143.
Анотація:
The concept of the digital economy and society is quickly changing the reality of how citizens live and work. Originally anchored under the discipline of the information society, the new model of a digital technologies economy and society announces a shift from the knowledge-based to the data-based paradigm. This change was recognized in Europe in 2007, with the European Commission’s Communication “E-skills for the 21st Century: Fostering Competitiveness, Growth and Jobs”. In the following years, many European Union and national public policies and programmes were designed and introduced in Europe in order to keep abreast of the profound changes the model of digital economy and society brings into our world.This paper analyses European public policies’ and programmes’ scope and objectives, evaluating their impact in terms of country-wide digital competitiveness over the period of 2014–2017. The paper provides insights at a European- as well as country-specific levels (via case studies) and covers the following areas: (1) scope and objectives of European public policies for the digital economy and society in Europe; (2) key actors involved in the public policies of the digital economy and society in Europe; (3) evaluation of the European public policies for the digital economy and society in Europe. Quantitative and qualitative research methods were employed for data collection and analysis: database research and analysis, statistical analysis, content and thematic research, and analysis from policy papers and reports.The implementation of digital public policies in the EU from 2014–2017 led to an increase in the number of people with basic and advanced digital skills. However, the number of countries below the EU-28 average in 2017 in terms of human capital preparation for a digital society and economy was high. The digital public policies on the human capital dimension in the EU need to improve in national action and lead with urgency to a significant increase in the number of people with basic and advanced digital skills.
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Tsalampouni, Aikaterini. "Health systems in the European Union and policy responses to Covid-19: A comparative analysis between Germany, Sweden, and Greece." Journal of Public Health Research 11, no. 4 (October 2022): 227990362211294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22799036221129413.
Анотація:
Background: Existing health systems are a product of, and are influenced by, specific political, historical, cultural, and socio-economic traditions. Consequently, they may differ considerably across countries. The pandemic has become a turning point for our healthcare systems and at the same time has also highlighted the need to strengthen the EU’s role in coordinating health care. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the health care systems in three EU countries—Germany, Sweden, and Greece—that represent three different health care system types in Europe as well as their health policy response, to the COVID-19 pandemic. Design and methods: More analytically, the paper attempts to identify indications of interaction between heath care system types and national responses in the health crisis, using data collected from the COVID-19 Health Systems Response Monitor, the European Observatory on Health Systems and Politics as well as the OECD health system characteristics database and national health legislation. Results: The investigation revealed some common responses in all three systems. During the pandemic, in all three health care systems a new model is revealed where the private and the public sector coexist and is characterized by the dynamic state-market relationship. As a result a multilevel approach in health policy, combining national, sub-national, and supranational action is again in the foreground. Conclusions: The paper concludes by articulating some remarks regarding health policy during the pandemic, as well as the European health systems transformation and the importance of maintaining a strong welfare state in Europe.
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Reich, Arie. "The European Neighbourhood Policy and Israel: Achievements and Disappointments." Journal of World Trade 49, Issue 4 (August 1, 2015): 619–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2015024.
Анотація:
Over a decade has passed since the European Union (EU) launched its European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and nine years since the Action Plan with Israel was adopted. Politicians on both sides talked about deep economic integration, ‘a stake in the internal market’, ‘everything but institutions’, and arrangements that could be as close as what the EU has with countries like Norway or Iceland in the European Economic Area. This article aims to examine to what extent the great hopes with which the ENP was greeted both in the EU and in Israel have materialized, in particular in the field of international trade and economic integration. The article compares the actual achievements with the original goals of the ENP Action Plan and finds more disappointments than achievements. Among the achievements, the article describes and analyses the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance for industrial products concluded in 2012 and the bilateral aviation agreement (‘Open Skies’), as well as Israel’s accession and successful participation in the EU scientific research and technical development programmes (including the ‘Horizon 2020’). The list of what could and should have been done, however, is longer and more disappointing, and it includes issues such as trade facilitation through modernization of customs administration, revision of outdated protectionist rules of origin, and the EU’s failure to contribute to peace in the Middle East by refusing to recognize diagonal cumulation of origin between Israel and its neighbours. Likewise, the lack of any progress on important topics such as competition rules, public procurement, trade in financial and professional services, e-commerce and investment, to name a few, outweighs the few achievements that can be noted. The article then proceeds to discuss the possible reasons for these disappointing results.
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Araja, Diana, Uldis Berkis, and Modra Murovska. "Potential barriers to public awareness of integrated healthcare." International Journal of Integrated Care 23, S1 (December 28, 2023): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.icic23621.
Анотація:
The aim of this abstract is to focus on aspects of the regulatory framework that could potentially hinder the implementation of integrated healthcare when seen in the context of vertical integration. Integrated healthcare has been advocated in concept for a long time. International organisations, including the World Health Organisation, are promoting initiatives such as Integrated Delivery Networks, and the European Framework for Action on Integrated Health Services Delivery, which aim to support integrative approaches and reduce fragmentation of care. Within the European Union, the integrative approach is also supported by a number of initiatives and projects. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that healthcare is a multidisciplinary system in which the pharmaceutical industry also plays an important role. Moreover, the pharmaceutical sector is a highly competitive and regulated field, which is also subject to several constraints. Among them, the European Commission in its report "Competition enforcement in the pharmaceutical sector (2009-2017)" (Brussels, 28.1.2019) had reported on breaches of competition law found by national authorities related, inter alia, to vertical agreements. Vertical integration in the pharmaceutical business is seen in many countries as a competition-threatening factor when medical institutions and laboratories become owned by the pharmaceutical industry. Consequently, it can be assumed that there is a partial conceptual reluctance in society toward the introduction of "integrated healthcare". This aspect should be taken into account when working on the motivating and inhibiting factors for the introduction of integrated healthcare. This is an example of how influencing factors can be related not only to administrative issues and the involvement of doctors and patients in the implementation of integrated healthcare, but also to the public acceptance of a particular concept when there are different contextual interpretations. Thus, a clear and coherent explanation of the concept of integrated healthcare would be supportive of policymakers and the public and would facilitate the implementation of the integrated approach.
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Polyvach, Kateryna. "Cultural landscape as heritage: proposals for Ukraine from the experience of certain European countries." 59, no. 59 (December 1, 2023): 190–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2410-7360-2023-59-14.
Анотація:
Formulation of the problem. Ukraine has a vast and uniquely diverse cultural landscape potential. However, the state of the landscapes, which has long been a matter of public concern, has deteriorated many times over as a result of russia's full-scale armed aggression against Ukraine. At the same time, Ukraine is far behind in implementing the commitments made by the European and international community in a number of international documents on the preservation of cultural landscapes. The purpose of the article. The purpose of this publication is to develop proposals for the implementation of the concept of cultural landscape in the field of protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage on the basis of fulfilling Ukraine's relevant international obligations and introducing the best mechanisms and practices of European countries. Methodology and results. The research methodology is based on a descriptive qualitative and comparative approach, which made it possible to reveal the peculiarities of the experience of preserving the cultural landscape as a heritage in certain EU countries - representatives of the “old Europe” (Italy and Spain), post-socialist (Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic) and post-Soviet (Latvia and Lithuania) space. The European experience was studied through the prism of meeting the requirements of the European Landscape Convention and the possibilities of its practical application in Ukraine. The analysis of examples of practical implementation of the concept of cultural landscape by European countries in comparison with domestic practice in Ukraine made it possible to identify the main problems in this area and to outline indicative directions of a possible strategy for their solution, the main mechanisms, tools and specific measures for their implementation. The first step in the development of such a strategy could be the development and adoption by government decree of a National Action Plan for the Protection and Preservation of the Cultural Landscape Heritage of Ukraine. The overall goal of this plan for the next 5-10 years should be to ensure the protection, preservation and careful use of the country's cultural landscapes by: bringing the country's legislation into line with the EU system of legal and regulatory standards for landscape protection, regulation and planning; taking these issues into account in the formulation and implementation of state cultural, environmental and urban planning policies and including them as an integral part of the strategy for Ukraine's post-war reconstruction; raising public awareness and involving communities. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The novelty of the study is the identification of the main areas of action for the protection and preservation of the cultural landscape heritage of Ukraine and the development of concrete proposals for their filling with appropriate measures. Acknowledgement. The research is financed by the European Union NextGenerationEU from the funds of the Recovery and Resilience Plan mechanism within the project "Scholarships for outstanding researchers threatened by the military conflict in Ukraine" No. 09І03-03-V01-00021. This article is one of the results of the research within the framework of grant no. 2/0043/23 "Identification of landscape diversity and its changes in Slovakia based on remote sensing data in the context of the European Green Deal" supported by the Slovak Scientific Grant Agency VEGA.