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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 1 лютого 2022

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Colins, Olivier F., Patricia Bijttebier, Eric Broekaert, and Henrik Andershed. "Psychopathic-Like Traits Among Detained Female Adolescents." Assessment 21, no. 2 (March 25, 2013): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191113481997.

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Colins, Olivier F., Robert Vermeiren, Marleen De Bolle, and Eric Broekaert. "Self-Reported Psychopathic-Like Traits as Predictors of Recidivism in Detained Male Adolescents." Criminal Justice and Behavior 39, no. 11 (October 5, 2012): 1421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854812456526.

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Few studies have examined whether psychopathic-like traits predict recidivism in detained youth. The current study investigated the predictive validity of self-report of psychopathic-like traits for official recidivism. Participants were 223 detained male adolescents from all three Flemish youth detention centers, who were assessed with the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI). Two to four years later, official information on recidivism was collected. Recidivism was defined in four ways. Neither the affective dimension nor the broader construct of psychopathy (i.e., total YPI score) was predictive of recidivism above and beyond criminal history. The behavioral and interpersonal dimensions, however, significantly added to the prediction of substance-related recidivism. Overall, psychopathic-like traits in detained adolescents assessed by means of the YPI did not convincingly predict recidivism. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Johnstone, Lorraine, and David J. Cooke. "Psychopathic-like traits in childhood: conceptual and measurement concerns." Behavioral Sciences & the Law 22, no. 1 (January 2004): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bsl.577.

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Vahl, Pauline, Olivier F. Colins, Henny P. B. Lodewijks, Monica T. Markus, Theo A. H. Doreleijers, and Robert R. J. M. Vermeiren. "Psychopathic-like traits in detained adolescents: clinical usefulness of self-report." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 23, no. 8 (December 11, 2013): 691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0497-4.

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Olderbak, Sally, Christina Bader, Nicole Hauser, and Sabina Kleitman. "Detection of Psychopathic Traits in Emotional Faces." Journal of Intelligence 9, no. 2 (June 4, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence9020029.

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When meeting someone at zero acquaintance, we make assumptions about each other that encompass emotional states, personality traits, and even cognitive abilities. Evidence suggests individuals can accurately detect psychopathic personality traits in strangers based on short video clips or photographs of faces. We present an in-depth examination of this ability. In two studies, we investigated whether high psychopathy traits are perceivable and whether other traits affect ratings of psychopathic traits in the sense of a halo effect. On the perceiver’s end, we additionally examined how cognitive abilities and personality traits of the responders affect these ratings. In two studies (n1 = 170 community adults from the USA, n2 = 126 students from Australia), participants rated several targets on several characteristics of psychopathy, as well as on attractiveness, masculinity, sympathy, trustworthiness, neuroticism, intelligence, and extraversion. Results show that responders were generally able to detect psychopathy. Responders generally came to a consensus in their ratings, and using profile similarity metrics, we found a weak relation between ratings of psychopathy and the targets’ psychopathy level as determined by the Psychopathy Checklist: Short Version. Trait ratings, though, were influenced by the ratings of other traits like attractiveness. Finally, we found accuracy in the perception of psychopathy was positively related to fluid intelligence but unrelated to emotion perception ability.

Ling, Shichun, Adrian Raine, Rebecca E. Waller, Kosha Ruparel, James Loughead, and Ruben C. Gur. "Divergent Amygdala Volume Asymmetries for Male and Female Youth With High Versus Low Callous-Unemotional Traits." Crime & Delinquency 66, no. 10 (May 29, 2020): 1419–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128720926118.

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Although callous-unemotional (CU) traits have been associated with amygdala hypoactivity, it is unclear whether such traits are associated with amygdala structure. This study examines the relationship between amygdala structure and CU traits and considers sex differences in hemisphere-related asymmetries in this relationship. In this brain imaging study of children ( n = 272), a significant sex × hemisphere × CU traits interaction was observed. Females with high CU traits and males with low CU exhibited a rightward exaggerated amygdala volume asymmetry, whereas females with low CU traits and males with high CU traits did not. Findings may reflect sex-related influences related to CU traits and amygdala volume and are broadly consistent with a neurodevelopment perspective on psychopathic-like traits in children.

Jusyte, A., S. V. Mayer, E. Künzel, M. Hautzinger, and M. Schönenberg. "Unemotional traits predict early processing deficit for fearful expressions in young violent offenders: an investigation using continuous flash suppression." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 2 (June 25, 2014): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714001287.

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BackgroundResearch evidence suggests that cognitive and neural mechanisms involved in social information processing may underlie the key aspects associated with the emergence of aggression and psychopathy. Despite extensive research in this field, it is unclear whether this deficit relates to general attentional problems or affects early stages of information processing. Therefore, the aim was to explore the link between aggression, psychopathic traits, and the early processing deficits in young antisocial violent offenders (YAVOs) and healthy controls (CTLs).MethodParticipants were presented with rapidly changing Mondrian-like images in one eye, while a neutral or emotional (happy, angry, fearful, disgusted, surprised, sad) face was slowly introduced to the other eye. Participants indicated the location in which the face had appeared on the screen, reflecting the time when they became aware of the stimulus. The relative processing advantage was obtained by subtracting mean reaction times for emotional from neutral faces.ResultsThe results indicated that individuals with higher levels of unemotional traits tended to exhibit an extensive early processing disadvantage for fearful facial expressions; this relationship was only evident in the YAVO as opposed to the CTL sample.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that an emotion processing deficit in antisocial individuals is present even at the most basic levels of processing and closely related to certain psychopathic traits. Furthermore, this early processing deficit appears to be highly specific to fearful expressions, which is consistent with predictions made by influential models of psychopathy. The clinical significance and potential implications of the results are discussed.

Međedović, Janko, and Goran Knežević. "Dark and Peculiar." Journal of Individual Differences 40, no. 2 (April 2019): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000280.

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Abstract. Earlier research suggested that militant extremists could have certain aspects of psychopathic and psychotic characteristics. Relying on these studies, we investigated whether the Militant Extremist Mind-Set (MEM) could be explained by psychopathy, sadism, and Disintegration (psychosis proneness), as subclinical manifestations of amoral, antisocial, and psychotic-like traits. In Study 1 (306 undergraduate students), it was shown that sadistic and psychopathic tendencies were related to Proviolence (advocating violence as a means for achieving a goal); psychopathic and disintegrative tendencies were associated to the Vile World (belief in a world as a corrupted and vile place), while Disintegration was the best predictor of Divine Power (relying on supernatural forces as a rationale for extremist acts). In Study 2 (147 male convicts), these relations were largely replicated and broadened by including implicit emotional associations to violence in the study design. Thus, while Proviolence was found to be related to a weakened negative emotional reaction to violent pictures, Vile World was found to be associated with stronger negative emotions as a response to violence. Furthermore, Proviolence was the only MEM factor clearly differentiating the sample of convicts from male students who participated in Study 1. Results help extend current understanding about personal characteristics related to militant extremism.

Andershed, Henrik, Sigrid B. Gustafson, Margaret Kerr, and Håkan Stattin. "The usefulness of self‐reported psychopathy‐like traits in the study of antisocial behaviour among non‐referred adolescents." European Journal of Personality 16, no. 5 (September 2002): 383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.455.

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The present study addresses the question of whether it is possible to use a self‐report measure of psychopathic traits on non‐referred youth samples to identify a subgroup of problematic youths who are particularly problematic and different from other problem youths. A large sample of eighth‐grade, non‐referred adolescents, and their parents were assessed. Results showed that the adolescents exhibiting a low‐socialized psychopathy‐like personality constellation had a more frequent, violent, and versatile conduct‐problem profile than other low‐socialized and well socialized adolescents. The psychopathy‐like adolescents also differed from other poorly socialized adolescents in ways that suggested that their etiological background was different from adolescents with non‐psychopathy‐like conduct problems. We conclude that self‐report measures can indeed be useful for research purposes in subtyping youths with conduct problems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

González-Hernández, Juan, Ricardo Cuevas-Campos, María Isabel Tovar-Gálvez, and Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez. "Why Negative or Positive, If It makes Me Win? Dark Personality in Spanish Competitive Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (May 17, 2020): 3504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103504.

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Research on the dark triad traits (narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy) is increasingly focusing on the functional or dysfunctional influences of personality traits on cognitive, behavioural and emotional responses. Thus, studies in sport contexts have shown that athletes who participate in competitive sports have higher scores in the dark triad than those who do not. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to evaluate the linear and predictive relationships between dark traits and competitiveness (p < 0.01), as well as to identify any differences based on sports orientation (professionals vs. amateurs). Scales SD3 (dark personality) and C−10 (competitiveness) were applied to a sample of Spanish athletes (n = 806). The results show that competitiveness is strongly related to the traits of the dark personality triad. Narcissism is related to both the desire to win and the fear of losing, while Machiavellian tendencies are high when athletes feel like losers. Finally, psychopathic tendencies are related to feelings of inferiority and fear of failure. In conclusion, the results suggest that dark personality traits are related not only to the individuality of the athletes, but also to the self-perception of both their psychological response and the competitiveness of their sporting environment.

Blair, R. J. R. "Traits of empathy and anger: implications for psychopathy and other disorders associated with aggression." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1744 (February 26, 2018): 20170155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0155.

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Empathy and anger are two social emotions that modulate an individual's risk for aggression. Empathy is an emotional reaction to another individual's emotional state. Anger is an emotional reaction to threat, frustration or social provocation. Reduced empathy, seen in psychopathy, increases the risk for goal-directed aggression. Atypically increased anger (i.e. irritability), seen in conditions like disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and borderline personality disorder, increases the risk for reactive aggression. In this paper, I will outline core neurocognitive functions that correspond to empathy and which are compromised in individuals with psychopathic traits. In addition, I will outline neurocognitive functions involved in either the generation or regulation of anger and which are compromised in psychiatric conditions at increased risk for irritability/reactive aggression. It can be hoped that improved understanding of empathy and anger will lead to better assessment tools and improved interventions to reduce aggression risk. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences’.

Korponay, Cole, and Michael Koenigs. "Gray matter correlates of impulsivity in psychopathy and in the general population differ by kind, not by degree: a comparison of systematic reviews." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 16, no. 7 (April 9, 2021): 683–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab045.

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Abstract A fundamental question in neuropsychiatry is whether a neurobiological continuum accompanies the behavioral continuum between subclinical and clinical traits. Impulsivity is a trait that varies in the general population and manifests severely in disorders like psychopathy. Is the neural profile of severe impulsivity in psychopathy an extreme but continuous manifestation of that associated with impulsivity in the general population (different by degree)? Or is it discontinuous and unique (different by kind)? Here, we compare systematic reviews of the relationship between impulsivity and gray matter in psychopathy and in the general population. The findings suggest that the neural profile associated with extreme impulsivity in psychopathy (increased gray matter in rostral and ventral striatum and prefrontal cortexes) is distinct from that associated with impulsivity in the general population (decreased gray matter in rostral and ventral prefrontal cortexes). Severe impulsivity in psychopathy may therefore arise from a pathophysiological mechanism that is unique to the disorder. These findings prompt the need for future studies to directly test the effect of group on the impulsivity–gray matter relationship in samples comprised of healthy individuals and individuals with psychopathy. The results caution against the use of community samples to examine impulsive psychopathic traits in relation to neurobiology.

Bokhan, N., and G. Y. Selivanov. "Clinical Variants of Psychopathological Disorders in Users of Synthetic Cannabinoids (Spices)." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S199—S200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2146.

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IntroductionThe problem of mental health of synthetic (“designer”) drug or “spice” users draws the increasing attention of experts of various areas in psychiatry, addiction psychiatry and psychotherapy.Research objective To classify and describe the psychotic states arising after the use of “spice”; to define the personality changes and probable consequences of the use observed in patients in the conditions of a hospital.Material and methodsOne hundred and one patients (93 men and 8 women; mean age 27.8 ± 7.6 years) with dependence on “spice” revealed between 2014 and 2015 were examined. History taking, clinical-psychopathological investigation and experimental psychological testing were used.Results and discussionAs a result of research the patients were divided into 5 groups according to criteria of ICD-10:– group 1: acute intoxication with delirium (n = 16; 15.84%);– group 2: residual and late-onset psychotic disorders like flashbacks (n = 9; 8.92%);– group 3: withdrawal state with delirium (n = 32; 31.68%);– group 4: psychotic disorder, mainly hallucinatory (n = 30; 29.70%);– group 5: paranoid schizophrenia (n = 14; 13.86%).The use of synthetic cannabinoids (“spice”) can initiate transient psychotic episodes, serve as the contributing factor of development of paranoid schizophrenia, continuous type of the course, leads to “accentuation” of schizoid, paranoid and psychopathic traits of the personality. It is proposed to make up a question of the possibility of additional use of the clarifying designation “synthetic cannabinoids/spice” at reference of patients using synthetic cannabinoids to the section of ICD-10 F12 “Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cannabinoids” the agenda of clinicians.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Asghar, Junaid, Saima Akbar, Muhammad Zubair Asghar, Bashir Ahmad, Mabrook S. Al-Rakhami, and Abdu Gumaei. "Detection and Classification of Psychopathic Personality Trait from Social Media Text Using Deep Learning Model." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2021 (April 9, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5512241.

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Nowadays, there is a digital era, where social media sites like Facebook, Google, Twitter, and YouTube are used by the majority of people, generating a lot of textual content. The user-generated textual content discloses important information about people’s personalities, identifying a special type of people known as psychopaths. The aim of this work is to classify the input text into psychopath and nonpsychopath traits. Most of the existing work on psychopath’s detection has been performed in the psychology domain using traditional approaches, like SRPIII technique with limited dataset size. Therefore, it motivates us to build an advanced computational model for psychopath’s detection in the text analytics domain. In this work, we investigate an advanced deep learning technique, namely, attention-based BILSTM for psychopath’s detection with an increased dataset size for efficient classification of the input text into psychopath vs. nonpsychopath classes.

López-Romero, Laura, Estrella Romero, Randall T. Salekin, Henrik Andershed, and Olivier F. Colins. "Studying Configurations of Psychopathic Traits: Exploring the Viability of Psychopathic Personality in Early Childhood." Journal of Personality Disorders, August 31, 2021, 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2021_35_538.

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The idea that very young children can manifest a constellation of personality traits that looks like psychopathy has rarely been explored. To fill this void, data from 2,247 children, aged 3–6 years (M = 4.25; SD = 0.91), from the Estudio Longitudinal para una Infancia Saludable (ELISA) were utilized. Parents and teachers completed questionnaires at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. Using three parent-rated psychopathy dimensions as indicators, the authors conducted latent profile analysis and arrived at five latent classes: Control (39.2%), Impulsive-Need for Stimulation (34.8%), Grandiose-Deceitful (16.5%), Callous-Unemotional (6.2%), and Putative Psychopathic Personality (PP, 3.3%). Children in the PP class, overall, engaged in higher levels of concurrent, future, and stable conduct problems and reactive and proactive aggression, and lower levels of prosocial behavior, as rated by parents or teachers. Findings also revealed meaningful differences between the remaining four classes. Person-oriented analyses seem to offer a fruitful avenue to identify 3- to 6-year-olds who exhibit a putative psychopathic personality and are at risk for future maladjustment.

Wang, Qianglong, Zhenbiao Liu, Edward M. Bernat, Anthony A. Vivino, Zilu Liang, Shuliang Bai, Chao Liu, Bo Yang, and Zhuo Zhang. "Pretending to Be Better Than They Are? Emotional Manipulation in Imprisoned Fraudsters." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (March 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.562269.

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Fraud can cause severe financial losses and affect the physical and mental health of victims. This study aimed to explore the manipulative characteristics of fraudsters and their relationship with other psychological variables. Thirty-four fraudsters were selected from a medium-security prison in China, and thirty-one healthy participants were recruited online. Both groups completed an emotional face-recognition task and self-report measures assaying emotional manipulation, psychopathy, emotion recognition, and empathy. Results showed that imprisoned fraudsters had higher accuracy in identifying fear and surprise faces but lower accuracy in identifying happiness than controls (t = 5.26, p < 0.001; t = 2.38, p < 0.05; t = 3.75, p < 0.001). Significantly lower scores on non-prosocial factors on the Managing the Emotions of Others scale (MEOS) were found for imprisoned fraudsters, relative to controls (t = 3.21, p < 0.01). Imprisoned fraudsters had low scores in the assessment of psychopathy than the control group, especially Factor 1 (t = 2.04, p = 0.05). For empathy, imprisoned fraudsters had significantly higher scores in perspective-taking than controls (t = 2.03, p = 0.05). Correlation analyses revealed that psychopathic traits were positively correlated with non-prosocial factors in both groups. However, the relationships between emotional manipulation and emotional recognition and empathy were not consistent across the groups. The results suggest that fraudsters may pretend to be as prosocial as healthy controls, who had lower antisocial tendencies, normal empathy ability, and would like to manipulate others’ emotions positively during social interaction.