Дисертації з теми "Pseudosec"

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior
A utilizaÃÃo de materiais polimÃricos oriundos do petrÃleo na fabricaÃÃo de produtos de difÃcil decomposiÃÃo leva a estudos e desenvolvimento de materiais parcialmente ou completamente biodegradÃveis e de fontes renovÃveis. A celulose à um grande alvo destas pesquisas, nÃo somente por suas diversas fontes, mas tambÃm pela vasta aplicabilidade, principalmente em nanocompÃsitos. O Brasil, um paÃs do agronegÃcio, possui uma grande fonte de biomassa proveniente dos resÃduos do setor agroindustrial. Uma dessas fontes à a fibra do pseudocaule da bananeira, que à utilizada como adubo e cobertura de solo no prÃprio bananeiral. Tendo a grande geraÃÃo de resÃduos no bananeiral como oportunidade, o desenvolvimento de novas alternativas de aproveitamento amplia as opÃÃes de agregaÃÃo de valor e contribui para reduzir os seus impactos negativos. No presente trabalho, fibras do pseudocaule da bananeira (PCB), variedade Pacovan, foram avaliadas como possÃvel fonte para obtenÃÃo de nanocelulose para elaboraÃÃo de nanocompÃsitos em matriz de poli(Ãlcool vinÃlico) (PVOH), um polÃmero hidrofÃlico e biodegradÃvel. Inicialmente, o PCB foi dividido em quatro fraÃÃes: fraÃÃo externa, central, interna e nÃcleo para posterior caracterizaÃÃo quÃmica, tÃrmica e morfolÃgica. Em razÃo do maior conteÃdo de celulose e cristalinidade, utilizaram-se as fraÃÃes externas como matÃria-prima para a obtenÃÃo de nanocelulose. ApÃs branqueamento em meio alcalino, a fibra foi submetida à hidrÃlise Ãcida (H2SO4 62% m/m, 70 min, 45 ÂC) para obtenÃÃo dos nanocristais de celulose. A nanocelulose obtida do PCB apresentou-se como uma suspensÃo estÃvel de coloraÃÃo marrom. Tipicamente, os nanocristais apresentaram comprimentos (L) de 135,0 nm e diÃmetros (d) situados em torno de 7,2 nm; o que reproduziu razÃes de aspecto (L/d) de 21,2. A nanocelulose foi aplicada em uma matriz polimÃrica biodegradÃvel e solÃvel em Ãgua, o poli(Ãlcool vinÃlico), para obtenÃÃo de filmes nanocompÃsitos de diferentes concentraÃÃes (0, 1, 3 e 5% em base seca de matriz). A adiÃÃo de nanocelulose melhorou as propriedades mecÃnicas dos filmes atà a concentraÃÃo de 3%, diminuiu as propriedades tÃrmicas em todas as concentraÃÃes, melhorou a propriedade de barreira ao vapor de Ãgua gradualmente, com pequenas mudanÃas nas propriedades Ãpticas evidenciando uma oportunidade de aplicaÃÃo desse filme nanocompÃsito para embalagem. AlÃm disso, representando uma alternativa de agregaÃÃo de valor a um relevante resÃduo do agronegÃcio.
The use of polymeric materials from petroleum in the manufacture of difficult decomposition products leads to studies and development of partially or completely biodegradable materials from renewable sources. Cellulose is a major target of this research, not only for its various sources, but also by the wide applicability, especially in nanocomposites. Brazil, a country of agribusiness, has a large source of waste biomass from the agribusiness sector. One such source is the fiber from the banana pseudostem , which is used as fertilizer and soil cover in bananeiral own. Having a big residue generation in banana crop as an opportunity, the development of new alternative utilization expands the options of adding value and helps to reduce the negative impacts. In the present work, fibers from the banana pseudostem (PCB), Pacovan variety, were evaluated as a possible source for obtaining nanocelulose for preparation of nanocomposites in matrix of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), a hydrophilic and biodegradable polymer. Initially, the PCB was divided into four fractions: external fraction, central fraction, inner fraction and core for subsequent chemical, thermal and morphological characterization. Because of the higher cellulose content and crystallinity, we used the external fractions to obtain nanocelulose. After bleaching in alkaline environment, the pulp was subjected to acid hydrolysis (H2SO4 62% m / m, 70 min, 45 Â C) and reduced to cellulose nanocrystals. The nanocelulose extracted from the PCB appeared as a stable brown suspension . Typically, the crystals exhibited lengths (L) of 135.0 nm, and diameters (d) situated around 7.2 nm, which reproduces aspect ratios (L/d) 21.2. The nanocellulose was applied to a biodegradable polymeric matrix and water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol, to obtain nanocomposite films of different concentrations (0, 1, 3 and 5% on dry basis matrix). The addition of nanocellulose improved the mechanical properties of the films to 3% concentration, diminished the thermal properties at all concentrations, improved barrier property to water vapor gradually with small changes in the optical properties evidencing an opportunity to apply this nanocomposite film for packaging. Moreover, representing an alternative of adding value to a relevant agribusiness residue.

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FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO
In this work was investigated the potential of banana tree pseudostem, an agricultural waste used in natura (BIN) and treated with methanol (BTM), as adsorbents in removal of textile dyes Violet Brilliant Remazol and Turquoise Remazol from aqueous solution. The adsorbents were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, elemental analysis, thermogravimetry and X-ray diffraction. The zero point of charge (pHzpc) the materials were 5.1 (BIN) and 4.3 (BTM). The pH study showed that the maximum amount adsorbed occurred in pH's 1.0 and 2.0. The kinetics was performed at pH 2.0, 25°C and was evaluated at concentrations of 250 and 1000 mg.L-1. The contact times required for both adsorbents reach equilibrium in the two concentrations studied were 120 and 300 minutes for the dyes Violet and Turquoise, respectively. The kinetics sorption data were fitted to pseudo-first order, second order, and intraparticle diffusion models and the equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherm models. Taking into account correlation coefficients, the data were best fitted to the second order kinetic model (R2> 0.999). The intraparticle diffusion model is also involved in the mechanism of adsorption, which showed that the adsorption takes place in three steps. With the exception of Turquoise Remazol by BIN, all other systems were best fitted to Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption isotherms were evaluated at four different temperatures (10, 25, 40 and 55 °C) by varying the concentration of the dye from 100 to 1000 mg.L-1 in the best conditions of pH and equilibrium time. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the process is endothermic (Turquoise) and exothermic (Violet). The spontaneity of the sorption processes for all dyes was also confirmed by the favorable negative values of Gibbs free energy and by positive entropic data. Desorption of dyes was carried out in alkaline (pH 8.0), being recovered 44% (BIN) and 38% (BTM) for the Violet Brilliant Remazol and 34% (BIN) and 21% (BTM) for the dye Turquoise Remazol. This value suggests the application of this biopolymer as a favorable agent for textile dyes removal from a given system.
Neste trabalho foi investigado o potencial do pseudocaule de bananeira, um resíduo agrícola utilizado in natura (BIN) e tratado com metanol (BTM), como adsorventes na remoção dos corantes têxteis Violeta brilhante remazol e Turquesa remazol de soluções aquosa. Os adsorventes foram caracterizados por espectroscopia no infravermelho, ressonância magnética nuclear de 13C, análise elementar, termogravimetria e difratometria de raios X. O ponto de carga zero (pHzpc) dos materiais foram 5,1 (BIN ) e 4,3 (BTM). O estudo do pH mostrou que a quantidade máxima adsorvida ocorreu nos pH s 1,0 e 2,0. As cinéticas foram realizadas em pH 2,0, temperatura de 25°C e foram avaliados nas concentrações de 250 e 1000 mg.L-1. Os tempos de contato necessários para ambos os adsorventes atingirem o equilíbrio, nas duas concentrações estudadas foram 120 e 300 minutos para os corantes Violeta e Turquesa, respectivamente. Os dados cinético de adsorção foram ajustados aos modelos de pseudo-primeira ordem, segunda ordem e difusão intrapartícula e os dados de equilíbrio foram ajustados aos modelos de isoterma de Langmuir e Freundlich. Levando em consideração os coeficientes de correlação, os dados cinéticos foram melhor ajustados ao modelo de segunda ordem (R2 > 0,999). O modelo de difusão intrapartícula também está envolvido no mecanismo de adsorção, o qual mostrou que a adsorção acontece em três etapas. Com exceção do Turquesa remazol pelo BIN, todos os outros sistemas foram melhor representados pela isoterma de Freundlich. As isotermas de adsorção foram avaliadas em quatro temperaturas diferentes (10, 25, 40 e 55 ºC) variando-se a concentração do corante de 100 a 1000 mg.L-1 nas melhores condições de pH e tempo de equilíbrio. Os parâmetros termodinâmicos indicaram que o processo é endotérmico (Turquesa), exotérmico (Violeta). A espontaneidade dos processos de sorção de todos os corantes também foi confirmada pelos valores negativos da energia livre de Gibbs e pelos dados positivos de entropia. A dessorção dos corantes foi realizada em meio alcalino (pH 8,0), sendo recuperado 44% (BIN) e 38% (BTM) para Violeta brilhante remazol e 34% (BIN) e 21% (BTM) pra o corante Turquesa remazol. Este valor sugere a aplicação deste biopolímero como agente favorável para a remoção de corantes de efluentes têxteis a partir de um determinado sistema.

La quantité croissante de données générées est à l’origine de nombreuses problématiques en bioinformatique telles que le développement de nouvelles méthodes de traitement et d’analyse efficaces de ces données. Plus particulièrement, les réseaux de régulation des fonctions cellulaires sont au coeur de nombreux projets aujourd’hui. Il est donc nécessaire, afin d’appréhender correctement ces systèmes de régulation, de comprendre l’origine et de caractériser les acteurs de ces systèmes tels que les ARN et les pseudogènes.Nous avons établi une nouvelle méthode de comparaison d’une séquence ARN requête avec un jeu de séquences ARN cibles. Notre méthode se base sur (i) l’indexation préalable des graines en séquence/structure des ARN du jeu cible, (ii) la recherche des ARN cibles par détection des graines de la séquence requête présentes également dans le jeu de données cible et le chainage de ces graines, puis (iii) la complétion de l’alignement obtenu à l’aide d’un algorithme d’alignement exact incorporant des contraintes d’alignement. Cette méthode a été appliquée sur le jeu de données de BraliBase2.1. L’exactitude des résultats obtenus et l’efficacité de la méthode ont alors été comparés à la méthode d’alignement exact LocARNA et à son filtre basé sur un algorithme de chainage de graines récemment développé, ExpLocP. Notre méthode RNA-unchained permet d’améliorer significativement les temps de calcul de LocARNA et présente des temps de calcul similaires à ExpLocP, tout en améliorant l’exactitude des alignements finaux.De plus, nous avons développé une méthode, PseudOE, de détection et de caractérisation du pseudome au sein d’un génome et d’analyse comparative de ce pseudome entre plusieurs génomes. Cette méthode a ainsi permis de réaliser l’analyse du panpseudome de deux souches relativement distantes de l’espèce Oenococcus oeni et qui présentent des propriétés oenologiques opposées. On observe dans ces génomes compacts, de 1,8Mb, 8,5% de pseudogènes. Par comparaison aux autres génomes bactériens, les génomes d’O. oeni semblent sensibles à la pseudogénisation. La majorité des pseudogènes détectés ont pour origine des mutations de leur séquence et sont présents uniquement dans l’un des génomes, ce qui soutient l’hypothèse d’une origine récente de ces séquences et qui illustre la tendance des O. oeni à l’hypermutabilité. De plus, l’analyse des données fournies par PseudOE a permis la mise en évidence d’une organisation spatiale des pseudogènes au sein de territoires spécifiques du chromosome. L’ensemble de ces analyses illustre les particularités des pseudogènes chez O. oeni et apporte des informations supplémentaires concernant l’évolution des gènes/génomes dont les annotations de génomes pourraient retirer des bénéfices
The increasing amount of available data is a source of many issues in bioinformatics such that the development of new methods of treatments and efficient analysis of data. Especially, regulatory networks are at the heart of many projects. Also, in order to understand regulatory systems, it appears to be necessary to characterize and to understand actors of these systems such as RNA and pseudogenes. We develop a new method to compare a query RNA with a static set of target RNAs. Our method is based on (i) a preliminary indexing of the sequence/structure seeds of the target RNAs, (ii) searching the potentially homolog RNAs by detecting seeds of the query present in targets, chaining these seeds, then (iii) completing the alignment using an anchor-based exact alignment algorithm. We apply our method on the benchmark Bralibase2.1. We compare our method accuracy and efficiency with the exact method LocARNA and its recent seeds-based speed-up ExpLocP. Our pipeline RNA-unchained greatly improves computation time of LocARNA and is comparable to the one of ExpLocP, while improving the overall accuracy of the final alignments.Moreover, we develop a new method, PseudOE, to detect and to characterize the pseudome of one genome, and to analyse by comparison two genomes at least. This method allows to analyse the pan-pseudome of two distantly related Oenococcus oeni strains with opposite oenological properties. Quite interestingly, with 8.5% of pseudogenes for a compact 1.8Mb genome, O. oeni appeared to be prone to pseudogenization compared to other bacteria. A great proportion of pseudogenes were found to come from mutational degradation suggesting a relatively recent origin that could illustrate the natural propensity of O. oeni for hypermutability. In addition, we identify a spatial organization of pseudogenes into dedicated chromosomal territories. These analysis illustrate peculiar properties of O. oeni pseudogenes, providing additional insights of gene/genome evolution from which future genome annotation will benefit

Hemos analizado la variabilidad genética de una zona no codificante autosómica, el pseudogén homólogo al gen de la glucocerebrosidasa (psGBA).
Parte del análisis se ha realizado desde la perspectiva de la genética de poblaciones humanas.
Desde un punto de vista más genómico hemos establecido la dinámica de la región, a fin de entender las causas del espectro de variación. Hemos analizado el papel de la mutación, recombinación, conversión génica y, especialmente, selección.
Por otra parte, psGBA es importante en la producción de alelos complejos GBA-psGBA, que provocan los tipos más severos de la enfermedad de Gaucher. Mostramos cómo el conocimiento de la variabilidad en psGBA ayuda al reconocimiento de estos alelos complejos.
Finalmente, con los datos de variabilidad de dos regiones parálogas situadas en la misma región cromosómica (gen GBA / pseudogen psGBA) hemos comparado los patrones de mutación que presenta una misma secuencia bajo diferentes presiones selectivas.
We have analyzed the genetic variability in a non-coding autosomal region, the pseudogene homologous to the glucocerebrosidase gene (psGBA).
Part of the analysis has been performed from the human populations point of view.
From a more genomic perspective, we have established the region dynamics in order to understand the causes of the variability pattern. We have analyzed the role of mutation, recombination, gene conversion and, especially, selection.
On the other hand, psGBA is important in the production of complex alleles GBA-psGBA, that lead to the most severe types of Gaucher disease. We show how the knowledge of psGBA variability helps to the identification of those complex alleles.
Last, from the variability data from two paralogous regions located in the same chromosomal region (GBA gene /psGBA pseudogene) we have compared the mutation patterns shown by the same sequence under different selective pressures.

Dans le chapitre 1, nous présentons les congruences linéaires simples et les tests de qualité des nombres pseudo-aléatoires (n.p.a.) congruentiels. L'accent est mis sur le test des treillis, le test spectral et le test sériel. Le test sériel est base sur l'estimation de la discrépance des vecteurs de n.p.a. Partant de cette estimation, on introduit une quantité appelée figure de mérite. Celle-ci nous permet de rechercher, pour m et b fixes, des multiplicateurs a tels que deux termes successifs de la suite (a,b,m,x#0) soient statistiquement indépendants. Nous débutons le chapitre 2 par l'étude des longueurs de cycle et du transitoire des suites engendrées par une congruence linéaire multidimensionnelle (c.l.m.). Ensuite, nous décrivons quelques méthodes de transformation de ces suites en suites de n.p.a. Enfin, nous faisons une discussion sur le choix des paramètres d'une c.l.m. Dans le chapitre 3, nous étudions la période d'un générateur vectoriel base sur le modèle de Daykin et une c.l.m. De période maximale, puis nous faisons un aperçu sur les principaux générateurs non linéaires de n.p.a. Le chapitre 4, réservé a la cryptographie, traite du problème du décryptage de l'ordre et du modulo d'une c.l.m

Den här rapporten presenterar ett antibiotikafritt, stabilt och kromosombaserat expressionssystem för läkemedelsproduktion i Escherichia coli på beställning av företaget Affibody AB. E. coli-stammen BL21(DE3) valdes som värdorganism för expressionssystemet. Systemet består av en genkassett som innehåller en T7-promotor, en 5′-UTR från genen ompA och en terminatorsekvens från RNA-operonet rrnB. Fyra kopior av genkassetten ska integreras i pseudogenerna caiB, yjjM, hsdS och yjiV. En datormodell som modellerar det egentliga kopietalet i cellerna har skapats i mjukvaran MATLAB, vilket visar att det uppskattas vara maximalt 32 kopior av genkassetten per cell på grund av replikation av kromosomen. Ett högt pH i fermentorn; att använda fed-batch och blandade kolhydratkällor; och att använda stammen BL21(DE3) minskar acetatproduktionen i cellen. En lägre acetatproduktion kan leda till en högre produkthalt. En proteinutbytesmodell för mjukvaran MATLAB har konstruerats för att uppskatta koncentrationen av Affibody®-molekylen i en E. coli cell.

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The interrogation of mineral assemblages that preserve evidence of having reached eclogite-facies conditions provides insight into the thermal state of subduction regimes. One of the first appearances of such assemblages in the geological record is documented in the Palaeoproterozoic Usagaran Belt in central Tanzania, where ca. 2000 Ma relic eclogite-facies assemblages are preserved. The eclogites contained the assemblage garnet + omphacite + rutile + quartz and have subsequently been overprinted by diopside + plagioclase + hornblende + ilmenite ± orthopyroxene. The eclogitic domains are preserved within low-strain domains, and these are encased by comparatively high-strain garnet-kyanite metapelitic gneisses and garnet-bearing mafic gneisses. Mineral equilibria forward modelling indicate that the eclogites reached minimum peak pressures of ca. 15–18 kbar and Zr-in-rutile thermometry applied to armoured rutile in garnet yields peak temperatures of 755–768°C. Peak pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions are consistent with a cool geothermal gradient of 460°C/GPa. The retrograde history of the eclogite facies rocks is characterised by post-peak near-isothermal decompression to granulite facies conditions of 6.5–7 kbar and 800°C. Elevated Zr concentrations in fine-grained rutile and the preservation of prograde compositional zoning in garnet indicates that peak metamorphic conditions and near-isothermal exhumation occurred within ca. 1 Ma. The comparatively high-strain metapelitic domains record lower peak pressures (7.3–8.3 kbar and 683–700°C) than the relic eclogites, indicative of a separate P–T history where the maximum P–T conditions coincide approximately with the post-peak assemblages in the eclogites. In light of the results from mineral equilibria forward modelling, the regional scale association between the relic eclogites and high-strain gneisses is consistent with an exhumation model involving either extrusion or extension, or a combination of both. This model permits the juxtaposition of deeply buried rocks with mid-crustal material.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2018

Thesis (Ph. D. (Microbiology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019
In an effort to align the current research with the country’s biofuel strategy, the aim of the study was to utilize banana pseudostem in the production of fungal cellulolytic enzymes and bioethanol through fermentation of the banana pseudostem hydrolysate. The selection of microorganisms was based on the ability of the fungi to grow on agar containing Avicel (microcrystalline cellulose) followed by assaying for cellulases in the form of endoglucanase and total cellulase activity. Ten fungal isolates obtained from screening process showed positive endoglucanase activity on carboxymethyl cellulose – Congo Red agar plate. The six fungal isolates selected based on high cellulase activity belonged to Trichoderma and Aspergillus genera. In submerged fermentation (SmF), the maximum cellulase and endoglucanase production under optimal conditions by all fungal isolates was achieved in media with an initial of pH 6.5 at 30 °C. Under these conditions, the total cellulase activity was 9.79 filter paper units (FPU)/mL and endoglucanase activity 45.2 U/mL for Trichoderma longibrachiatum LMLUL 14-1 and total cellulase activity of 7.7 FPU/mL and endoglucanase activity of 32.7 U/mL for Trichoderma harzianum LMLUL 13-5. These cellulase activities were higher than in the crude enzymes system for all Aspergillus fumigatus. The production conditions for maximum β-glucosidase varied amongst the Aspergillus spp. For example, Aspergillus fumigatus LMLUL 13-4 had produced higher β-glucosidase activity in a medium with an initial pH of 6.5 and at an incubation temperature of 30 °C whereas A. fumigatus LMLUL 13-1 had produced higher β-glucosidase activity at an initial pH of 7.0 and at 35 °C. Solid state fermentation (SSF) to produce cellulase enzymes system was influenced by temperature, nature of the substrate (i.e. moisture, modification) and culturing technique/strategy (i.e. monoculture versus co-culture). Higher cellulase enzymes system was produced under the conditions of 30 °C, 75% moisture content of untreated (native) BPS and pH 6.5. All the fungi investigated, produced thermotolerant and acidophilic cellulase and endoglucanase, whilst β-glucosidase is both acidophilic and alkaliphilic. The cellulase enzymes complex of T. harzianum LMLBP07 13-5 is most stable, followed by A. fumigatus LMLPS 13-4 and the least stable cellulase enzymes complex was for T. longibrachiatum LMLULSA 14-1. For the pretreatment of BPS, the material was first subjected to three different pretreatment conditions; namely alkaline (3% NaOH), acid (5% H2SO4) and hot water (autoclave method) pretreatment to remove lignin and loosen the cellulose structure. After the pretreatments, alkaline method exposed more cellulose than other pretreatments methods. The alkaline pretreated BPS contained 52.3% cellulose, 10.8% hemicellulose and 8.7% lignin, which is 2.3-fold more cellulose and 0.48-fold less hemicellulose as well as 0.6-fold less lignin to the native BPS. The enzymatic saccharification of the alkaline pretreated BPS at different substrate loadings at 50 °C for 76 hours by an individual crude cellulase enzymes system from T. longibrachiatum LMLSAUL 14-1 and T. harzianum LMLBP07 13-5 cultures were used at a final concentration of 10 FPU/g. Saccharification released maximum glucose of 43.5 g/L and 20.1 g/L form alkaline pretreated BPS by crude cellulase enzymes from T. longibrachiatum LMLSAUL 14-1 and T. harzianum LMLBP07 13-5 measured at the highest solid loading. The production of bioethanol was carried out in separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). Fermentation of nutrient supplemented BPS hydrolysate with an initial pH of 5.0 by S. cerevisiae UL01 occurred at 30 °C for 48 hours. The maximum ethanol concentration obtained after fermentation was 17.6 g/L corresponding to ethanol yield of 60% of the maximum theoretical yield. In conclusion, banana pseudostem is a suitable alternative substrate for the production of second-generation bioethanol.
National Research Foundation (NRF) and Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad (VLIR- UOS)

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
生物機電工程系所
103
In recent years, due to the rise of the concept of environmental conservation, thus influencing timber production decrease and make the sawdust prices increase. Indirect effect to the industries of mushroom that use sawdust as the main raw material, lead the mushroom price growing every year. Because Taiwan is located in subtropical region, and banana is one of the major valuable fruit, in addition planting area of banana in Taiwan accounted up to 11,000 hectares. After harvesting, the part of pseudostems were often dumped or burned in the fields, not only causing great waste of natural resources, but also making the ecological environment pollution. Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is one of Taiwan's five economic edible mushrooms, therefore, this study will explore the feasibility of banana pseudostem agro-waste recycling used as oyster mushroom cultivation bag medium. In this study used five different banana pseudostem-sawdust mixtures for production of mushroom cultivation bag media, the ratio are 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, respectively. Banana pseudostem-sawdust mixtures were assessed and determined of the best ratio, this study expects to achieve fully replace the traditional cultivation bag sawdust. The best ratio was determined by detection of the basic ingredients of cultivation bag, including: ash content, lignin content, cellulose content, total carbon content, total nitrogen content and spawn running days, as a follow-up analysis basis of cultivation bag productivity, biological efficiency and persistence. The results showed that the fastest spawn running days revealed in control group is 21.5±0.5 days, followed by cultivation bag mixed with 25% of banana psrudostem, is 22±0.0 days; slowest revealed in cultivation bag which contains 100% banana pseudostem is 28±1.0 days. Correlation coefficient for comparison the basic ingredients and spawn running days, observed correlation coefficient highest revealed at cellulose is 0.996; in the part of correlation coefficient for comparison C/N ratio and spawn running days, observed correlation coefficient is -0.809, slightly lower than the lignin and cellulose. This study showed that, using a higher proportion of banana pseudostem would affect cultivation bag total nitrogen content, it would causing spawn running days got longer and increased the chance of cultivation bag attacked by contaminants. Using banana pseudostem replace 25% of the sawdust in cultivation bag could reduce sawdust consumption, not only could reduce the rate of pollution, but also effective provided a new way for consumption banana pseudostem.

碩士
國立中興大學
植物病理學系所
107
Numerous banana plant wastes, especially pseudostem (about 30.81%), have a significant impact on the environment after bananas are harvested. Reusing agricultural wastes to develop plant protection products could not only reduce waste pollution problems, but also promote the development of sustainable agriculture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the extracts of banana pseudostem and microorganisms on the control of Pak-choi anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum higginsianum PA-01. The extracts of banana pseudostem were evaluated for its efficacy on the growth of Pak-choi combined with three kinds of inorganic salts. The results indicated that amendment of extracts of banana pseudostem with 3% (w/v) calcium oxide, 2% (w/v) potassium carbonate and 0.6% (w/v) sodium chloride named EBPmix was the best combination for the growth of Pak-choi. EBPmix at 100 and 500-fold dilutions could significantly enhance the growth of Pak-choi, cucumber, rice, and other test plants. After soil drenching with EBPmix, the number of yeasts increased by 2.2 times. In contrast, the populations of fungi such as Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were significantly reduced. However, although the amount of bacteria between treatment and non-treatment with EBPmix was not different, there were much more white color colonies of microflora than yellow colonies in the treated soil. Foliar spraying with EBPmix increased the amount of bacterial populations by 9.5 times. Forty-one bacterial isolates and twenty yeast isolates were obtained from soils and Pak-choi leaves treated with EBPmix. Five isolates, BEB-S01, BEB-L05, BEB-L06, BEB-L11 and BEB-L14, showed strong inhibitory effects on mycelial growth of C. higginsianum PA-01. The growth rates of BEB-S01, BEB-L05, BEB-L06 and BEB-L14 were enhanced when cultured in PNA medium with EBPmix and the inhibition ability to mycelial growth of the pathogen increased by 14-27 %. According to Biolog, 16S rDNA and 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer, BEB-S01, BEB-L05 and BEB-L06 were identified as a variety of Bacillus cereus group. Several recipes for culturing BEB-S01 were studied for inhibiting the pathogen. The results revealed that the fermented broth of BEB-S01 had stronger inhibitory effect on conidial germination and appressorial formation by 100 % inhibition when the nitrogen source in PNBE medium was replaced by casein. Then PCBE fermented broth of BEB-S01 amended with NaHCO3 could increase inhibitory effect. After this, the fermented broth of BEB-S01 amended with one of different plant oils was tested its inhibitory effect on C. higginsianum PA-01. The results indicated that the fermented broth amended with corn oil and clove oil at 50-fold dilution could reduce the conidial germination and appressorial formation of C. higginsianum from 68.3 % to 39.0 % and from 66.7 % to 16.0 %, respectively. In the greenhouse assay, spraying PCBE-S01C at 50-fold dilution to Pak-choi could reduce the disease severity of Pak-choi anthracnose from 62.5 % to 35.0 %. Furthermore, spraying PCBE-S01C to Pak-choi plants 24 hours before, simultaneously, or after inoculating with C. higginsianum PA-01 showed varying degrees of efficacy on controlling Pak-choi anthracnose. However, the result was more effective in reducing disease severity when spraying PCBE-S01C and inoculating the pathogen were at the same time.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Microbiology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020
In nature, saccharification is done by a variety of microorganisms, secreting a variety of cellulase in addition to other proteins. Co-culturing enables the production of more efficient enzyme preparations that would mimic the natural decomposition of lignocelluloses. During the decay of banana (Musa paradisiaca) pseudostem, a potential feedstock for second-generation biofuels, there may be a number of microorganisms producing cellulolytic enzymes, and other factors, which in combination might decompose the lignocelluloses more efficiently. The aim of the study was to establish a microbial co-culture for the production of highly active cellulase preparations. Banana pseudostems (BPS) and microbial samples from decaying banana pseudostems were collected in the Mopani District Allesbeste Nursery, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Fungi and bacteria were isolated using CMC agar plates. The best cellulase producing fungi and bacteria were tested for cellulase activity in monocultures and in various combinations (fungi-fungi, fungi-bacteria, bacteria-bacteria, fungi-live bacterial cells and fungi-dead bacterial cells) in submerged fermentation, using Avicel™ as a carbon source. Solid-state fermentation was also performed using banana pseudostem as a carbon source. Zymography was done in studying the variety of cellulase in the secretions from co-cultures/ mixed cultures. Identification of the bacterial and fungal isolates from decomposing banana pseudostems was also done using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) or DNA sequencing. A mixed culture of fungi in combination with dead bacterial cells was the best combination to produce higher levels of endoglucosidase and β-glucosidase activities in both submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation. During SmF, endoglucosidase was (0.229 after 144 h) and β-glucosidase (4.519 after 96 h) activities and SSF, endoglucosidase (12.793 after 48 h) and β-glucosidase (37.45 after 144 h). Endoglucosidase zymography showed that monocultures and co-cultures produced four active bands for endoglucanase, except for the monoculture Trichoderma longibrachiatum 1B that produced a faint or unclear band. The current study demonstrated that three fungal strains namely, T longibrachiatum 1B, Aspergillus fumigatus 5A, and Aspergillus flavus 2A and one bacterial strain Enterobacter asburiae 1 are capable of producing a variety of endoglucanases. It seems that a combination of fungi with dead cells could significantly improve endoglucosidase and v β-glucosidase activities. The use of A. fumigatus in mixed cultures is highly recommended in order to produce high levels of β-glucosidases, no matter the combination used.
Foodbev Seta

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
生物機電工程系所
105
Banana is one of the important items of fruit nowadays. Banana pseudo-stem is rich with lignocellulose and it is always dumped or burned in the fields, induce the ecological environment pollution. Trametes versicolor, contain a goodness of lignocellulose and which high amounts of the active ingredient with a secondary metabolite. Therefore, this study will demonstrate the feasibility of banana pseudo-stem as alternative carbon sources Trametes versicolor culture fermentation liquid feasibility. In this experiment, organic acid adding induce more versicolor weight of fungus, the amount of Laccase enzyme activity and polysaccharides. From result, adding banana pseudo-stem will increase fungus dry weight, Laccase activity, and yield of polysaccharides, and organic acids added will speed up the fermentation to gain the best polysaccharides yield. But higher concentration of citric acid and acetic acid will cause poor Laccase activity. The best ratio of banana pseudo-stem is 75%, to obtain the best polysaccharides yield 0.344mg/l. In conclusion, adding 1g of citric acid will enhance the yield of fungus, and reduce fermentation to provide a new develop.

The aim of this thesis was the development and characterization of polymeric matrices, in the form of film or gels, using compounds extracted from banana plant leaves and pseudostem, in order to evaluate their potential for biomedical applications and eventually for food applications, accordingly to the features of the obtained matrices. Different extracts were obtained through Batch-Solid Liquid and Soxhlet extraction, with different extraction periods and different drying temperatures of the samples. After determination of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and antioxidant activity, by Folin-Ciocalteau and 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo (DPPH) methods, respectively, the extracts were characterized by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS). The polymeric matrices were prepared using cellulose extracted from banana plant pseudostem (PS) or commercial cellulose (hydroxyethyl cellulose – HEC), glucose (G) and/or urea (U) and phenolic compounds extracted from banana plant leaves (L) as bioactive compounds. The prepared matrices were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle, swelling, mechanical properties, rheology and gas permeation studies. The obtained results showed that the banana plant leaves present a TPC higher than banana peel, pulp and banana plant pseudostem, being the Batch-Solid Liquid with 3 days extraction and leaves dried at 40°C (BSL_3_40) allowed the highest TPC. It was also possible to extract cellulose from banana plant pseudostem. In general, the synthetized matrices were hydrophilic and just the HEC matrices exposed to 84% aw present a dense structure. The plasticizers and water activity showed to influence the matrices flexibility, which could be controlled accordingly to the desired matrices application.

This diploma thesis provides an overview of gene conversion, its role in the pathogenesis of human diseases and the use of methods based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) for detection rare variants of DNA sequence. Labeling of target DNA molecules by random nucleotides in primer and NGS were used for detection point mutations arising de novo in the β-glucocerebrosidase gene by gene conversion between it and its pseudogene in meiotic and mitotic cells of control subjects. Primers specific for the active gene were used to selectively amplify the ninth and tenth exon of the gene where "recombinant" variants occur most frequently. Sequences generated from 20 genomic DNA samples on Illumina MiSeq platform were quality filtered, sorted by unique labels and consensus sequences were created from alignments of sequences carrying the same DNA tag. The number of potential point mutations in the samples ranged between 12 and 48. The mutations were manually re-evaluated from the alignments. The number of alignments with unique labeling was in the range of 7-15 thousand per sample. Only three samples carried possible recombinant mutations, suggesting a lower frequency of conversion in the region than reported by other techniques. Analysis of unique sequences in primer indicated possible ways to improve the...