Статті в журналах: "Pseudo-High-Entropy"

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GURMAN, Ivan, Viktor CHESHUN, Nataliia PETLIAK, Andrii DZHULIY, and Vitalii CHORNENKYI. "DETERMINATION OF ENTROPY COMPONENT IN SENSOR INDICATORS FOR GENERATION OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC KEYS OF THE MOBILE APPLICATION OF THE CLIENT-BANK SYSTEM." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University 301, no. 5 (October 2021): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2021-301-5-18-21.

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The rapid penetration of the banking market of mobile banking creates not only new opportunities and conveniences, but also new risks and threats, which leads to increased requirements for information security of mobile services. One of the important components of the security of the mobile banking service of the client-bank system is the protection mechanisms based on the use of cryptographic keys. The stability of cryptographic keys is a guarantee of system reliability and, in turn, is based on the mechanisms of generating pseudo-random numbers using primary sources of entropy, for the effective use of which it is necessary to determine the type and capabilities of the source. The paper presents the results of the study of sensors of mobile communication devices as a source of entropy for generating cryptokeys of a mobile application of the client-bank system. An accelerometer, a temperature sensor, a gyroscope, a light brightness sensor, a magnetic field sensor, an atmospheric pressure sensor, a distance sensor, and a humidity sensor are considered as a source of entropy. The results of the research confirm the presence in the values of the sensors of mobile communication devices of a component suitable for use as a source of primary entropy for generators of pseudo-random numbers by cryptographic algorithms. In turn, pseudo-random number generators built with the use of mobile device sensors can be the basis of high-entropy cryptographic key generators in the client-bank system mobile banking services. The obtained results are focused on the implementation of algorithms and means of generating high-entropy pseudo-random numbers and can be used to reduce the risks of unauthorized access to customer information in the client-bank system by disclosing cryptokeys in mobile banking services.

2

Inoue, A., F. L. Kong, S. L. Zhu, B. L. Shen, A. Churyumov, and W. J. Botta. "Formation, structure and properties of pseudo-high entropy clustered bulk metallic glasses." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 820 (April 2020): 153164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153164.

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Jia, Xuqing, Wende Tian, Chuankun Li, Xia Yang, Zhongjun Luo, and Hui Wang. "A Dynamic Active Safe Semi-Supervised Learning Framework for Fault Identification in Labeled Expensive Chemical Processes." Processes 8, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010105.

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A novel active semi-supervised learning framework using unlabeled data is proposed for fault identification in labeled expensive chemical processes. A principal component analysis (PCA) feature selection strategy is first given to calculate the weight of the variables. Secondly, the identification model is trained based on the obtained key process variables. Thirdly, the pseudo label confidence of identification model is dynamically optimized with an historical, current, and future pseudo label confidence mean. To increase the upper limit of the identification model that is self-learning with high entropy process data, active learning is used to identify process data and diagnosis fault causes by ontology. Finally, a PCA-dynamic active safe semi-supervised support vector machine (PCA-DAS4VM) for fault identification in labeled expensive chemical processes is built. The application in the Tennessee Eastman (TE) process shows that this hybrid technology is able to: (i) eliminate chemical process noise and redundant process variables simultaneously, (ii) combine historical pseudo label confidence with future pseudo label confidence to improve the identification accuracy of abnormal working conditions, (iii) efficiently select and diagnose high entropy unlabeled process data, and (iv) fully utilize unlabeled data to enhance the identification performance.

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Kumar, Anil, B. Vinith, Aditya Kumar Choudhary, and Manoj Kumar Chopkar. "Synthesis and Characterization of Novel High Entropy Alloys." Materials Science Forum 978 (February 2020): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.978.167.

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High entropy alloys (HEAs) generally exhibit either high resistance to deformation or high toughness due to the presence of body-centered or face-centered cubic structure, respectively. To overcome these limitations, new high entropy alloys have been developed in the present study. This investigation aims to synthesis and characterization of novel CoCrFeNi3Si, CoCrFe2Ni2Si, and Co2CrFeNi2Si high entropy alloys. The mechanical alloying route is used to synthesize these alloys. Grinding was carried out to 20h and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was done at different time intervals of grinding. The face-centered cubic structure along with the intermetallic compound of Ni-Si was observed after 20h of grinding. Furthermore, a pseudo binary strategy based on the valence electron concentration and mixing enthalpy is also employed to design the high entropy alloys considered in the present study. Carefully analysis of the XRD pattern indicates that from 5 to 20h of mechanical alloying there is a decrement in the initial peaks of elements observed.

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Wang, Zhu, Zhe Feng, Xue-Hua Fan, and Lei Zhang. "Pseudo-passivation mechanism of CoCrFeNiMo0.01 high-entropy alloy in H2S-containing acid solutions." Corrosion Science 179 (February 2021): 109146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.109146.

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Cui, Binge, Jiandi Cui, Yan Lu, Nannan Guo, and Maoguo Gong. "A Sparse Representation-Based Sample Pseudo-Labeling Method for Hyperspectral Image Classification." Remote Sensing 12, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040664.

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Hyperspectral image classification methods may not achieve good performance when a limited number of training samples are provided. However, labeling sufficient samples of hyperspectral images to achieve adequate training is quite expensive and difficult. In this paper, we propose a novel sample pseudo-labeling method based on sparse representation (SRSPL) for hyperspectral image classification, in which sparse representation is used to select the purest samples to extend the training set. The proposed method consists of the following three steps. First, intrinsic image decomposition is used to obtain the reflectance components of hyperspectral images. Second, hyperspectral pixels are sparsely represented using an overcomplete dictionary composed of all training samples. Finally, information entropy is defined for the vectorized sparse representation, and then the pixels with low information entropy are selected as pseudo-labeled samples to augment the training set. The quality of the generated pseudo-labeled samples is evaluated based on classification accuracy, i.e., overall accuracy, average accuracy, and Kappa coefficient. Experimental results on four real hyperspectral data sets demonstrate excellent classification performance using the new added pseudo-labeled samples, which indicates that the generated samples are of high confidence.

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Cui, Mengtian, Kai Li, Yulan Li, Dany Kamuhanda, and Claudio J. Tessone. "Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation of Remote Sensing Images Based on Dual Cross-Entropy Consistency." Entropy 25, no. 4 (April 19, 2023): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25040681.

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Semantic segmentation is a growing topic in high-resolution remote sensing image processing. The information in remote sensing images is complex, and the effectiveness of most remote sensing image semantic segmentation methods depends on the number of labels; however, labeling images requires significant time and labor costs. To solve these problems, we propose a semi-supervised semantic segmentation method based on dual cross-entropy consistency and a teacher–student structure. First, we add a channel attention mechanism to the encoding network of the teacher model to reduce the predictive entropy of the pseudo label. Secondly, the two student networks share a common coding network to ensure consistent input information entropy, and a sharpening function is used to reduce the information entropy of unsupervised predictions for both student networks. Finally, we complete the alternate training of the models via two entropy-consistent tasks: (1) semi-supervising student prediction results via pseudo-labels generated from the teacher model, (2) cross-supervision between student models. Experimental results on publicly available datasets indicate that the suggested model can fully understand the hidden information in unlabeled images and reduce the information entropy in prediction, as well as reduce the number of required labeled images with guaranteed accuracy. This allows the new method to outperform the related semi-supervised semantic segmentation algorithm at half the proportion of labeled images.

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Liu, Wenjie, Wenkai Zhang, Xian Sun, and Zhi Guo. "Unsupervised Cross-Scene Aerial Image Segmentation via Spectral Space Transferring and Pseudo-Label Revising." Remote Sensing 15, no. 5 (February 22, 2023): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051207.

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Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) is essential since manually labeling pixel-level annotations is consuming and expensive. Since the domain discrepancies have not been well solved, existing UDA approaches yield poor performance compared with supervised learning approaches. In this paper, we propose a novel sequential learning network (SLNet) for unsupervised cross-scene aerial image segmentation. The whole system is decoupled into two sequential parts—the image translation model and segmentation adaptation model. Specifically, we introduce the spectral space transferring (SST) approach to narrow the visual discrepancy. The high-frequency components between the source images and the translated images can be transferred in the Fourier spectral space for better preserving the important identity and fine-grained details. To further alleviate the distribution discrepancy, an efficient pseudo-label revising (PLR) approach was developed to guide pseudo-label learning via entropy minimization. Without additional parameters, the entropy map works as the adaptive threshold, constantly revising the pseudo labels for the target domain. Furthermore, numerous experiments for single-category and multi-category UDA segmentation demonstrate that our SLNet is the state-of-the-art.

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Koga, G. Y., D. Travessa, G. Zepon, D. D. Coimbrão, A. M. Jorge, J. E. Berger, V. Roche, et al. "Corrosion resistance of pseudo-high entropy Fe-containing amorphous alloys in chloride-rich media." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 884 (December 2021): 161090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161090.

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Batalha, Weverson C., Virginie Roche, Yannick Champion, Marc Mantel, Marc Verdier, Vincent Martin, Claudio S. Kiminami, and Alberto M. Jorge Junior. "Newly-developed pseudo-high entropy amorphous alloys: Structure/microstructure evolution, mechanical and corrosion properties." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 613 (August 2023): 122369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2023.122369.

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11

Yang, Zhu, Wang, Yang, Wu, and Li. "Super-Resolution Reconstruction of Cell Pseudo-Color Image Based on Raman Technology." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 20, 2019): 4076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194076.

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Raman spectroscopy visualization is a challenging task due to the interference of complex background noise and the number of selected measurement points. In this paper, a super-resolution image reconstruction algorithm for Raman spectroscopy is studied to convert raw Raman data into pseudo-color super-resolution imaging. Firstly, the Raman spectrum data of a single measurement point is measured multiple times to calculate the mean value to remove the random background noise, and innovatively introduce the Retinex algorithm and the median filtering algorithm which improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The novel method of using deep neural network performs a super-resolution reconstruction operation on the gray image. An adaptive guided filter that automatically adjusts the filter radius and penalty factor is proposed to highlight the contour of the cell, and the super-resolution reconstruction of the pseudo-color image of the Raman spectrum is realized. The average signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstructed pseudo-color image sub-band reaches 14.29 db, and the average value of information entropy reaches 4.30 db. The results show that the Raman-based cell pseudo-color image super-resolution reconstruction algorithm is an effective tool to effectively remove noise and high-resolution visualization. The contrast experiments show that the pseudo-color image Kullback–Leiber (KL) entropy of the color image obtained by the method is small, the boundary is obvious, and the noise is small, which provide technical support for the development of sophisticated single-cell imaging Raman spectroscopy instruments.

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Abu Hassan, Nur Hudawiyah, Nor Akmal Fadil, Nur Ayuni Jamal, Farah Diana Mohd Daud, and Norhuda Hidayah Nordin. "Decolorization Kinetics of Azo Dye (Methyl Orange) in Fenton Process with High Entropy Alloys as Catalyst." Materials Science Forum 1111 (December 22, 2023): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-c9h5jy.

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This study explored the decolorization kinetics of azo dye (methyl orange) with the presence of high entropy alloys (HEAs) as a catalyst in the Fenton process. The kinetic reaction of the azo dye was determined using the first and second-order kinetics model. The slope from the first pseudo kinetics model was determined to compute the decolorization rate constant (K) This present work showed that the model was significantly well fitted with the experimental data. The highest K value of HEA catalyst was occurred at 30 minutes within 60 minutes of the Fenton reaction. The obtained result also showed the efficiency of the high entropy alloys (HEAs) rapidly degraded the azo dyes.

13

Zhao, Yang, Jiajun Zhang, Chengqing Zong, Zhongjun He, and Hua Wu. "Addressing the Under-Translation Problem from the Entropy Perspective." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.3301451.

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Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has drawn much attention due to its promising translation performance in recent years. However, the under-translation problem still remains a big challenge. In this paper, we focus on the under-translation problem and attempt to find out what kinds of source words are more likely to be ignored. Through analysis, we observe that a source word with a large translation entropy is more inclined to be dropped. To address this problem, we propose a coarse-to-fine framework. In coarse-grained phase, we introduce a simple strategy to reduce the entropy of highentropy words through constructing the pseudo target sentences. In fine-grained phase, we propose three methods, including pre-training method, multitask method and two-pass method, to encourage the neural model to correctly translate these high-entropy words. Experimental results on various translation tasks show that our method can significantly improve the translation quality and substantially reduce the under-translation cases of high-entropy words.

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Esakkiraja, Neelamegan, Keerti Pandey, Anuj Dash, and Aloke Paul. "Pseudo-binary and pseudo-ternary diffusion couple methods for estimation of the diffusion coefficients in multicomponent systems and high entropy alloys." Philosophical Magazine 99, no. 18 (May 25, 2019): 2236–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2019.1619027.

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Zhao, S. F., Y. Shao, X. Liu, N. Chen, H. Y. Ding, and K. F. Yao. "Pseudo-quinary Ti20Zr20Hf20Be20(Cu20-xNix) high entropy bulk metallic glasses with large glass forming ability." Materials & Design 87 (December 2015): 625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.067.

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16

Mu, Penghua, Wei Pan, Shuiying Xiang, Nianqiang Li, Xinkai Liu, and Xihua Zou. "Fast physical and pseudo random number generation based on a nonlinear optoelectronic oscillator." Modern Physics Letters B 29, no. 24 (September 3, 2015): 1550142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984915501420.

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High speed random number generation (RNG) utilizing a nonlinear optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) is explored experimentally. It has been found that by simply adjusting either the injected optical power or the gain of the modulator driver, low complexity dynamics such as square wave, and more complex dynamics including fully developed chaos can be experimentally achieved. More importantly, physical RNG based on high-speed-oscilloscope measurements and pseudo RNG based on post-processing are implemented in this paper. The generated bit sequences pass all the standard statistical random tests, indicating that fast physical and pseudo RNG could be achieved based on the same OEO entropy source. Our results could provide further insight into the implementation of RNG based on chaotic optical systems.

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Crocetti, Luca, Stefano Di Matteo, Pietro Nannipieri, Luca Fanucci, and Sergio Saponara. "Design and Test of an Integrated Random Number Generator with All-Digital Entropy Source." Entropy 24, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24020139.

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In the cybersecurity field, the generation of random numbers is extremely important because they are employed in different applications such as the generation/derivation of cryptographic keys, nonces, and initialization vectors. The more unpredictable the random sequence, the higher its quality and the lower the probability of recovering the value of those random numbers for an adversary. Cryptographically Secure Pseudo-Random Number Generators (CSPRNGs) are random number generators (RNGs) with specific properties and whose output sequence has such a degree of randomness that it cannot be distinguished from an ideal random sequence. In this work, we designed an all-digital RNG, which includes a Deterministic Random Bit Generator (DRBG) that meets the security requirements for cryptographic applications as CSPRNG, plus an entropy source that showed high portability and a high level of entropy. The proposed design has been intensively tested against both NIST and BSI suites to assess its entropy and randomness, and it is ready to be integrated into the European Processor Initiative (EPI) chip.

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Datcu, Octaviana, Corina Macovei, and Radu Hobincu. "Chaos Based Cryptographic Pseudo-Random Number Generator Template with Dynamic State Change." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020451.

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This article presents a configurable, high-throughput pseudo-random number generator template targeting cryptographic applications. The template is parameterized using a chaotic map that generates data, an entropy builder that is used to periodically change the parameters of the map and a parameter change interval, which is the number of iterations after which the entropy builder will change the generator’s parameters. The system is implemented in C++ and evaluated using the TestU01 and NIST RNG statistical tests. The same implementation is used for a stream cipher that can encrypt and decrypt PNG images. A Monte-Carlo analysis of the seed space was performed. Results show that for certain combinations of maps and entropy builders, more than 90% of initial states (seeds) tested pass all statistical randomness tests. Also, the throughput is large enough so that a 8 K color image can be encrypted in 2 s on a modern laptop CPU (exact specifications are given in the paper). The conclusion is that chaotic maps can be successfully used as a building block for cryptographic random number generators.

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Li, Weishu, Yuxiu Zhao, Qi Wang, and Jian Zhou. "Twenty Years of Entropy Research: A Bibliometric Overview." Entropy 21, no. 7 (July 15, 2019): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21070694.

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Entropy, founded in 1999, is an emerging international journal in the field of entropy and information studies. In the year of 2018, the journal enjoyed its 20th anniversary, and therefore, it is quite reasonable and meaningful to conduct a retrospective as its birthday gift. In accordance with Entropy’s distinctive name and research area, this paper creatively provides a bibliometric analysis method to not only look back at the vicissitude of the entire entropy topic, but also witness the journal’s growth and influence during this process. Based on 123,063 records extracted from the Web of Science, the work in sequence analyzes publication outputs, high-cited literature, and reference co-citation networks, in the aspects of the topic and the journal, respectively. The results indicate that the topic now has become a tremendous research domain and is still roaring ahead with great potentiality, widely researched by different kinds of disciplines. The most significant hotspots so far are suggested as the theoretical or practical innovation of graph entropy, permutation entropy, and pseudo-additive entropy. Furthermore, with the rapid growth in recent years, Entropy has attracted many dominant authors of the topic and experiences a distinctive geographical publication distribution. More importantly, in the midst of the topic, the journal has made enormous contributions to major research areas, particularly being a spear head in the studies of multiscale entropy and permutation entropy.

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Faisal M., Lahieb Faisal M. "Batch Sorption of Copper (II) Ions from Simulated Aqueous Solution by Banana Peel." Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 12, no. 4 (December 18, 2017): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/kej.2016.05.004.

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This research presents the possibility of using banana peel (arising from agricultural production waste) as biosorbent for removal of copper from simulated aqueous solution. Batch sorption experiments were performed as a function of pH, sorbent dose, and contact time. The optimal pH value of Copper (II) removal by banana peel was 6. The amount of sorbed metal ions was calculated as 52.632 mg/g. Sorption kinetic data were tested using pseudo-first order, and pseudo-second order models. Kinetic studies showed that the sorption followed a pseudo second order reaction due to the high correlation coefficient and the agreement between the experimental and calculated values of qe. Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change (ΔH°), entropy change (ΔS°) and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) were also investigated. Free energy change showed that biosorption of Cu (II) was spontaneous and nature endothermic at all studied temperatures (25–45 °C).

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Mukarram, Muhammad, M. Awais Munir, Mohammad Mujahid, and Khurram Yaqoob. "Systematic Development of Eutectic High Entropy Alloys by Thermodynamic Modeling and Experimentation: An Example of the CoCrFeNi-Mo System." Metals 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11091484.

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Face centered cubic (FCC) high-entropy alloys (HEA) exhibit excellent ductility while body centered cubic (BCC) HEAs are characterized by high strength. Development of fine two-phase eutectic microstructure (consisting of a tough phase such as fcc and a hard phase such as bcc/intermetallic) can help in obtaining an extraordinary combination of strength and ductility in HEAs. Designing eutectic high entropy alloys is an extremely difficult task for which different empirical and non-empirical methods have been previously tried. In the present study, the possibility of developing a eutectic microstructure by the addition of Mo to CoCrFeNi was evaluated by calculation of the pseudo-binary phase diagram. Experimental results validated the presence of eutectic reaction in the calculated phase diagrams; however, small changes in the calculated phase diagrams were proposed. It has been shown that calculated pseudo-binary phase diagrams can provide a very good starting point for the development of eutectic HEAs and help in exponentially reducing the amount of experimental effort that may be required otherwise. Eutectic mixture consisting of FCC (A2) phase and intermetallic phases (σ and μ) was successfully obtained by the addition of Mo to the CoCrFeNi system. The development of the eutectic microstructure showed a profound effect on the mechanical properties. Hardness of the samples increased from 150 HV for CoCrFeNiMo0.1 to 425.5 HV for CoCrFeNiMo1.0, whereas yield strength increased from around 218 MPa for CoCrFeNiMo0.1 to around 1100 MPa for CoCrFeNiMo1.0.

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Hosogi, Shunsuke, Shuki Onoue, Tomoko Kuno, Mie Kawabata, Hiroshi Fujiwara, Kazuo Isonishi, and Kei Ameyama. "High Temperature Deformation of Harmonic Structure Designed CrMnFeCoNi High Entropy Alloy." Materials Science Forum 1107 (December 6, 2023): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-8ybyqh.

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The Harmonic Structure (HS) is a recently introduced concept that paves the way for engineering metallic materials to achieve superior mechanical performance. They consist of soft, coarse-grained regions surrounded in three dimensions by an interconnected network of hard, ultra-fine grained regions. In addition, from a structural materials point of view, high entropy alloys have attracted attention due to their unique mechanical properties. In the present study, the HS design was applied to a high entropy CrMnFeCoNi alloy (also called "Cantor alloy"). The HS-designed Cantor alloy was successfully fabricated by mechanical milling, which is one of the surface severe plastic deformation processes, and the subsequent sintering process. The mechanical properties of these HS and homogeneous (Homo) Cantor alloy compacts were investigated by high-temperature compression tests in the temperature range of room temperature (RT) and 1173K, under initial strain rates of 0.01 s-1, 0.001 s-1, and 0.0001 s-1. The stress-strain curves of the HS compacts showed a large initial increase in stress and then a rapid decrease with strain, while that of the Homo compact showed a gentle increase and a gradual decrease. EBSD observation of the deformed compacts revealed that the HS compacts were probably deformed not only by dynamic recrystallization, but also by grain boundary sliding during deformation. The strain rate sensitivity value m of the HS compacts was 0.541 (true strain: 0.2) at 1173 K. In other words, the HS compacts exhibited pseudo-superplastic deformation at these temperatures.

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Bai, Kewu, Chee Koon Ng, Ming Lin, Fengxia Wei, Shuang Li, Siew Lang Teo, Dennis Cheng Cheh Tan, et al. "Short-range ordering heredity in eutectic high entropy alloys: A new model based on pseudo-ternary eutectics." Acta Materialia 243 (January 2023): 118512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118512.

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Nadaroglu, Hayrunnisa, Ekrem Kalkan, Neslihan Celebi, and Esen Tasgin. "Removal of Reactive Black 5 from wastewater using natural clinoptilolite modified with apolaccase." Clay Minerals 50, no. 1 (March 2015): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2015.050.1.07.

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AbstractIn this study, a clinoptilolite modified with apolaccase was used to adsorb Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dye from aqueous solution using the batch procedure. The influences of pH, contact time, temperature and absorbent dosage on the adsorption were investigated. The optimum adsorption was obtained at pH = 6, contact time = 60 min, temperature = 25ºC and adsorbent dosages of 1.62 and 1.59 mg/50 mL per gram of clinoptilolite and of apolaccase-modified clinoptilolite (LMC), respectively). The adsorption experimental data fitted both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models well. In addition, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics were used to study the kinetics of RB5 dye adsorption onto natural clinoptilolite and LMC. Adsorption appears to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics with a high correlation coefficient. Thermodynamic parameters such as changes in the free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) of adsorption were calculated. The thermodynamic parameters indicate that the adsorption of RB5 dye onto LMC was less spontaneous, feasible and endothermic. The LMC can be used as an alternative low-cost adsorbent for the dye removal from aqueous solutions.

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Geroeeyan, Armin, Ali Niazi, and Elaheh Konoz. "Removal of Basic Orange 2 dye and Ni2+ from aqueous solutions using alkaline-modified nanoclay." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 9 (March 29, 2021): 2271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.121.

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Abstract In the present research, the removal of Basic Orange 2 (BO2) dye using alkaline-modified clay nanoparticles was studied. To characterize the adsorbent, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, BET and BJH analyses were performed. The effect of the variables influencing the dye adsorption process such as adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, stirring rate, temperature, and initial dye concentration was investigated. Furthermore, the high efficiency of Ni2+ removal indicated that it is possible to remove both dye and metal cation under the same optimum conditions. The experimental data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Fitting the experimental data to Langmuir isotherm indicated that the monolayer adsorption of dye occurred at homogeneous sites. Experimental data were also analyzed with pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion kinetic equations for kinetic modeling of the dye removal process. The adsorption results indicated that the process follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters of the dye adsorption process such as enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy changes were calculated and revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The results presented the high potential of the modified nanoclay as a cost-effective adsorbent for the removal of BO2 dye and Ni2+ from aqueous medium.

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T, Anusha, and Venkatesan R. "PSEUDO RANDOM KEY GENERATOR USING FRACTAL BASED TRELLIS CODED GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR IMAGE ENCRYPTION." International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications 15, no. 03 (May 27, 2023): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijnsa.2023.15302.

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Cryptographic applications such as online banking, and securing medical and military data require the usage of random keys, which should remain unpredictable by adversaries. This paper focuses on the strengths and limitations of the techniques and algorithms that are used in the generation of random keys and a new method to generate random keys is proposed using fractals. Fractals are generated using the Sierpinski triangle and fed as input for Non-Deterministic Finite Automata (NDFA) to generate an Initial Vector (IV). Trellis Coded Genetic Algorithm (TCGA) code generator generates seed value using IV as input. Pseudo-Random Key Generator (PRKG) generates a Session Key matrix (SKM) using a seed value. Images are encrypted using SKM to generate cipher images. The randomness of the TCGA code is tested using entropy measure and efficiency based on NIST Tests. SKM with high entropy value is used for image encryption. The Number of Pixel Change Rate (NPCR) and Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) values are used for calculating the randomness of cipher images.

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Jin, Xi, Yang Zhou, Lu Zhang, Xingyu Du, and Bangsheng Li. "A new pseudo binary strategy to design eutectic high entropy alloys using mixing enthalpy and valence electron concentration." Materials & Design 143 (April 2018): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.01.057.

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Dong, Bosheng, Zhiyang Wang, Zengxi Pan, Ondrej Muránsky, Chen Shen, Mark Reid, Bintao Wu, Xizhang Chen, and Huijun Li. "On the development of pseudo-eutectic AlCoCrFeNi2.1 high entropy alloy using Powder-bed Arc Additive Manufacturing (PAAM) process." Materials Science and Engineering: A 802 (January 2021): 140639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140639.

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Zhang, Jixiang, Guangxia Zhang, Qiuxiang Zhou, and Lailiang Ou. "Thermodynamics, kinetics and isotherm studies on the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by calcium alginate." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 6, no. 2 (November 17, 2015): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.121.

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Calcium alginate (CA) was used as an adsorbent to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The effect of initial dye concentration, contact time, temperature and solution pH on the adsorption of MB onto CA was investigated by batch experiments. The percentage removal of MB decreased with increasing temperature. Comparatively high adsorption capacities were shown over a wide pH range (pH 2–11). More than 93% of MB removal was obtained within 30 min for an initial dye concentration of 1,000 mg/L at an adsorbent dose of 4 g/L. The adsorption equilibrium was investigated by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity was 2,355.4 mg/g on the basis of the Langmuir isotherm. Thermodynamic parameters were evaluated, and revealed that the adsorption process was a spontaneous, exothermic and entropy-reduced process. Pseudo-first, pseudo-second and intra-particle diffusion kinetic models were applied to the experimental data, and the results showed that the adsorption was in good agreement with the pseudo-second order kinetic model. Desorption studies implied that CA could be a useful adsorbent for the removal of MB from aqueous solution.

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Sharma, Deep Raj. "A Process based Algorithm for Random Number Generation." International Journal of Silkroad Institute of Research and Training 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijsirt.v1i2.61772.

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Background: Random number generation plays a crucial role in various scientific, computational, cryptographic applications and stochastic processes. This paper introduces a novel algorithm designed to address the demand for high-quality random numbers with improved statistical properties. The proposed Algorithm uses the elements of hardware-based entropy to generate random numbers for efficiency and unpredictability. Methods: Pseudo-random numbers are sequences derived from algorithms known as pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs). These generators use an initial value, or seed, to produce sequences that exhibit statistical properties akin to truly random numbers.Results:For the z-test statistic and the corresponding p-value in the above five samples we found that p-value is not less than α = 0.05, therefore we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Conclusions: Module U behaves as a Random number generation algorithm. Further, we can test the module U for large samples and we can use module U for simulation of different Random processes to verify it’s correctness.

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Lu, Qing, Linlan Yu, and Congxu Zhu. "Symmetric Image Encryption Algorithm Based on a New Product Trigonometric Chaotic Map." Symmetry 14, no. 2 (February 13, 2022): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14020373.

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In the present work, a neotype chaotic product trigonometric map (PTM) system is proposed. We demonstrate the chaotic characteristics of a PTM system by using a series of complexity criteria, such as bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponents, approximate entropy, permutation entropy, time-series diagrams, cobweb graphs, and NIST tests. It is proved that the PTM system has a wider chaotic parameter interval and more complex chaotic performance than the existing sine map system. In addition, a novel PTM based symmetric image encryption scheme is proposed, in which the key is related to the hash value of the image. The algorithm realizes the encryption strategy of one-graph-one-key, which can resist plaintext attack. A two-dimensional coordinate traversal matrix for image scrambling and a one-dimensional integer traversal sequence for image pixel value transformation encryption are generated by the pseudo-random integer generator (PRING). Security analysis and various simulation test results show that the proposed image encryption scheme has good cryptographic performance and high time efficiency.

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Zhu, Zhi Ping, Ke Long Huang, and Yi Zhou. "Study on Removal of Humic Acid by Polyurethane Foam/ Activated Carbon Composites in Boiler Feedwater." Applied Mechanics and Materials 26-28 (June 2010): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.26-28.452.

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A new type and high efficiency adsorbent was prepared with powder activated carbon and polyurethane vesicant and surfactant, which being used to adsorb humic acid (HA) in boiler feedwater. The batch adsorption experiments were carrid at different pH value, different adsorbent dosage and different initial concentration to investigate HA removal rate and adsorption capacity by as-produced adsorbent. Their adsorption kinetics experiments data was fitted with pseudo-second-order rate model, its quation was 1/qt=0.094+5.51/t, and equilibrium adsorption capacity obtained from fitting curve was 10.6mg/g, consistent with the experimental results(11.5mg/g).The adsorption isotherm test was carried at 25°C-50°C, the equilibrium adsorption capacity was 10.9mg/g by Langmuir model, which being similar with experiment results, the free energy (ΔG), enthalpy(ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) were obtanined with Clapeyron-Clausius and Gibbs-Helmholtz equation in the adsorption isotherm, which all were negative, indicated that HA adsorbed by as-produced adsorbent was an exothermic process of entropy reduction.

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De Micco, Luciana, Maximiliano Antonelli, and Osvaldo Anibal Rosso. "From Continuous-Time Chaotic Systems to Pseudo Random Number Generators: Analysis and Generalized Methodology." Entropy 23, no. 6 (May 26, 2021): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23060671.

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The use of chaotic systems in electronics, such as Pseudo-Random Number Generators (PRNGs), is very appealing. Among them, continuous-time ones are used less because, in addition to having strong temporal correlations, they require further computations to obtain the discrete solutions. Here, the time step and discretization method selection are first studied by conducting a detailed analysis of their effect on the systems’ statistical and chaotic behavior. We employ an approach based on interpreting the time step as a parameter of the new “maps”. From our analysis, it follows that to use them as PRNGs, two actions should be achieved (i) to keep the chaotic oscillation and (ii) to destroy the inner and temporal correlations. We then propose a simple methodology to achieve chaos-based PRNGs with good statistical characteristics and high throughput, which can be applied to any continuous-time chaotic system. We analyze the generated sequences by means of quantifiers based on information theory (permutation entropy, permutation complexity, and causal entropy × complexity plane). We show that the proposed PRNG generates sequences that successfully pass Marsaglia Diehard and NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) tests. Finally, we show that its hardware implementation requires very few resources.

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Choudhury, Goutam Ghosh, Bhabatarak Bhattacharyya, and Birendra Bijoy Biswas. "Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of taxol-induced polymerization of purified tubulin." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 65, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 558–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o87-072.

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The kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of in vitro taxol-induced polymerization of purified tubulin has been studied. The assembly of tubulin initiated by taxol has a critical concentration of 0.1 mg/mL at 37 °C and consists of two consecutive pseudo first-order processes, a fast phase followed by a slow phase. The rate constants of the fast and slow phase polymerizations increase linearly with increasing tubulin concentration. This implies that the polymerization is a true pseudo first-order process. The In (1/t0.5) of polymerization for both fast and slow phases follows a linear function with ln [tubulin] fulfilling one of the criteria of condensation polymerization mechanism. From the Arrhenius plot, the temperature dependence of the rate of tubulin polymerization in the presence of taxol is biphasic. The apparent activation enthalpies for the overall polymerization reaction are 13.0 and 50.8 kcal/mol (1 cal = 4.1868 J), respectively, above and below 26 °C. The apparent activation enthalpies for the elongation reaction have also been determined. The values are 11.6 and 28.4 kcal/mol above and below 28 °C. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constants as revealed by the van't Hoff plot is also biphasic. The standard enthalpy and entropy values are ΔH° = 7.4 and 22.5 kcal/mol above and below 30 °C, and ΔS° = 50.3 and 101.0 cal/(deg∙mol), at high and low temperatures, respectively. This suggests that the taxol-induced assembly of purified tubulin is a process driven by the effect of entropy.

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He, Baoyuan, and Haiyan Xue. "Adsorption behaviors of acid dye by amphoteric chitosan/gelatin composite microspheres." Water Quality Research Journal 50, no. 4 (June 8, 2015): 314–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2015.001.

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The use of amphoteric chitosan/gelatin composite microspheres (CGMSs) has been studied as an adsorbent for the removal of Acid Red 337 (AR337) from wastewater. The adsorbent was characterized by using several methods such as scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscope (AFM). The kinetic study was performed based on pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion equations. It was shown that the adsorption process could be described by the pseudo-second-order equation, suggesting that the adsorption process is presumably a chemisorption. Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms were used to analyze the adsorption equilibrium and the isotherm constants were evaluated at different temperatures. According to the Langmuir model, CGMS adsorbent exhibited the highest AR337 dye uptake capacities of 748.50 mg/g. The values of equilibrium parameter (0 < RL <0.08) clearly exhibit that the adsorption of AR337 dye onto CGMSs is very favorable. In addition, various thermodynamic parameters, such as standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), standard enthalpy (ΔH°), and standard entropy (ΔS°) have been calculated. The adsorption process of AR337 dye onto CGMSs was found to be spontaneous and endothermic. Furthermore, the data from regeneration efficiencies for six cycles provided evidence of the high reusability of the CGMSs in the treatment of dye wastewater.

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Galanakis, D., E. Khatami, K. Mikelsons, A. Macridin, J. Moreno, D. A. Browne, and M. Jarrell. "Quantum criticality and incipient phase separation in the thermodynamic properties of the Hubbard model." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1941 (April 28, 2011): 1670–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0228.

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Transport measurements on the cuprates suggest the presence of a quantum critical point (QCP) hiding underneath the superconducting dome near optimal hole doping. We provide numerical evidence in support of this scenario via a dynamical cluster quantum Monte Carlo study of the extended two-dimensional Hubbard model. Single-particle quantities, such as the spectral function, the quasi-particle weight and the entropy, display a crossover between two distinct ground states: a Fermi liquid at low filling and a non-Fermi liquid with a pseudo-gap at high filling. Both states are found to cross over to a marginal Fermi-liquid state at higher temperatures. For finite next-nearest-neighbour hopping t ′, we find a classical critical point at temperature T c . This classical critical point is found to be associated with a phase-separation transition between a compressible Mott gas and an incompressible Mott liquid corresponding to the Fermi liquid and the pseudo-gap state, respectively. Since the critical temperature T c extrapolates to zero as t ′ vanishes, we conclude that a QCP connects the Fermi liquid to the pseudo-gap region, and that the marginal Fermi-liquid behaviour in its vicinity is the analogue of the supercritical region in the liquid–gas transition.

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Shaw, M. C., and E. Young. "Rubber Elasticity and Fracture." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 110, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3226046.

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Rubber is an amorphous elastomer of high entropy that is normally treated by statistical thermodynamics instead of molecular modeling. A pseudo-amorphous model is introduced that is useful in extending true stress-true strain uniaxial tensile results to other more complex states of stressing. While the statistical thermodynamic approach is still needed to deal with thermal aspects of rubber elasticity, the new approach represents a simpler, more accurate method of dealing with mechanical properties. Fracture of rubber follows a criterion of constant engineering strain (or constant extension ratio) in the resultant principal stress direction which is consistent with the proposed model and the experimental results presented.

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Duan, Yue, Zhen Zhao, Lei Qi, Luping Zhou, Lei Wang, and Yinghuan Shi. "Roll with the Punches: Expansion and Shrinkage of Soft Label Selection for Semi-supervised Fine-Grained Learning." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, no. 10 (March 24, 2024): 11829–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i10.29068.

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While semi-supervised learning (SSL) has yielded promising results, the more realistic SSL scenario remains to be explored, in which the unlabeled data exhibits extremely high recognition difficulty, e.g., fine-grained visual classification in the context of SSL (SS-FGVC). The increased recognition difficulty on fine-grained unlabeled data spells disaster for pseudo-labeling accuracy, resulting in poor performance of the SSL model. To tackle this challenge, we propose Soft Label Selection with Confidence-Aware Clustering based on Class Transition Tracking (SoC) by reconstructing the pseudo-label selection process by jointly optimizing Expansion Objective and Shrinkage Objective, which is based on a soft label manner. Respectively, the former objective encourages soft labels to absorb more candidate classes to ensure the attendance of ground-truth class, while the latter encourages soft labels to reject more noisy classes, which is theoretically proved to be equivalent to entropy minimization. In comparisons with various state-of-the-art methods, our approach demonstrates its superior performance in SS-FGVC. Checkpoints and source code are available at https://github.com/NJUyued/SoC4SS-FGVC.

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Huang, Taiwen, Jiachen Zhang, Jun Zhang, and Lin Liu. "Effective Design of Cr-Co-Ni-Ta Eutectic Medium Entropy Alloys with High Compressive Properties Using Combined CALPHAD and Experimental Approaches." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 6102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136102.

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Alloy design of Cr-Co-Ni-Ta eutectic medium entropy alloys (EMEAs) was performed through a CALPHAD method coupled with experimental study, with the aim to attain high phase stability as well as excellent mechanical properties. Based on calculated pseudo-binary diagram, CrCoNiTax (x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7) medium entropy alloys were investigated. Two phases, FCC solid solution and Laves phase, were identified in the alloys. With increasing Ta content, the volume fraction of hard and brittle Laves phase increased, microstructure changed from hypoeutectic (Ta0.1, Ta0.3) to eutectic (Ta0.4) and then to hypereutectic (Ta0.5, Ta0.7). The stability of phases was assessed by considering the thermodynamic parameter Ω and valence electron concentration (VEC). The eutectic phases become stable when 1.42 < Ω < 0.74 and 7.5 < VEC < 8.25. In addition, based on nanoindentation, the results indicated that solid solution strengthening in γ phase was significantly enhanced, eutectic phase in CrCoNiTa0.4 EMEA was found to process the highest microhardness and elastic modulus. Finally, the hardness of alloys was positively correlated with the content of Ta and the plastic strain of alloys obviously decreased, while the compression strength firstly increased and then decreased. CrCoNiTa0.4 was the most promising alloy with the highest compression strength (2502 MPa) and high plastic strain (20.6%).

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Chakravarthy, Adithi D., Dilanga Abeyrathna, Mahadevan Subramaniam, Parvathi Chundi, and Venkataramana Gadhamshetty. "Semantic Image Segmentation Using Scant Pixel Annotations." Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction 4, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 621–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/make4030029.

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The success of deep networks for the semantic segmentation of images is limited by the availability of annotated training data. The manual annotation of images for segmentation is a tedious and time-consuming task that often requires sophisticated users with significant domain expertise to create high-quality annotations over hundreds of images. In this paper, we propose the segmentation with scant pixel annotations (SSPA) approach to generate high-performing segmentation models using a scant set of expert annotated images. The models are generated by training them on images with automatically generated pseudo-labels along with a scant set of expert annotated images selected using an entropy-based algorithm. For each chosen image, experts are directed to assign labels to a particular group of pixels, while a set of replacement rules that leverage the patterns learned by the model is used to automatically assign labels to the remaining pixels. The SSPA approach integrates active learning and semi-supervised learning with pseudo-labels, where expert annotations are not essential but generated on demand. Extensive experiments on bio-medical and biofilm datasets show that the SSPA approach achieves state-of-the-art performance with less than 5% cumulative annotation of the pixels of the training data by the experts.

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Tan, Yiming, Jinshan Li, Jun Wang, and Hongchao Kou. "Effect of Mn Addition on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of CoCrFeNiPd High Entropy Alloy." Entropy 21, no. 3 (March 16, 2019): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21030288.

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CoCrFeNiPdMnx (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) high entropy alloys (HEAs) were prepared and characterized. With an increase in Mn addition, the microstructures changed from dendrites (CoCrFeNiPd with a single face-centered-cubic (FCC) phase) to divorced eutectics (CoCrFeNiPdMn0.2 and CoCrFeNiPdMn0.4), to hypoeutectic microstructures (CoCrFeNiPdMn0.6), and finally to seaweed eutectic dendrites (CoCrFeNiPdMn0.8). The addition of Mn might change the interface energy anisotropy of both the FCC/liquid and MnPd-rich intermetallic compound/liquid interfaces, thus forming the seaweed eutectic dendrites. The hardness of the FCC phase was found to be highly related to the solute strengthening effect, the formation of nanotwins and the transition from CoCrFeNiPd-rich to CoCrFeNi-rich FCC phase. Hierarchical nanotwins were found in the MnPd-rich intermetallic compound and a decrease in either the spacing of primary twins or secondary twins led to an increase in hardness. The designing rules of EHEAs were discussed and the pseudo binary method was revised accordingly.

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Wang, Chao, Shuang Wang, Wei Chen, Zhen-Qiang Yin, and Zheng-Fu Han. "Analysis of entropy extraction efficiencies in random number generation systems." International Journal of Quantum Information 14, no. 01 (February 2016): 1630001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749916300011.

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Random numbers (RNs) have applications in many areas: lottery games, gambling, computer simulation, and, most importantly, cryptography [N. Gisin et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 74 (2002) 145]. In cryptography theory, the theoretical security of the system calls for high quality RNs. Therefore, developing methods for producing unpredictable RNs with adequate speed is an attractive topic. Early on, despite the lack of theoretical support, pseudo RNs generated by algorithmic methods performed well and satisfied reasonable statistical requirements. However, as implemented, those pseudorandom sequences were completely determined by mathematical formulas and initial seeds, which cannot introduce extra entropy or information. In these cases, “random” bits are generated that are not at all random. Physical random number generators (RNGs), which, in contrast to algorithmic methods, are based on unpredictable physical random phenomena, have attracted considerable research interest. However, the way that we extract random bits from those physical entropy sources has a large influence on the efficiency and performance of the system. In this manuscript, we will review and discuss several randomness extraction schemes that are based on radiation or photon arrival times. We analyze the robustness, post-processing requirements and, in particular, the extraction efficiency of those methods to aid in the construction of efficient, compact and robust physical RNG systems.

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Li, Jin, Jinzheng Qu, Xibo Duan, and Xiaoning Su. "An image encryption algorithm based on heat flow cryptosystems." Networks and Heterogeneous Media 18, no. 3 (2023): 1260–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/nhm.2023055.

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<abstract><p>Image encryption has been an important research topic in information security. Different from traditional encryption methods, heat flow cryptosystem is a new encryption method. This paper proposes an image encryption algorithm based on heat flow cryptosystem. First, a class of heat flow cryptosystem based on nonlinear pseudo-parabolic equations are given in this paper. Second, a numerical method with high precision namely barycentric Lagrange interpolation collocation method is proposed to solve the nonlinear pseudo-parabolic equation. Third, an image encryption algorithm based on the heat flow cryptosystem is designed, the detailed process of encryption and decryption algorithm is given, the flow diagram of algorithm is showed. Finally, the proposed encryption algorithm is applied to various image with gray and RGB format and compared with the current popular chaotic encryption algorithm. Many indicators such as histograms, information entropy and correlation are used to objectively evaluate the image encryption algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed image encryption algorithm is better in most indicators and the algorithm is sensitive to the change of key and plaintext.</p></abstract>

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Zhi, Lee Lin, and Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini. "Adsorption properties of cationic rhodamine B dye onto metals chloride-activated castor bean residue carbons." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 4 (December 8, 2016): 864–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.568.

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This work was aimed to evaluate the feasibility of castor bean residue based activated carbons prepared through metals chloride activation. The activated carbons were characterized for textural properties and surface chemistry, and the adsorption data of rhodamine B were established to investigate the removal performance. Zinc chloride-activated carbon with specific surface area of 395 m2/g displayed a higher adsorption capacity of 175 mg/g. Magnesium chloride and iron(III) chloride are less toxic and promising agents for composite chemical activation. The adsorption data obeyed Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The rate-limiting step in the adsorption of rhodamine B is film diffusion. The positive values of enthalpy and entropy indicate that the adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous at high temperature.

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Alam, Sultan, Muhammad Sufaid Khan, Wahida Bibi, Ivar Zekker, Juris Burlakovs, Makarand M. Ghangrekar, Gourav Dhar Bhowmick, Anna Kallistova, Nikolai Pimenov, and Muhammad Zahoor. "Preparation of Activated Carbon from the Wood of Paulownia tomentosa as an Efficient Adsorbent for the Removal of Acid Red 4 and Methylene Blue Present in Wastewater." Water 13, no. 11 (May 22, 2021): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111453.

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Paulownia tomentosa, a woody plant that is widely found in Pakistan and in other regions of the world, was used as a raw material to prepare activated carbon using chemical and physical activation methods. Adsorption of the dyes- acid red 4 and methylene blue onto the prepared activated carbon were analyzed by batch experiments. The impacts of different adsorption parameters such as pH, temperature, contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage were also evaluated. Equilibrium data were fitted into various isotherm models such as: Langmuir, Temkin and Freundlich. High regression values were achieved with Langmuir isotherm model. Different kinetic adsorption models such as pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion model models were applied. The adsorption kinetics was found to be best-fitted into pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The optimum pH for acid red 4 was around 1 while for methylene blue it was 8. The optimum adsorbent dosage was 0.3 g for both dyes used. The activation energy (Ea) values were 30.57 and 3.712 kJ/mol, respectively for acid red 4 and methylene blue while the enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) values were correspondingly as 24.88/1.1927 kJ/mol and −2843.32/−0.329 J·mol/K for the mentioned dyes. The experimental result showed that the prepared activated carbon was the best in the removal of acid red 4 and methylene blue from aqueous media and therefore, could be preferably used as cheap adsorbent in wastewater treatment.

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El Alouani, Marouane, Saliha Alehyen, Mohammed El Achouri, and M’hamed Taibi. "Preparation, Characterization, and Application of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer for Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (May 28, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4212901.

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Metakaolin-based geopolymers are aluminosilicate materials that can be used as cationic dye adsorbents in aqueous system treatment. Our aim in this paper is to study the ability of geopolymer powder produced from metakaolin and alkaline activators to act as an adsorbent to remove methylene blue (MB). The solid materials were systematically analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometery (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and the point of zero charge. XRF, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX analyses confirmed the formation of a geopolymer composite by geopolymerization reaction. The influence of various experimental factors such as geopolymer dosage, pH, initial dye concentration, contact time, and temperature was assessed. Adsorption isotherms were evaluated by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms. Kinetics data were studied using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models. The thermodynamic parameters, namely, Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°), were determined. The results indicated that the maximum decolorization was found in high pH values. The collected isotherm data were best fitted by the Langmuir isotherm, and the maximum adsorption capacity of dye onto the geopolymer was 43.48 mg/g. The experiment kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The thermodynamic results demonstrated that the adsorption of the obtained material occurs spontaneously as an endothermic process. The results confirmed that the prepared adsorbent can be used for remediation of water contaminated by MB dye.

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Yuan, Xiaojian, Kejiang Chen, Jie Zhang, Weiming Zhang, Nenghai Yu, and Yang Zhang. "Pseudo Label-Guided Model Inversion Attack via Conditional Generative Adversarial Network." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 3 (June 26, 2023): 3349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i3.25442.

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Model inversion (MI) attacks have raised increasing concerns about privacy, which can reconstruct training data from public models. Indeed, MI attacks can be formalized as an optimization problem that seeks private data in a certain space. Recent MI attacks leverage a generative adversarial network (GAN) as an image prior to narrow the search space, and can successfully reconstruct even the high-dimensional data (e.g., face images). However, these generative MI attacks do not fully exploit the potential capabilities of the target model, still leading to a vague and coupled search space, i.e., different classes of images are coupled in the search space. Besides, the widely used cross-entropy loss in these attacks suffers from gradient vanishing. To address these problems, we propose Pseudo Label-Guided MI (PLG-MI) attack via conditional GAN (cGAN). At first, a top-n selection strategy is proposed to provide pseudo-labels for public data, and use pseudo-labels to guide the training of the cGAN. In this way, the search space is decoupled for different classes of images. Then a max-margin loss is introduced to improve the search process on the subspace of a target class. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our PLG-MI attack significantly improves the attack success rate and visual quality for various datasets and models, notably, 2 ∼ 3× better than state-of-the-art attacks under large distributional shifts. Our code is available at: https://github.com/LetheSec/PLG-MI-Attack.

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Zhang, Chen, Junhui Gao, Hong-Yu Chen, Lingxin Kong, Guangshuo Cao, Xiangyu Guo, Wei Liu, Bin Ren, and Dong-Qing Wei. "STGIC: A graph and image convolution-based method for spatial transcriptomic clustering." PLOS Computational Biology 20, no. 2 (February 28, 2024): e1011935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011935.

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Spatial transcriptomic (ST) clustering employs spatial and transcription information to group spots spatially coherent and transcriptionally similar together into the same spatial domain. Graph convolution network (GCN) and graph attention network (GAT), fed with spatial coordinates derived adjacency and transcription profile derived feature matrix are often used to solve the problem. Our proposed method STGIC (spatial transcriptomic clustering with graph and image convolution) is designed for techniques with regular lattices on chips. It utilizes an adaptive graph convolution (AGC) to get high quality pseudo-labels and then resorts to dilated convolution framework (DCF) for virtual image converted from gene expression information and spatial coordinates of spots. The dilation rates and kernel sizes are set appropriately and updating of weight values in the kernels is made to be subject to the spatial distance from the position of corresponding elements to kernel centers so that feature extraction of each spot is better guided by spatial distance to neighbor spots. Self-supervision realized by Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence, spatial continuity loss and cross entropy calculated among spots with high confidence pseudo-labels make up the training objective of DCF. STGIC attains state-of-the-art (SOTA) clustering performance on the benchmark dataset of 10x Visium human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Besides, it’s capable of depicting fine structures of other tissues from other species as well as guiding the identification of marker genes. Also, STGIC is expandable to Stereo-seq data with high spatial resolution.

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Ho, Soonmin. "Low-Cost Adsorbents for the Removal of Phenol/Phenolics, Pesticides, and Dyes from Wastewater Systems: A Review." Water 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 3203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14203203.

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The huge development of industrial production and human activities throughout the world has resulted in serious water pollution. Pesticides, dyes, phenol, and phenolic compounds may be life-threatening to humans and marine aquatic animals, even at low concentrations. These pollutants must be removed by using different techniques to provide high-quality water. So far, the adsorption process has been considered an effective method to remove pollutants from an aqueous solution. The adsorption method has several advantages, such as low cost, easy operation, and high performance. This article reviewed the removal of dye, pesticides, phenol, and phenolic compounds through zeolite, activated carbon, clay, ash fly, and carbon nanotubes by reviewing the existing literature from 2000 to 2022. The properties of the adsorbent, adsorption studies, the method of design, and optimization conditions were reported. The thermodynamic studies were conducted to determine Gibbs free energy change, standard entropy change, and standard enthalpy change. Adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkim models) revealed the relationship between the amount of adsorbates per unit adsorbent in the equilibrium process. The adsorption kinetic investigations (pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic model) were carried out to determine the rate of adsorption and correlate the experimental data. Experimental results indicated that a higher adsorption capacity can be observed when the adsorbents have a high surface area and high-porosity structure. The removal percentage of pollutants increased when the adsorbent dosage was increased due to the availability of a larger number of adsorption sites. In conclusion, cheaper adsorbents can be used in wastewater treatment to improve water quality and protect the environment.

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Akande, J. A., A. I. Adeogun, and A. S. Uzosike. "Removal of Congo Red Dye from Simulated Wastewater Using Activated Carbon Derived from Corn Cobs; Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies." Global Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/gjpacr.2013/vol11n1119.

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The released of dyes into hydrological systems in textile manufacturing, printing and other dyeing processes are hazardous and toxic to human and aquatic lives. Activated carbons have been remarkably used to treat dye contaminated waste water due to their large surface area and porosity, however regeneration and high cost have limited their applications. This study investigated the use of activated corn cobs (ACC) on the adsorption of methyl green dye from aqueous solution. The raw cobs were collected, crushed into particle size of about 600 μm and modified in-situ with KOH to prepare ACC which was characterized using some analytical techniques; Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The absorbance of the dye solution was monitored at 500 nm with UV-Visible spectrophotometer. SEM results revealed the ACC has a porous surface with heterogeneous pores which became compact after dye adsorption. EDX confirmed the presence of C, O, H and K in the adsorbent. The suitability of the pseudo-first, pseudo second, Elovich and Intra-particle kinetic models for the removal of congo red dye onto ACC was examined. The equilibrium data were subjected to Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich, Sips and Relich-Peterson isotherm models. The pseudo-second order kinetic model provided the best correlation and was found to be more statistically significant. Langmuir model was found to fit well based on the high values of the coefficient of regression R2 and low % standard error values. The monolayer adsorption capacity Qmax was found to be 37.81 mgg-1. Thermodynamic adsorption processes showed the spontaneous, exothermic and randomness of the systems with free energy change less than zero, enthalpy change (∆H) of -62.47 kJmol-1and entropy change (∆S) of 145.27Jmol-1K-1.

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