Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Prunus dulcis regional study"

In this study, 123 almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) trees identified among traditional orchards in the Algarve region and 53 trees of the local field collection managed by the regional office of the Portuguese Ministry of Agriculture (DRAALG) were assessed using isozyme, inter-single sequence repeat and simple sequence repeat or microsatellite techniques for the evaluation of genetic diversity and genetic relatedness and identification of new accessions for the field collection. The isozyme analysis allowed the distribution of the 176 plants into 13 different classes of enzyme similarity, while the use of DNA markers increased the distribution of the analysed trees among 140 discriminating DNA patterns. Multiple cases of homonymy and synonymy were identified in the local germplasm. Some traditional varieties, such as Lourencinha, appeared to be relatively homogeneous, while other local denominations, e.g. Galamba, included diverse genotypes. Of the 13 commercial varieties analysed in this study, 11 assembled in one major cluster clearly differentiated from the majority of the local genotypes. These results reinforced the perception that the Algarve traditional germplasm constitutes an important repository of genetic diversity, eventually carrying alleles of high agricultural interest such as the recently identified Phomopsis resistance in the traditional variety Barrinho Grado.

Background: Prunus dulcis (almond) contains high amounts of Inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) which has proven antidepressant effects. Hence this study was done to evaluate the effects of Prunus dulcis on mice models of depression.Methods: Tails suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) are usually used to assess the antidepressant activity in animal models. They were employed to analyse the effectiveness of Prunus dulcis before and after two weeks of the study period and the results were compared. The animals were divided into 4 groups of 6 mice each.group-1 (Normal control); group-2 was given fluoxetine 10 mg/kg; group- 3 and group- 4 were given 600 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg of Prunus dulcis extract respectively. All the animals were on standard chow diet the entire duration of the study.Results: Prunus dulcis (almond) is found to be effective in treating depression, by significantly reducing the immobility period on test group 1 in forced swim test (p<0.05) and test group 2 in tail suspension test (p<0.05).Conclusions: The results clearly indicate the beneficial effects Prunus dulcis (almond) on mice models of depression. Further studies are required to prove its effectiveness in humans.

The study is aimed at assessing the effect of Prunus dulcis and alpha-tocopherol treatment against ethanol induced dyslipidemia in Wistar rats. 30 albino Wistar rats were selected based on the selection criteria and equally distributed into 5 groups – Control, ethanol, Prunus dulcis, alpha-tocopherol and combination of alpha-tocopherol + Prunus dulcis treated for 40 days. After the treatment for 40 days, all the animals were euthanized and a retro-orbital puncture was made to collect the blood samples for biochemical investigations. Obtained results were statistically analysed using ANOVA. Compared to ethanol group alpha tocopherol, Prunus dulcis and alpha tocopherol + Prunus dulcis treatment significantly decreased total cholesterol and triglycerides levels with p value <0.001. High density lipoprotein (66.31%) levels in the ethanol group were decreased compared to the control group and were significantly increased in other groups. Low density lipoprotein and Very low density lipoprotein levels were higher in the ethanol group compared with the control group and were significantly reduced in other groups with p value <0.001. Results suggest that ethanol has an ill effect on the lipid profile. Treatment with Prunus dulcius and alpha-tocopherol both solely or in combination has produced beneficial effects against dyslipidemia.

The study is aimed at assessing the effect of Prunus dulcis and alpha-tocopherol treatment against ethanol induced dyslipidemia in Wistar rats. 30 albino Wistar rats were selected based on the selection criteria and equally distributed into 5 groups – Control, ethanol, Prunus dulcis, alpha-tocopherol and combination of alpha-tocopherol + Prunus dulcis treated for 40 days. After the treatment for 40 days, all the animals were euthanized and a retro-orbital puncture was made to collect the blood samples for biochemical investigations. Obtained results were statistically analysed using ANOVA. Compared to ethanol group alpha tocopherol, Prunus dulcis and alpha tocopherol + Prunus dulcis treatment significantly decreased total cholesterol and triglycerides levels with p value <0.001. High density lipoprotein (66.31%) levels in the ethanol group were decreased compared to the control group and were significantly increased in other groups. Low density lipoprotein and Very low density lipoprotein levels were higher in the ethanol group compared with the control group and were significantly reduced in other groups with p value <0.001. Results suggest that ethanol has an ill effect on the lipid profile. Treatment with Prunus dulcius and alpha-tocopherol both solely or in combination has produced beneficial effects against dyslipidemia.

Background: Acetylsalicylic acid is in common clinical use but has the side effect of causing gastric mucosal erosions and selective injury to parietal cells. Aim: To explore if prior treatment with Prunus dulcis (almond) had a protective effect against acetylsalicylic acid induced injury. Study design: Experimental study. Methodology: Albino mice weighing 30 to 40 grams were given two drops of almond oil without peel and 300 mg of finely ground whole almond kernel by oral gavage for sixty days followed by 400 mg/kg body weight of acetylsalicylic acid orally. Gastric mucosal damage was observed and recorded as ulcer index. The number of parietal cells/ sq. micrometer and area of parietal cells were observed and recorded under microscope in formalin fixed H and E stained sections. Data analyzed by SPSS 22.0v. Results: Mucosal damage, distortion of gastric glands and damage to parietal cells was pronounced in the positive control animals. The number of surviving parietal cells after acetylsalicylic acid insult in animals given almond oil was significantly higher when compared with positive control animals (p<0.001) and even better in animals receiving whole ground almond kernel. The area of parietal cells was also similarly larger in the treated animals. Conclusion: This study concluded Prunus dulcis offers protection against acute gastric mucosal injury and damage to the gastric parietal cells caused by acetylsalicylic acid in mice. Keywords: Prunus Dulcis, Parietal Cells, Gastric Erosions and Acetylsalicylic Acid.

The present study was focused to evaluate the phytochemical screening and biochemical estimation of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of edible nuts of Arachis hypogea, Anacardium occidentale, Prunus dulcis and Juglans regia. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrate, protein, phenol and tannin, flavonoid, glycoside, steroid, alkaloid in all the studied nuts. The quantification of A. hypogeae, A. occidentale, P. dulcis and J. regia were performed to determine the total amount of carbohydrate, protein and phenol. The highest amount of Carbohydrate was present in A. occidentale (244.7 ± 6.3 mg GLC/g), The Protein content was highly present in J. regia (455.14 ± 3.7 mg BSA/g) and the highest amount of Phenol was present in P. dulcis (355.78 ± 7.2 mg GAE/g).

Researchers have shown that the almond hulls, normally wasted after utilization of nuts, contain a number of biologically active compounds based on which the present study has been carried out. Focus is placed on the mass spectrometric determination of the analytes along with the estimation of total polyphenolic and total flavonoid contents in the 70% ethanol extract. After partitioning the 70% ethanol extract in hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water, all the extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities. The results delivered total polyphenolic compounds as gallic acid equivalents (1% w/w) of the dried extract and total flavonoid contents as quercetin equivalents (0.2% w/w) of the dried extract. Mass spectrometric analysis resulted in the identification of 15 compounds containing various derivatives of (epi)catechin, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, isorhamnetin and their glycosides, ursolic acid, amygdalactone, and benzoic acid derivatives. Antioxidant activity experiments showed that highest activity was found in n-butanol extract among the studied samples with IC50 value as 76.04 μg/ml, while hexane and chloroform extracts were active against the PTP1B enzyme with IC50 values 9.66 μg/ml and 37.95 μg/ml, respectively. Hexane and chloroform fractions were active against Staphylococcus aureus with the zone of inhibition diameter 9 mm and 12 mm, respectively.

The Hyalopterus group is a Mediterranean originated genus and Turkey is one of the important distribution pathways of the species belonging to this genus. Up to date, Hyalopterus amygdali (from host plant Prunus dulcis), Hyalopterus pruni (from Prunus domestica) and Hyalopterus arundiniformis (from Prunus armeniaca and Prunus persica) are species distinctively defined in Turkey. Samples of Hyalopterus were collected on P. dulcis, P. domestica, P. armeniaca, and P. persica from Afyonkarahisar, Kütahya, Niðde and Uþak provinces from May 2012 to October 2013. To detect morphological variations related with the preferred host plant and locality, 755 individuals’ morphological features were measured. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of COI (658 bp.) sequences of Hyalopterus spp were applied to evaluate phylogenetic relationships of the genus members. A median joining haplotype network was evaluated to determine the relationships among haplotypes. The molecular and morphometric analyses indicated that the host plant utilization affects the speciation of Hyalopterus spp. There are no comprehensive molecular studies about Hyalopterus in Turkey although previous studies conducted on this genus emphasized the importance of studying the Turkish populations to understand host plant relations, distribution route and speciation of this economically important aphid group. Therefore this study aimed to give information about phylogenetic and morphological variability of Hyalopterus spp. and criticize how these findings are incorporated into the recent species reassesment.

As plant specific transcription factors, NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2) domain is involved in the plant development and stress responses. Due to the vitality of NAC gene family, BLASTp was performed to identify NAC genes in almond (Prunus dulcis). Further, phylogenetic and syntenic analyses were performed to determine the homology and evolutionary relationship. Gene duplication, gene structure, motif, subcellular localization, and cis-regulatory analyses were performed to assess the function of PdNAC. Whereas RNA-seq analysis was performed to determine the differential expression of PdNAC in fruits at various developmental stages. We identified 106 NAC genes in P. dulcis genome and were renamed according to their chromosomal distribution. Phylogenetic analysis in both P. dulcis and Arabidopsis thaliana revealed the presence of 14 subfamilies. Motif and gene structure followed a pattern according to the PdNAC position in phylogenetic subfamilies. Majority of NAC are localized in the nucleus and have ABA-responsive elements in the upstream region of PdNAC. Differential gene expression analyses revealed one and six PdNAC that were up and down-regulated, respectively, at all development stages. This study provides insights into the structure and function of PdNAC along with their role in the fruit development to enhance an understanding of NAC in P. dulcis.

The thesis, comprising four articles (submitted and ready to be submitted), introduction with literature review and conclusion, is presented for a Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The four journal articles represent four parts of a study on almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill) D.A. Webb) fatty acid and tocopherol composition and the influence of different growing conditions, including regionality and variety, solar ultra violet radiation (UVR) and drought. Fatty acids and tocopherols are key nutrients which give almonds various therapeutic functions in many health aspects, thereby, almond fatty acids and tocopherols are very important for industry and researchers alike. Based on this significance, the current project aimed to investigate: regional and variety differences particularly in Australian growing regions and across Australian almond breeding selections; solar UVR effects; and the influence of deficit irrigation and lipid maturation on tocopherol accumulation during almond fruit ripening. The regional and varietal study showed that genotype plays a greater role in differentiating almond unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) and tocopherols than environment. The study also found that irrigated regions predominant in Australia and California produced higher linoleic acid concentration in almonds than rainfall dependant regions like Spain and other Mediterranean countries. The results also demonstrated that selections No. 13 and No. 23 from the Australian almond breeding program had high Vitamin E content and oleic/linoleic acid ratio (O/L ratio) comparable with the variety Guara and Somerton, but has a more pleasing appearance for marketing promotion. The investigation into the influence of solar UVR showed that a medium dose of increased solar UVR from reflective white weed mat below trees enhanced almond tocopherol concentration, i.e. 14% solar UVR increase enhanced almond tocopherol concentration by 30%. The increased solar UVR did not influence almond lipid content but slightly decreased linoleic acid concentration (i.e. by 2%) and increased oleic acid concentration (by 1.5%). An examination into the effect of deficit irrigation on almond composition demonstrated that moderate water deficiency i.e. 85% of Evapotranspiration (ETₒ) irrigation did not impact on almond lipid and tocopherol concentration, and fatty acid composition was unchanged. In order to gain such circumstances, the deficit irrigation needs to be sustained during the irrigation period, rather than up and down in a periodical way. By studying almond composition during fruit development, almond lipid maturation and tocopherol synthesis was found to predominantly occur in the early stages of fruit ripening; i.e. 95 to 115 days and 74 to 95 day after anthesis, 1.83 g /day per 100g almond and 0.58 mg /day in 100 g lipids, respectively. On average, each kernel weighs 1.0 g, then during the time of 95 to 115 days and 74 to 95 day after anthesis, daily lipid accumulation in each kernel was 1.83 mg and daily tocopherol synthesis in each kernel was 2.2 ng. In summary, this project concerns academic research and industry interests alike. The results are expected to be useful for almond orchard management in aspects of irrigation, fertilization and spraying, in order to control and improve almond kernel quality, as well as to provide new information to the broader horticultural research area.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2014