Статті в журналах з теми "Protohistoire – France – Haute-Auvergne (France)"

ABSTRACT The diversity of French fungus-ripened cheeses is due partly to the succession of fungi that colonize the cheese during ripening.Geotrichum candidum appears in the early stages of ripening on soft cheeses such as Camembert and semihard cheeses such as St. Nectaire and Reblochon. Its lipases and proteases promote flavor development, and its aminopeptidases reduce bitterness imparted by low-molecular-weight peptides in cheese. We assessed the genetic diversity of G. candidum strains by using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR correlated with phenotypic tests for carbon assimilation and salt tolerance. Strains were isolated from milk, curd, and cheese collected in seven major cheesemaking regions of France. Sixty-four isolates were characterized. We found high genetic diversity of G. candidum even within the same cheesemaking regions. Strains did not group according to region. All of the strains from the Haute-Savoie were able to assimilate lactate as the sole source of carbon, while lactate assimilation varied among strains from the Auvergne. Strains varied ind-mannitol assimilation, and none used citrate as the sole source of carbon. Yeast-like colony morphology predominated in Reblochon, while all of the strains isolated from St. Nectaire were filamentous. The RAPD-PCR technique readily differentiatedGeotrichum fragrans isolated from milk and curd in a St. Nectaire cheesemaking facility. This study reveals an enormous diversity of G. candidum that has been empirically selected through the centuries by the cheesemakers of France.

In order to evaluate predation strategy and variations during an active population dynamic, diet of European otter (Lutra lutra) was studied during a year-round cycle in two different aquatic systems in Auvergne (France). First were tributaries of Allier River in Haute-Loire and second were marshes, creeks, rivers and ponds in Puy-de-Dôme. Preys were identified and quantified (occurrences, abundances and biomasses) from otter spraints sampling. Diet was mainly consisted by little- and medium-sized fish (74% to 89% of consumed biomass, size generally less than 17.5 cm). Dominant prey in otter’s diet were the most numerous species in studied rivers and marshes, which corresponds to the most efficient predation strategy. Crayfish, amphibians, reptiles and small mammals constituted most of time secondary prey, but sometimes dominated diet. Spatial and temporal differences in prey diversity, abundances and biomasses were recorded. Data illustrating species diversity in rivers and marshes recently recolonized by European otter were not modified by its predation impact. The study of a top-predator diet can therefore be considered as an additional way in habitats studying and biodiversity and management conservation strategies, in natural or anthropogenic alteration contexts.

Hériter et succéder. Le rôle des femmes nobles dans la transmission du patrimoine lignager au XVIe siècle en Auvergne — La maison noble organisait à la fois le système de parenté et la gestion des biens d’un grand nombre de familles de la haute-noblesse française au XVIe siècle. L’organisation des maisons nobles avait pour but de perpétuer l’essentiel : l’identité lignagère des mâles. Ce phénomène masquait le rôle prépondérant des femmes dans la transmission de la propriété éminente des biens matériels – fiefs, châteaux, objets symboliques –, mais aussi dans celle du patrimoine immatériel – nom, armes, mémoire, culte des ancêtres –, qui se conjuguaient pour asseoir la perpétuation du statut identitaire de la noblesse à la Renaissance. La Coutume d’Auvergne comptait parmi les plus favorables en France pour les femmes car elle permettait la transmission bilatérale des biens. Les filles pouvaient hériter, faute de mâles, des fiefs et des biens de leur maison. Si elles ne pouvaient pas elles-mêmes devenir des chefs de nom et d’armes, elles pouvaient léguer leurs droits sur la maison paternelle à leurs fils. Les filles héritières et les marâtres jouissaient d’un statut encore plus favorable car elles disposaient de droits à la succession reconnus ainsi que de dispositions usufruitières et douairières. En cas d’une vacance de masculinité dans la maison, la belle-mère veuve devenait l’équivalent au féminin d’un chef de nom et d’armes qui se devait de conserver le patrimoine lignager pour le transmettre intact à son héritier. C’est dans la mort que la place spécifique et que les processus d’individuation des femmes nobles se lit le plus aisément. Des fondations pieuses autonomes jointes à des élections de sépultures particulières venaient rappeler que les femmes avaient gardé, tout au long de leur vie, leur propre identité.

ObjectiveDefine analytic areas at a sub-regional level to better meet the needs of local decision-makers.IntroductionSince 1 January 2016, the Auvergne and Rhône-Alpes regions have merged as part of the territorial reform. The new region is composed of 12 departments and accounts for more than 8 million inhabitants. Its territory is heterogeneous in population density with very urban areas (Clermont-Ferrand, Grenoble, Lyon and Saint-Etienne) and important mountainous areas (Arc Alpin, Massif Central). In France since 2004, the syndromic surveillance system SurSaUD® [1] coordinated by the French Public Health Agency (Santé publique France) collects morbidity data on a daily basis from two data sources: the emergency departments (ED) network Oscour® and the emergency general practitioners SOS Médecins associations. In Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, the number of structures participating in the scheme has gradually increased from 2006 to today; as of 1 September 2018, all emergency services (N = 84) and all SOS Médecins associations (N = 7) transmit their data on a daily basis. Both data sources collect medical diagnoses, using ICD10 codes in the ED network and specific medical thesaurus in SOS Médecins Associations.These data are routinely analyzed to detect and follow-up various expected or unusual public health events all over the territory [2]. A reflection on the analysis of monitoring data at the sub-regional level was conducted in the region in order to refine the analyses carried out and better meet the expectations of local partners.MethodsThe SurSaUD® system has been progressively upgraded in recent years reaching its regional completeness in 2018. At the same time, the quality of the data also improved, making it possible to work on finer spatial levels.Three infra-regional partitioning scenarios were studied: the Territorial Hospital Groups (GHT) created in 2016. Although they represents 15 groupings in our region, the 12 departments and the 3 emergency physicians networks, we wondered about the possibility of carrying out analyzes on this scale to answer to local needs. The former Rhône-Alpes region had the particularity of being endowed with three networks of emergency physicians rooted in the region for more than 10 years. These networks are:- The RENAU network (North Alpine Emergency Network) which covers the Savoie, Haute-Savoie, and part of Isère regions (including Grenoble University Hospital);- The RESUVAL network (emergency network of the Rhone Valley) which covers the Ain, the Rhône (including the University Hospital of Lyon), the Drôme, the Ardèche (except the northern part) and the rest of the Isère regions;- The REULIAN network (Loire and northern Ardèche emergency network) which covers the Loire (including the University Hospital of Saint-Etienne) and the northern part of Ardèche (Annonay).These networks were created to structure the sectors and the organization of health care provision in emergency medicine.ResultsA breakdown into departments seemed of little relevance due to the large number of departments within the region and the significant heterogeneity in terms of activity, data transmission and quality. At this departmental scale, the volume of activity in the number of emergency reports transmitted varies from 51,300 to 608,400 annual visits depending on the department. Similarly, the coding of diagnoses varies between 19% and 81%, depending on the department.For the 15 GHTs, very recent in the region, the organization is not yet homogeneous in terms of healthcare provision and business software. Indeed, GHTs represent between 53,000 and 514,000 annual emergency visits. In addition, the quality of the data provided varies from 10 to 94% of coded diagnoses. This breakdown was thus not finally retained.In order to have coherent territories of relatively homogeneous weight, three sectors were defined: the first two sectors relied on the networks of emergency physicians in the east and center of the region (RENAU and RésuVal). For the west, the territory of the REULIAN network was merged with the former Auvergne region, which was also consistent with medical practices. Consequently, these three networks make it possible to have a logic of organization of health care and present relatively balanced sectors. These sectors comprise between 21 and 34 emergency services, and account for one to three SOS Médecins associations. This represents between 545,000 and 1,028,000 annual visits to emergency services, and between 93,000 and 109,000 annual consultations with SOS Médecins. The transmission quality of emergency visits data at D + 1 varies between 51% and 73%.A breakdown into 3 sectors (West, Center, and East) was finally retained.To illustrate the situation, a study on the characteristics and sub-regional spatio-temporal diffusion of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis epidemics in children under 2 years in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region did not show any major differences between sectors to identify the start of the outbreak (+/- 1 or 2 weeks). However, the identification of the start of the outbreak in 1 or 2 sectors only did not seem to trigger outbreak onset at regional level. There is therefore a delay in informing the start of the outbreak for the sector (and the facilities) concerned, which may also delay the possibility to adapt health care provision with respect to the epidemic peak.Another use of these sectors was performed during the surveillance of allergies in the region. In the spring, the pollens are different from one week to another and depending on the territory. Also, thanks to these three sectors, it is possible to refine the observations to allow a prevention closer to the field. In the spring of 2018, in the East sector, a peak higher than in previous years was observed, while in the other two sectors, this dynamics was relatively similar to the one observed over the last two years.ConclusionsThe 3 networks of emergency physicians in the former Rhône-Alpes region, which have been active for more than 10 years, show that there is a real logic of health care provision between facilities belonging to the same network (common health problems, geographical characteristics, etc.). It was therefore relevant to rely on these networks to propose a sub-regional breakdown. In order to balance the sectors (in terms of the number of reports of emergency visits, number of facilities, population), it was decided to group within the Western sector the REULIAN territory and the territory of the former AuvergneThe results of the study on bronchiolitis show that the analysis of the spread of RSV-related bronchiolitis outbreaks at the sub-regional level could allow a better anticipation of outbreak onset, and therefore of the epidemic peak which constitutes the main stake for the organization of health care provision. The interest of this surveillance in sectors will also have to be evaluated for other seasonal disease.References[1] Caserio-Schönemann C, Bousquet V, Fouillet A, Henry V. Le système de surveillance syndromique SurSaUD (R). Bull Epidémiol Hebd 2014;3-4:38-44.[2] Josseran L, Nicolau J, Caillère N, Astagneau P, Brücker G. Syndromic surveillance based on emergency department activity and crude mortality: two examples. Euro Surveill 2006;11:225-9.