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Дисертації з теми "Proteomics, fatty acids, cardiovascular disease"
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1
Hartweg, Janine. "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504428.
Повний текст джерела
2
Cottin, Sarah. "Differential effects of fatty acids on the endothelium." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2012. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/differential-effects-of-fatty-acids-on-the-endothelium(8655cd9b-072c-4365-928c-2ab28549ad78).html.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Endothelial dysfunction is a major factor in the development of atherosclerosis, thrombosis and heart disease. Evidence suggests dietary fat composition may modify cardiovascular risk, as well as surrogate markers of cardiovascular risk such as blood pressure, arterial stiffness and endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Aim: To investigate the impact of dietary fat composition on endothelial function and associated markers of vascular health. Methods: The effects of oils rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were separately investigated in a parallel-design, placebo-controlled randomised controlled trial (n=48, 6 weeks, 2.9 g/d), carried out in free-living healthy young men. Following a 2 week run-in period taking placebo capsules (olive oil), participants underwent baseline measurements of finger capillary density, endothelial progenitor cell numbers (EPC), platelet-monocyte aggregate numbers (PMA), ambulatory blood pressure (ABP), pulse wave analysis (PWA), digital volume pulse analysis (DVP), and gave blood samples for plasma lipid, glucose, insulin, nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) and isoprostanes. The same measurements were made at the study endpoint, 6 weeks. An in vitro investigation of the effects of physiologically-relevant fatty acid profiles on microvascular endothelial cell nitric oxide and prostacyclin production was also performed. Results: Neither EPA nor DHA supplementation influenced EPCs, capillary density, PMA, ABP, PWA, DVP or plasma cholesterol, triacylglycerol, glucose, insulin, NOx or isoprostanes compared to placebo. However, ambulatory night-time heart rate was increased following EPA supplementation compared to DHA. Furthermore, both EPA and DHA decreased plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) compared to placebo. The in vitro investigations suggested that the composition of circulating NEFA may differentially affect endothelial function in the microvasculature. Conclusion: Dietary EPA and DHA at relatively high doses do not improve a number of novel markers of vascular function, including microvascular function and a marker of endothelial repair in young healthy men. EPA and DHA have differing effects on heart rate during sleep, suggesting that further research is required into the possible adverse effects of higher doses of individual marine fatty acids in at-risk individuals. Further work is required to elucidate the role of physiological fatty acid profiles on endothelial function.
3
Livingstone, Katherine Mary. "Effect of fatty acids associated with dairy products on risk of cardiovascular disease." Thesis, University of Reading, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606933.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type II diabetes are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The impact of diet on novel, independent predictors of CVD, such as arterial stiffness, is of great interest. Findings from the Caerphilly Prospective Study, in which 2,512 men were followed up for up to 23- years, demonstrated a positive prospective association between saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake and arterial stiffness, while poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake was inversely associated. Furthermore, this cohort identified that dairy product intake (excluding butter) and milk were inversely associated with prospective arterial stiffness and systolic blood pressure (SSP) respectively. As milk was found to be cardio-protective, but SFA intake was associated with greater CVD risk, a study in dairy cows was designed to lower proportions of SFA in milk fat, with the aim of improving the ability of milk and dairy product consumption to reduce CVD risk further. This study identified that feeding dairy cows high proportions of maize silage (MS), as well as supplementation with extruded linseed, compared to non-supplemented, high grass silage (GS) diets, led to significantly lower proportions of milk SFA and higher proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and PUFA in milk. A high SFA, low MUFA/PUFA dairy lipid, a low SFA, high MUFA/PUFA dairy lipid, and individual dairy FA were tested in an in vitro study using healthy and type II diabetic human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) to determine possible beneficial effects of this strategy in relation to vascular function.
4
Skidmore, Paula Marie Louise. "Diet and cardiovascular risk : population studies in Northern Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342981.
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5
Wang, Zherun, and 王浙潤 王浙润. "Intake of trans fatty acid and risk of cardiovascular disease in Asian population : a systematic review." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206974.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background
Many studies in western countries have suggested a positive association between intake of trans fatty acid (TFA) and risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In Asia, although intake of TFA was relatively low, it evidenced an increasing trend which was accompanied with an increasing prevalence of CVDs among the population. There was currently no systematic review on the relationship between intake of TFA and CVDs in Asian population. This systematic review was aimed to synthesize the association between intake of TFA and the risk of CVDs in Asian population from published literature.
Methods
Both English and Chinese literature published before 1st January 2014were retrieved from PubMed, Medline, Google scholaand CNKI with a combination of keywords. Studies that reported the associations between intake of TFA and CVD-related risks and those conducted among Asian population were included. The quality of eligible literature included in the review was assessed based on STROBE. Findings regarding the associations between intake of TFA and risk of CVDs were extracted and synthesized through comparing and evaluating the quality of findings across the included studies.
Results
Of the 378 articles retrieved from the datasets, nine studies were eligible to be included in this systematic review. The nine studies covered six Asian countries including Iran, China, Korea, Japan, Israel and India. Seven of nine studies indicated a positive association between intake of TFA and risk of CVDs while the other two reported no significant association. However, none of the included studies were interventional studies and only one was prospective cohort study.
Conclusion
The findings that more intake of TFA was associated with increased risk of CVDs in Asian population were consistent with that in the western population. Specific regulations to restrict the use of TFA and interventions to promote public awareness of the health effects of TFA are recommended in Asian countries. Due to limited eligible studies that covered only six Asian countries, there remains cautious to generalize the findings to other Asian countries.published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health
6
Hamilton, Jennifer Sara. "Interactions of glucose and long chain fatty acids in vascular smooth muscle cells : antioxidant status and cellular function." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326389.
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7
Daher, Costantine Fouad. "Dietary lipid profiles and intestinal apolipoprotein B-48 synthesis and secretion." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244781.
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8
Edel, Andrea L. "Metabolism and physiological actions of milled flaxseed in humans as a function of dose, participant age and cardiovascular disease status." Springer, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31194.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Basic and clinical research documents the benefits of dietary milled flaxseed (MFX), a rich source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and lignans, in the attenuation of risk factors key to regulating cardiovascular disease (CVD) progression. ALA has antihypertensive properties and the lignan metabolites, enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL), have antioxidative potential. The effectiveness of these bioactives to reduce risk factors of CVD may be dependent upon their plasma concentrations. To study this, we first designed and validated a method using supported liquid extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to isolate and quantify enterolignans in plasma. Applying this technique, we examined MFX doses of 10-40 g/d administered to healthy, younger adults (18-49 years of age) for 4 weeks. Ten g/d was sufficient to significantly increase circulating ALA (1.5 fold) and enterolignans (5-31 fold). There was no significant dose-dependent response. In another investigation, younger (18-29 years of age) and older (45-69 years of age) healthy adults were studied to determine if age influenced enterolignan metabolism. CVD is associated with advanced age but older people may not be able to obtain lignan metabolites from dietary MFX. Following 4 weeks of MFX consumption, both age groups increased plasma total enterolignans (END + ENL) with no between-group differences. This suggested that older and younger adults metabolize MFX lignans equally. A final study assessed MFX bioactives in plasma of peripheral artery disease patients >40 years of age. Plasma enterolignans increased 10-50 fold and ALA 1-2 fold after only one month of MFX ingestion. Dietary MFX also attenuated total (11%) and LDL (15%) cholesterol in these patients after 1-6 months of administered MFX compared to placebo. The attenuation in cholesterol was due to the high fiber content of flaxseed, and not to ALA and enterolignans, despite their marked increase in circulation. MFX did not interfere with cholesterol-lowering medications but instead decreased cholesterol levels beyond the effects of medications alone.
To conclude, dietary supplementation with MFX resulted in an increase in plasma enterolignan and ALA concentrations in healthy younger and older adults and in patients with pre-existing CVD. The cholesterol-lowering benefits of MFX were additional to cholesterol-lowering drugs and likely attributed to MFX fiber.May 2016
9
Weech, Michelle. "The substitution of dietary saturated fatty acids with monounsaturated and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on measures of vascular function and risk factors of cardiovascular disease." Thesis, University of Reading, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.657609.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A systematic review of the evidence indicated that vascular function, a critical early modifiable event in cardiovascular disease (CVD) development, can be modulated by dietary fat composition. Saturated fat (SF A) was deleterious, with limited evidence of benefit for monounsaturated (MUFA) or n-6 polyunsaturated fat (n-6 PUFA). Studies were difficult to compare, due in part to the varying methods of vascular function determination, and on analysis, it was confirmed that these methods were not interchangeable (except pulse wave velocity and stiffness index). It was hypothesised that substituting SFA with MUFA or n-6 PUFA would improve vascular function and traditional CVD risk markers, with differential responses dependent on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) genotype. A large parallel, randomised, controlled intervention was conducted in adults with mild risk of CVD (n=195). Using a novel food exchange model, three 16-wk isoenergetic diets (SFA-, MUFA- and n-6 PUFA rich) were implemented in free-living individuals. Target intakes were broadly met (assessed using 4-day diet records (P <0.001) and plasma phospholipid fatty acids (P <0.001 for total SFA and MUFA» , without weight change. Replacement of SFA with MUFA or n-6 PUFA did not influence vascular function, although SFA deteriorated macro- and microvascular endothelial function (P <0.05), but improved the lipid profile (P = 0.001) and CVD risk score (P = 0.003). Replacement with MUFA attenuated the SF A-induced increase in night blood pressure (P <0.05) and reduced circulating ESelectin (P = 0.025). NOS3 genotype influenced responses to the dietary manipulation differentially in males and females. Genotype*diet interactions (P <0.05) were identified for reflection index (measuring vascular tone) and triacylglycerol in females, and non-esterified fatty acids in males. In conclusion, replacing SF A with MUF A and n- 6 PUFA significantly reduces CVD risk, although the optimal replacement appears dependent on NOS3 genotype and gender, providing an effective public health strategy for reducing cardiovascular risk in a population with mild risk of CVD.
10
Aung, Theingi. "The role of omega-3 fatty acids and aspirin in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes and biochemical effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acids and aspirin in the ASCEND trial." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2018. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/36213.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: The role of aspirin (100 mg daily) and omega-3 fatty acids (FA) (1 g daily) for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes is being investigated in the 2x2 factorial design ASCEND trial. To support the interpretation of the trial's efficacy findings, it is important to compare self-reported compliance by participants with measures of the biochemical effects of each intervention. The previous data on the effect of supplementation with omega-3 FA on coronary heart disease is uncertain. Methods: The ASCEND trial randomly allocated 15480 people with diabetes (94% type 2 DM) who do not already have diagnosed occlusive arterial disease to receive aspirin or placebo and to omega-3 FA or placebo. Blood and urine samples were collected by mail at baseline and after 3 years follow-up. The effectiveness of aspirin to suppress urinary thromboxane B2 (UTxB2), a marker of platelet activity, and, of omega-3 FA supplements to increase red cell membrane omega-3 index were assessed. A systematic review of previous trials of omega-3 FA was conducted to summarize the prior evidence for the effects of omega-3 FA supplements on major vascular events (MVEs). Results: Aspirin reduced UTxB2 levels by 67% (63-70%) (p < 0.0001) compared with placebo, from 3453 pg/mg (95% CI 3061-3895) at baseline to 1190 pg/mg (1100-1287) on those allocated to aspirin during the trial. During follow-up, the omega-3 index increased by 33% (95% CI 26%-39%) in those allocated omega-3 FA compared to placebo (p < 0.0001). The meta-analysis of previous studies of omega-3 FA showed no effect on MVEs (HR 0.97; [0.93-1.01]) overall or in any pre-specified sub-groups. Conclusions: Low dose aspirin and omega-3 FA are biochemically effective at reducing UTxB2 and increasing the omega-3 index, respectively. Previous trials show that supplementation with omega-3 FA had no significant effect on MVEs. The results of the ASCEND trial, assessing the effects of both aspirin and omega-3 FA on MVEs, will be available in 2018.
11
Altowaijri, Hana Abdulaziz. "The effects of substitution of dietary saturated fatty acids with monounsaturated or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on circulating endothelial and inflammatory markers of cardiovascular disease risk." Thesis, University of Reading, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.629080.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Endothelial dysfunction occurs in the early stages of the atherogenic process and contributes to the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. Most of the classical CVD disease risk factors are associated with endothelial dysfunction. Circulating EPC have an important role in vascular repair and homeostasis. Increased numbers of MPs are associated with endothelial dysfunction. The DIVAS study (Dietary Intervention and VAScular function), aimed to determine whether substitution of SFA with MUF A or n-6 PUF A affects vascular function and other CVD risk factors such as markers of plasma lipids, inflammation including endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial microparticles and platelet microparticles. During the 3-years of this study which ran from 2010 until 2012, 202 subjects aged 21 - 60 were recruited in three cohorts. In a double blind, randomized parallel design study, subjects were assigned to one of three diets: I. SFA rich diet total fat 36% of energy (SFA 16%, MUFA 12% and n-6 PUFA 4%), 2. MUFA rich diet total fat 36% of energy (SFA 9%, MUFA 19% and n-6 PUFA 4%) and 3. n-6 PUFA rich diet total fat 36% of energy (SF A 9%, MUFA 13% and n-6 PUFA 10%). The MUFA rich diet significantly increased the numbers of circulating EPC. Both MUFA and n-6 PUFA decreased numbers of circulating EMP and PMP when replacing SFA in the diet. Regarding the inflammatory and endothelial markers were unaffected by the treatment on sP-selectin, v WF or NO. However, sE-selectin decreased significantly after consuming the MUFA rich diet, but not after the SF A or n-6 PUFA rich diets. MUF A has a beneficial effect on endothelial homeostasis, potentially promoting repair and maintenance and reducing endothelial damage by increasing circulating EPC and decreasing EMP, PMP and sE-selectin levels.
12
Scheuermann-Freestone, Michaela. "Myocardial and skeletal muscle energymetabolism and function in cardiovascular disease : impact of increased circulating concentrations of free fatty acids." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424754.
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13
Shultz, Jennifer M. "Effects of sex steroids and diet on adipose distribution and cardiovascular disease risk factors /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6592.
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14
Björklund, Kristina. "24-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure - Relation to the Insulin Resistance Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Geriatrics, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-2871.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study examined relationships between 24-hour ambulatory BP and components of the insulin resistance syndrome, and investigated the prognostic significance of 24-hour BP for cardiovascular morbidity in a longitudinal population-based study of 70-year-old men. The findings indicated, that a reduced nocturnal BP fall, nondipping, was a marker of increased risk primarily in subjects with diabetes. A low body mass index and a more favourable serum fatty acid composition at age 50 predicted the development of white-coat as opposed to sustained hypertension over 20 years. Furthermore, cross-sectionally determined hypertensive organ damage at age 70 was detected in sustained hypertensive but not in white-coat hypertensive subjects. In a prospective analysis, 24-hour ambulatory pulse pressure and systolic BP variability at age 70 were strong predictors of subsequent cardiovascular morbidity, independently of office BP and other established risk factors. Isolated ambulatory hypertension, defined as having a normal office BP but increased daytime ambulatory BP, was associated with a significantly increased incidence of cardiovascular events during follow-up.
Hypertension constitutes part of the insulin resistance syndrome, and is a common and powerful risk factor for cardiovascular disease in elderly. Blood pressure (BP) measured with 24-hour ambulatory monitoring gives however more detailed information and may be a better estimate of the true BP than conventional office BP.
In summary, these data provide further knowledge of 24-hour ambulatory BP and associated metabolic risk profile, and suggest that the prognostic value of 24-hour ambulatory BP is superior to conventional BP in an elderly population.
15
Svoboda, Tess Elizabeth. "Use of Omega-3 Fatty Acids to Reduce the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Hispanic Diabetics in Northeast Tennessee." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1693.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study was to determine if supplementation of two grams of fish oil for 90 days would significantly lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Hispanics with type 2 diabetes. The Hispanic American population is at an increased risk for CVD. Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in fish oil have been found to reduce risk of CVD. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups and received either two grams of fish oil or corn oil (control) per day for 90 days. Before and after the trial, participant blood lipids and plasma fatty acids were evaluated. Respired air samples were obtained to evaluate plasma fatty acids. Although analysis of blood lipids and plasma fatty acids did not show sufficient evidence to disprove the null hypothesis, this study is an important model for future studies concerning fish oil to lower CVD risk in Hispanics with type 2 diabetes.
16
Wilkinson, Paul Anthony. "The importance of alpha-linolenic acid as a source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and its influence on risk factors of cardiovascular disease." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2004. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844518/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dietary long chain n-3 fatty acids in fish-oil have proven efficacy in reducing cardiovascular risk associated with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (ALP) and in reducing CHD mortality. However, the acquisition of these health benefits is seriously limited by low habitual intakes of oily fish. Since the shorter chain fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) can be converted, to a variable extent, in vivo to its longer chain counterparts, in theory, it should have the capacity to exert fish oil like effects on cardiovascular risk. To test this hypothesis, a pilot study was designed to assess the practical issues of delivering 16g of ALA per day to a group of normal healthy (n=9) volunteers. Outcomes were used in a larger study designed to examine the relative effects of diets enriched with ALA in flaxseed oil, and fish oil on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and selected haemostatic variables in subjects with an ALP. Normal, healthy male subjects (n=57) with an ALP were randomly assigned to one of three diets for 12 weeks; a diet enriched with flaxseed oil (high ALA n=21), a "control" diet enriched with sunflower oil (high linolenic acid n-17) and the "control" diet supplemented with fish oil capsules (3g EPA+DHA n=19). Evidence for dietary compliance was provided by 7-day records of food intakes and increases in the concentration of n-3 PUFA in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids. The pilot study provided valuable information on the delivery of ALA into the study diet, which improved accuracy of dietary dose, portability and stability of the oil and aided dietary compliance in the principal study. The flaxseed, fish oil and "control" diets achieved intake ratios of n-6:n-3 of 0.4, 5.2 and 30.0 respectively. There was no overall difference in any measured variable between the 3 diets (6 & 12 week post diet) or between the flaxseed and fish-oil groups compared to control. Total plasma cholesterol decreased relative to baseline values, within all 3 test diets (pre versus post-diet). Plasma TAG was significantly decreased after the fish oil diet, relative to baseline (-23%. P < 0.001). The change in plasma TAG was inversely associated with the level of DHA (C22:6 n-3) in erythrocyte membrane fatty acids at 12 weeks (r2 = 48% p=0.001). LDL subclasses showed a significant reduction towards larger, lighter particles after fish-oil (small, dense LDL-3 -22% p=0.003). There was no change in the concentrations of plasma fibrinogen, factor VII, or in the plasma activity of PAI-1 on any diet or endothelial function as measured by flow-mediated dilatation on a subset on each diet. In conclusion, the fish-oil diet induced predictable changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins that are associated with lower CHD risk. The flaxseed-oil diet did not reproduce these effects even in the presence of low intakes of dietary n-6 fatty acids.
17
Warensjö, Eva. "Fatty Acid Desaturase Activities in Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease : Special Reference to Stearoyl-CoA-Desaturase and Biomarkers of Dietary Fat." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8312.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular diseases have been suggested to be influenced more by the quality than the amount of dietary fat. The FA composition of serum lipids may be used as biomarkers of dietary fat quality. FAs can, however, also be endogenously synthesized by lipogenic enzymes such as elongases and desaturases. Three desaturases are important in humans: Stearoyl-CoA-desaturase (SCD), ∆6-desaturase (D6D) and ∆5-desaturase (D5D) and surrogate measures of desaturase activities can be estimated as product-to-precursor FA ratios.
In this thesis, we demonstrated that high SCD, D6D and low D5D estimated activities predicted MetS 20 years later, as well as cardiovascular and total mortality during a maximum of 33.7 years. The relation between D5D and MetS was independent of lifestyle and BMI, while the relation between SCD, D6D and MetS was confounded by BMI. Serum proportions of palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1) and dihomo-γ-linoleic acids were higher and the serum proportion of linoleic acid (LA) lower at baseline in those individuals who developed MetS. Further, LA was inversely related to mortality, while palmitic, palmitoleic and dihomo-γ-linoleic acids were directly associated with mortality. We also demonstrated that a diet rich in saturated fat “induced” a similar serum FA pattern (including estimated desaturase activities) that was associated with MetS, cardiovascular disease and mortality. We also propose that the SCD ratio [16:1/16:0] might be a novel and useful marker of dietary saturated fat, at least in Western high-fat diets. Finally, genetic variations in the human SCD1 gene were linked to obesity and insulin sensitivity, results that agree with data in SCD1 deficient mice.
This thesis suggests that dietary fat quality and endogenous desaturation may play a role in the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and the results support current dietary guidelines.
18
Krachler, Benno. "Diet and Cardiometabolic Disease : Dietary trends and the impact of diet on diabetes and cardiovascular disease." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1369.
Повний текст джерела
19
De, Wet Martie. "The effect of colonic propionate and the acetate : propionate ratio on risk markers for cardiovascular disease in westernised African men." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/30.
Повний текст джерела
20
Petriello, Michael C. "ROLE OF CAVEOLIN-1 AND NRF2 IN NUTRITIONAL MODULATION OF PCB TOXICITY." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/toxicology_etds/11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in Western societies and is linked to multiple modifiable risk factors including lifestyle choices. Emerging evidence implicates exposure to persistent environmental pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), as a risk factor for the development or progression of cardiovascular disease. To reduce disease risks, it is critical to identify sensible means of biomedically reducing the toxicity of persistent organic pollutants and related environmental stressors.
First, we tested a hypothesis that endothelial cell inflammation and subsequent cardiovascular toxicity initiated by coplanar PCBs is modulated by the crosstalk between caveolae and Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2(Nrf2) related proteins. Caveolae are lipid-enriched organelles found abundantly in endothelial cells and are important mediators of endocytosis and signal transduction. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), the major structural protein of caveolae, is known to bind and concentrate multiple proteins related to cardiovascular disease and PCB toxicity. Downregulation of Cav-1 protects against PCB-induced vascular toxicity, but possible mechanisms of this defense remain elusive. Studies using endothelial cells isolated from mice deficient in Cav-1 as well as in vitro silencing assays demonstrated that loss of Cav-1 increases available antioxidant enzymes by upregulating the antioxidant master controller Nrf2.
Nutritional interventions focused on diets high in bioactive food components, such as polyphenols or certain fatty acids, may prove to be effective at decreasing environmental pollutant induced diseases. To test the hypothesis that dietary intervention can sensitize Nrf2 and/or caveolae signaling pathways, leading to a more effective anti-inflammatory defense against PCB insults, mice were fed a green tea polyphenol enriched diet and challenged with coplanar PCB 126. Mice fed an enriched diet and exposed to PCBs exhibited lower levels of oxidative stress and higher levels of multiple Nrf2 target antioxidant enzymes. Also, in separate in vitro studies, pretreatment of endothelial cells with the endogenously formed nutrient metabolite, nitro-linoleic acid, altered caveolae and Nrf2 related proteins, resulting in a modified response to PCB exposure. Together, these data support the paradigm that nutritional modulation may be a sensible means of reducing disease risks associated with exposure to environmental pollutants.
21
Silva, Claudia Cristina Soares da. "Sensibilidade à insulina e resposta hemodinâmica a infusão de Intralipid® e heparina em pacientes chagásicos sem insuficiência cardíaca (Modelo de disautonomia)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5131/tde-21012009-113620/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A obesidade, a resistência à insulina (RI), o diabetes e a hipertensão arterial (HA) estão associadas à maior morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular. Os verdadeiros mecanismos relacionados com a RI bem como as associações metabólicas e alterações hemodinâmicas a essa condição não estão bem estabelecidos. Sabe-se que o aumento dos ácidos graxos livres (AGL) pode estar relacionado inclusive com as alterações hemodinâmicas como o aumento na pressão arterial (PA), na freqüência cardíaca (FC) e na redução da distensibilidade de pequenas artérias (piora da função endotelial). A infusão de Intralipidâ e heparina (ILH) é hoje um modelo de hiperlipidemia, que permite o aumento agudo de AGL na circulação sangüínea. O aumento da atividade do sistema nervoso simpático (SNS) tem sido apontado como possível mecanismo para parte das alterações hemodinâmicas decorrentes da hiperlipidemia aguda. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto da injeção de insulina in bolus e da infusão de ILH na resposta hemodinâmica, metabólica e autonômica em pacientes portadores da doença de Chagas. Para tanto, foram utilizados12 pacientes portadores da doença de Chagas sem insuficiência cardíaca (grupo Ch) e 12 voluntários normais (grupo C), pareados para idade, sexo, raça, PA e FC. Os mesmos foram avaliados em condições basais e submetidos aos testes de tolerância à insulina (TTI) e de infusão de ILH. Durante o TTI foram realizadas medidas na PA, na FC e dosagens de glicemia, insulina e noradrenalina. No dia da infusão de ILH os registros da PA e da FC foram realizados batimento a batimento (Finometer®), colhido sangue para dosagens bioquímicas (glicose, insulina, noradrenalina) e realizado análise espectral em todos os participantes. Em condições basais, os níveis de noradrenalina eram superiores no grupo Ch, quando comparados com o grupo C. Após o TTI, houve queda significativa na glicose plasmática em ambos os grupos. A PA e a FC não se modificaram durante TTI no grupo Ch, e aumentaram significativamente no grupo C. Houve aumento dos níveis de noradrenalina plasmática no grupo C e discreta queda no grupo Ch. Em relação à de ILH, ela resultou em aumento na PA nos dois grupos. A FC aumentou no grupo Ch e não se modificou no grupo C. O componente de baixa freqüência (LF) era maior no grupo Ch em condições basais e aumentou em ambos os grupos durante a infusão de ILH. O componente de alta freqüência (HF) diminuiu nos dois grupos de maneira significativa, sendo menor no grupo Ch mesmo em condições basais. Não houve modificação significativa nos valores de noradrenalina plasmática no grupo Ch durante a infusão de ILH, a qual aumentou significativamente no grupo C. Esses dados mostram: Maior resposta da atividade simpática no grupo C durante o TTI pelo aumento da PA, da FC, dos valores de noradrenalina plasmática e a sensibilidade à insulina foi semelhante nos dois grupos, uma vez que a queda da glicose após o estímulo com bolus de insulina foi significante nos dois grupos. Aumento significativo da PA e da atividade simpática (avaliada pela análise espectral) nos dois grupos durante a infusão de ILH. Diminuição da atividade do componente de HF (parassimpático) nos dois grupos após a infusão de ILH. O comprometimento significativo da sensibilidade baroreflexa no grupo Ch após a infusão de ILH. Em conclusão, pacientes chagásicos têm maior concentração de noradrenalina em condição basal em relação ao grupo controle, porém a resposta na PA e na FC durante o TTI no grupo Ch foi menor, sugerindo disautonomia. A infusão de ILH resultou no aumento da PA em ambos os grupos e menor queda da FC no grupo Ch, sugerindo comprometimento do baroreflexo.The obesity, insulin resistance (IR), diabetes and hypertension (HA) are associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The real mechanisms related to the RI and the associations of metabolic and hemodynamic changes to this condition are not well established. It is known that the increase in free fatty acids (FFA) may also be related to the hemodynamic changes as the increase in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and reducing the distensibility of small arteries (worsening of endothelial function). The infusion of Intralipid® and heparin (ILH) is today a model of acute hyperlipidemia, which allows the acute increase of FFA in the blood circulation. Increase in the nervous sympathetic activity system (SNS) has been suggested as a possible mechanism for part of hemodynamic changes resulting from acute hyperlipidemia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the injection of bolus of insulin and the infusion of ILH in hemodynamic, metabolic, and autonomic response in patients with Chagas\' disease. Twelve patients with Chagas\' disease without heart failure (Ch group) and 12 normal volunteers (C group), matched for age, sex, race, BP, and HR were selected for this study. They were evaluated at baseline conditions and subjected to insulin tolerance test (ITT) and also ILH infusion. During the ITT measures of BP, HR, and biochemistry dosages as blood glucose, insulin and norepinephrine were taken. During the infusion of ILH the records of the BP and HR beat-to-beat (Finometer®) were done, blood samples were collected for biochemical dosages (glucose, insulin, noradrenalin) and spectral analysis was also conducted in all participants. In baseline conditions, norepinephrine levels were higher in the Ch group, compared with the C group. After ITT, there was significant fall in plasma glucose in both groups. The BP and HR did not change during the ITT in Ch group, and increased significantly in C group. There was an increase in plasma levels of norepinephrine in group C and slight fall in group Ch. The ILH infusion resulted in an increase in the BP in both groups. The HR increased in the Ch group and did not change in C Group. The component of low frequency (LF) was higher in group Ch in the baseline conditions and it increased in both groups during the ILH infusion. The component of high frequency (HF) decreased in both groups, and it was lower even in the Ch group even at baseline conditions. There was no significant change in the values of plasma norepinephrine in the group Ch during the ILH infusion, and it increased significantly in C group. These data show: Similar insulin response in both groups, according to the glucose drop. Higher increase in BP and HR in C Group in comparison to Ch group and higher increase in plasma norepinephrine in C group comparing to Cg group. Significant increase in BP and sympathetic activity (evaluated by spectral analysis) in both groups during the ILH infusion. Decrease in the HF component (parasympatethic activity) in both groups after ILH infusion. A significant baroreflex sensitivity impairment in the Ch group after the ILH infusion. In conclusion, chagasic patients have greater concentration of norepinephrine in baseline condition comparing to C group, but the response of BP and HR during the ITT in Ch group was lower, suggesting dysautonomia. The ILH infusion resulted in an increase on BP in both groups and also increased the HR in Ch group, suggesting baroreflex impairment.
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Chavez, Talavera Oscar Manuel. "Rôle des acides biliaires dans la physiopathologie de l'obésité, la résistance à l'insuline, le diabète de type 2, la stéatose hépatique non alcoolique et dans le contexte de la chirurgie bariatrique Bile Acid Control of Metabolism and Inflammation in Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Bile Acid Alterations in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes: What Do the Human Studies Tell?” Bile acids associate with glucose metabolism, but do not predict conversion to diabetes Bile acid alterations are associated with insulin resistance, but not with NASH in obese subjects Roux-en-Y gastric bypass increases systemic but not portal bile acid concentrations by decreasing hepatic bile acid uptake in minipigs The functional relevance of bile acids in the improvement of HDL-mediated endothelial protection after bariatric surgery Metabolic effects of bile acid sequestration: impact on cardiovascular risk factors." Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUS057.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
En plus de leur rôle dans la solubilisation des lipides alimentaires, les acides biliaires sont des molécules de signalisation régulant leur propre métabolisme, l'homéostasie du glucose et des lipides, la dépense énergétique, la fonction cardiovasculaire et l’inflammation, en modulant le Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) et le Takeda G protein coupled Receptor 5 (TGR5). En effet, des modifications dans les concentrations des acides biliaires sont associées aux maladies métaboliques et ce sont des candidats pour participer à la pathophysiologie de ces maladies ou prédire leur progression.Dans la première partie de cette thèse nous avons étudié les modifications des acides biliaires dans le contexte de l'obésité, l'insulinorésistance, le diabète de type 2 et la stéatohépatite non alcoolique. Nous avons montré que les acides biliaires sont corrélés avec l’homéostasie du glucose chez l’Homme, mais qu’ils ne sont pas des prédicteurs de la bascule du prédiabète en diabète de type 2 dans un étude de cohorte.La deuxième partie de cette thèse est dédiée à l’étude des acides biliaires dans la chirurgie bariatrique. Nos résultats ont montré que la chirurgie bariatrique réduit la recapture hépatique des acides biliaires, provoquant leur augmentation dans la circulation systémique, et que ce n’est pas l’anse biliaire mais l’anse commune qui est responsable des modifications métaboliques après la chirurgie bariatrique chez le minipig. Ensuite, nous avons montré chez l’Homme que les acides biliaires liés aux lipoprotéines de haute densité (HDL) augmentent après la chirurgie bariatrique, et que cette augmentation est corrélée avec la restauration de leurs fonctions vaso-protectricesIn addition to their role in the solubilization of dietary lipids, bile acids are signaling molecules regulating their own metabolism, glucose and lipid homeostasis, energy expenditure, cardiovascular function and inflammation via the activation of the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) and the Takeda G protein coupled Receptor 5 (TGR5). Indeed, changes in bile acid concentrations are associated with metabolic diseases and therefore they are candidates to participate in the pathophysiology of these diseases or predict their progression.In the first part of this thesis, we studied bile acid changes in the context of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. We demonstrated that bile acids are correlated with glucose homeostasis in humans, but that they are not predictors for the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes in a longitudinal cohort study.In the second part of this thesis, we studied the bile acids in the context of bariatric surgery. Our results showed that bariatric surgery reduces the hepatic recapture of certain bile acids, causing them to increase in the systemic circulation. Additionally, we showed that it is not the bile limb but the common limb the one responsible for metabolic changes after bariatric surgery in the minipig. Finally, we showed in humans that bile acids linked to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) increase after bariatric surgery, and that this increase is correlated with the restoration of their vasoprotective functions
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Speziali, Giulia. "Myristic acid: in vivo evaluation of connection with cardiovascular risk factors and in vitro proteomic investigations of its biochemical effects." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/979035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fatty acids (FAs) are fundamental constituents of cell structure, but they can also influence cellular functions and molecular mechanisms with different effects according to their chain length and degree of saturation. Different pathological conditions have been linked to FAs profile, including dyslipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia. However, data concerning the effects of FAs on lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease are still scarce and controversial. Therefore, the aim of the first part of the present PhD thesis (Section 1) has been to investigate the presence of possible significant correlations between plasma FAs profile and lipid parameters (including levels of the major apolipoproteins) in a population of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) patients and controls. The analysis, performed on plasma of 1,370 subjects, revealed that Myristic acid (C14:0) positively predicted both Triglycerides (TG) and Apolipoprotein C-III (ApoC-III) plasma levels, confirming the preliminary data obtained in my master’s degree thesis on 57 CAD patients. ApoC-III being an important regulator of plasma TG levels, the influence of C14:0 on the expression of this protein has been investigated in a HepG2 cell model. Mass spectrometry results, together with Real Time PCR findings, suggest a slight but significant increase in ApoC-III protein and mRNA levels in C14:0 treated cells. Therefore, the in vitro investigations supported the positive connection observed in-vivo between C14:0, TG and ApoC-III plasma levels, suggesting a possible important role of this saturated FA in the onset of cardiovascular disease. The effects of FAs on liver metabolism have been studied during the last few years for the influence they have on lipid metabolism, the onset of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular disease. However, proteomics investigations in this direction are still scarce and the influence of C14:0 on liver metabolism still needs to be elucidated. Therefore, in the second part of the present PhD thesis (Section 2) the effects of different concentrations of C14:0 on HepG2 cells proteome and secretome have been investigated by means of high–resolution mass spectrometry. The results obtained highlighted the influence of this FA on proteins involved in lipid droplets formation, cytoskeleton organization, endoplasmic reticulum stress, exosome release and cell-cell stress communication. To highlight the proteome changes specifically related to C14:0, a comparative study of the proteomic modulations induced by C14:0, palmitic (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) has been performed. Interestingly, the overlapping of modulated proteins induced by the three FAs treatments was limited to just one protein, highlighting their different mechanisms of action. 40 proteins were found to be deregulated specifically by C14:0. These results suggested a unique influence of this saturated FA on specific proteins involved in different biological processes, mainly protein homeostasis counteracting ER stress (e.g. ENTPD5, VAPB and SGTA) and lipid metabolism (e.g. ApoE). In conclusion, the present PhD thesis highlights for the first time a possible in-vivo fundamental role of C14:0 on lipid metabolism, particularly on ApoC-III and TG plasma levels and represents the first investigation shedding light on the in-vitro C14:0 effects on a human hepatocyte-derived cell line.
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Dupasquier, Chantal Marie Christine. "The effects of consuming fatty acids from different sources on atherosclerotic development." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/3185.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is becoming increasingly evident that the development of atherosclerotic coronary heart disease (CHD) can largely be regulated by lifestyle and dietary choices. The type of fatty acids regularly consumed may promote or prevent atherogenesis. Flaxseed, the richest plant source of the omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is thought to protect against atherosclerotic disease. However, the mechanism(s) by which flaxseed exerts these anti-atherogenic effects requires further investigation. Alternatively, there are dietary fatty acids that are thought to induce significant deleterious effects upon our cardiovascular health. Epidemiological evidence associates dietary trans fatty acids (TFAs) with atherosclerotic CHD. This evidence has largely focused on the main source of TFAs in the North American diet, industrially hydrogenated vegetable shortening (iTFAs). It is assumed that TFAs stimulate atherosclerosis but the only studies to date have shown no effect of TFAs on atherosclerosis. Even less is known of the impact of naturally occurring TFAs from dairy and meat products of ruminant animals (rTFAs) on atherosclerotic disease.
We investigated the effects of flaxseed supplementation on atherosclerosis and vascular function in two animal models, the hypercholesterolemic rabbit and the cholesterol fed, low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr-/-) deficient mouse. New Zealand White rabbits and LDLr-/- mice were fed a diet containing flaxseed in the absence or presence of dietary cholesterol for a period of 6 to 24 weeks. We found that dietary flaxseed inhibits the atherogenic effects of a high cholesterol diet in both animal models. The anti-atherogenic effect was achieved in the mouse model through a capacity to lower circulating cholesterol levels and at a cellular level by inhibiting cell proliferation and inflammation. This reduction is also associated with an improved vascular relaxation response as demonstrated in the rabbit model.
We also investigated the effects of consuming TFAs from two sources, industrially hydrogenated iTFAs rich in elaidic TFA (C18:1t-9) or naturally-occurring ruminant rTFAs rich in vaccenic TFA (C18:1t-11), on atherosclerotic development in the LDLr-/- mouse in the presence or absence of elevated dietary cholesterol. Our results demonstrate that consuming iTFAs dose dependently initiates atherosclerotic development but not beyond the effects of dietary cholesterol alone. However, consuming rTFAs rich in vaccenic acid protects against hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in the presence or absence of dietary cholesterol.
The effects of combining dietary flaxseed and iTFAs in the diet were also examined in this model. Adding whole ground flaxseed or flaxseed oil (ALA) to diets containing low and high doses of iTFAs completely prevented atherosclerotic development in the absence of dietary cholesterol. Flaxseed was also able to partially prevent atherosclerosis caused by iTFAs and cholesterol. Our results suggest that the omega-3 ALA fatty acid rich content of flaxseed is mainly responsible for the anti-atherogenic effects of flaxseed. Our results highlight potential mechanisms for the beneficial effects of dietary flaxseed and the mixed effects of TFAs on cardiovascular health and underscore the need for further basic and clinical investigations.
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Micallef, Michelle. "Phytosterols and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for cardiovascular health in hyperlipidemia." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/934708.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Atherosclerosis is a major factor influencing morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been extensively investigated however treatment modalities have not changed much over the past decade. Prevention of atherosclerosis and its complications, both primary and secondary, are based mainly on controlling the various cardiovascular risk factors. Treating combined hyperlipidemia, and in particular reducing LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels, is established as a highly efficacious means of reducing both morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. With the increased emphasis on various lipoprotein sub fractions, many patients need to consider combining treatments to achieve recommendations. Although statins can be an effective treatment for hyperlipidemia, they may not be sufficient to achieve the recommended LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride goals as set out by national governing bodies. This thesis examines the lipid, inflammatory and cardiovascular esponse to concomitant supplementation with phytosterols and omega-3 fatty acids in combined hyperlipidemia. Phytosterols and omega-3 fatty acids are functional ingredients with potential cardiovascular benefits. Phytosterols inhibit cholesterol absorption, thereby reducing total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. The consumption of 1.5-2.0g/day of phytosterols can result in a 10-15% reduction in LDL-cholesterol within a three week period, in hyperlipidemic populations. The added benefit of phytosterol supplementation has been demonstrated in individuals already taking statin medications. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has strong hypotriglyceridemic properties, and provides benefits in other risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease, such as anti-thrombotic and antiinflammatory function. Given the propensity of hyperlipidemia to manifest in high risk individuals and populations alike, there is a plausible role for combining phytosterols and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation. A series of clinical trials were undertaken to explore the plasma lipid, inflammatory and overall cardiovascular response to combined supplementation with phytosterols and omega-3 fatty acids rich in either EPA or DHA. This particular dietary combination of functional ingredients was designed to optimise improvements in plasma lipid profile in individuals with combined hyperlipidemia. Findings from this thesis show that the combined supplementation of phytosterols and various omega-3 fatty acids reduces total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and increases HDL-cholesterol, greater than the supplementation of either function ingredient alone. Furthermore, a number of circulating inflammatory mediators were analysed showing significant reductions in response to the combined dietary treatment. Overall cardiovascular risk was reduced by an average of 20%. Interestingly, the combination of phytosterols and DHA was most effective in reducing triglyceride levels and inflammatory mediators, compared to the EPA combination. The phytosterol and DHA combination showed synergistic total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol lowering effects. The apolipoprotein E genotype represents one of the most widely investigated genotypes with respect to lipid concentration. In this thesis, we examine the genotype within our cohort of combined hyperlipidemic individuals, who represent a population with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. Whilst this genotype represents an obvious potential genetic modulator of lipid response to dietary therapies, it is yet to be explored in a case of concomitant supplementation with phytosterols and omega-3 fatty acids. In conclusion, while this study has highlighted the potential of phytosterols and omega-3 fatty acids as a preventative strategy in combined hyperlipidemia, the data prompts further examination of the relative importance of individual fatty acids and fatty acid combinations with phytosterols.
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Adams, Thaddeus Hunter. "Effects of a High Oleic Acid Beef Diet on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors of Human Subjects." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-08-11871.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The consumption of high-fat hamburger enriched with saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans-fatty acids (TFA) may increase risk factors for cardiovascular disease, whereas hamburger enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) may have the opposite effect. Ten mildly hypercholesterolemic men consumed five, 114-g hamburger patties per week for two consecutive phases. Participants consumed low-MUFA (high SFA) hamburger (MUFA:SFA = 0.95; produced from pasture-fed cattle) for 5 wk, consumed their habitual diets for 3 wk, and then consumed high-MUFA hamburger (MUFA:SFA = 1.31; produced from grain-fed cattle) for 5 wk. These MUFA:SFA were typical of ranges observed for retail ground beef. Relative to habitual levels and levels during the high-MUFA phase, the low-MUFA hamburger: increased plasma palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, and triacylglycerols (P < 0.01); decreased HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL particle diameter percentile distributions (P < 0.05); and had no effect on LDL-C or plasma glucose (P > 0.10). Plasma palmitoleic acid was positively correlated with triacylglycerols (r = 0.90), VLDL-C (r = 0.73), and the LDL:HDL (r = 0.45), and was negatively correlated with plasma HDL-C (r = -0.58), whereas plasma palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid were negatively correlated with LDL particle diameter (all P <= 0.05). Because plasma palmitoleic acid was derived from [delta]9 desaturation of palmitic acid in the liver, we conclude that alterations in hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity may have been responsible for the variation in HDL-C and triacylglycerols caused by the low-MUFA and high-MUFA hamburgers.
Cattle with a genetic predisposition to deposit MUFA in their lean and fat tissues, such as Wagyu cattle can be used to produce beef products that are especially enriched with oleic acid and lower in SFA and TFA, and feeding practices can further enhance the composition of beef fat. This indicates that ground beef or hamburger products can be produced that are naturally enriched with oleic acid, and conversely that certain production practices can impair the nutritional quality of beef fat. Finally, we cannot discern from this study design whether the high-MUFA hamburger reversed the effects of the low-MUFA hamburger, or whether the subjects gradually adapted to the elevated intake of total fat. It is clear, however, that the high-MUFA hamburger did not exacerbate any of the effects of the low-MUFA hamburger and can be viewed as at least neutral in its effects on HDL-C and triacylglycerols.
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Gilmore, Linda Anne. "High-Oleic Ground Beef, Exercise, and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Men and Postmenopausal Women." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-12-8747.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sixty-six percent of the ground beef consumed in the U.S. contains 16-30 percent fat by weight, and at the retail level, ground beef fat varies widely with regards to saturated, monounsaturated and trans-fatty acid content. Through two independent studies the effect of fatty acid composition of ground beef on selected cardiovascular disease risk indicators was evaluated.
In the first study, 27 free-living normocholesterolemic men completed a three-way crossover dietary intervention. Subjects consumed five, 114-g ground beef patties per week for 5 wk with intervening 4-wk washout periods. Patties contained 24 percent total fat with monounsaturated fatty acid:saturated fatty acid (MUFA:SFA) of either 0.71 (low-MUFA, pasture-fed), 0.83 (mid-MUFA, short-term corn-fed), or 1.10 (high-MUFA, long-term corn-fed). Blood was collected from each subject before and at the end of each diet period. Overall, the ground beef interventions decreased plasma insulin, HDL2, and HDL3 particle diameter and α-linolenic acid (18:2 (n-3)), and increased plasma arachidonic (20:4(n-6)). The greatest increase in HDL cholesterol from baseline (0.07 mmol/L) was after the high-MUFA ground beef intervention. An increase from baseline in LDL particle diameter (0.5 nm) occurred after the mid- and high-MUFA interventions.We concluded that low-MUFA ground beef from pasture/hay-fed cattle was no more “heart healthy” than high-MUFA ground beef from corn-fed cattle as judged by common clinical criteria.
In the second study, 19 of 29 post menopausal women completed a two-way crossover design. Subjects consumed five, 114-g ground beef patties per week for 6 wk periods separated by a 4 wk washout period. The low-MUFA patties contained 19.4 percent fat with MUFA:SFA of 0.9. The high-MUFA patties contained 22.5 percent fat with a MUFA:SFA ratio of 1.3. In addition to patty consumption, the subjects completed a bout of exercise during the last week of each phase. Blood was taken before, each diet phase (24 hr before exercise) and 24 hr post exercise. Total cholesterol was increased by the high-MUFA patties with the most significant increase seen in HDL cholesterol, mainly HDL2b subfraction. Lipid-rich lipoprotein fractions were increased with the low-MUFA diet, but not by the high-MUFA diet. Very long chain fatty acids were depressed by low MUFA patty consumption. When unadjusted for plasma volume shifts (raw), exercise decreased triglycerides in all three phases. Raw VLDL cholesterol was reduced after exercise during the intervention phases. Raw RLP and IDL cholesterol were reduced after exercise during the high-MUFA intervention. HDL2b was reduced after exercise during the high-MUFA phase. LDL mean size increased and LDL mean density decreased after exercise during the low-MUFA intervention. HDL mean density increased after exercise during both ground beef interventions. The data indicate that high-oleic ground beef can reduce some cardiovascular disease risk factors and can be a part of a healthful diet. Exercise can have a beneficial impact on cardiovascular disease risk factors independent and in conjunction with ground beef consumption.
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Yang, Wei-Sin, and 楊維欣. "Association between plasma n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of cardiovascular disease in a community-based cohort study." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/v7dskq.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立臺灣大學
流行病學與預防醫學研究所
105
Background: An elevated concentration of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), including omega-6 (n-6) linoleic acid (LA) and related effect and dose-response relationship of n-6 PUFA to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk remains inconsistent. Furthermore, fatty acids metabolic enzymes, including delta-5 desaturase (D5D) and delta-6 desaturase (D6D), were not extensively examined in the population study. Methods: This study design was a community-based prospective cohort, comprising of 1835 participants (60.6 ± 10.5 yrs, 44.5% women) who underwent a comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in blood using gas chromatography and free from cardiovascular disease at baseline. Results: Overall 424 cases developed cardiovascular events during 15.9 years’ follow-up period. Total n-6 PUFAs were inversely associated with the risk of incident cardiovascular disease, with 44% lower risk (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37 - 0.86; P for trend = 0.002) among the participants in the highest quartile, compared with those in the lowest quartile. Circulating LA was inversely associated with incident CVD, with 40% lower risk (adjusted HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.39-0.91; P for trend = 0.017). D5D fatty acids metabolic enzyme activity was inversely associated with incident events (adjusted HR=0.67; 95%CI=0.50 - 0.91; P for trend=0.016), slightly attenuated the effect after adjusted for clinical variables and C-Reactive Protein (CRP). Inflammatory biomarker may attenuate the effects of PUFAs and enzymes. The restricted cubic splines showed no nonlinear relationship between LA and CVD risk. (P for nonlinearity =0.84; P for trend = 0.034). Conclusion: n-6 fatty acids are protective roles for cardiovascular risk. Further studies on n-6 fatty acids and their relationship in health are warranted.
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Panth, Nisha. "Differential effects of saturated fatty acids of varying chain length on lipid profiles in healthy individuals." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1406167.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Masters Research - Master of Philosophy (MPhil)Saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake has been linked with increased blood lipid concentrations and increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Current dietary guidelines consider all SFA as a single group and encourage to reduce saturated fat consumption to 10% of daily energy intake. However, not only the number, position and configuration of double bonds, but also the chain length of SFA have been shown to be a major determinant of their metabolic fate. Short-chain (SCFA, 2-4 carbons long, found in butter and products of fibre and resistant starch fermentation) and medium-chain (MCFAS, 6-12 carbons long, found in coconut and palm kernel oil) are absorbed directly through the villi of the intestinal mucosa and transported to the liver via the portal circulation. In contrast, long-chain (LCSFAS, >12 carbons, found in animal fats and dairy products) follow complex metabolic pathways including chylomicron synthesis in the intestinal villi, secretion into the thoracic lymph, hydrolysis of some triglycerides by lipoprotein lipase into free fatty acids which are transferred to the peripheral tissues (including muscle) followed by chylomicron remnants being taken up into the liver for further metabolism. This, together with the fact that humans spend most of their time in the postprandial state, suggests that saturated fat type may play an important role in overall lipid metabolism and modulation of CVD risk. Therefore, it was hypothesised that consumption of SCFA and MCFAS reduce blood lipid levels compared with LCSFAS. Our first aim, addressed in chapter 3, was to to establish the basis for our hypothesis, conducting systematic review and meta analysis of the literature assessing the differential effects of chain lengths of SFA on blood lipids. The findings from this chapter demonstrate that the consumption of MCFAS enriched diets increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) levels compared to LCSFAS diet without any significant effect on triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) levels. In chapter 4, we aimed to determine if SFA of different chain lengths would differentially influence postprandial lipid levels. In a randomised cross-over design, we investigated the effect of a meal (sweet biscuits) rich in either SCFA or MCFAS or LCSFAS on postprandial lipids (TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C). The results presented in this chapter demonstrate that the postprandial triglyceride response following MCFAS was lower compared to LCSFAS and that predominant fatty acid in the meal is a determinant of the lipemic response. In conclusion, while this study has highlighted the differential effects of chain lengths of SFA on blood lipids. These results draw attention to the evidence that guidelines on SFA must consider the fatty acid chain length and importantly, the diverse SFA containing foods (processed and unprocessed meats, dairy products, eggs, coconut and palm oils, chocolate) that may possess harmful, neutral or even beneficial effects in relation to cardiovascular health.