Дисертації з теми "Proteine de la morphogenese osseuse"
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NAAMAN, BOU-ABBOUD NADA. "Influence des biomateriaux alloplastiques, sur la reparation osseuse : etudes in vivo des potentiels osteoconducteurs et osteoinducteurs." Paris 7, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA07GA02.
Повний текст джерелаHillger, Frank. "Rekombinante Herstellung und biophysikalische Charakterisierung von proBMP-2, BMP-2 und dem BMP-2-Propeptid." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=975601210.
Повний текст джерелаSimon, Michaela. "Der Einfluss von Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP-)2, BMP-4 und BMP-7 auf die Regulation der Proliferation und Differenzierung von hämatopoetischen Vorläuferzellen aus dem peripheren Blut." kostenfrei, 2009. http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-regensburg/volltexte/2009/1393/.
Повний текст джерелаGrella, Benedikt. "Ss-Tricalziumphosphat zur rhBMP-2-induzierten Knochenaugmentation in supraalveolären periimplantären Defekten : eine experimentielle Studie am Hund /." Aachen : Mainz, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016991643&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Повний текст джерелаQiu, Liyan. "Structural and functional analysis of crossveinless 2 / BMP-2 /Chordin interaction." Doctoral thesis, kostenfrei, 2008. http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-wuerzburg/volltexte/2008/2924/.
Повний текст джерелаPompe, Cornelius. "Development of new in-situ hardening and bioactivated composite materials for orthopedic indications." Göttingen Cuvillier, 2008. http://d-nb.info/990811468/04.
Повний текст джерелаBartusch, Christina [Verfasser]. "Virus-Wirt-Interaktionen während der Morphogenese des Murinen Leukämievirus und des humanen Hepatitis-B-Virus : die Rollen zellulärer ESCRT- und Rab-Proteine / Christina Bartusch." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1150182040/34.
Повний текст джерелаKotzsch, Alexander. "BMP Ligand-Rezeptor-Komplexe : Molekulare Erkennung am Beispiel der Spezifischen Interaktion zwischen GDF-5 und BMPR-IB." Doctoral thesis, kostenfrei, 2008. http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-wuerzburg/volltexte/2008/3104/.
Повний текст джерелаDUCHER, TARDY MIREILLE. "Role de la lumiere sur la morphogenese et le metabolisme du thalle de draparnaldia mutabilis (roth-cederg)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF2E386.
Повний текст джерелаGrimaud, Régis. "Assemblage de la tête du bactériophage µ." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10060.
Повний текст джерелаDiCesare, Silvana. "The guanine nucleotide exchanger Vav2 interacts with c-ErbB-2 and induces alveolar morphogenesis of mammary epithelial cells." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/14693.
Повний текст джерелаThe ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases constitute a subfamily of four structurally related members, the EGF receptor (ErbB-1), ErbB-2, ErbB-3 and ErbB-4. ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases are critical for embryonic development of central and peripheral neural structures and heart. In addition, ErbB receptors play an important role in the postnatal development of the mammary gland. Previous studies showed that activated ErbB-2 receptor induces alveolar morphogenesis of EpH4 mammary epithelial cells that are cultured on a three-dimensional matrix (termed Matrigel). However, the downstream signaling proteins that mediate this biological activity of ErbB-2 were unknown. In this work, Vav2 was identified as a direct interaction partner of tyrosine-phosphorylated ErbB receptors using the yeast two-hybrid system. Vav2 is a member of a family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors that induce cytoskeletal rearrangements, transcriptional alterations, and have oncogenic potential when activated. To test the ability of Vav2 to mediate morphogenic signals of ErbB-2, EpH4 cells overexpressing Vav2 protein were cultured on Matrigel. Indeed, Vav2 induces alveolar morphogenesis of EpH4 cells when activated either by oncogenic mutation or tyrosine phosphorylation by ErbB-2. The morphogenic activity of Vav2 requires the Dbl homology domain, which mediates GDP/GTP exchange. Dominant-negative Vav2 specifically blocks the morphogenic signals of ErbB-2 in EpH4 cells without interfering with ErbB2-induced mitogenesis. Importantly, Vav2 is co-expressed and interacts with ErbB-2 in the mammary glands of pregnant mice. Taken together, these results point to Vav2 as a candidate to mediate ErbB-2 signals for alveolar morphogenesis in vivo, which is a relevant step in the development of the mammary gland during pregnancy.
Goedecke, Anja. "Regulation der Differenzierung von Ratten-Calvaria-Osteoblasten unter Einfluss von Wachstumsfaktoren." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1145965813750-87366.
Повний текст джерелаGoedecke, Anja. "Regulation der Differenzierung von Ratten-Calvaria-Osteoblasten unter Einfluss von Wachstumsfaktoren." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2005. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24695.
Повний текст джерелаGuichard, Annabel. "Étude fonctionnelle de la protéine RnRacGAP du locus rotund de Drosophila melanogaster, et recherche génétique de ses partenaires." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10199.
Повний текст джерелаBricheux, Geneviève. "Etude biochimique et immunologique des proteines du complexe membrane-cytosquelette des euglenes." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF21048.
Повний текст джерелаSchmich, Andreas. "Vergleich der induzierten Knochenbildung durch rhBMP-2 und zwei seiner Varianten mit verstärkter Heparinbindung - Eine radiologische und histologische Untersuchung -." Doctoral thesis, 2007. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-33302.
Повний текст джерелаTwo novel BMP-2 variants (T3, T4) with increased binding to the extracellular matrix were investigated in comparison to the osteoinductive properties of the wild type. The growth factors were colyophilzed with collagen type I as a carrier and implanted into muscle pouches of the anterior abdominal wall of rats. Two different concentrations were used in this study (10 µg, 5 µg). Over an observation period of 35 days the samples were explanted in intervals of 7 days. The induced formation of bone was evaluated by contact radiography and histology. In the lower concentration (5 µg) the variant T4 with four repetitive heparin-binding sites on the N-terminal end showed a significantly increased osteoinductivity compared to the wild type and the variant T3. This increased bone induction is reflected in a more rapid bone formation, which is reaches its maximum at day 14 followed by a plateau of approximately seven days. The last phase is characterized by a marked decrease in the amount of bone due to an osteoclastic resorption. No significant difference between the variant T3 and the BMP-2 wild-type can be seen in this low concentration. In the high dose both variants (T3 and T4) showed almost identical osteoinductive properties and proved to be more effective than the wild type. However the observed differences are not statistically significant. The same pattern in the time course of bone formation can be seen for all investigated morphogens: The peak amount of bone is formed around days 14-21. After that the osteoclastic activity reduces the newly formed mineralized tissue by approximately 30% at day 35. The study could prove that the genetic modification of BMP-2 can increase the osteoinductive potential. Genetically engineered modifications of growth factors, therefore, offer interesting opportunities for targeted changes of their pharmacokinetics. They promise a high therapeutic potential in reconstructive bone surgery
Savic, Daniel. "Die Unterkieferrekonstruktion mit osteoinduktiven Implantaten beim Göttinger Minischwein - Eine biomechanische Untersuchung –." Doctoral thesis, 2008. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-38527.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this study was to test the biochemical strength of reconstructed critical sized defects in minipig mandibles using osteoinductive implants (EXKK+rhBMP-2 / EXKK+T4). Both implant types were successful in restoring major mandibular defects with better results for the EXKK+T4 implants
Haßel, Sylke. "Signal transduction via multiple BMP receptor complexes." Doctoral thesis, 2005. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-13353.
Повний текст джерелаBMPs regulieren eine Vielzahl zellulärer Prozesse, unter anderem Zellwachstum, Zelldifferenzierung, Bewegung und Zelltod. Dies macht sie zu einem bedeutenden Faktor während zahlreicher Entwicklungsvorgänge und im adulten Organismus. BMP-Signale werden über BMP Typ I und Typ II Rezeptoren weitergeleitet, die beide Serin/Threonin Kinase Rezeptoren sind. Während der Typ I Rezeptor Signale zu den Smad-Proteinen weiterleitet, fungiert der Typ II Rezeptor seinerseits als Aktivator des Typ I Rezeptors und ist somit für die Signalweiterleitung essentiell. Alternative Signalwege sind nicht sehr gut untersucht. Deswegen war es unser Ziel verschiedene Aspekte der BMP vermittelten Signaltransduktion, mit Schwerpunkt BRII, zu untersuchen. Der BRII ist interessant, da er in zwei alternativen Spleißvarianten vorliegt, einer langen und einer kurzen Form, die sich intrazellulär um mehr als 500 Aminosäuren unterscheiden und deren Unterschiede hinsichtlich Signalweiterleitung noch nicht erforscht sind. Darüber hinaus führen Mutationen im BMPR2 Gen zu einen Gefäßerkrankung der Lunge, PPH. In dieser Arbeit wurden die BRII Phosphorylierung und Signalweiterleitung, initiiert von unterschiedlichen BMP Rezeptorkomplexen, untersucht. Hierbei wurde eine Vielzahl von BRII assoziierten Proteine identifiziert und hinsichtlich ihres Einflusses auf BMP Signalweiterleitung charakterisiert.. Unser Labor konnte zeigen, daß das Oligomerisierungsmuster der BMP Rezeptoren weitaus flexibler als das der verwandten TGF-β Rezeptoren ist. Aus diesem Grund wurde die Siganltransduktion der BMP Rezeptoren im Hinblick auf die Komplexbildung untersucht. Mit Hilfe Kinase-defekter Mutanten konnte gezeigt werden, dass präformierte Rezeptorkomplexe den Smad-Signalweg benutzen, wohingegen liganden-induzierte Komplexe ihre Signale über den p38-Weg weiterleiten, welcher die Produktion von Alkalischer Phosphatase steuert. Um darüber hinaus Signalwege ausgehend vom BRII zu untersuchen und mehr über Smad-unabhängige Signalwege zu erfahren, wurde ein Proteomics-basierter Screen nach BMP Typ II Rezeptor interagierenden Proteinen durchgeführt. Unter den 53 Rezeptor-assoziierten Proteinen befanden sich viele Signaltransduktionsmoleküle, aber auch metabolische Proteine, Proteine, die an der Regulation der Transkription beteiligt sind und andere. Mit Hilfe dieser Proteine kann ein Einblick in die Vielfalt der BMP Rezeptor vermittelten Signaltransduktion gewonnen werden. Der Tyrosinkinase Rezeptor c-kit ist eines der assoziierten Proteine. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Interaktion durch BMP2 Zugabe in vivo verstärkt wurde. Phosphorylierung an Serin 757 des BRII, vermittelt von aktiviertem c-kit und SCF, konnte mittels 2-dimensionalem Phosphopeptidmapping gezeigt werden. Außerdem beeinflusst der SCF/c-kit Signalweg auch bereits beschriebene BMP Signalwege. So konnten synergistische Effekte beider Liganden auf dem Smad1/5 Weg, bei der Produktion der Alkalischen Phosphatase und bei der Transkription von Cbfa1 beobachtet werden, alles Wege, die die Entwicklung von Osteoblasten steuern. So konnte mit dem Einfluß von c-kit auf BMP2 vermittelte Osteoblastenetwicklung ein neuer Faktor bei BMP gesteuerter Entwicklung aufgedeckt werden. Einer der initialen Trigger bei der BMP Signaltransuktion ist die Aktivierung des BMP Typ II Rezeptors durch Phosphorylierung. Es wurde Liganden-unabhängige wie Liganden-abhängige Phosphorylierung des BRII untersucht und die jeweiligen Phosphorylierungssites identifiziert. Hauptsächlich findet die Phosphorylierung an Serinen statt. So wurden S815 und S818, aber auch Y825 als Target-sites identifiziert. Im Gegensatz zu der Phosphorylierung von S815, S818 und Y825, deren Funktion noch unklar ist, konnte gezeigt werden, daß Phosphorylierung von S336 essentiell für die Rezeptoraktivierung ist. Die Erforschung der BMP-Rezeptor Phosphorylierung, Oligomerisierung und Rezeptor-assoziierter Proteine (wie c-kit), wie in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt, zeigt, dass BMP vermittelte Signaltransduktion präzise auf mehreren Ebenen reguliert werden muß. Die hier erstmalig beschriebenen Wege der Regulation der BMP Signaltransduktion tragen sowohl zu einem besseren Verständnis molekularer Zusammenhänge bei, als auch zu der Entwicklung selektiver Inhibitoren und therapeutischer Ansätze zur Behandlung der PPH und anderer Krankheiten
Schul, Daniela. "Spatio-temporal investigation and quantitative analysis of the BMP signaling pathway." Doctoral thesis, 2013. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-84224.
Повний текст джерелаBone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) stellen wichtige Regulatoren für eine Vielzahl von verschiedenen zellulären Prozessen dar. Während der Embryonalentwicklung agieren diese Proteine als Morphogene und spielen daher eine entscheidende Rolle für diesen Prozess, vor allem in der Organogenese. Durch Konzentrationsgradienten üben BMPs einen direkten Einfluss auf verschiedene zelluläre Schicksale im entwickelnden Embryo aus. Aufgrund dieser Gradienten gelangen vielfältige Signalinformationen zu den verschiedenen Zellen, welche die extrazelluläre Information in verschiedene Genexpressionsprofile und Zellschicksalsentscheidungen umwandeln. Darüber hinaus tragen BMPs wichtige Funktionen im erwachsenen Organismus, wie z.B. Gewebshomöostase oder -regeneration. Im Gegensatz zu dem verwandten TGF-ß Signaltransduktionsweg ist derzeit nur wenig über die zelluläre Übersetzung und Quantifizierung eingehender BMP-Signale bekannt. Es gibt wenige Kenntnisse über die quantitative Beziehung zwischen Signaleingang, Überträgerproteinen, ihren Zuständen sowie intrazellulären Positionen, und schließlich ihre Fähigkeit Signaleingänge systemisch zu integrieren und qualitative Antworten der Zelle zu produzieren. Eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die effiziente Signaltransduktions-modulierung ist das vollständige Verständnis des Signalnetzwerkes auf einer quantitativen Ebene, da der BMP-Signalweg, wie auch viele andere Signalwege, ein wichtiges Ziel für medizinische Anwendungen und Medikamentenentwicklung ist. Daher untersuchte ich zunächst die subzelluläre Verteilung der wichtigsten Signalweiterleitungsproteine des BMP-Signalweges, der Smad1-Proteine, auf quantitativer Ebene und deren Reaktion auf verschiedene Stimulierungsarten und BMP-Konzentrationsstufen in murinen c2c12-Zellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die subzelluläre Lokalisation von Smad1 unabhängig von der BMP-Konzentration ist und nur das phospho-Smad1 Level proportional zur Konzentration des Liganden steigt. Darüber hinaus befanden sich die aktiven Überträgerproteine nach Stimulierungvollständig im Zellkern. Neben der subzellulären Lokalisation von Smad1, habe ich das Genexpressionsprofil von BMP-Zielgenen analysiert. Ich untersuchte zwei endogene und frühe BMP-Zielgene sowie die Expression der stabil transgenen Gaussia Luciferase. Interessanterweise deuten die Ergebnisse dieser zwei unabhängigen Versuchsaufbauten und Detektionsmethoden auf eine oszillierende Expression der Zielgene hin. Die Amplituden der Schwingungen zeigten eine deutliche Konzentrationsabhängigkeit bei kontinuierlicher und transienter Stimulation. Außerdem aktiviert eine Kurzzeitstimulierung von 15 Minuten ebenfalls ein oszillierendes Genexpressionsprofil, welches für mindestens 30 Stunden nach der Stimulierung nachweisbar ist. Nur die Behandlung mit einem BMP Typ-I-Rezeptorkinaseinhibitor führt zur vollständigen Aufhebung der Zielgenexpression. Infolgedessen sind die Oszillationen der Zielgenexpression direkt von der Aktivität der BMP Typ-I-Rezeptorkinase abhängig
Weber, Dionys A. "Aufklärung der Struktur und Charakterisierung des ternären Komplexes aus BMP-2, BMPR-IA und ActR-IIB." Doctoral thesis, 2006. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-20735.
Повний текст джерелаBone morphogenetic proteins are key regulators of embryonic development and postnatal homeostasis of tissues and organs. Like TGF-betas, Activins, GDFs and other members of the TGF-beta superfamily, BMPs transmit their signals by assembling two types of serine-/threonine-kinase receptors. A two-step mechanism for receptor activation is generally accepted. To date, only the molecular basis of the first step, binding of the ligand to a high affinity receptor has been analyzed by structure determination. The molecular mechanism of the subsequent low affinity receptor recruitment remained elusive. This study describes the preparation, crystallization and structure determination of the ternary ligand-receptor complex consisting of BMP-2 and the extracellular domains of BMPR-IA and ActR-IIB. The structure of this ternary complex allowed us to study BMP-2 receptor activation from ligand recruitment to transactivation. In contrast to other ligands of the TGF-beta superfamily, BMP-2 acts as a nearly rigid scaffold binding to the extracellular domains of both receptor subtypes. There are no direct contacts observed between the extracellular domains of the receptors. Therefore the cooperativity observed for BMP-2 low affinity receptor recruitment on whole cells could not be explained by allosteric effects nor by direct receptor-receptor contacts. The BMP receptor assembly possibly presents a basic mode for generating cooperativity employing the reduction of dimensionality in the membrane to faciliate low affinity receptor recuitment Mutagenesis/interaction studies enabled us to understand how affinity and specificity in the BMP/ Activin system are generated. A majority of the free binding energy in low and high affinity interaction of ActR-IIBecd with BMP-2/-7 or ActR-IIBecd with ActA, respectively, is dominated by the same subset of hydrophobic residues. Polar interactions play only a minor role in low-affinity binding of BMPs to ActR-IIBecd. However in the complex ActA/ActR-IIBecd, the central hydrogen bond between ActA Ser90(OG) and ActR-IIBecd Leu61(N) is the key determinant for switch from low to high affinity binding. Type II receptor binding is termed promiscous since BMP-2 binds to its type II receptors BMPR-II, ActR-II and ActR-IIB with almost similar affinity. This study clearly shows that binding and recruitment of a particular type II receptor could be modulated just by the exchange of single amino acid residues. These insights into the molecular mechanism of type II receptor recognition allow the generation of highly type II receptor specific BMPs. These BMP-2 variants could serve as valuable tools for the determination or the modulation of type II receptor specific signaling pathways. A BMP-2 based mutant protein which is highly specific for ActR-IIB binding could be used for example as a myostatin antagonist for the treatment of muscle dystrophy
Fiebig, Juliane. "Twisted gastrulation - ein BMP-Modulatorprotein mit dualer Funktionalität." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-107270.
Повний текст джерелаBone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are secreted growth factors belonging to the superfamily of Transforming Growth Factors β (TGF-β). In contrast to their name they are not only involved in bone morphogenesis and regeneration, but also regulate numerous events during embryonic development. Furthermore, they play a key role in body axis determination, embryonic patterning as well as organogenesis, later in the adult organism these factors control organ and tissue homeostasis and regeneration. At the current state of research all classical members of the TGF-β family signal through transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors, which can be subdivided into type I- and type II-receptors. For receptor activation the ligand induces receptor heteromerisation forming an active complex containing type I- and type II-receptors which subsequently triggers intracellular signaling cascades. To ensure highly specific signaling a complex network of regulatory mechanisms has evolved. The Small Mothers Against Decapentaplegic (Smad) signaling cascade for example is modulated by inhibitory Smads interacting with the receptor-regulated Smads or through proteasomal degradation of the receptor-regulated Smads by binding to ubiquitin-ligases of the Smurf-family. In the membrane, pseudoreceptors such as BAMBI lacking a kinase domain or GPI-anchored co-receptors such as the RGM-receptor family or Cripto can positively or negatively regulate BMP/TGF-β signaling. A highlight of the TGF-β superfamily is the multitude of different secreted soluble modulator proteins. Most present glycoproteins, which act as BMP-antagonists by interfering with BMP-signaling. The BMP-specific modulator Twisted gastrulation is such an extracellular glycoprotein, which however features an unique dual function. On the one hand, by forming a stable ternary complex it strongly enhances the BMP-antagonizing (anti-BMP) activity of another BMP-modulator Chordin. On the other hand, upon proteolytic processing of Chordin in this ternary complex in the presence of specific metalloproteases such as Tolloid, Twisted gastrulation facilitates the dissociation of the ternary complex releasing active BMP an thereby exerts a pro (moting) BMP-activity. Twisted gastrulation exhibits very low if at all any homology to other proteins and seems also unique among the large variety of BMP-modulator proteins. To understand its dual mode of action on a molecular level analysis of the structure/function-relationship is a pre-requisite. In this project we have established different strategies for recombinant production of Twisted gastrulation for a comprehensive in vitro characterization. Although crystallization of Twisted gastrulation for X-ray diffraction analysis failed, we could successfully prepare stable ternary complexes consisting BMP-2, a type II-receptor and Twisted gastrulation which are ideally suited for protein crystallization. High-throughput expression and interaction-analysis schemes allowed us to study a multitude of single amino acid variants of Twisted gastrulation. This resulted in the identification of several amino acid residues in Twisted gastrulation, which form the binding epitope for BMP-2 confirming its supposed location in the N-terminal half of Twisted gastrulation. We could also show that the N-glycosylation of Twisted gastrulation is involved in high-affinity BMP binding and required for its BMP-modulatory activity in vivo. For a full analysis of its molecular mechanism of BMP-2 interaction and its interplay with other modulator proteins, a structure analysis of Twisted gastrulation is required in the near future. Providing efficient recombinant sources and the preparation of stable ternary complexes will likely facilitate this
Hartung, Anke. "Localization of BMP receptors in distinct plasma membrane domains and its impact on BMP signaling." Doctoral thesis, 2006. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-18360.
Повний текст джерелаEndozytose von Wachstumsfaktor-Rezeptoren spielt eine entscheidende Rolle bei Aktivierung und Übertragung wie auch bei der Schwächung von Signalen. Störungen der Endozytose können schwere Krankheitsbilder hervorrufen, z.B. durch ihren Einfluss auf die Regulation der Rezeptormenge an der Zelloberfläche. BMPs sind Mitglieder der TGF-ß Superfamilie und sind involviert in die Regulation von Proliferation, Differenzierung, Chemotaxis und Apoptose. Zwei Arten von Transmembranproteinen, die Serin/Threonin-Kinase Aktivität besitzen, sind bedeutend für den BMP Signalweg – die BMP Rezeptoren BRI und BRII. Die Aktivierung von BRI und BRII erfolgt durch Ligandenbindung an präformierte Komplexe (PFCs) oder BMP2-induzierte Signalkomplexe (BISCs), die aus beiden Rezeptorarten bestehen. Wenn BMP2 an PFCs bindet, wird die Smad-Signalkaskade initiiert, wohingegen BISCs Smad-unabhängige Signale über p38 weiterleiten, was schließlich zur Produktion von alkalischer Phosphatase (ALP) führt. Das Feld der BMP Rezeptor Endozytose wurde noch nicht sehr ausführlich untersucht, genauso wenig wie die potentielle Rolle, die unterschiedliche Rezeptorlokalisierungen in verschiedenen Plasmamembran-Regionen bei der Initiierung der Signalwege, die durch PFCs bzw. BISCs aktiviert werden, spielen könnten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Lokalisierung von BMP Rezeptoren in speziellen Membrandomänen sowie deren Einfluss auf die BMP Signalkaskade untersucht. Mittels Reinigung von Detergenz-resistenten Membranen (DRMs) aus Zelllysaten und anschließender Gradientenultrazentrifugation konnte gezeigt werden, dass BRI und BRII mit dem caveolären Markerprotein cav-1 kofraktionieren. Darüber hinaus interagieren beide Rezeptorarten mit cav-1 und kolokalisieren auch teilweise mit cav-1 an der Plasmamembran. Obwohl diese Ergebnisse auf ein eindeutiges Vorkommen der Rezeptoren in Caveolae schließen lassen, kofraktionieren sie auch mit DRMs in Zellen, die von Natur aus keine Caveolae ausbilden, woraus man eine zusätzliche nichtcaveoläre Raft-Lokalisierung schlussfolgern kann. Des Weiteren konnte BRII mittels Immun- Elektronenmikroskopie in „clathrin-coated pits“ (CCPs) lokalisiert werden. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass beide untersuchten Membranregionen die BMP Signalkaskade auf unterschiedliche Art und Weise beeinflussen. Es wurde bewiesen, dass Smad1/5 unabhängig von endozytotischen Vorgängen an der Plasmamembran phosphoryliert wird. Einerseits führte die Zerstörung von DRM-Regionen durch Cholesterindepletion zur spezifischen Inhibierung der BMP2-vermittelten ALP Produktion, ohne gleichzeitig die BMP Signalkaskade über Smads zu beeinflussen. Andererseits bewirkte eine spezifische Blockierung der Clathrin-vermittelten Endozytose eine Inhibition des BMP2-induzierten Smad-Signalwegs und auch der ALP Produktion, was auf ein Zusammenspiel von Smad-unabhängigen und Smad-abhängigen Signalwegen bei der ALP-Induzierung schließen lässt. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie lassen die Schlussfolgerung zu, dass verschiedene endozytotische Wege und Membranregionen einen bedeutenden, regulatorischen Einfluss auf die BMP Signalkaskade ausüben. Weiterhin wurde festgestellt, dass die Membranlokalisierung von BMP Rezeptoren für das Einschlagen verschiedener Signalwege ausgehend von PFCs und BISCs verantwortlich ist
Gan, Qiang. "Investigation on Distinct Roles of Smad Proteins in Mediating Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Signals." Doctoral thesis, 2011. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71127.
Повний текст джерелаBone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily and play important roles in numerous biological events in the development of almost all multi-cellular organisms. Dysregulated BMP signaling is the underlying causes of numerous heritable and non-heritable human diseases including cancer. The vast range of biological responses induced by BMPs converges on three closely related Smad proteins that convey intracellular signals from BMP receptors to the nucleus. The specificity of BMP signaling has been intensively investigated at the level of ligand-receptor interactions, but how the different Smad proteins contribute to differential signals elicited by BMPs remains unclear. In this work, we investigated the BMP/Smad signaling in different aspects. In search for an appropriate fluorescence reporter in zebrafish, we compared different photo-switchable proteins and found EosFP the best candidate this model system for its fast maturation and fluorescence intensity. We modified and created appropriate vectors enabling Tol2-transposon based trangenesis in zebrafish, with which transgenic zebrafish lines were generated. We combined fluorescence protein tagging with high resolution microscopy and investigate the dynamics of Smad proteins in model system zebrafish. We observed that Smad5 undergoes nucleo-translocation as BMP signal transmitter during zebrafish gastrulation. We explored the Smad involvement during myogenic-to-osteogenic conversion of C2C12 cell line induced by BMP4. We created transient loss-of-function of Smads by siRNA-mediated knockdowns and analyzed the effects on these coupled yet distinct procedures by quantitative real-time PCR and terminal marker staining. We found that different Smad-complex stoichiometry might be responsible for distinct cellular signals elicited by BMPs
Fuchs, Andreas Rudolf. "3D-Pulverdruck von Zellkulturträgern mit Magnesium-Phosphat-Chemie." Doctoral thesis, 2012. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-77415.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of the present study was the investigation of 3d powder printed struvite-scaffolds as a carrier material for osteoblastic cells in vitro. For this purpose, their cytocompatibility and their chemical solubility were observed. In a second step we analysed, if BMP-2 could pass through the whole printing process without losing its biological function and furthermore if it is possible to print BMP-2 directly into struvite-scaffolds without a significant loss of biological activity. As reactants for the fabrication of the struvite-scaffolds, we used a modified farringtonite-powder and a binder solution consisting of an equimolar mixture of DAHP and ADHP. The investigated struvite-scaffolds showed a sufficient cytocompatibility. It was also shown, that thermolabile proteins, such as BMP-2, could be processed in 3d powder printing without losing much of their biological activity in vitro. The release of directly imprinted proteins out of the struvite scaffolds remained unsatisfying. Struvite is an alternative hydraulic-setting cement for 3d powder printing with certain advantages over the established calcium phosphate cements. Further investigations are necessary to identify the reasons for the low BMP-release out of the struvite-scaffolds and to take full advantage of the neutral setting reaction of struvite-cements
Keller, Sascha. "Struktur- und Funktionsanalysen an BMP Ligand-Rezeptor-Komplexen." Doctoral thesis, 2004. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-12467.
Повний текст джерелаBMPs, like other members of the TGF-beta superfamily initiate their signaling pathways through binding to two types of transmembrane receptors. These ligand-receptor interactions are characterized by different affinities and specificities that may in turn account for the variety of cellular responses. The aim of this work was to examine the molecular basis for the affinities and specificities of these interactions using structural and functional analysis of BMP ligand-receptor complexes. Therefore, the crystal structure of the BMP-2 : BR-IAec ligand-receptor complex was determined at 1,9Å resolution. At this high resolution it was possible to characterize the geometrical parameters of a network of ten hydrogen bonds within the interface. Their particular importance for the interaction could be confirmed by functional analysis. The hydrogen bonds BMP-2 Leu51 (N) : BR-IAec Gln86 (OE1) and BMP-2 Leu51 (O) : BR-IAec Gln86 (NE1) which are located in the center of the interface, as well as the BMP-2 Asp53 (N) : BR-IAec Cys77 (O) H-bond are the main binding determinants of the ligand-receptor interaction. Furthermore, the structural analysis of the ’wrist’ epitope of BMP-2 revealed the importance of the pre-helix loop L2 and of the water molecules in the interface that are required for adaptation of the contact surface to different binding partners. These results form the basis of a new model describing the affinity and specificity of the BMP-type I receptor interaction: hydrogen bonds contribute most of the binding energy, while the hydrophobic environment increases the strength of the hydrogen bonds. The hydrophobic interactions themselves have only a minor effect on the affinity. Furthermore, this work presents the preparation and crystallization of the binary ligand-type I receptor complexes for BMP-2, BMP-6 and GDF-5, as well as the ternary complex of BMP-2 and BR-IAec with either ActR-IIec or BR-IIec. The extracellular receptor domains have been expressed in E.coli or Sf-9 insect cells. Their functional characterization has been carried out using BIAcore measurements with immobilized ligands that confirmed the differences in affinities depending on the particular ligand receptor complex under study. In accordance with these data, the ligand-type IB receptor complexes of BMP-2, BMP-6 and GDF-5, as well as the GDF-5 : BR-IAec ligand-receptor complex have been prepared. Additionally, the formation of the ternary BMP-2 : BR-IAec : ActR-IIec ligand-receptor complex could be shown. Crystallization conditions have been obtained for all complexes. However, the quality of the crystals was not sufficient for structure determination, despite intensive optimization of these conditions. For a detailed understanding in the mechanisms of receptor activation the structural and functional characterization of BMP ligand-receptor complexes should be continued. Therefore, the presented results suggest that, with knowledge of the individual affinities and the selective modification of the binding partners, a successful structure determination of these ligand-receptor complexes might be possible
Heinecke, Kai. "Die Dynamik der primären Erkennungsschritte von BMP-Rezeptoren." Doctoral thesis, 2010. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-49257.
Повний текст джерелаBone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), together with Activins, Growth and Differentiation Factors (GDFs) and Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ), are secreted signalling proteins that belong to the Transforming Growth Factor β superfamily. They play an important role in regulating the development, maintenance and regeneration of tissues and organs. Signalling of TGFβ superfamily members occurs by binding to two types of serine-/threonine kinase receptors termed type I and type II. First, the high affinity receptor (in case of BMP2 the type I receptor) is bound, and then the low affinity receptor is recruited into the signalling complex. The fact that there are only seven type-I and five type-II receptors are known implies a limited promiscuity in ligand-receptor interaction. The architecture of both receptor subtypes is quite similar, with a small extracellular ligand-binding domain, a single transmembrane domain and an intracellular kinase domain. Subsequent transphosphorylation of the intracellular receptor domains leads to phosphorylation of SMAD proteins, which then act as downstream mediators and activate gene transcription. The main part of this work was to analyze the initial steps in receptor complex formation and the mobility of TGFβ-superfamily receptors with fluorescence microscopy techniques. It could be shown that complex formation requires a certain ligand threshold concentration and shows an all-or-nothing switch-like behaviour. Furthermore, differences between different ligands using the same receptors could be visualized. The other parts of this work deal with the functionality of the different receptor domains in signal transduction, the analysis of high- and low-affinity binding sites on whole cells and the influence of the SMAD- and MAPK-pathways on alkaline phosphatase induction. It could be shown that the type of SMAD phosphorylation ist solely dependent on the type of the kinase domain, that there exist different receptor populations on a cell that are addressed by different ligand concentrations and that alkaline phosphatase induction is highly dependent on the time course of SMAD- and MAPK-pathway activation
Hellmann, Tina Verena. "Einfluss des Corezeptors Repulsive Guidance Molecule b (RGMb) auf den Signalweg der Knochenwachstumsfaktoren." Doctoral thesis, 2013. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85568.
Повний текст джерелаBone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) comprise the largest subgroup of the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of secreted growth factors. They are key regulators of early embryogenesis and orchestrate the development as well as the homeostasis of several tissues and organs in adult organisms. BMPs transduce their signals through two types of transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors termed type I and type II receptors. An imbalance in BMP-ligand and receptor numbers - about twenty different BMP-ligands face only five type I and three type II receptors - causes a pronounced promiscuity in ligand/receptor interactions. Therefore, a complex regulatory network is necessary to enable specific signaling of each BMP ligand despite a temperospatial expression overlap. Most of the discovered regulatory processes inhibit BMP-signal transduction. Recently, the first membrane-associated BMP-specific agonists - the Repulsive Guidance Molecule (RGM) family of coreceptors comprised of RGMa, RGMb and RGMc - have been discovered. Aside from stimulatory effects, evidence for a potential inhibitory activity of the RGM family member RGMb on BMP-induced signal transduction has previously been described. To clarify these contradictory RGMb functions, extensive biochemical and biophysical characterizations were carried out. In the course of this work, an efficient expression and purification strategy was established resulting in great yields of highly pure recombinant RGMb coreceptor protein. Subsequent in vitro binding assays based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) showed that RGMb specifically interacts with BMP ligands, while no binding to other subfamily members could be detected. Contradicting published data, no direct interactions of the RGMb coreceptor with type I and type II receptor ectodomains were determined. Furthermore, cell-based competition assays revealed that soluble RGMb protein lacking the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor dose-dependently inhibits BMP-induced signal transduction. Characterizing the influence of the membrane anchored RGMb coreceptor on BMP signaling pointed to a more complex situation. Hence, only minor deviations of the BMP-dependent signal transduction in RGMb-transfected compared to control cells could be detected. These differences could possibly indicate a sensitizing activity of the RGMb coreceptor on BMP-signaling as it has been described before. SPR-based co-injection experiments revealed that BMP ligands bound to RGMb lose their ability to interact with type I receptor ectodomains. Thus, the coreceptor blocks the type I receptor binding epitope, thereby neutralizing the signaling activity of BMP ligands. However, comparative experiments using BMP variants pointed out that the coreceptor/ligand interface involves other binding hot spot residues than the type I receptor/ligand interaction. Analyzing the influence of RGMb on the BMP/type II receptor interaction based on SPR measurements led to a different outcome: In the presence of the RGMb coreceptor, BMP ligands were solely able to interact with the extracellular domain of the type II receptor ActR IIB, while no binding could be detected with neither ActR II nor BMPR II ectodomains. Hence, binding of the coreceptor does not directly interfere with the BMP ligand/type II receptor core interface, whereas a partial peripheral overlap of RGMb with the type II receptor epitope may evoke the observed selectivity for ActR IIB. In order to clarify the observed interactions in the cellular context, RGMb and BMP receptor fusion constructs based on the SNAP-/CLIP-tag® technology as well as efficient labeling protocols and confocal microscopic procedures were established. The biochemical characterization of RGMb along with the extensive interaction studies of this coreceptor with a multiplicity of BMP-ligands and their receptors presented in this work, narrow down the location of the RGMb binding epitope, thus providing an ideal starting point for the subsequent determination of the coreceptor binding domain by site directed mutagenesis. Moreover, the presented in vitro binding studies point to a more complex and possibly novel regulatory mechanism of the BMP signal transduction by RGMb than previously assumed. Thus, the presence of the coreceptor selectively regulates the type II receptor specificity and potentially also the recruitment of BMP-ligands into certain membrane compartments (e.g. lipid raft-domains), herewith fine-tuning BMP-induced signals. The SNAP- and CLIP tag® fusion constructs produced in this work together with the established protocols for confocal microscopy analyses provide efficient tools for subsequent extensive examinations of theses regulatory processes in living cells (e.g. by FRET measurements)
Schröter, Benedikt Markus. "Aufklärung der Funktion von CYR61/ CCN1 in Osteoblasten und Osteoklasten." Doctoral thesis, 2009. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-38830.
Повний текст джерелаMüller, Sophia. "Molekulare Untersuchungen zur Rolle von Homeobox-Genen bei der Entwicklung von Echinococcus multilocularis." Doctoral thesis, 2009. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-35616.
Повний текст джерелаAlveolar Echinococcosis is a rather rare parasitic disease, mainly occuring in the northern hemisphere. It is caused by the larval stage of the flatworm Echinococcus multilocularis. Homeoboxgenes are highly conserved genes, that play a crucial role in the development of organism. Until now neither the number in nor the importance of these genes for E.multilocularis was known. Within this study we could identify the homeoboxgenes in the genome of E.multilocularis and analyse the expression pattern in different larval stages. All together we found a number of 23 homeoboxgenes, the expression pattern in different larval stages was analysed for 15 genes. Within the chosen experimental setup nine of the genes were expressed, five showed higher expression in later larval stages. Furthermore there was a strong hint for the processing of mRNA through trans-splicing for eight genes. Previous experiments of the working group Brehm had shown a relation between a stimulation of young metacestodes with the cytokine BMP-2 and a faster development towards later larval stages. Therefore we anaylsed the effect of the cytokine BMP-2 on the geneexpression pattern of fifteen genes. Under its influence five genes showed higher expression rates. Two belonged to the group of genes that had shown higher expression in later larval stages. These two genes could potentially be candidates with a high significance in the development of E.multilocularis. Due to this work we could elucidate important hints for the development of E.multilocularis and the regulation of its gene expression. Based on these findings it will be possible to study the role of homeoboxgenes and the host-parasite cross-regulation in E.multilocularis in more detail
Kottmair, Mathias. "Bambi – Charakterisierung eines inhibitorischen BMP-Pseudorezeptors." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-103530.
Повний текст джерелаThe protein family of TGF-β-proteins consists of a huge number of predominantly homodimeric secreted ligands in higher animals, regulating many processes and developmental procedures in embryonic and adult forms via absolute or gradual influence. Signal transduction to cytoplasm and nucleus occurs by the aid of promiscuous, pairwisely recruited type-I- and type-II-receptors, usually activating a variety of receptor-dependent nucleus-permissive SMAD-proteins by an intracellular kinase-phosphorylation-cascade. After translocation they induce transcription of bre-promoted genes. Every signal transduction step may be interfered by endogenous inhibitors. So far the known membrane-bound pseudoreceptor Bambi (BMP and activine membrane-bound inhibitor) is hypothesized to have inhibitory potential against BMP- and activin-mediated signaling pathway via binding of distinct ligand-dependent receptors. However, its proper function still remains unclear. At the beginning of this work a homology model of the extracellular domain of hBambi was built based on a solved 3D-structure of BR1A-ECD bound to its ligand (PDB-ID: 1REW). Upon this model a work hypothesis was issued and biologically active recombinant protein was obtained successfully, both from transfected insect cells and from refolding ex bacterial inclusion bodies in sufficient amount and purified by chromatography, respectively. After comparative quality control of both samples the degree of oligomerisation and secondary structure composition was analyzed via CD spectroscopy and analytical gelfiltration runs. Binding affinity towards nearly all ligands of BMP-/GDF-group assigned to SMAD-1/-5-/-8-signaling was shown for hBambi-ECD by SPR experiments. Known BMP-2-mutants lacking affinity for type-I- or type-II-receptors exhibited wildtype-like binding to hBambi-ECD, respectively. Contrary to the current opinion, neither various ectodomains of receptors nor ActivinA did show any specific binding. Moreover, proposed homooligomerisation of Bambi is not mediated via ECD. Introduction of hBambi-ECD into stimulation experiments on several BMP-responsive cells with differing detection modes yielded in concentration-dependent inhibition of BMP-2-signalling, confirming the results of SPR-attempts well. In a further part of this work various chimeric constructs consisting of Bambi- and BR1A-coding sequence were cloned and effectively co-transfected into HEK Ad293 cells together with plasmids coding for BMP- and Activin-dependent reporters. Stimulation experiments with BMP-2 and ActivinA provided insights into Bambi participation within cellular processes. Full length Bambi exhibited ambivalent behaviour with respect to BMP-2-signaling: small amounts have an agonistic effect, while increasing levels revert it into an antagonistic one with respect to reporter formation. Regarding ActivinA no antagonistic effect was observed. Assays with chimeric constructs led to a containment for Bambi-epitope to the type-I-binding-site of BMP-2. Direct impact of Bambi-ICD on BMP-2-signaling could be blackballed. Furthermore, attempts with an antibody against BR1A-epitope revealed another feature of Bambi-binding to the ligand: a construct of Bambi-ECD fused to intracellular BR1A-domain including kinase and GS-Box forms a functional type-I-receptor correctly orientated and incorporated into heterohexameric signaling-complex. Upon gained results within this work, namely the successful establishment of a purification protocol for the extracellular domain of hBambi, the identification of its binding partners as well as the characterization of a prominent binding partner the basis for successful structure determination of hBambi-ECD aiming to unravel the function of this modulator of BMP-/GDF-signaling is laid. Likewise, first knowledge of the ICD was acquired that will be the basis for further experiments leading to continuative scientific findings
Doedt, Thomas [Verfasser]. "Transkriptionelle Steuerung von Morphogenese und Metabolismus des humanpathogenen Pilzes Candida albicans durch die APSES-Proteine Efg1p und Efh1p / vorgelegt von Thomas Doedt." 2004. http://d-nb.info/970110618/34.
Повний текст джерелаUlbrich, Jannes. "Integrierung und biochemische Charakterisierung ektoper BMP Rezeptoren in Zellmembranen." Doctoral thesis, 2010. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55462.
Повний текст джерелаBMPs elicit their cellular functions via recruitment and activation of specific receptor serin/threonine receptor kinases. The precise mechanisms leading to receptor activation and the composition of a functional signal transducing complex on the cell surface has been investigated intensively over the last decades. The dimeric nature of all BMPs, the promiscuity of both, the ligands and the receptors and the different receptor conformations on the cell surface (PFC, BISC) hamper the experimental accessibility of this protein family. To study the membrane anchorage's influence of the receptors on their affinity towards single ligands, different methods were evaluated that enabled us to couple the receptor ectodomains in a quantitative manner to plasma membranes. The BMP receptor ectodomains were, among other techniques, lipidated in a lysine specific way or coupled as hexahistidine fusion proteins to membrane integrated chelating lipids
Weidauer, Stella Elisabeth. "Strukturelle und funktionelle Charakterisierung des Knochenwachstums-Modulators Sclerostin." Doctoral thesis, 2010. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-46224.
Повний текст джерелаDifferent cell types like osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes maintain bone homeostasis. While osteoblasts build up bone, osteoclasts resorb bone tissue and both actions are tightly regulated by the osteocytes. Imbalance between bone formation and resorption will lead to various bone diseases, e.g. osteoporosis. On a molecular level communication between these cell types occurs through two major signalling pathways, i.e. the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and the Wnt-factors. In both pathways signal transduction is induced by secreted factors, which bind to cell surface receptors. This activation leads to an intracellular signal that finally regulates expression of target genes. Both pathways are tightly regulated at various cellular levels, extracellular, at the membrane as well as intracellular. Sclerostin, which was identified in 2003, is a member of the extracellular modulator proteins. Initially it was wrongly classified as a direct inhibitor of the BMP-signalling pathway due to its classification as a member of the DAN-family. Meanwhile it became apparent that sclerostin targets the Wnt-pathway by binding to the Wnt co-receptors LRP5 and LRP6, which belong to the family of low-density lipoprotein receptors. At the beginning of this work very little was known about the molecular mechanism how sclerostin inhibits the Wnt-pathway. The structure analysis of sclerostin employing NMR-spectroscopy revealed in a modular architecture, which can be divided into three regions: the central, characteristic cystine knot, the loop-region and the two fingers. From the cystine knot three loops emanate in two opposite directions. Loop one and loop three form defined ß-sheet structures resembling two fingers of a hand. Loop two, which runs into the opposite direction, is unstructured and highly flexible like the long N- and C-termini. Antibody fab-fragments, which were generated in collaboration with AbD-Serotec, facilitated the mapping of the binding-epitop of sclerostin to LRP5/6, highlighting an extended area of the unstructured loop region of sclerostin as the LRP5/6 binding site. The high-resolution structure of sclerostin and the identification of the LRP5-binding-epitop yield first insights into the molecular mechanism of sclerostin-LRP5 interaction. This knowledge can now be used to develop small-molecule inhibitors by rational drug design, which are, like the sclerostin activity neutralising fab-fragment AbD09097, highly interesting targets for new bone-anabolic therapies of diseases characterised by bone loss
Harth, Stefan. "Molecular Recognition in BMP Ligand-Receptor Interactions." Doctoral thesis, 2010. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-52797.
Повний текст джерела„Bone Morphogenetic Proteins” (BMPs) sind sezernierte multifunktionelle Signalproteine, die eine wichtige Rolle während der Entwicklung, Aufrechterhaltung und Regeneration von Geweben und Organen in fast allen Vertebraten und wirbellosen Tieren spielen. Die BMP-Signalgebung wird durch die Bindung an zwei Typen von Serin/Threonin Rezeptorkinasen eingeleitet. Hierbei binden BMPs zuerst an ihren hochaffinen Rezeptor, bevor der niederaffine Rezeptor in den Komplex eingefügt wird. Durch das Zusammenfügen beider Rezeptortypen wird eine von Smad (Small mothers against decapentaplegic)-Proteinen gesteuerte Signalkaskade gestartet, die letztendlich die Transkription responsiver Gene reguliert. Aktuell sind nur sieben Typ I und fünf Typ II Rezeptoren für mehr als 30 Liganden bekannt. Viele BMP-Liganden können demzufolge mehr als einen Rezeptorsubtyp rekrutieren. Umgekehrt jedoch können auch Rezeptoren an unterschiedliche Liganden binden, was auf eine im hohen Maße promiske Ligand-Rezeptor-Interaktion hinweist. Dabei stellen sich folgende Fragen: (i) Wie können BMPs ligandspezifische Signale erzeugen, obwohl sie dafür die gleichen Rezeptoren benutzen? (ii) Und wie können BMPs unterschiedliche Bindungspartner erkennen und trotzdem hochspezifisch an diese binden? Von Blickwinkel der Liganden aus betrachtet stellen heterodimere BMPs wertvolle Hilfsmittel dar, um das Zusammenspiel zwischen den verschiedenen Rezeptortypen zu studieren. Darüber hinaus können sie neue Einblicke in die Entstehung von unterschiedlichen BMP-Signalen gewähren. In dieser Doktorarbeit wird die Expression und Aufreinigung von heterodimeren BMP-2/6 und -2/7 aus E.coli Zellen beschrieben. Mittels BIAcore Interaktionsstudien und in vitro Aktivitätsassays in Säugerzellen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die hergestellten Heterodimere biologisch aktiv sind. Darüber hinaus zeigen BMP-2/6 and -2/7 in den meisten Zellassays eine höhere biologische Aktivität als ihre homodimeren Gegenstücke. Außerdem konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass der BMP Typ I Rezeptor BMPR-IA an der Signalgebung von heterodimeren BMPs involviert ist. Eine Beteiligung weiterer Typ I Rezeptoren (wie z.B. die von ActR-I), die einen heteromeren Ligand-Rezeptor Typ I Signalkomplex bilden, wie es bereits in früheren Studien gezeigt wurde, konnte jedoch experimentell nicht eindeutig belegt werden. Des Weiteren lassen die Ergebnisse darauf schließen, dass heterodimere BMPs für eine erfolgreiche Signalweiterleitung nur die Präsenz eines einzelnen Typ I Rezeptors benötigen. Von Blickwinkel der Rezeptoren aus betrachtet, ist der BMP Typ I Rezeptor BMPR-IA ein Paradebeispiel für promiskes Bindeverhalten an verschiedene BMP-Liganden. Das extra-zelluläre Kontaktepitop von BMPR-IA ist im Wesentlichen ungefaltet, wenn BMPR-IA in freier ungebundener Form vorliegt. Infolge dessen durchläuft die Binderegion in BMPR-IA weit reichende strukturelle Veränderungen, um die erforderliche Konformation auszubilden, die für die Bindung an BMP-2 essentiell ist. Um herauszufinden, ob das promiske Binde-verhalten von BMPR-IA mit einer strukturellen Plastizität seiner Binderegion einhergeht, wurde die Interaktion zwischen BMPR-IA und einem Antikörper Fab Fragment experimentell untersucht. Das Fab Fragment wurde aufgrund folgender Eigenschaft ausgewählt, nämlich an das BMP-2 Bindeepitop des Rezeptors anzudocken, um so eine BMP-2 vermittelte Rezeptoraktivierung zu verhindern. In dieser Doktorarbeit wird die Kristallstruktur des Komplexes, bestehend aus der extrazellulären Domäne von BMPR-IA und dem Antikörper Fab Fragment AbyD1556 beschrieben. Die Kristallstruktur zeigt, dass die Kontaktoberfläche von BMPR-IA zu einem sehr großen Teil mit der Kontaktoberfläche bei der Interaktion mit BMP-2 übereinstimmt. Obwohl das Kontaktepitop von BMPR-IA zu beiden Bindungspartnern weitestgehend deckungsgleich ist, unterscheiden sich die dreidimensionalen Strukturen von BMPR-IA in beiden Komplexen sehr stark voneinander. Im Gegensatz zu den strukturellen Differenzen zeigt jedoch eine Mutationsanalyse, bei der wichtige Aminosäuren mit Alanin ausgetauscht wurden, dass die funktionellen Determinanten, die die Bindung an den Antikörper und an BMP-2 bestimmen, beinahe die gleichen sind. Wenn man die Strukturen von BMPR-IA, das an BMP-2 bzw. an das Fab Fragment AbyD1556 gebunden ist, mit der Struktur von ungebundenem BMPR-IA vergleicht, so fällt auf, dass die Bindung von BMPR-IA an seine Bindungspartner einem sog. „Selektions-Anpassungsmechanismus“ folgt, was möglicherweise zeigt, dass das promiske Ligand-Bindeverhalten von BMPR-IA von Natur aus durch seine strukturelle Anpassungsfähigkeit festgelegt wird
Koerdt, Steffen Christian Alexander. "Immunhistochemische Untersuchungen zur Expression von Wachstumsfaktoren im Rahmen der Vaskularisation knöcherner Kieferkammaugmentate im Schafmodell." Doctoral thesis, 2011. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69798.
Повний текст джерелаIn this study the expression of various markers for vascularization in different modifications of alveolar ridge augmentation procedures on the mandible with autogenous bone grafts from the iliac crest was analyzed with the help of an in-vivo sheep model. As preliminary investigations suggested, especially the modification of the host side as a combination of a resorbable Bio-Gide® membrane according to the concept of Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) with Bio-Oss® as a bovine bone substitute, showed the least resorption in clinical findings. This modification of the host side was compared with a control group, in which other modifications of the host side were being used and which showed a way higher rate of resorption during the surveillance period and until the euthanasia of the sheep after 16 weeks. The expression of different vascularization markers was compared between these two groups. The data concerning the expression of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and its receptor-isoforms VEGF-Receptor 1 and VEGF-Receptor 2, as well as the Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) isoforms, the endothelial NOS (eNOS) and the inducible NOS (iNOS) all showed a significantly higher expression within the modification of the host side using GBR and Bio-Oss®. Only the expression of the von-Willebrand-Factor (vWF) as a marker of the endothelium showed no significantly higher expression within this modification but a higher expression within the control group. Hypothetically, the fact that vWF is also a marker of endothelial dysfunction could explain the higher expression within the control group. Taking the different regions of the graft in consideration, BMP-2, VEGF, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 all showed a significantly higher expression within the bone graft of the modification using GBR and Bio-Oss®. These results underline the clinical aspect of the good vascularization of the graft within this modification. NOS showed a significantly higher expression in the region of the host side and could explain the importance of NOS for osteogenesis and its effect on osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In summary, the significantly higher expression of vascularization markers and clincally the lowest rate of atrophy and resorption within the modification of the host side using GBR and Bio-Oss®, underlines the better vascularization of this modification and emphasizes the use of GBR and bone substitues during the transplantation of autogenous bone grafts and suggests the therapeutical use of certain growth factors such as BMP-2 within this modification