Статті в журналах: "Protein meal"

1

GÖKÇEK, Cemil Kaya, Tamás SZABÓ, and Cüneyt SUZER. "Effect of different protein sources on protease activity of northern pike, Esox lucius Linneaus 1758, juvenile." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.37.2.03.

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The aim of the study is to determine the inhibitory effect of different protein sources on protease activity of Northern pike, E. Lucius, during larval ontogeny. For this purpose, Northern pike were fed from yolk sac absorption until 21 days after hatching (DAH). At that point, larvae were sampled on 7, 14 and 21 DAH days and the activity of enzyme was analyzed in vitro. In the study, two different fish meal, chicken meal, krill meal, corn gluten, soybean protein concentrate, soybean meal and dried distillers grains with solubles were tested. Fish meal-I showed the lowest effect (7.53 %) on 7 DAH larvae. Moreover, chicken meal has the highest inhibitory effect on the proteases in the first week (68.27%). In the following period (DAH 14), although the inhibition ratio dramatically increased in all ingredients, fish meal-I has still the lowest effect on proteolytic activity (55.66%). In the same period, the highest effect was obtained from krill (82.28 %) and chicken meals (86.73 %), respectively. Then, there was no statistical difference between fish meal-I, fish meal-II and corn gluten in the 21 DAH and relatively lower than the others (p>0.05). Additionally, chicken meal again has the highest effect on juveniles with the ratio 89.27 %. As a result, the increase of proteolytic activity was notably increased in 7-14-21 DAH, however, it is concluded that feeding larvae and juveniles with live prey is still suggested to get better result for such a carnivorous species culture.

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2

Ukoha, O. A., E. E. Nsa, D. N. Onunkwo, and J. C. Ezike. "Comparative evaluation of fish, crayfish waste, meat and blood meal for broiler production." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i1.1321.

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The effect of different animal protein sources in broiler production was investigated. 300 seven-day old broilers of equal average initial weight were randomly allotted into five treatment groups with three replications of 20 birds each and at the end of 28 days, birds were weighed again and re-randomized to the five treatment groups with three replicates of 16 birds each. The diets consisted of four animal proteins. Treatment 1 (Control) had no animal protein while diet 2, 3, 4 and 5 had 4% fish meal, 4% crayfish waste meal, 4% blood meal and 4% meat meal, respectively. The study was conducted for 56 days with 28days starter phase and 28days finisher phase. Parameters evaluated were proximate composition of test ingredients, growth performance of experimental animals, nutrient digestibility and economic analysis. The results showed blood meal had the highest (P<0.05) crude protein level (77.68%) followed by fish meal (54.53%), crayfish waste (48.08%) and meat meal (41.67%). Cray fish waste meal had the highest (P<0.05) crude fibre (6.07%) while blood meal had the least (2.98%). Fish meal had the highest ether extract (5.99%) followed by crayfish waste meal (4.03%), meat meal (3.67%) and blood meal (3.93%). There were nonsignificant (P<0.05) differences in feed intake during both starter and finisher phases across the treatment groups. Blood meal significantly (P<0.05) depressed final live weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio while other ingredients showed (P>0.05) similarities in the above parameters apart from in protein efficiency ratio for which meat meal only showed significant (P<0.05) depression. The least cost per kg feed and least cost per kg weight gain (naira) were observed with birds on crayfish diets. There was better (P<0.05) digestibility of crude protein by birds on treatment diets 1 and 2 followed by 3 and 4 while birds than on treatment diet5 had the least value (58.10%). Conclusively, the use of crayfish waste meal in broiler starter diets and combined proteins in broiler fisher diets should be encouraged.

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3

Slepičková, M., and L. Vorlová. "Effect of Meat and Bone Meal Substitutes in Feed Mixes on Quality Indicators of Turkey Breast Meat." Acta Veterinaria Brno 77, no. 2 (2008): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200877020297.

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We analyzed turkey breast meat composition in dependence on the presence of proteins of meat and bone meal origin in the feed mixes used. Farmers involved in the research with comparable zoohygienic and technological conditions of poultry management were divided into two groups. The principal difference between the groups was in the feed mixes they used. Poultry in Group 1 was fed feed mixes containing a total of 7.2 - 9.5% of meat and bone meal, fish meal and poultry meal and of 3.4 - 36.8% of soybean according to the age category as the main source of protein. In Group 2 the nutritious portion of meat and bone meal-based protein was substituted with soybean meal. Feed mixes fed to turkeys in Group 2 contained 9.35 - 35.25% soybean meal depending on the age group. Between 2002 and 2003, turkey meat samples were collected at a turkey slaughterhouse. The samples were cooled to + 4 °C and examined for meat binding characteristics, water content, and total fat. The remaining parts of samples were frozen and pooled. Then they were tested for their content of total protein, net muscle protein, collagen and 9 fatty acids (myristic, palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic, oleic, eicosanic, erucic, linoleic and linolenic). Evaluation of the results showed that the absence of meat and bone meal in feed mixes had no effect on the indicators important for technological properties of male turkey breast muscle (meat binding characteristics, water content, content of total protein, net muscle protein and collagen). The results of the study, however, also demonstrated a decrease in total lipids (p < 0.05) and a change in the composition of fatty acids when meat and bone meal was replaced with soybean meal (Group 2). Also increased were the levels of palmitic, stearic and eicosanic fatty acids. The difference between eicosanic fatty acid levels was significant (p < 0.05). In the same group of birds, the level of oleic acid also decreased (p < 0.01). The change in total lipids and in the composition of fatty acids of male turkey breast muscle might be important with regards to human health (particularly cardiovascular and cancer diseases).

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4

Ruzic-Muslic, Dragana, Milan Petrovic, Zorica Bijelic, Zdenka Skrbic, Violeta Caro-Petrovic, Nevena Maksimovic, and Bogdan Cekic. "Eco-fish meal as an alternative to fish meal in diets for lambs." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 34, no. 2 (2018): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1802199r.

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The effect of Eco-fish meal, as an alternative to fish meal, on the production performance of the lambs of the Mis population in the intensive fattening, was investigated. The experiment was carried out on 40 lambs, the average age of 30 days, divided in 2 groups. In addition to mother?s milk, the lambs were given a concentrated mixture and a lucerne hay, at will. Isoprotein forage mixtures (16% of total proteins) differed in terms of the protein component. The protein source for treatment I had fish meal, while the animals on treatment II consumed EcoFish, a herbal substitute for fish meal, which consisted of domestic foods of known origin such as genetically unmodified and thermally treated meal of decorticated soybean grains, soybean protein isolates, gluten, livestock yeast with the addition of minerals, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes and other additives. Statistical processing of the obtained data was done using the SPSS STATISTICA, Version 20. On treatments I and II, the average daily lamb gain was 320 and 283 g, respectively, without statistical significance. The consumption of dry matter and proteins in analogue treatments was 0.819 and 0.823 kg, and 152.62 and 157.04 g, respectively. The dry matter consumption per kilogram of gain (kg/kg of gain) was 2.56 and 2.91; of energy (MJ NEM/kg): 17.65 and 20.25; of total proteins: 476.9 and 554.9 g, respectively. The protein efficiency ratio - PER (g of gain/g of consumed protein) in analogue treatments was: 2.09 and 1.80. There were no statistically significant differences between examined treatments (P> 0.05). Considering that the source of protein did not significantly affect the intensity of growth and the use of food by lambs of Mis population in intensive fattening (P>0.05), fish meal can be replaced by Eco-fish meal - plant protein, since according to Commission Decision 9/2001 on BCE protection (OJEC, 2001), there is a distance to the use of fish meal, as a source of protein.

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5

Park, Sang K., D. H. Bae, and N. S. Hettiarachchy. "Protein concentrate and adhesives from meat and bone meal." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 77, no. 11 (November 2000): 1223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-000-0191-5.

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6

Ali El-Tanany, Reham Roshdy, Abderrahim Belkasim Ali Chiab, Hesham Mohamed Abd EL-Gawad El-Banna, Ali Mohamed Ali Mostafa, and Adel Eid Mohamed Mahmoud. "Impact of Replacing Soybean Meal with Sunflower Meal, Sesame Meal, and Black Seed Meal in diets of Barki Lambs." World's Veterinary Journal 11, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 670–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj84.

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Crude protein content in animal diet is considered the first important factor for nutritionists when they start to formulate a diet for different types of animals. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of substituting soybean seed meal by different protein sources on lamb’s diet in terms of nutrients digestibility, and growth performance. Therefore, four tested concentrate feed mixtures (CFM, 14% crude protein) were designed. The CFM1 contained soybean meal as the only source of protein, and 50% of soybean meal protein was replaced by either sunflower meal, sesame seed meal, or black seed meal in CFM2, CFM3, and CFM4 groups, respectively. A total of 28 growing Barki male lambs aged 6 months with an average body weight of 38.6 ± 0.4 Kg were used in feeding trials for 120 days. Depending on their body weight, lambs were divided into four groups (7 animals in each). Each group fed on one of the experimental diets, including D1 (CFM1+ clover hay), D2 (CFM2 + clover hay), D3 (CFM3 + clover hay), and D4 (CFM4 + clover hay). Results of digestion coefficients indicted that the digestibility of crude protein and the nitrogen-free extract was significantly higher for D1 and D4, compared to D2 and D3. The same trend was observed in nutritive values expressed as total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible crude protein (DCP), whereas the D1 and D4 recorded higher TDN and DCP, compared to D2 and D3. Results of rumen parameters demonstrated that there were insignificant differences among groups regarding the average pH, ammonia (NH3-N), and total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs). Data of growth performance indicated that the final live body weight, total body gain, and average daily gain of lambs feed D4 (56.75 kg, 18.62 kg, and 155 g, respectively) and D1 (56.62 kg, 17.60 kg, and 147 g, respectively) were higher than those for lambs fed D2 (53.40 Kg, 14.64 kg, and 122 g, respectively) and D3 (53.11 kg, 14.61 kg, and 122 g, respectively). The feed conversion ratio (feed/gain) was recorded better value with lambs fed D4 followed by that fed D1. In conclusion, black seed meal could be replaced with the 50% of soybean meal participation of protein in growing Barki lambs’ diets without any adverse effects on digestibility, rumen kinetics, and growth performance.

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7

Liu, Dong Mei, Shi Sheng Tang, Ying Shi, Shu Juan Yu, and Hui Wu. "Comparison of the Amino Acid and Protein Content between Peanut Meal and Fermented Peanut Meal." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 1042–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.1042.

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Peanut meal (PNM) is considered an inferior protein supplement and used as an inexpensive source of protein. In order to improve the nutritional qualities of PNM, it was fermented by Bacillus subtilis AS1. 260. The amino acids and protein concentration were investigated before and after fermentation by Bacillus subtilis AS1. 260. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was used to measure proteins molecular weight between PNM and fermented peanut meal (FPNM). The results shows that under the optimum conditions (water volume 50 ml, fermentation 40 h, autoclave period 45 min, (NH4)2SO4 quantity 2.0 g), the No. 9 PFNM had the highest protein content of 55.93 %. PNM fermented by Bacillus subtilis AS1.260 can result in polypeptides of less than 24 kDa. The essential amino acids (EAA) Tyr, Val, Met, Ile, Leu and Lys increased significantly from 1.44, 1.46, 0.09, 1.22, 2.43, 0.90 to 1.51, 2.19, 0.58, 1.78, 2.84, 2.54, respectively (p<0.05). The total amino acids (AA) also increased significantly from 36.39 to 42.40 % (p<0.05). To sum up, fermentation of PNM by Bacillus subtilis AS1.260 can increased significantly the levels of protein, essential amino acids, and amino acids, furthermore, can hydrolyzes the PNM proteins into smaller peptides, which indicates that the fermented PNM can be used as a promising inexpensive source of protein supplement.

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8

Shimeno, Sadao, Hidetsuyo Hosokawa, Toshiro Masumoto, Toni Ruchimat, and Sohtaroh Kishi. "Addition of Combined Defatted Soybean Meal, Malt Protein Flour, and Meat Meal to Yellowtail Diet." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 62, no. 2 (1996): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.62.243.

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9

Suwirya, Ketut, Nyoman Adiasmara Giri, and Muhamad Marzuqi. "REPLACEMENT OF FISH MEAL PROTEIN BY SOY BEAN AND CORN GLUTEN MEAL PROTEINS IN THE DIET OF MUD CRAB, Scylla paramamosain." Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2009): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.4.1.2009.75-78.

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Mud crab culture relies heavily on trash fish as the main source of feed ingredients. Artificial diets have been developed for mud crab and most of them have high content of fish meal. The increasing cost and demand of fish meal has encouraged feed manufacture to search for cheaper alternative protein sources such as plant protein. There is an urgent need to find suitable alternative protein sources to reduce the dependence of fish meal in mud crab diet. The objective of this study was to develop compounded feeds for juvenile of mud crab with reduced fish meal content, and as an alternative of trash fish feeding. For that reason, the experiment was done. Experimental diets were fish meal, 20% of soy bean (20% SBP), 40% of soy bean (40% SBP), 20% of corn gluten (20% CGP), and 40% of corn gluten meal protein (40% CGP). Average initial mud crab body weight of 0.65 ± 0.03 g was fed experimental diets for 56 days. The result showed that dietary fish meal protein can be replaced by 20% of soy bean and 20%–40% of corn gluten proteins for mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) diet. Thus, it can arguably be concluded that soy bean and corn gluten proteins are the alternative protein sources to partially replaced fish meal.

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10

Pearson, G., P. J. Moughan, G. Z. Dong, and P. C. H. Morel. "Protein quality in blood meal." Animal Feed Science and Technology 79, no. 4 (June 1999): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(99)00027-9.

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Moughan, P. J., G. Z. Dong, G. Pearson, and B. H. P. Wilkinson. "Protein quality in blood meal." Animal Feed Science and Technology 79, no. 4 (June 1999): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(99)00028-0.

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12

LIMOURIS, G., CH FLEVARIS, M. CONSTANTOULAKIS, and I. C. DANIELIDES. "Protein meal and gastrin levels." Nuclear Medicine Communications 7, no. 2 (February 1986): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-198602000-00009.

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13

Deutz, N. E. P., and P. B. Soeters. "P.10Reduced intestinal protein synthesis after a soy protein meal in comparison to a casein protein meal." Clinical Nutrition 14 (August 1995): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5614(95)80159-6.

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Nannucci, Lapo, Francesco Mariottini, Silvia Parrini, Francesco Sirtori, Riccardo Bozzi, Michele Falce, Chiara Aquilani, Andrea Confessore, Antonello Cannas, and Giovanni Brajon. "Cardoon Meal as Alternative Protein Source to Soybean Meal for Limousine Bulls Fattening Period: Effects on Growth Performances and Meat Quality Traits." Animals 11, no. 12 (November 26, 2021): 3383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123383.

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Soybean meal is the most important protein source in beef cattle feeding. The research of alternative protein sources to replace soy use, avoiding negative effects on in vivo performance and on the product’s quality, is an important issue. In this context, cardoon represents a non-OGM resilient crop that can be cultivated in marginal lands for extracting its seed oil (utilized for biodiesel and biodegradable bioplastic production) and whose and the residual meal from its seed oil (utilized for biodiesel and biodegradable bioplastic production) could be a suitable by-product for animal feeding, due to its fairly high protein content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using cardoon meal as an innovative protein source during the Limousine bulls’ fattening period. Thirty-two bulls were divided into two groups and fed with a diet containing soybean meal (SG) or partially replacing soybean meal with cardoon meal as a protein source (CG), respectively. The feeding trial lasted about 11 months. Growth performances and meat physical–chemical traits were evaluated. No statistical differences in feed efficiency, average daily gain, or in the main meat quality indicators, as well as in fatty acid profiles were found among the groups. Therefore, cardoon meal could be considered as an alternative to soybean meal in fattening Limousine bulls in order to enhance the sustainability of the farming system.

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Dangin, Martial, Yves Boirie, Clara Garcia-Rodenas, Pierre Gachon, Jacques Fauquant, Philippe Callier, Olivier Ballèvre, and Bernard Beaufrère. "The digestion rate of protein is an independent regulating factor of postprandial protein retention." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 280, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): E340—E348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.2.e340.

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To evaluate the importance of protein digestion rate on protein deposition, we characterized leucine kinetics after ingestion of “protein” meals of identical amino acid composition and nitrogen contents but of different digestion rates. Four groups of five or six young men received anl-[1-13C]leucine infusion and one of the following 30-g protein meals: a single meal of slowly digested casein (CAS), a single meal of free amino acid mimicking casein composition (AA), a single meal of rapidly digested whey proteins (WP), or repeated meals of whey proteins (RPT-WP) mimicking slow digestion rate. Comparisons were made between “fast” (AA, WP) and “slow” (CAS, RPT-WP) meals of identical amino acid composition (AA vs. CAS, and WP vs. RPT-WP). The fast meals induced a strong, rapid, and transient increase of aminoacidemia, leucine flux, and oxidation. After slow meals, these parameters increased moderately but durably. Postprandial leucine balance over 7 h was higher after the slow than after the fast meals (CAS: 38 ± 13 vs. AA: −12 ± 11, P < 0.01; RPT-WP: 87 ± 25 vs. WP: 6 ± 19 μmol/kg, P< 0.05). Protein digestion rate is an independent factor modulating postprandial protein deposition.

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16

Selle, Peter H., Juliano Cesar de Paula Dorigam, Andreas Lemme, Peter V. Chrystal, and Sonia Y. Liu. "Synthetic and Crystalline Amino Acids: Alternatives to Soybean Meal in Chicken-Meat Production." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 22, 2020): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040729.

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: This review explores the premise that non-bound (synthetic and crystalline) amino acids are alternatives to soybean meal, the dominant source of protein, in diets for broiler chickens. Non-bound essential and non-essential amino acids can partially replace soybean meal so that requirements are still met but dietary crude protein levels are reduced. This review considers the production of non-bound amino acids, soybeans, and soybean meal and discusses the concept of reduced-crude protein diets. There is a focus on specific amino acids, including glycine, serine, threonine, and branched-chain amino acids, because they may be pivotal to the successful development of reduced-crude protein diets. Presently, moderate dietary crude protein reductions of approximately 30 g/kg are feasible, but more radical reductions compromise broiler performance. In theory, an ‘ideal’ amino acid profile would prevent this, but this is not necessarily the case in practice. The dependence of the chicken-meat industry on soybean meal will be halved if crude protein reductions in the order of 50 g/kg are attained without compromising the growth performance of broiler chickens. In this event, synthetic and crystalline, or non-bound, amino acids will become viable alternatives to soybean meal in chicken-meat production.

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Parsons, CM, F. Castanon, and Y. Han. "Protein and amino acid quality of meat and bone meal." Poultry Science 76, no. 2 (February 1997): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.2.361.

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18

Buckley, M., K. E. H. Penkman, T. J. Wess, S. Reaney, and M. J. Collins. "Protein and mineral characterisation of rendered meat and bone meal." Food Chemistry 134, no. 3 (October 2012): 1267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.167.

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19

Garcia, Rafael A., and John G. Phillips. "Physical distribution and characteristics of meat and bone meal protein." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89, no. 2 (November 19, 2008): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3453.

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20

Zhang, Xizhong, and Anton C. Beynen. "Influence of dietary fish proteins on plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations in rats." British Journal of Nutrition 69, no. 3 (May 1993): 767–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930077.

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The effects of amount and type of dietary fish proteins on plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations were evaluated in female rats. The isonitrogenous diets used contained 10 g cholesterol/kg and were carefully balanced for residual fat, cholesterol, Ca, Mg and P in the protein preparations. Cod meal, soya-bean protein or casein was incorporated into the diets as the only source of dietary protein a t three levels: either 24,48 or 72 g N/kg diet. Extra protein was added to the diet at the expense of the glucose component. In a second experiment soya-bean protein, casein, cod meal, whiting meal or plaice meal was added to the diet at a level of 24 g N/kg. When compared with casein, cod meal and soya-bean protein decreased plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations. A further cholesterol-lowering effect was achieved by increasing the proportion of either soya-bean protein or cod meal in the diet. Substitution of casein for glucose did not influence plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations. Plaice meal in the diet produced lower group mean plasma cholesterol concentrations than did whiting meal. In rats fed on the diet containing plaice meal, liver cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower than those in their counterparts fed on either cod meal or whiting meal. The present study demonstrates that different fish proteins in the diet have different effects on cholesterol metabolism and that the cholesterol-influencing properties of cod meal can be enhanced by the incorporation of higher proportions of this protein in the diet.

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Pal, Sebely, and Vanessa Ellis. "The acute effects of four protein meals on insulin, glucose, appetite and energy intake in lean men." British Journal of Nutrition 104, no. 8 (May 11, 2010): 1241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510001911.

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Different dietary proteins vary in their ability to influence satiety and reduce food intake. The present study compared the effects of four protein meals, whey, tuna, turkey and egg albumin, on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations as well as on appetite measures and energy intake in twenty-two lean, healthy men. This was a randomised, cross-over design study where participants consumed four liquid test meals on separate occasions followed by the collection of regular blood samples (fasting, +30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min). They were then offered a buffet meal 4 h later. The blood glucose response after the consumption of the test meal, as an incremental area under the curve (AUC), was significantly lower with the whey meal than with the turkey (P < 0·023) and egg (P < 0·001) meals, but it was not lower than with the tuna meal (P < 0·34). The AUC blood insulin after the consumption of the test meal was significantly higher with the whey meal than with the tuna, turkey and egg meals (all P < 0·001). The AUC rating of hunger was significantly lower with the whey meal than with the tuna (P < 0·033), turkey (P < 0·001) and egg (P < 0·001) meals. Mean energy intake at the ad libitum meal was significantly lower (P < 0·001) with the whey meal than with the tuna, egg and turkey meals. There was a strong relationship between self-rated appetite, postprandial insulin response and energy intake at lunch. Whey protein meal produced a greater insulin response, reduced appetite and decreased ad libitum energy intake at a subsequent meal compared with the other protein meals, indicating a potential for appetite suppression and weight loss in overweight or obese individuals.

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Gaytán-González, Alejandro, María de Jesús Ocampo-Alfaro, Francisco Torres-Naranjo, Roberto Gabriel González-Mendoza, Martha Gil-Barreiro, Maritza Arroniz-Rivera, and Juan R. López-Taylor. "Dietary Protein Intake Patterns and Inadequate Protein Intake in Older Adults from Four Countries." Nutrients 12, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 3156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12103156.

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Recent interest in protein intake per meal is observed in studies that have reported the protein intake patterns in different countries; however, comparisons of these data are lacking. We aimed to compare protein intake patterns and the percentage of inadequate protein intake (IPI) per day and meal in older adults from different countries. We acquired data of protein intake in older adults from four countries (Mexico, United States of America, Germany, and United Kingdom). We compared protein intake (per day and meal), IPI per day and meal, and the number of meals with an adequate protein content among countries. The IPI per day significantly differed among countries for <0.8 and <1.0 (both p < 0.001), but not for <1.2 g/kg/d (p = 0.135). IPI per meal (<30 g/meal) did not differ among countries at breakfast (p = 0.287) and lunch (p = 0.076) but did differ at dinner (p < 0.001). Conversely, IPI per meal (<0.4 g/kg/meal) significantly differed among countries at breakfast, lunch, and dinner (all p < 0.001). The percentage of participants that ate ≥30 g/meal or ≥0.4 g/kg/meal at zero, one, and two or three meals per day significantly differed among countries (all p < 0.05). IPI at breakfast and lunch (<30 g/meal) was a common trait in the analyzed samples and might represent an opportunity for nutritional interventions in older adults in different countries.

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Jayanegara, Muhammad Asyam, Anuraga Jayanegara, and Eny Palupi. "Protein content and sensory evaluation of meat analogue made from fermented peanut meal." BIO Web of Conferences 123 (2024): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202412302008.

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The objective of this study was to develop a meat analogue made from fermented peanut meal and to characterize its protein content and sensory profile. Two protein sources were utilized to prepare the meat analogues, i.e., soybean and peanut. Prior to fermentation, peanut was removed for its oil by using mechanical pressing to generate peanut meal. Both sources were then fermented by a mixture of Rhizopus oligosporus and Rhizopus oryzae for 48 h. The products were determined for their protein contents (in duplicates) and sensory profiles using a total of 20 respondents (hedonic scale). The scale used was 1 to 5, from very dislike to very like. To test the sensory property, fermented soybean and peanut meal were served in the form of kebab. The data obtained from the sensory evaluation were analyzed by using a paired t-test. Results revealed that the protein contents of fermented soybean and fermented peanut meal were 34.0 and 36.0% (dry matter basis), respectively. Fermented peanut meal had a greater (P<0.05) hedonic profile in comparison to that of the fermented soybean with a score of 4.75 vs 4.55. Further research is required to fully investigate the nutritional and sensory profiles of fermented peanut meal.

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Wattanakul, Wattana, Karun Thongprajukaew, Waraporn Hahor, and Naraid Suanyuk. "Optimal Replacement of Soybean Meal with Fermented Palm Kernel Meal as Protein Source in a Fish Meal-Soybean Meal-Based Diet of Sex Reversed Red Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus)." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 2287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082287.

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The solid-state fermentation by effective microorganisms (containing photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, yeast and Bacillus sp.) improved the nutritive values of palm kernel meal (PKM). Increased crude protein (20.79%), nitrogen-free extract (40.07%) and gross energy (19.58%) were observed in fermented PKM (FPKM) relative to raw PKM while crude lipid (15.65%), crude fiber (36.45%) and ash (29.54%) were decreased. Replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with FPKM as a protein source was investigated for its effects in sex-reversed red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus). The two-month-old fish (14.85 ± 0.28 g initial weight) were fed fish meal-SBM-based diets with replacement by FPKM at 25% (25FPKM), 50% (50FPKM), 75% (75FPKM) and 100% (100FPKM), while an FPKM-free diet (0FPKM) was used as a control. The five treatments, comprising triplicate cement ponds and forty fish each, were conducted in a recirculating system over 12 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, fish fed the 50FPKM diet were superior in growth performance, while the feed utilization parameters were similar across all five treatments. Physiological adaptation of the protein-digesting (pepsin and trypsin) and lipid-digesting (lipase) enzymes was detected at all protein replacement levels (except for 25FPKM), as well as of the enzyme for cellulose digestion (cellulase), but not of the carbohydrate-digesting enzymes (amylase). Protein synthesis capacity in flesh was improved in fish fed the 50FPKM diet, while the quality of the main flesh proteins, actin and myosin, showed no significant differences across the five treatments. No differences in carcass composition and no negative effects on hematological parameters or liver histoarchitecture at the 50% replacement level of SBM by FPKM also support this alternative. Findings from the current study indicate the low-cost FPKM-containing diet for tilapia in comparison with control diet.

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25

Martens, Mieke J. I., Sofie G. T. Lemmens, Jurriaan M. Born, and Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga. "A Solid High-Protein Meal Evokes Stronger Hunger Suppression Than a Liquefied High-Protein Meal." Obesity 19, no. 3 (March 2011): 522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2010.258.

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26

Seryoguin, Ivan G., Yulia A. Kozaк, and Mikhail V. Zabolotnykh. "VETERINARY AND SANITARY INDICATORS OF BROILER MEAT USING RAPESEED MEAL IN FEEDS." Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology 1, no. 4 (2021): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.202104003.

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The results of the investigation have been presented in the paper for broiler meat veterinary and sanitary traits using rapeseed meal in feeds. Rapeseed meal contains easily assimilable fiber, residual amounts of non-saturated fatty acids, plant protein and some other biologically valuable nutritional matters. It has well pronounced energetic ability for animals and poultry. Rapeseed meal using in feeds influence positively on broiler body and on meat production. Feed consumption, and body weight gain, and carcasses yield increase, chicken culling and forced slaughter decrease. Fat and protein content increase in broiler meat with rapeseed meal in feeds. Such meat has higher biological value and is in demand among the population.

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27

Lo, Weng-Keong, Ping-Lin Ong, Yueh-Sheng Lee, Yi-Tai Hsu, and Kuo-Lung Chen. "Effect of Fermented Meat and Bone Meal–Soybean Meal Product on Growth Performance in Broilers." Fermentation 9, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9010024.

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In this study, we screen the proteolytic activity of Bacillus species in meat and bone meal (MBM) and investigate the effects of fermented MBM–soybean meal products (FMSMPs) on the growth performance of broilers. In Trial 1, FMSMPs were fermented using four strains—Bacillus siamensis M3 (M3), B. velezensis M5 (M5), B. subtilis M6 (M6), and B. subtilis M20 (M20)—all of which presented more total peptides and higher degrees of hydrolysis (DH) than Bacillus subtilis var. natto N21 (N21). In Trial 2, 280 0-day-old Arbor Acres broilers, with equal numbers of both sexes, were randomly assigned into 5% fish meal (FM), MBM–soybean meal (MSM, as control), and N21, M3, M5, M6, and M20 FMSMP groups. The results demonstrated that the crude protein, total amino acids, alkaline protease, trichloroacetic acid–soluble nitrogen (TCA-SN), TCA-SN/total nitrogen, total peptides, DH, and free-hydroxyproline levels in the M6 group were greater than those in any other group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the weight gain in the M6 group was superior to that of the FM and MSM groups in 0–21 and 0–35-day-old broilers (p < 0.05). In conclusion, B. subtilis M6 likely efficiently decomposes MSM to improve the protein properties and nutritional value of the product after fermentation. Supplementation with 5% FMSMP may promote weight gain in broilers.

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28

Rodríguez-Iturbe, Bernardo, José Herrera, Jolanta Gutkowska, Gustavo Parra, and Jesús Coello. "Atrial natriuretic factor increases after a protein meal in man." Clinical Science 75, no. 5 (November 1, 1988): 495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0750495.

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1. The renal function changes induced by dietary protein are thought to result from the activity of hormonal factors that remain as yet undefined. Since a meat meal and high dose atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) infusions have similar effects on glomerular filtration rate, natriuresis and kaliuresis, we decided to investigate the possibility that a protein meal could stimulate ANF activity. 2. We studied 10 normal volunteers who had a fixed protein and sodium intake for 7 days before the experiments. The subjects received a meat meal (1–1.5 g of protein/kg) and, on a separate occasion, a carbohydrate meal that had a similar caloric, sodium and potassium content. Diuresis was stimulated with water ingestion, and urine collections were obtained before the meals (baseline) and after the meals for a period of 3 h. Blood samples were obtained 30 min and 5 min before the meals and every hour for 3 h in the period after the meal. 3. The protein meal, but not the carbohydrate meal, was associated with parallel increments in plasma immunoreactive ANF (i-ANF), natriuresis, kaliuresis and glomerular filtration rate (estimated from creatinine clearances) which reached peak values 2–3 h after the meal. The mean increment of plasma i-ANF after the protein meal represented a twofold increase over baseline levels. 4. We conclude that ANF may participate in the physiological response to an oral protein load.

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29

Kovitvadhi, Attawit, Pipatpong Chundang, Karun Thongprajukaew, Chanin Tirawattanawanich, Sunyanee Srikachar, and Banthari Chotimanothum. "Potential of Insect Meals as Protein Sources for Meat-Type Ducks Based on In Vitro Digestibility." Animals 9, no. 4 (April 9, 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9040155.

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There has been a dramatic increase in duck meat consumption. As a result, ducks are an interesting alternative type of livestock. Animal-based proteins such as fishmeal and animal by-products are valuable nutrients with high digestibility, but they are associated with cost fluctuations, pathogen contamination, and environmental impacts. Therefore, plant-based proteins are used, but they have the disadvantages of inappropriate amino acid profiles, anti-nutritional factors, and mycotoxin contamination. Insect meal contains favorable nutrients and low production costs and is environmentally friendly; however, there is a large number of insect species. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation is to screen insects for their potential use as a protein source in the duck diet. Insect meal with a high proportion of low-digestible components was shown to have low digestibility. Yellow mealworm larvae, giant mealworm larvae, lesser wax moth larvae, house fly larvae, mulberry silkworm pupae, and American cockroach nymph have the potential to be alternative protein sources for ducks. Insect meal has been widely studied and is used in animal nutrition to replace common protein sources that have several disadvantages and to promote sustainability in animal production. Two-step in vitro digestibility using crude enzyme extracts from digestive tracts of meat-type ducks (Cherry Valley) was performed on general protein sources and insect meals to compare the in vitro digestibility of organic matter (OMd) and crude protein (CPd). Variation in chemical components between different types of insect meal was found. A positive correlation was found between OMd and the ether extract composition in insect meal, whereas a negative correlation was shown between crude fiber and acid detergent fiber. Contrasting relationships were found between CPd and crude fiber and acid detergent fiber in insect meal. In conclusion, the yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor), giant mealworm larvae (Zophobas morio), lesser wax moth larvae (Achroia grisella), house fly larvae (Musca domestica), mulberry silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori), and American cockroach nymph (Periplaneta americana) are potential protein sources for ducks based on OMd and CPd digestibility after screening with an in vitro digestibility technique.

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30

Vincent, Isobel C., R. Hill, and R. C. Campling. "Comparison of rapeseed meal, sunflower and soyabean meals as protein sources in concentrates for milking cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (March 1989): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600011326.

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A compound feed that is designed to be given in equal amounts with cereals for milk production would contain about 30% crude protein, and if rapeseed meal were the major high protein supplement to be used along with cereal, about 60% would need to be included. No observations have been reported in which this high proportion of rapeseed meal has been used and the experiment described was planned to provide this information, using low glucosinolate rapeseed meal. The control diet contained soyabean meal in place of rapeseed meal, and a third compound was used containing sunflower meal seed as the major protein supplement.Thirty-nine Friesian cattle were used in a randomised block design: the three treatments, compounds containing low glucosinolate rapeseed meal, sunflower seed meal and soyabean meal, were applied for 16 weeks. There were 21 cows and 18 heifers, the mean days in milk at the start of the experiment was 62 days and the mean yield over the previous two weeks was 26.9 kg.

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31

Abdullahi, Abdurrazzaq Ibrahim. "Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed Processed Duckweed (Lemna paucicostata) Meal as Protein Source." International Journal of Oceanography & Aquaculture 7, no. 3 (2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ijoac-16000256.

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Growth performance and nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed processed duckweed (Lemna paucicostata) meal were evaluated. Blanching and sun-drying were employed as the processing methods. The blanched and sun-dried duckweed meals were used to replace toasted soybean meal in the diets of Nile tilapia at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% each. Nine iso-proteinous diets were formulated using the least cost feed formulation software. The feeding trials were conducted in 27 Hapa nets measuring 1m2 each for 24 weeks. Ten fingerlings of Nile tilapia were stocked per Hapa and fed three times daily at 5% biomass. The fish fed 75% blanched duckweed meal had the best mean weight gain (460.59g), feed conversion ratio (1.82) and protein efficiency ratio (12.67) while the fish fed 100% inclusion level of sun-dried duckweed meal and 100% of blanched duckweed meal diet had the poor mean weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio of 401.69g and 394.03g, 2.06 and 2.10, 11.05 and 10.37, respectively. This study revealed that blanched duckweed meal can replace toasted soybean meal in the diet of Nile tilapia at 75% without any unpropitious effect on the growth performance and nutrient utilization.

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32

Partanen, Kirsi, and Matti Näsi. "Nutritive value of meat and bone meal for growing pigs." Agricultural and Food Science 3, no. 5 (September 1, 1994): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72716.

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Six barrows, with an average initial body weight of 88 kg, were used in a digestibility and balance experiment to study the nutritive value of meat and bone meal (MBM). The MBM, which contained 478 g crude protein and 322 g ash/kg dry matter (DM), was included in barley-based diets at two levels: 100 and 200 g/kg. The experiment was conducted according to a two-period reversal design. The apparent digestibilities of organic matter, crude protein and crude fat in the MBM were 0.910, 0.909 and 0.730, respectively. The MBM was calculated to contain 434 g digestible crude protein, 14.26 MJ metabolizable energy and 8.82 MJ net energy/kg DM. The efficiency of nitrogen utilization decreased with an increasing MBM supply. Due to relatively high mineral intakes, the apparent digestibilities of calcium and phosphorus remained low.

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33

Shawrang, P., and A. A. Sadeghi. "Effects of gamma irradiation on protein degradation of safflower meal in the rumen." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200020718.

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Safflower meal proteins are extensively degraded in the rumen. Attempts to decrease the degradability of feedstuffs proteins have involved treatment with heat, formaldehyde, tannic acid, acetic acid, xylose, and microwave (Sadeghi et al., 2006). To our knowledge, no information is available concerning effects of gamma irradiation on ruminal protein degradation and type of safflower meal proteins that leave the rumen undegraded. The objectives of this study were to investigate effects of gamma irradiation on ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of safflower meal crude protein, and to monitor fate of true proteins of safflower meal in the rumen by using SDS-PAGE methodology.

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34

Shimeno, Sadao, Takayoshi Mima, Tetsuo Imanaga, and Kazuhito Tomaru. "Protein Source for Fish Feed-XI. Inclusion of Combination of Defatted Soybean Meal, Meat Meal,and Corn Gluten Meal to Yellowtail Diets." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 59, no. 11 (1993): 1889–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.59.1889.

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35

Piazza, G. J., and R. A. Garcia. "Proteolysis of meat and bone meal to increase utilisation." Animal Production Science 54, no. 2 (2014): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13041.

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Meat and bone meal (MBM), an important by-product of the meat industry, is the ground, rendered remainder of farm animals after removal of the hide and meat. Most protein in MBM is insoluble, which limits its usefulness. Defatted, milled porcine MBM was subjected to saturating amounts of trypsin, a selective protease, and subtilisin, a protease with broad selectivity. Samples were withdrawn over a 48-h time course of hydrolysis and filtered to remove insoluble material. The rate at which the MBM protein was converted to a soluble form was equivalent for both proteases. Over the time course, trypsin generated fewer free amino groups than did subtilisin, and at a specified time, the molecular weight (MW) of the soluble trypsin hydrolysate was higher than that of the subtilisin hydrolysate. Assay of amino group formation showed that the proteases were still active even after soluble protein generation had ceased. The hydrolysates are useful for a variety of food and non-food uses. The hydrolysates were tested for flocculation activity in an ongoing effort to find sources for renewable flocculant. Kaolin flocculant activity was observed with the soluble fraction obtained before hydrolysis of MBM and also observed with the relatively high MW hydrolysates from short treatment with trypsin and subtilisin. Low MW fractions obtained from by subtilisin treatment at 30–48 h also showed kaolin-settling ability, probably through a coagulation or charge neutralisation process.

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36

Homolka, P., J. Harazim, and J. Třináctý. "Nitrogen degradability and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein in rapeseed, rapeseed meal and extracted rapeseed meal." Czech Journal of Animal Science 52, No. 11 (January 7, 2008): 378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2320-cjas.

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In this study, nutritive values of rapeseed (R), rapeseed meal-expeller A (RM-A), rapeseed meal-expeller B (RM-B) and extracted rapeseed meal (ERM) were compared. The trials were performed using the in sacco method with three steers of the Czech Fleckvieh breed, which were fitted with a permanent ruminal cannula. Nylon bags with samples were incubated in the rumen for 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hours. The effective degradability (ED) of crude protein (CP) was calculated at 0.08, 0.06 and 0.04 1/h of rumen particulate outflow rates (k), and the obtained ED values were 65.4, 70.8 and 77.4% for R, 86.7, 88.1 and 89.7% for RM-A, 82.2, 84.4 and 87.0% for RM-B and 56.3, 62.1 and 69.6% for ERM, respectively. The ED values significantly differed between feeds (P < 0.05) for all rumen particulate outflow rates. Disappearances of amino acids (AA) after 16 hours of incubation in the rumen of R, RM-A, RM-B and ERM were determined. In all cases, the concentrations of AA in the feeds determined after incubation in rumen were lower than in the original feeds. A mobile bag technique was used to determine intestinal digestibility. In the experiment, three dry cows fitted with permanent large ruminal cannula and the T-piece cannula in the proximal duodenum were used. The intestinal digestibilities of rumen undegraded CP (DSI) were estimated 30.0% in R, 15.4% in RM-A, 27.6% in RM-B and 65.3% in ERM. The DSI values significantly differ between the feeds (P < 0.05), except for the difference between R and RM-B.

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37

Choi, Hyunjun, Chang Sik Won, and Beob Gyun Kim. "Protein and energy concentrations of meat meal and meat and bone meal fed to pigs based on in vitro assays." Animal Nutrition 7, no. 1 (March 2021): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.07.007.

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38

Arifin, B., A. Bono, Y. Y. Farm, A. L. L. Ling, and S. Y. Fui. "Protein Extraction from Palm Kernel Meal." Journal of Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (August 15, 2009): 2996–3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2009.2996.3004.

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39

Marium, Irfana, and Mukhtar Ali. "Determination of Protein in Pakistani Meal." Journal of Medical Sciences 1, no. 2 (February 15, 2001): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jms.2001.63.66.

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40

Fanimo, A. "Protein quality of shrimp-waste meal." Bioresource Technology 72, no. 2 (April 2000): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(99)00108-x.

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41

Claypool, D. W., C. H. Hoffman, J. E. Oldfield, and H. P. Adams. "Canola Meal, Cottonseed, and Soybean Meals as Protein Supplements for Calves." Journal of Dairy Science 68, no. 1 (January 1985): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)80798-0.

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42

Biesek, Jakub, Joanna Kuźniacka, Mirosław Banaszak, and Marek Adamski. "The Quality of Carcass and Meat from Geese Fed Diets with or without Soybean Meal." Animals 10, no. 2 (January 25, 2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020200.

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The aim of the study was to compare the carcass and meat quality of geese fed with soybean meal or yellow lupin. In total, 210 White Kołuda® geese were divided into 2 groups (1, soybean meal (SBM); 2, yellow lupin (YL), potato protein, and brewer’s yeast) of 5 replications (21 birds per each). After 16 weeks, 10 geese (5 females, 5 males) from each group were slaughtered. Carcass dissection was done, and major physicochemical traits were analysed (pH, water holding capacity, drip loss, color, and chemical composition of muscles). Weight of leg muscles and their proportion in the carcass were higher (p < 0.05) in SBM. Breast muscles from SBM were characterized by increased (p < 0.05) drip loss, enhanced (p < 0.05) content of protein, water, collagen and connective tissue, and lower (p < 0.05) fat content. Leg muscles from SBM were characterized by higher (p < 0.05) protein and water content but decreased (p < 0.05) salt and fat content compared to YL. The addition of YL (approx. 28%), potato protein, and brewer’s yeast had no negative effect on most meat traits and could partly replace SBM as a protein source in geese feeding. Hence, yellow lupin, potato protein and brewer’s yeast can be used in geese rearing followed by fattening with oats. Some producers do not have the option of using soybean meal. Small-scale farms use their own crop resources, so lupins can be an alternative source of protein for soybean meal.

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43

Solomon, L. R., J. C. Atherton, H. Bobinski, S. L. Cottam, C. Gray, R. Green, and H. J. Watts. "Effect of a meal containing protein on lithium clearance and plasma immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide in man." Clinical Science 75, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0750151.

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1. The effect of meals with a high and low protein content and of the fasting state on renal function and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide was studied in water-loaded normal volunteers. 2. Creatinine clearance increased after the high protein meal, but did not change after the low protein meal or while fasting. Observations of similar increases in urine sodium and potassium excretion and a transient decrease in urine flow after both meals suggest that the protein content of the meal is not an important contributory factor in these responses to feeding. 3. Absolute delivery of sodium and water out of the proximal tubules (assessed by the lithium clearance method) was higher after both meals than while fasting; fractional lithium clearance was higher after the low protein meal than the high protein meal and while fasting. Absolute reabsorption from proximal tubules was increased after only the high protein meal. 4. A transient decrease in the fraction of water delivered to distal nephron segments that appeared in the urine (fractional distal water excretion) was observed after both meals. Fractional distal sodium excretion and absolute distal sodium and water reabsorption increased after both meals. 5. Since plasma atrial natriuretic peptide either decreased (high protein meal) or remained unchanged (low protein meal and fasting), it is unlikely that this hormone is involved in the hyperfiltration after the high protein meal and the natriuresis after both high and low protein meals.

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44

Adesehinwa, A. O. K., A. Alalade, and O. Sokunbi. "Feeding value of fish meal analog as a protein source for starter pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029501.

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Young pigs kept intensively, are very sensitive to the source of dietary protein (Maxwell et al., 2003). Many dietary proteins produce allergic reactions in which diarrhoea, reduced growth, and increased mortality can occur (Bimbo and Crowther, 1992). Various protein sources have been tested in early-weaned pig diets in an attempt to overcome these problems and to decrease diet cost. Fish meal analog (FMA), (a product of Mid-South Milling Co., Memphis, TN) based on animal proteins has been reported to have a composition very similar to fish meal, thereby possessing excellent protein and AA source for young pigs (Maxwell et al., 2003). It is less expensive and more readily available. This may therefore provide a high quality protein and AA source for use in starter pig diets at costs lower than those associated with fish meal. This study was therefore conducted to determine the potential of FMA as a replacement for 72% crude protein-imported fish meal (IFM) in diets of starter pigs.

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45

Oduguwa, O. O., A. O. Mercy, and J. Oso. "Effects of replacing dietary fish meal or soybean meal with shrimp waste meal on the performance of laying hens." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 32, no. 2 (January 3, 2021): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v32i2.1061.

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One hundred and forty-four (144) 45 week old laying hens of Black Nera strain were used in an experiment to determine the effect of replacing dietary fish meal (FM) or soybean meal (SBM) with shrimp waste meal (SWM) on the performance of laying birds. The birds were randomly allocated to three groups of 48 birds each. Each group was further divided into four replicates of twelve (12) birds each. Three iso-proteinous and iso-caloric diets were formulated such that a practical layer diet which served as the control diet (diet I) contained soybean meal (SBM) and fishmeal (FM) as the major protein sources. In diet 2, the FM in the control diet (25gkg') was replaced by SWM (40.43kg ') (protein for protein), while SWM (201.5gkg"') was made to replace the SBM (180gkg') in the control diet (protein for protein) in diet 3. The birds were given feed and water ad libitum. The experiment lasted 10 weeks. The performance in terms of feed intake, hen-day production, egg number and efficiency of egg production (i.e. dozen egg per kg feed) indicated that birds on diet ? (SWM/SBM) performed equally well as those in the control diet. Performance was however significantly (P<0.05) reduced when SWM replaced the protein supplied by SBM in which case about 20% of SWM was employed. There were no significant differences in the albumen height, shell thickness, egg shape index and haugh units of eggs produced. Birds on diet 3 however had the lowest (P<0.05) values of egg weight, egg length, egg breadth and the weights of yolk and albumen, Results of this study showed that shrimp waste-meal at minimal level (4%) can successfully replace fishmeal in a practical layers diet without negatively affecting performance or egg quality of the birds. However, replacing 180g SBM/kg with 201.5g SWM/kg diet had detrimental effect on performance probably because of the high level of SWM that was employed.

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46

Teunissen-Beekman, Karianna F. M., Janneke Dopheide, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Stephan J. L. Bakker, Elizabeth J. Brink, Peter W. de Leeuw, Jan Serroyen, and Marleen A. van Baak. "Differential effects of proteins and carbohydrates on postprandial blood pressure-related responses." British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 4 (June 3, 2014): 600–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514001251.

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Diet composition may affect blood pressure (BP), but the mechanisms are unclear. The aim of the present study was to compare postprandial BP-related responses to the ingestion of pea protein, milk protein and egg-white protein. In addition, postprandial BP-related responses to the ingestion of maltodextrin were compared with those to the ingestion of sucrose and a protein mix. We hypothesised that lower postprandial total peripheral resistance (TPR) and BP levels would be accompanied by higher plasma concentrations of nitric oxide, insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucagon. On separate occasions, six meals were tested in a randomised order in forty-eight overweight or obese adults with untreated elevated BP. Postprandial responses of TPR, BP and plasma concentrations of insulin, glucagon, GLP-1 and nitrite, nitroso compounds (RXNO) and S-nitrosothiols (NOx) were measured for 4 h. No differences were observed in TPR responses. Postprandial BP levels were higher after the ingestion of the egg-white-protein meal than after that of meals containing the other two proteins (P≤ 0·01). The ingestion of the pea-protein meal induced the highest NOx response (P≤ 0·006). Insulin and glucagon concentrations were lowest after the ingestion of the egg-white-protein meal (P≤ 0·009). Postprandial BP levels were lower after the ingestion of the maltodextrin meal than after that of the protein mix and sucrose meals (P≤ 0·004), while postprandial insulin concentrations were higher after the ingestion of the maltodextrin meal than after that of the sucrose and protein mix meals after 1–2 h (P≤ 0·0001). Postprandial NOx, GLP-1 and glucagon concentrations were lower after the ingestion of the maltodextrin meal than after that of the protein mix meal (P≤ 0·008). In conclusion, different protein and carbohydrate sources induce different postprandial BP-related responses, which may be important for BP management. Lower postprandial BP levels are not necessarily accompanied by higher NOx, insulin, glucagon or GLP-1 responses.

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Szendrő, Katalin, Mónika Zita Nagy, and Katalin Tóth. "Consumer Acceptance of Meat from Animals Reared on Insect Meal as Feed." Animals 10, no. 8 (July 30, 2020): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081312.

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Insect protein production requires much less land, feed, and water, and thus has a much smaller ecological footprint than animal protein production, which is important for reducing global warming. Poultry, pigs, and fish consume insects in nature, so insect meal could be a good substitute for soybean and fishmeal as a protein source in diets. The aim of this study was to examine consumer opinion on meat that originated from animals whose diet contained insect meal. The study was conducted in Hungary in 2020 (N = 414). On a scale of 1–7, respondents gave much lower scores (3.96) to this product than that which originated from a free-range system (5.11; p < 0.001). Male, more highly educated, and 30–39 year-old respondents gave significantly higher scores than other groups. The most important factor in accepting insect meal in animal feed was “no risk”, while the least important factor was “replacement of Genetically Modified (GM) soybeans”. Since free-range animals also consume insects, the difference in the attitude of respondents was based on their aversion to insects, while accepting free-range as the best animal welfare system. Thus, more emphasis should be placed on the benefits of insect meal in animal feed in order to bring about awareness and acceptance.

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Vieira, Dayane Josiane, Sandra Regina Freitas Pinheiro, Keila Abadia Barbosa, Danielly Rodrigues Fernandes Moreira, Leilane Rocha Barros Dourado, and Débora Cristine de Oliveira Carvalho. "Crambe meal in broiler feeding." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 8 (July 30, 2020): e828986702. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i8.6702.

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This study aimed to evaluate the performance of broilers fed a diet in which the total protein has been replaced by the protein of the crambe meal. The experiment was used 630 male chickens (Cobb® 500) from 8 to 42 days of age, distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments, six replications of 21 birds per plot. The treatments were: control diet (0%) and diets containing 3, 6, 9 and 12% of crambe meal protein in replacement of the total protein of the feed. The performance was evaluated in the initial phase (8 to 21 days), growth (22 to 42 days) and total (8 to 42 days). Carcass and cuts was evaluated at 43 days of age. Diets containing crambe meal promoted lower feed intake compared with to the control diet in all evaluated phases. For weight gain, a worse result was observed with increased inclusion of crambe protein, with a linear decrease compared to those who did not receive crambe in the total breeding period. It was found that for the total period the best feed conversion was obtained with 6% of the inclusion of crambe protein in comparison to the crambe-free diet. Carcass, breast and thigh weights decreased with a diet containing 12% of the crambe protein. The results indicate that it is possible to partially replace the crude protein of the feed up to 6% with the protein of the crambe meal.

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Levic, Jovanka, Slavica Sredanovic, and Olivera Djuragic. "Sunflower meal protein as a feed for broilers." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 36 (2005): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt0536003l.

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The paper provides an overview of the nutritional aspects associated with the utilization of sunflower meal in broiler diets. To gain the maximum benefit from this feed ingredient, some of the characteristics of sunflower meal must be considered. In broiler diets, it is recommended that only high-quality decellulosed sunflower meal be used. Our own results and a broad variety of published reports have thus been consulted. Experiments with high protein sunflower meal in broiler diets have shown that sunflower meal can successfully replace soybean meal, provided that diets are supplemented with adequate amounts of lysine and energy. Consequently, the inclusion of sunflower meal in broiler diets may vary depending on the fiber content of the meal, the lysine and/or energy supplementation of the diet.

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Munoz, J. A., C. D. Hanna, P. L. Utterback, and C. M. Parsons. "Phosphorus retention in corn, spray dried plasma protein, soybean meal, meat and bone meal, and canola meal using a precision-fed rooster assay." Poultry Science 97, no. 12 (December 2018): 4324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey322.

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