Статті в журналах: "Protective measurement"

1

Anandan, J. "Protective measurement and quantum reality." Foundations of Physics Letters 6, no. 6 (December 1993): 503–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00662803.

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2

Kumagai, Michitomo, Mitsuo Shintani, and Makoto Kuranishi. "Measurement of Radiation Protection Performance of X-ray Protective Aprons." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 54, no. 1 (1998): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001351866.

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3

Zuo, Jia, Ge Chen, and Gang Wang. "Research on Strain Gauge Protecting-Process to Measurement Data Accuracy of Composite Material Structure." Advanced Materials Research 1022 (August 2014): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1022.42.

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With the extensive application of composite materials in aircraft structure, the test technologies of strain gauge are more important. But the installed strain gauge must to be protected against some influence. Because the protecting-process of strain gauge affected the strain measuring results of composite structure. In this paper, the composite (T700/LT-03A) was selected to made specimens, and the three different protective agents: protective glue, protective grume and protective grummet were adopted. In order to identify influence of the different protecting processes on the measuring data accuracy, comparison of repeatability and linearity before-and-after measured strain data are served as test standard. The compared test results show that the different strain protecting processes adopted in strength test can make different results of the measuring data accuracy.

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4

Eder, Heinrich. "X-Ray Protective Aprons Re-Evaluated." RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 195, no. 03 (February 16, 2023): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1994-7332.

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Background The evaluation of the protective effect of X-ray protective clothing requires new criteria. The current concept assumes more or less uniform covering of the torso with protective material. The frequently worn heavy wrap-around aprons can weigh 7 to 8 kg. As relevant studies show, orthopedic damage can result from long-term activity. It should therefore be investigated whether the apron weight can be reduced by optimizing the material distribution. For a radiobiological evaluation of the protective effect, the “effective dose” should be used. Methods Numerous laboratory measurements were performed with an Alderson Rando phantom as well as dose measurements on clinical personnel. The measurements were supplemented by Monte Carlo simulation of an interventional workplace in which a female ICRP reference phantom was used for the operator. The measured back doses on the Alderson phantom as well as the measured back doses at interventional workplaces were based on the personal equivalent dose Hp(10). Monte Carlo simulations were used to introduce protection factors for the protective clothing based on the “effective dose” introduced in radiation protection. Results Back doses in clinical radiology personnel are largely negligible. Therefore, back protection can be much lower than currently used or can even be eliminated. The Monte Carlo simulations show that the protective effect of protective aprons worn on the body is higher than when the flat protective material is radiated through (3 D effect). About 80 % of the effective dose is attributed to the body region from the gonads to the chest. By additional shielding of this area, the effective dose can be lowered or, optionally, aprons with less weight can be produced. Attention must also be paid to the “radiation leaks” (upper arms, neck, skull), which can reduce the whole-body protective effect. Conclusion In the future, the evaluation of the protective effect of X-ray protective clothing should be based on the effective dose. For this purpose, effective dose-based protection factors could be introduced, while the lead equivalent should be used for measurement purposes only. If the results are implemented, protective aprons with approx. 40 % less weight can be produced with a comparable protective effect. Key Points: Citation Format

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Kozey, John, Tara Reilly, and Chris Brooks. "Personal protective equipment affecting functional anthropometric measurement." Occupational Ergonomics 5, no. 2 (November 2, 2005): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/oer-2005-5205.

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This study provides information on the affects of immersion suit wear on the maximum reach envelope of industrial offshore workers. In this study the total maximum reach envelope was measured using a computerized potentiometric system which records the 3-dimensional reach volume. The reach volume was then partitioned into vertical and horizontal sectors to closely examine the effect of the suit on the reach. Specific regions of the maximum reach envelope were significantly affected by the use of the suit. The changes were documented in terms of the linear changes in vertical reach and angular changes in shoulder motion.

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6

Zeng, Qing Zhao, Jin Chuan Song, and Su Zhuo Wu. "DC Protective Measurement and Control Device for Mass Transit Based on VxWorks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 1016–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.1016.

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VxWorks operating system provides the technical foundation for the products development of DC protective measurement and control device for mass transit. According to technical requirements of products of DC protective measurement and control device for mass transit, this paper set up software and hardware implementation scheme and deeply analyzed the key technology such as task function division, message management, interrupt management and protection task realization.The successful application experience of this technology scheme has the guide meaning for the development of the similar products.

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7

Bulatov, A. S., and A. A. Popov. "MEASUREMENT THICKNESS OF PROTECTIVE-DECORATIVE COATINGS ON CONCRETE BASES." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 263 (May 2020): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.05.pp.046-050.

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The factors affecting to the ultrasonic testing of the coating thickness on concrete are considered. The structure and design of the transducer used to solve this problem. Features of the organization of the measurement process are described. Options for creating reference samples for tuning and testing ultrasonic thickness gauges used to solve this problem. The results of measuring the thickness of the polyurethane coating on concrete obtained on the Bulat 3 device using a specialized transducer are presented. The characteristics of concrete, which necessitate the use of special protective and decorative materials (surface abrasion, insufficient density, low hydrophobicity, etc.), and the characteristics of organic polymer coatings (adhesion, elasticity, wear resistance, chemical resistance, and hardness), which depend significantly on dry film thickness (protective layer). It is indicated that in order for the coating to ensure the fulfillment of the declared parameters taking into account economic feasibility, it is necessary to fulfill the requirements for a given minimum coating thickness, and that the use of the ultrasonic testing method seems to be the optimal method for measuring the coating thickness. Factors affecting the measurement process (the ratio of acoustic impedances, reflection coefficient and its variation range for various types of concrete and the most common coatings) are also considered. It is indicated that, based on a number of experiments with different types of transducers (dual element, single element and single element with the delay line), the maximum sensitivity and measurement range are ensured by using a direct single element transducer with a delay line. The data on the choice of the operating frequency of the transducer is given, depending on the range of measured coating thicknesses. The design and construction of the transducer, the features of the construction of its elements and their influence on the transducer characteristics, the principle of measuring the coating thickness and its implementation on the Bulat 3 ultrasonic thickness gauge are described. The char-acteristics of the device that allowed it to be used for such measurements are indicated. Information is provided on various options for the implementation of reference samples of the coating, on the methodology for their testing and the measurement results.

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8

Bulatov, A. S., and A. A. Popov. "MEASUREMENT THICKNESS OF PROTECTIVE-DECORATIVE COATINGS ON CONCRETE BASES." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 263 (May 2020): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.05.pp.046-050.

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The factors affecting to the ultrasonic testing of the coating thickness on concrete are considered. The structure and design of the transducer used to solve this problem. Features of the organization of the measurement process are described. Options for creating reference samples for tuning and testing ultrasonic thickness gauges used to solve this problem. The results of measuring the thickness of the polyurethane coating on concrete obtained on the Bulat 3 device using a specialized transducer are presented. The characteristics of concrete, which necessitate the use of special protective and decorative materials (surface abrasion, insufficient density, low hydrophobicity, etc.), and the characteristics of organic polymer coatings (adhesion, elasticity, wear resistance, chemical resistance, and hardness), which depend significantly on dry film thickness (protective layer). It is indicated that in order for the coating to ensure the fulfillment of the declared parameters taking into account economic feasibility, it is necessary to fulfill the requirements for a given minimum coating thickness, and that the use of the ultrasonic testing method seems to be the optimal method for measuring the coating thickness. Factors affecting the measurement process (the ratio of acoustic impedances, reflection coefficient and its variation range for various types of concrete and the most common coatings) are also considered. It is indicated that, based on a number of experiments with different types of transducers (dual element, single element and single element with the delay line), the maximum sensitivity and measurement range are ensured by using a direct single element transducer with a delay line. The data on the choice of the operating frequency of the transducer is given, depending on the range of measured coating thicknesses. The design and construction of the transducer, the features of the construction of its elements and their influence on the transducer characteristics, the principle of measuring the coating thickness and its implementation on the Bulat 3 ultrasonic thickness gauge are described. The char-acteristics of the device that allowed it to be used for such measurements are indicated. Information is provided on various options for the implementation of reference samples of the coating, on the methodology for their testing and the measurement results.

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9

Guy, A. W., Chung-Kwang Chou, J. A. McDougall, and C. Sorensen. "Measurement of Shielding Effectiveness of Microwave-Protective Suits." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 35, no. 11 (November 1987): 984–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.1987.1133796.

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10

Miyazaki, Makoto. "Using and Explaining Individual Dosimetry Data." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 29, no. 2_suppl (March 2017): 110S—119S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539517693082.

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Measurement of individual radiation dose is crucial for planning protective measures after nuclear accidents. The purpose of this article is to explain the various initiatives taken after the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, including the D-shuttle project wherein residents from affected areas wore a personal dosimeter to measure their own external exposure. The experience in Fukushima revealed several issues such as gaining residents’ trust and ensuring appropriate communication of the measured data. The D-shuttle project also revealed that obtaining individual dose measurement data had 2 purposes, as the information obtained was to be utilized by the residents for self-protection and by the authorities for deriving the dose distribution of the population to aid in designing large-scale protection measures. The lessons learned are that both the residents and the authorities need to understand and share the meaning of individual dose measurements and the measurement results must be used with due respect for the residents’ privacy and other concerns.

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11

Muenks, Dominik, Jasmin Pilgrim, and Kyosev Yordan. "Possibilities for qualitative evaluation of the protection area of protective clothing." Communications in Development and Assembling of Textile Products 3, no. 2 (September 3, 2022): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25367/cdatp.2022.3.p156-162.

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Protective clothing, worn for example by police, ambulance and private security services, has the task of protecting against weapon attacks and is becoming increasingly important. International standards specify test methods to ensure the protective effects and classes, but the protective surfaces or the wearing comfort are not defined more detailed in the standards. In the study, a new measurement method is developed and presented for determining the percentage of protected body parts by a stab protective vest. After considering various approaches, the combination of scanned 3D/4D body data and appropriate processing turned out to be the most suitable. With the developed method, the projection of protective surfaces onto scanned bodies or avatars is possible. This study helps defining a key indicator of the protected areas and therefore makes different vest variants more comparable.

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12

Teli, Mangesh, and Bhagyashri N. Annaldewar. "Towards superhydrophobic and ultraviolet protective nylon fabrics." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 29, no. 5 (September 4, 2017): 696–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-02-2017-0013.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to prepare coloured superhydrophobic and ultraviolet (UV) protective nylon fabrics using nanosilica copper oxide coating. Design/methodology/approach In this study, brown coloured superhydrophobic nylon fabric exhibiting UV protective properties was prepared by step-wise deposition of silica nanoparticles, copper oxide and sodium stearate. The hydrophobicity of treated fabrics was characterised by water contact angle measurement and UV protection properties of fabric were assessed by Australian/New Zealand Standard. Also, a colouring effect of treatment on nylon fabric was measured using spectrophotometer. Findings The modified fabric not only exhibited superhydrophobicity with the water contact angle of 150.6°, but also rendered excellent protection against UV radiation. The fabric showed retention of hydrophobic and UV protection properties up to 20 washing cycles. Originality/value A novel method for imparting superhydrophobicity and UV protective properties along with colouration effect on nylon fabrics has been reported. This type of fabric has potential application in the field of protective clothing.

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13

Prostański, Dariusz. "Empirical Models of Zones Protecting Against Coal Dust Explosion." Archives of Mining Sciences 62, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2017-0044.

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Abstract The paper presents predicted use of research’ results to specify relations between volume of dust deposition and changes of its concentration in air. These were used to shape zones protecting against coal dust explosion. Methodology of research was presented, including methods of measurement of dust concentration as well as deposition. Measurements were taken in the Brzeszcze Mine within framework of MEZAP, co-financed by The National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR) and performed by the Institute of Mining Technology KOMAG, the Central Mining Institute (GIG) and the Coal Company PLC. The project enables performing of research related to measurements of volume of dust deposition as well as its concentration in air in protective zones in a number of mine workings in the Brzeszcze Mine. Developed model may be supportive tool in form of system located directly in protective zones or as operator tool warning about increasing hazard of coal dust explosion.

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14

Kato, Mamoru, Koichi Chida, Takato Ishida, Hideto Toyoshima, Yasuyuki Yoshida, Shotaro Yoshioka, Junta Moroi, and Toshibumi Kinoshita. "OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION EXPOSURE OF THE EYE IN NEUROVASCULAR INTERVENTIONAL PHYSICIAN." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 185, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncy285.

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Abstract Neurovascular interventional radiology (neuro-IR) procedures tend to require an extended fluoroscopic exposure time and repeated digital subtraction angiography. To evaluate the actual measurement of eye lens dose using a direct eye dosemeter in neuro-IR physicians is important. Direct dosimetry using the DOSIRIS™ (IRSN, France) [3 mm dose equivalent, Hp(3)] was performed on 86 cases. Additionally, a neck personal dosemeter (glass badge) [0.07 mm dose equivalent, Hp(0.07)] was worn outside the protective apron to the left of the neck. The average doses per case of neuro-IR physicians were 0.04 mSv/case and 0.02 mSv/case, outside and inside the radiation protection glasses, respectively. The protective effect of radiation protection glasses was approximately 60%. The physician eye lens dose tended to be overestimated by the neck glass badge measurements. A correct evaluation of the lens dose [Hp(3)] using an eye dosemeter such as DOSIRIS™ is needed for neuro-IR physicians.

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15

Hope, J. C., M. L. Thom, M. McAulay, E. Mead, H. M. Vordermeier, D. Clifford, R. G. Hewinson, and B. Villarreal-Ramos. "Identification of Surrogates and Correlates of Protection in Protective Immunity againstMycobacterium bovisInfection Induced in Neonatal Calves by Vaccination withM. bovisBCG Pasteur andM. bovisBCG Danish." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 3 (January 12, 2011): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00543-10.

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ABSTRACTVaccination of neonatal calves withMycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) induces a significant degree of protection against infection with virulentM. bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). We compared two strains of BCG, Pasteur and Danish, in order to confirm that the current European human vaccine strain (BCG Danish) induced protective immunity in calves, and we assessed immune responses to determine correlates of protection that could assist future vaccine evaluation in cattle. Both vaccine strains induced antigen (purified protein derivate [PPD])-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in whole-blood cultures. These responses were not significantly different for BCG Pasteur and BCG Danish and peaked at week 2 to 4 postvaccination. Vaccination with either BCG Danish or BCG Pasteur induced significant protection against bTB, with reductions in both lesion score and bacteriological burden evident in both groups of vaccinated calves compared with nonvaccinated control calves. Measurement of IFN-γ-expressing T lymphocytes postvaccination and postchallenge revealed both correlates and surrogates of protective efficacy. The frequency of central memory T lymphocytes present at 12 weeks postvaccination (at the time ofM. bovischallenge) correlated significantly with protection. Conversely, the number of IFN-γ-expressing effector T cells present afterM. bovischallenge was correlated with disease. These results demonstrate that vaccination of neonatal calves with either BCG Pasteur or BCG Danish induces protective immune responses against TB. In addition, we show that measurement of antigen-specific T lymphocyte populations may provide a reliable means for identifying protective vaccine candidates.

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16

Shirakashi, Ryo, and Lin Wei. "Measurement of water diffusion coefficient in bio-protective solution." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2018 (2018): 0063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2018.0063.

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17

Konyashin, I. Yu, and T. V. Chukalovskaya. "A technique for measurement of porosity in protective coatings." Surface and Coatings Technology 88, no. 1-3 (January 1997): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(95)02758-0.

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18

Forman, Henry Jay, Hongqiao Zhang, and Alessandra Rinna. "Glutathione: Overview of its protective roles, measurement, and biosynthesis." Molecular Aspects of Medicine 30, no. 1-2 (February 2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2008.08.006.

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19

Сясько, Vladimir Syasko, Булатов, and Сергей Bulatov. "Modern Ultrasonic Methods for Residual Wall Thickness Measurements of Metal Products under Protective Coatings." NDT World 19, no. 3 (September 20, 2016): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21146.

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With an increasing amount of work on residual thickness measurements of various metal products (petrochemical industry products, marine and bridge structures, transport infrastructure objects, etc.) the task of improving measurement performance is getting increasingly urgent. While measuring the residual wall thickness Hmet of coated metal products with the traditional ultrasonic methods, for example, probe-echo, a significant portion of time is spent to scrape a protective dielectric coating (most often paint) from the testing point and then to restore the coating after the measurements. In recent years the ultrasonic methods, which do not require the coating to be removed for measuring, are intensively developed. The optimal methods are the following: Echo-Echo, different Probe-Echo Coating (including the TopCOAT) and combined. The article describes in detail the physical basis of the methods, block diagrams of two - and four-element double crystal transducers, time charts and algorithms for Hmet computing, which together enable the coating thickness value to be eliminated from the measurement results. The analysis of every method’s merits and demerits and the restrictions on its usage are given. The article also shows the ways to improve parameters of the equipment used for coated products testing as well as measures to increase the reliability of Hmet measurement results.

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20

Gorenc, D., K. Flegar, I. Lončar, and E. Plavec. "Simulation and Measurement of Pressure Rise in GIS 145 kV due to Internal Arcing." Journal of Energy - Energija 67, no. 3 (June 2, 2022): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/201867369.

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Internal arc testing of metal-enclosed, SF6 gas insulated switchgear (GIS) is defined by IEC 62271-203 and is not a part of mandatory type tests. However, due to the increasing demands on the safety of personnel, more often the implementation of this test is required in the tender documentation. According to IEC, the duration of the electric arc is related to the performance of the protective system determined by the first and second stage of protection. For the rated short-circuit current equal or higher than 40 kA, during the first stage of protection (0.1 s), no external effects on enclosure other than the operation of pressure relief device is permitted. During the second stage of protection (≤0.3 s) no fragmentation is permitted, but burn-through is acceptable. The test should be carried out on the GIS compartment with the smallest volume at nominal gas pressure. Since a newly developed GIS 145 kV is designed as a three-phase encapsulated, arc initiation is achieved by short connecting of all three phase conductors in the vicinity of a partition by means of a thin metal wire. This ensures that two electric arcs burn simultaneously commutating between the phases, so the possibility of enclosure burn-through in this type of GIS is minimized. In order to prevent the release of SF6 gas in the atmosphere during the testing, a test enclosure should be placed in a protective gastight enclosure filled with air or more often SF6 gas at pressure of 0.1 MPa. This test object configuration significantly complicates the pressure rise calculation and increases the testing cost. In order to prevent enclosure fragmentation, the pressure difference between the test enclosure and the protective enclosure during the test should always be less than the bursting pressure of test enclosure. Also, the protective enclosure should be designed to withstand the maximum pressure rise that may occur after pressure relief device opens. In order to assess the likelihood of passing the upcoming type test for newly developed GIS, a computer program for calculation of pressure and temperature in the test enclosure and protective enclosure was developed. The mathematical model is based on the paper of the working group CIGRE A3.24, published in 2014. The basic model shown in the paper is enhanced by the real properties of the SF6 gas/plasma, evaporation of the electrode material and the insulator ablation. The contribution of exothermic/endothermic reactions between the gas and the electrode material on the pressure and temperature rise was also considered. At the same time, the measurements of pressure rise in GIS enclosure and protective enclosure were carried out in Končar High Power Laboratory. The experiments performed on a copper and aluminum electrodes in SF6 gas confirmed significantly higher contribution of aluminum electrodes to the pressure and temperature rise compared to the copper electrodes. The computer program is verified by measurement results.

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21

Namdari, Farhad, and Sajad Samadinasab. "A New Method for Optimal Coordination of Overcurrent Relays Considering the Communication Channels Constraints." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v1.i1.pp17-30.

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<p>The most of the new protective schemes are based on a communication channel, which cannot be guaranteed in practice. However, during blackouts or cascading failures in the power grid, as system conditions change significantly and rapidly, more information exchanges may be required by the control centers and substations. In other words, the communication channels are operating with high load and therefore become more vulnerable when the power grid is in contingent conditions. Thus, relying on the communication channel for decision making may not be the optimal solution for protective relays, although it might be beneficial to have information exchange. In this article, a novel protective logic is proposed based on phasor measurement units (PMUs) data for optimal coordination of overcurrent relays. PMUs measure the positive sequence voltage at two substations separated by hundreds of miles which are synchronized precisely with the aid of a GPS satellite system. The precise time-tags are attached with samples, and this information is exchanged over communication channels and collected by control centers and/or substations. By extracting the relevant information from these measurements, phasor information can be obtained at any node where PMUs are installed in the power grid. This can be used to do more accurate state estimation, control, and protection. In these relays, besides current and voltage, phasor information has become an important measurement in decision making. The proposed method is tested on IEEE 8-bus standard network.</p>

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22

Li, Zhen Xing, Qiu Li, and Tao Zhang. "Wide-Area Backup Protection Algorithm Based on Earth Impedance Comparison Principle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.858.

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A novel algorithm is proposed for the purpose of improving the reliability and sensibility of fault component identification of wide area backup protection. The algorithm, called earth impedance comparison protection (EICP), is realized by comparing the ratios of different nodes, and the ratio is obtained by the bus voltage to the differential current. The advantages of EICP are verified in this paper using the measurement function of wide-area measurement system. The results of case studies show that EICP is superior to the current differential protection in terms of the sensitivity and to the directional pilot protection in terms of the dependability. The satisfactory results can be obtained when the EICP method is applied in the event of abnormal operations of protective relays and circuit breakers, measurement error scenarios or substation DC failure.

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Frydrych, Iwona, Iwona Frydrych, Agnieszka Cichocka, Paulina Gilewicz, and Justyna Dominiak. "4788 Thermal Manikin Measurements of Protective Clothing Assemblies." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 26, no. 1(127) (February 28, 2018): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7808.

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The thermal comfort of a foundry worker is very important and related to many factors, i.e., the structure of the protective clothing assembly, the number of layers and their thickness, as well as the distance between the body and appropriate underwear. The research undertaken aimed at checking thermal insulation for assemblies consisting of aluminized protective clothing and appropriate underwear in two sizes and without underwear. Measurements of the clothing thermal insulation were conducted using a thermal manikin dressed in two-layer protective clothing and three kinds of underwear products covering the upper and lower parts of the manikin. The first part of the paper presents a comparison of results of thermal insulation measurement of two kinds of protective clothing: a traditional one made of aluminised glass fabrics and a new one made of aluminised basalt fabrics. Each of the protective clothing was worn on three kinds of underwear products in m and s sizes. The influence of the underwear size was noted. In the second part of paper, measurements were made for two aluminized basalt clothing variants: commercial and a prototype with modifications in static and dynamic conditions. The results were discussed.

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24

Zhao, Xue Fen. "Research and Application of Portable Real Protection Potential Measurement System of Buried Steel Pipeline." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 1042–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.1042.

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The measurement of pipeline to ground potential is the most common method to evaluate protection condition of buried pipeline. For the old pipeline, pipeline to ground potential measured with surface reference electrode method or reference electrode method close to pipeline usually is not the real protection potential of buried pipeline due to presence of an IR drop and/or stray current interference. A portable real protection potential measurement system combining the polarized probe with the portable surface data acquisition unit is developed, the polarized probe can measure the real protection potential by eliminating IR drop and/or stray current interference, meanwhile portable surface data acquisition unit can automatically record protection potential. The on-site application of the system show that the system can quickly and accurately measure the protective potential of buried pipeline, reduce human measurement error, and really reflect the cathodic protection condition of pipeline.

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25

Samadinasab, Sajad, Farhad Namdari, and Nader Shojaei. "A Novel Protective Logic for Optimal Coordination of Overcurrent Relays." TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering 16, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/tijee.v16i3.1634.

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Usually coordination of overcurrent relays is done by taking into account the specific structure of the system which does not show the real state of the system. On the other hand, dynamic changes in network can occur due to short circuit conditions, the malfunctioning relays, development, operation and repairs on any part of the power system. Also the most of the new protective schemes are based on a communication channel, which cannot be guaranteed in practice. Therefore, solving the problem of relay coordination is extremely difficult in case of dynamic changes in the network structure and the absence of communication links between some relays. In this article, a novel protective logic based on phasor measurement units (PMUs) data is proposed for optimal coordination of overcurrent relays. In this method, by using the PMU measurements, phasor information can be obtained continuously at any node where PMUs are installed in the power grid. For this purpose, in the first the Optimal PMU placement is determined for full network observability. Then, the dynamic changes of network will be observe by using wide area measurements based on PMUs data. Finally this information is sent via communication links PMUs for the optimal coordination of overcurrent relays. The use of PMU for the coordination of overcurrent relays improve the decision making capability and performance of protective relays and help them to form a reliable and robust protection system. The proposed method is tested on IEEE 8-bus and 14-bus standard networks.

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26

Hujer, Jan, and Miloš Müller. "Calibration of PVDF Film Transducers for the Cavitation Impact Measurement." EPJ Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 02036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818002036.

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This paper describes investigation of the influence of the protective layer thickness on the calibration sensitivity of PVDF films sensors for the cavitation impacts measurements. The PVDF film sensor is casted into an aluminium block. The drop ball method is used for the measurement of the relation between impact force and the voltage detected on the PVDF film sensor. The calibration constants are measured for three different protective layers thicknesses. Five different ball weights for 400 mm drop height are used to reach the required impact force range. The ball positions for the evaluation of the impact force are measured with a high speed camera. The voltage signal detected on the PVDF film clamps was measured with a high speed digitizer. The measured signals are analysed in LabVIEW Signal Express.

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Keil, Radan, Štěpán Hlava, Petr Stanovský, Vladimír Ždímal, Jan Šťovíček, Milan Trojánek, Jiří Drábek, Barbora Frýbová, Vojtěch Petráček, and Martin Wasserbauer. "Commonly available but highly effective protection against SARS-CoV-2 during gastrointestinal endoscopies." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 23, 2021): e0254979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254979.

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Background and aims SARS-CoV-2 is a worldwide serious health problem. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the number of potentially infectious particles present during endoscopic procedures and find effective tools to eliminate the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection while performing them. Methods An experimental model which focused on aerosol problematics was made in a specialized laboratory. This model simulated conditions present during endoscopic procedures and monitored the formation of potentially infectious fluid particles from the patient’s body, which pass through the endoscope and are then released into the environment. For this reason, we designed and tested a prototype of a protective cover for the endoscope’s control body to prevent the release and spread of these fluid particles from its working channel. We performed measurements with and without the protective cover of the endoscope’s control body. Results It was found that liquid coming through the working channel of the endoscope with forceps or other instruments inside generates droplets with a diameter in the range of 0.1–1.1 mm and an initial velocity of up to 0.9 m/s. The average number of particles per measurement per whole measured area without a protective cover on the endoscope control body was 51.1; with this protective cover on, the measurement was 0.0, p<0.0001. Conclusions Our measurements proved that fluid particles are released from the working channel of an endoscope when forceps are inserted. A special protective cover for the endoscope control body, made out of breathable material (surgical cap) and designed by our team, was found to eliminate this release of potentially infectious fluid particles.

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28

YOKOYAMA, Sumi, Hiroshi NOGUCHI, Nobuyuki KINOUCHI, Hideaki YAMAMOTO, Shohei KATO, Masashi TOMOOKA, and Kuniomi EDA. "Measurement of HTO Permeability Parameters of Materials for Protective Appliances." Japanese Journal of Health Physics 34, no. 1 (1999): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5453/jhps.34.57.

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29

An, Seung Kook. "Flammability Measurement and Thermal Aging of Chemical Protective Suit Materials." Sen'i Gakkaishi 55, no. 10 (1999): 464–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.55.10_464.

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30

Dźwiarek, Marek. "A Method for Response Time Measurement of Electrosensitive Protective Devices." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics 2, no. 3 (January 1996): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803548.1996.11076351.

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31

Cording, Jacinta R., and Sarah M. Beggs Christofferson. "Theoretical and practical issues for the measurement of protective factors." Aggression and Violent Behavior 32 (January 2017): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.12.007.

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32

Pistone, Alessandro, Cristina Scolaro, Consuelo Celesti, and Annamaria Visco. "Study of Protective Layers Based on Crosslinked Glutaraldehyde/3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040801.

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In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of novel coatings based on (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (AP) mixed with different amounts of glutaraldehyde (GA). The synthesized coatings have been layered on a glass substrate and characterized by optical microscopy and roughness measurements, thermogravimetric analyses and differential scanning calorimetry, contact angle analysis, rheological measurement, and an adhesion test. It was observed that the higher the GA content (up to AP:GA ratio of 0.3), the sooner the crosslinking reaction starts, leading to a coating with increased hydrophobic and adhesion features without compromising the final AP cross-linked network. Hence, the obtained results show the effectiveness of AP modification with GA from the perspective of an application as protective coatings.

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33

SHVETS, Nikolay N., Nikolay M. LEPEKHIN, Valery P. MIROSHNICHENKO, Alexander I. ORLOV, Vladimir S. SYSOEV, Igor V. DUBOV, and Evgeniy V. BASOV. "Electric Power Distribution System Overvoltage Protection Devices." Elektrichestvo, no. 2 (2022): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2022-2-4-18.

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Surge protection devices of limiting and combined types used in 0.4 kV electric power distribution networks are described, and results of their experimental studies are presented. The devices have been developed in four earthquake-resistant designs with the use of new-generation nonlinear resistors (varistors) and controlled vacuum arresters. The developed protective devices are intended to limit transient overvoltages, which occur under the influence of man-made, natural and switching electromagnetic pulses, to a safe level, which for the developed design versions of protective devices lies in the range from 1.5 kV to 4.0 kV, and to remove pulses of high-energy currents (up to 500 kJ in a pulse). The article presents the results from studies of the switching characteristics of the developed protective devices in their nominal (multiple) and maximum (single) operation modes, with the measurement of limit voltages at their terminals. The practical effectiveness of using the combined type protective devices is estimated, and the performance characteristics of protection devices from different manufacturers are given.

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34

Lindenberg, Cathy Strachan, Rosa Solorzano, Maureen Kelley, Vicki Darrow, Sylvia C. Gendrop, and Ora Strickland. "Competence and Drug Use: Theoretical Frameworks, Empirical Evidence and Measurement." Journal of Drug Education 28, no. 2 (June 1998): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/vvc5-4mlm-892q-v6eb.

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Statistics show that use of harmful substances (alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine) among women of childbearing age is widespread and serious. Numerous theoretical models and empirical studies have attempted to explain the complex factors that lead individuals to use drugs. The Social Stress Model of Substance Abuse [1] is one model developed to explain parameters that influence drug use. According to the model, the likelihood of an individual engaging in drug use is seen as a function of the stress level and the extent to which it is offset by stress modifiers such as social networks, social competencies, and resources. The variables of the denominator are viewed as interacting with each other to buffer the impact of stress [1]. This article focuses on one of the constructs in this model: that of competence. It presents a summary of theoretical and conceptual formulations for the construct of competence, a review of empirical evidence for the association of competence with drug use, and describes the preliminary development of a multi-scale instrument designed to assess drug protective competence among low-income Hispanic childbearing women. Based upon theoretical and empirical studies, eight domains of drug protective competence were identified and conceptually defined. Using subscales from existing instruments with psychometric evidence for their validity and reliability, a multi-scale instrument was developed to assess drug protective competence. Hypothesis testing was used to assess construct validity. Four drug protective competence domains (social influence, sociability, self-worth, and control/responsibility) were found to be statistically associated with drug use behaviors. Although not statistically significant, expected trends were observed between drug use and the other four domains of drug protective competence (intimacy, nurturance, goal directedness, and spiritual directedness). Study limitations and suggestions for further psychometric testing of the instrument are described.

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35

Kuczmaszewski, Józef, Paweł Pieśko, and Magdalena Zawada-Michałowska. "Carbide Milling Cutter Blades Durability during Machining of AL-SI Casting Alloy." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2018-0022.

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Abstract The paper presents results of wear measurements of carbide shank milling cutters during machining of AlSi10Mg casting alloy. The comparison was made between blades wear of milling cutters without protective coating, with TiB2 coating, and with TiAlCN coating. All cutters had identical geometry dedicated to milling of materials of ISO N group. To assess blades wear degree, measurement of two direct indicators, i.e. VBC and VBBmax, and one indirect indicator, i.e. machined surfaces roughness, were used. Received results allowed to determine usefulness of using selected protective coatings in machining of aluminium alloys, especially Al-Si casting alloys.

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36

Kurokawa, S., S. Yabe, A. Takamura, H. Ishizaki, and S. Aizawa. "Practical Protective Tools for Occupational Exposure: 1) Double Focus Spectacles for the Aged with Highly Refracted Glass Lens 2) Remodeled Barrier for Radiation Protection." Interventional Neuroradiology 6, no. 1_suppl (November 2000): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15910199000060s103.

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Two practical protective tools for occupational exposure for neurointerventional radiologists are presented. The first purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of double focus spectacles for the aged with a highly refracted glass lens (special spectacles for the aged) for radiation protection of the crystalline lens of the eye in comparison with other spectacles on the market, based on the measurement of film density which was obtained by exposure of X-ray through those spectacles. As a result of the film densitometry mentioned above, the effectiveness of special spectacles for the aged in radiation protection was nearly equal to the effectiveness of a goggle type shield which is made with a 0.07 mm lead-equivalent plastic lens. The second purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the protective barrier, which we remodeled for cerebral angiography or neuroendovascular therapy, for radiation exposure, based on the measurement in a simulated study with a head phantom, and on the measurement of radiation exposure in operaters during procedures of clinical cases. In the experimental study radiation exposure in supposed position of the crystalline lens was reduced to about one third and radiation exposure in supposed position of the gonadal glands was reduced to about one seventh, compared to radiation exposure without employing the barrier. The radiation exposure was monitored at the left breast of three radiologists, in 215 cases of cerebral angiography. Employing the barrier in cerebral angiography, average equivalent dose at the left breast measured 1.49μ Sv during 10 min of fluoroscopy. In three kinds of neuroendovascular therapy in 40 cases, radiation exposure in an operator was monitored in the same fashion and the dose was recorded less than the result reported in previous papers in which any protective barrier have not been employed in the procedure1,2. As a result, the two above mentioned protective tools are considered practical in clinical usage and very effective to reduce radiation exposure in an operator of interventional neuroradiolgy which may sometimes require many hours to complete the therapy under extended fluoroscopic time.

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37

Kulyabina, E. V., O. N. Melkova, E. A. Guskova, and T. V. Grebennikova. "Reference materials of catalytic activity as a means of ensuring the metrological traceability of measurement results. KATAL." Reference materials 14, no. 1-2 (February 12, 2019): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20915/2077-1177-2018-14-1-2-25-32.

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Introduction. The article considers the problems of metrological support of catalytic activity measurements. The paper gives certain characteristics of the State Primary Special Measurement Standard for the unit of catalytic activity – KATAL and examines the role of reference materials (RMs) in ensuring the metrological traceability of measurement results.Materials and methods. A method for measuring the concentration of the recombinant protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis and the recombinant GP-protein of the Ebola virus, which means in using «sandwich» enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was certified by FGUP «VNIIMS» as a measurement procedure. The following RMs tested by FGUP «VNIIMS» can be used for the development and production of appropriate control samples when performing measurements for comparisons: the RM for the mass concentration of the recombinant protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis in phosphate-saline solution, the RM for the mass concentration of the recombinant GP-protein of the Ebola virus, and the RM for the mass concentration of recombinant Clostridium Difficile toxin.Results. The paper presents the main reactions of the method for measuring the catalytic activity of catalysts for heterogeneous processes, which are also used to carry out exhaust gas cleaning processes.Discussion and conclusions. Thus, conditions have been created for building hierarchies of calibrations of in-demand objects established on the basis of the List of Critical Technologies of the Russian Federation, state programs for the development of industrial sectors.

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38

Fojtíková, Ivana, Jan Helebrant, and Petr Kuča. "RAMESIS PROJECT: COLLABORATION WITH SCHOOLS AND INSTITUTIONS ON THE BUILDING OF A CITIZEN MONITORING NETWORK." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 186, no. 2-3 (December 2019): 288–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz219.

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Abstract In a radiation emergency situation, including its post-emergency recovery phase, substantial needs for radiation measurements can be expected. In such situations, responsible authorities might not be able to satisfy all requirements for measurement. Therefore, involvement of local communities is desirable. Citizen radiation monitoring networks, established in advance as citizen science structures, can serve as a knowledge basis for later participation in self-help protective actions. The article describes the progress of citizen radiation monitoring networks being established in the Czech Republic in the frame of Radiation Monitoring Network for Institutions and Schools project. During the project launch, it has been shown that conducting radiation measurements and results processing have educational effect on students and enhance awareness among interested groups in the field of radiation protection and radiation in general. This article describes the socially oriented part of the project.

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39

Golikov, V. Yu, and A. V. Vodovatov. "Critical analysis and suggestions to improve the existing system of radiation control in X-ray rooms." Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene 14, no. 2 (June 27, 2021): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21514/1998-426x-2021-14-2-39-47.

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This paper demonstrates the shortcomings of the existing method of radiation control in the X-ray rooms and the interpretation of the results of the measurements to assess the compliance of the working conditions of various groups of exposed individuals with radiation safety requirements. A new method of interpretation of the measurement results is proposed, considering the relative time spent by certain categories of exposed persons in the corresponding rooms during the use of the X-ray units, as well as the use of personal protective equipment (lead aprons). The interpretation of the measurement results in the treatment room according to the new approach has demonstrated the compliance of the working conditions to the Norms and Rules of radiation safety, provided that the worker is wearing a protective apron. The proposed approach to the interpretation of the results of the measurements in adjacent rooms leads to both reduced and stricter requirements for the stationary shielding. The paper includes a special focus on the incorrect calculation of stationary shielding for the installation of several X-ray units in one X-ray room within the framework of the current approach.

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40

Chi, Nguyen Van, Pham Trung San, To Thi Xuan Hang, Le Thi Nhung, Truong Anh Khoa, Nguyen Hoang, and Nguyen Thu Hien. "CORROSION PROTECTION OF CARBON STEEL USING ZIRCONIUM OXIDE/SILANE PRETREATMENT AND POWDER COATING." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 57, no. 1 (February 18, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/57/1/12275.

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Surface pretreatment plays important role in improvement of corrosion resistance and adhesion of organic coatings. A new generation of metal pretreatments based on nanosize zirconium oxide or ogranosilane film has been investigated recently as an alternative method to phosphatation. In this paper, ZrO2/silane composite film on carbon steel was prepared and characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrum and electrochemical measurements. The effect of ZrO2/silane surface treatment on the protection properties of powder coating was studied by salt spray test and adhesion measurement. The results obtained showed that ZrO2 was rapidly precipitated on the steel surface after first 1 minute immersion and ZrO2/silane film formed after 4 minutes immersion give best protective properties. Powder coating on carbon steel with ZrO2/silane pretreatement has equivalent protection performance like powder coating with phosphate pretreatment.

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41

Kim, Jong-Hwan, Yu-Jin Cho, Jong-Wook Song, Jeong-Han Kim, and Jong-Su Seo. "Measurement of Retention, Repellency and Penetration of Pesticide for Protective Clothing." Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 35, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/kjea.2016.35.4.38.

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42

Martin, Jessica L., Byron L. Zamboanga, Richard F. Haase, and Lindsay C. Buckner. "Measurement Invariance of the Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale Across Racial Groups." Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development 53, no. 1 (August 12, 2019): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2019.1640615.

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43

Kosowska, Monika, Daria Majchrowicz, Mateusz Ficek, Paweł Wierzba, Yafit Fleger, Dror Fixler, and Małgorzata Szczerska. "Nanocrystalline diamond sheets as protective coatings for fiber-optic measurement head." Carbon 156 (January 2020): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.09.042.

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44

Kalinichenko, B. "Subjective measurement of hybrid war: algorithms of influence and protective mechanisms." Science and Education a New Dimension VII(214), no. 36 (December 25, 2019): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31174/send-hs2019-214vii36-11.

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45

Aouda, Kenichi, and Shigefumi Naka. "A Schrödinger-Type Equation in Homogeneous Canonical Formalism and Protective Measurement." Progress of Theoretical Physics 101, no. 1 (January 1999): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptp.101.177.

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46

Ambrózy, Anton, Lenka Hlavatá, and Ján Labuda. "Protective membranes at electrochemical biosensors." Acta Chimica Slovaca 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2013-0007.

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Abstract The primary role of the biosensor is to specifically detect an analyte using biochemical reaction or interaction mediated by isolated biomolecules, organelles, whole cells or biomimetic receptors. In terms of construction and function, the biosensor consists of biorecognition element and transducer connected to suitable measurement device. Electrochemical biosensor is an electrode or microelectrode with the surface chemically modified by the biorecognition element. The main problem of analysis with the biosensors is the presence of low and high molecular weight substances in the sample that interfere at the detection of analyte. Due to deposition of surface active compounds the biosensor response may be diminished depending on time of interaction with sample. These effects can be eliminated by using anti-interference membranes. This review deals with preparation and utilization of membranes for the biocomponent immobilization and with outer-sphere protective membranes.

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47

Oyeleye, M. O. "Evaluation of Lightning Protection Efficacy on Nigerian Installations High Voltage Installations Using Screen and Cone of Protection Methods." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 7 (July 9, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.7.1401.

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This study evaluated lightning protective system efficacy on 11kV-132kV substation-power line installation in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria with reference to cloud to ground(C-G) lightning strike (LS) events. It focus on interception of lightning strikes and its protection with reference to direct lightning strike (DLS) and indirect lightning strike (IDLS). Data were collected from Ikorodu 132/33 kV Transmission Substation and its four major injection stations. This work was carried out using physical measurement of raw data obtained from the high voltage substation. Installations were scaled down and modelled dimensionally using AutoCAD software in order to measure spatial parameters in order to measure the screening of the existing substations and connected lines, as well as the existing cone angles of protection. Probability of lightning efficiency of lightning protective level (LPL) are used for screening evaluation while spike and sky wire angle of protection are used for cone of protection evaluation. Physical measurement of six substations (33/11 kV and 132/33 kV substations) in the studied area were also carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the installed lightning arresters with respect to the protected devices using applicable standard. The results under the prevailing lightning protective system, LPS, (screening method), revealed that the existing 33/11 kV and 132/33 kV substations are not adequately protected against lightning strike; 132/33 kV substation is more vulnerable to lightning strike than 33/11kV substation and that the incoming 132kV power lines to the substation are adequately protected. The evaluation of the installed distances of all lightning arresters are within standard range and would adequately protect substation transformers against travelling waves (Indirect Stroke) events. The installed lightning arresters (LAs) would adequately protect substation transformers against travelling waves (Indirect Stroke) events. The adequate protection should be reinforced with proposed design scheme in further study in order to mitigate the disastrous effects of lightning strike. Any proposed design of protective system for electric power installations in Nigeria should be simulated using computer aided design software for scaled validation of dimensional and spatial design values in order to mitigate reported failures and uncertainties in identifying causes of observed failures in the system.

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48

Oyeleye, M. O. "Evaluation of Lightning Protection Efficacy on Nigerian Installations High Voltage Installations Using Screen and Cone of Protection Methods." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 7 (July 9, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.7.1401.

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Анотація:

This study evaluated lightning protective system efficacy on 11kV-132kV substation-power line installation in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria with reference to cloud to ground(C-G) lightning strike (LS) events. It focus on interception of lightning strikes and its protection with reference to direct lightning strike (DLS) and indirect lightning strike (IDLS). Data were collected from Ikorodu 132/33 kV Transmission Substation and its four major injection stations. This work was carried out using physical measurement of raw data obtained from the high voltage substation. Installations were scaled down and modelled dimensionally using AutoCAD software in order to measure spatial parameters in order to measure the screening of the existing substations and connected lines, as well as the existing cone angles of protection. Probability of lightning efficiency of lightning protective level (LPL) are used for screening evaluation while spike and sky wire angle of protection are used for cone of protection evaluation. Physical measurement of six substations (33/11 kV and 132/33 kV substations) in the studied area were also carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the installed lightning arresters with respect to the protected devices using applicable standard. The results under the prevailing lightning protective system, LPS, (screening method), revealed that the existing 33/11 kV and 132/33 kV substations are not adequately protected against lightning strike; 132/33 kV substation is more vulnerable to lightning strike than 33/11kV substation and that the incoming 132kV power lines to the substation are adequately protected. The evaluation of the installed distances of all lightning arresters are within standard range and would adequately protect substation transformers against travelling waves (Indirect Stroke) events. The installed lightning arresters (LAs) would adequately protect substation transformers against travelling waves (Indirect Stroke) events. The adequate protection should be reinforced with proposed design scheme in further study in order to mitigate the disastrous effects of lightning strike. Any proposed design of protective system for electric power installations in Nigeria should be simulated using computer aided design software for scaled validation of dimensional and spatial design values in order to mitigate reported failures and uncertainties in identifying causes of observed failures in the system.

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49

Dolez, Patricia, Yves Cloutier, Alexandra Noël, Lyes Tabet, Denyse Gautrin, Maximilien Debia, Gilles L’Espérance, Stéphane Hallé, Ali Bahloul, and Ludwig Vinches. "Advancement in Quebec Research on the Prevention of Risks Related to Occupational Exposure to Nanomaterials." Articles 68, no. 4 (February 24, 2014): 623–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1023008ar.

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Summary This article includes a presentation of the research priorities and achievements of the members of this nanotoxicology researcher group in the five following themes: toxicology, epidemiology, metrology/characterization, aerodynamic behaviour/ventilation, and protective equipment. The toxicology section includes a presentation of results relating to the respiratory effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in vivo and carbon nanotubes (CNT) in vitro and in vivo. Regarding occupational exposure to nanoparticles, studies that have been carried out include evaluations of mass and number concentrations, measurements of particle size distributions, as well as electron microscopy characterization of nanometric-sized particles. In the field of protective equipment, studies are being carried out to measure the penetration of nanoparticles through protective gloves and clothing under conditions simulating their use in workplaces. Furthermore, expertise has been developed at the IRSST on the measurement of filter efficiency in ventilation systems and respiratory protective equipment. Respiratory filter efficiency performance was evaluated under constant and variable airflows. The article ends with a description of the direct impacts on nanomaterial risk prevention related to the nanotoxicology researcher group.

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50

Wei, Wei, Wei Zhen, Ming Zhong Liu, Xiao Bin Liang, and Cang Yang Chen. "Research on Error Characteristic of the Protective Current Transformer in High Remanence Environment." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 1092–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.1092.

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Electromagnetic Current Transformer (CT) is one of the main equipment in power system, and the remanence in the measuring or protective windings of CT will influence the stability of the power system. Measuring CT is mainly used for the electric energy measurement in normal working condition, focusing on the steady operation state; while protective CT is usually used in fault or short-circuit condition, and the transient transfer characteristic is of significant important. Considering high remanence operation environment in the power system, the numeric analytical model of CT, which is working in the saturation condition, is depicted in this paper. With analyzing the amount of exciting current caused by remanence and deducing the transfer characteristic of CT, the influence of the remanence on the relay protection and the corresponding precautions are proposed, providing accurate and reliable theoretical basis for the protective CT’s correct action and safety operation after system failure. Finally, the electromagnetic transient model of protective CT (TPY) is built in PSCAD, the simulation result of which shows the validity and practicability of the proposed model.

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