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Статті в журналах з теми "Protection for Sale"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

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1

Imai, Susumu, Hajime Katayama, and Kala Krishna. "Protection for sale or surge protection?" European Economic Review 53, no. 6 (August 2009): 675–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.02.001.

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2

Lopez, Rigoberto A., and Xenia Matschke. "Food Protection for Sale*." Review of International Economics 14, no. 3 (August 2006): 380–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00630.x.

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3

Tung, Chris Y., and C. C. Yang. "Repeated Protection for Sale." Pacific Economic Review 19, no. 4 (October 2014): 466–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12074.

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4

Ethier, Wilfred J. "Selling “Protection For Sale”." Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics 13, no. 2 (December 2006): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2006.9720779.

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5

Nugroho, Hendrawan Septy, and Joko Setiyono. "Practice of Sale and Purchase Binding Agreements." International Journal of Social Science And Human Research 05, no. 10 (October 12, 2022): 4484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i10-10.

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Анотація:

This study aims to find out about the practice of binding sale and purchase agreements on land rights based on notarial deeds in East Jakarta. This research is descriptive analytical with an empirical juridical approach, while the data is obtained through library research and field research. Furthermore, the data were analyzed qualitatively. From the results of this study, it will be known about the legal force of the deed of binding sale and purchase agreement of land rights made by a Notary in the implementation of making the Sale and Purchase Deed is very strong because the deed is a notarial deed which is an authentic deed and legal protection for the fulfillment of rights. the parties if one of the parties defaults in the sale and purchase binding agreement, it really depends on the strength of the sale and purchase binding agreement made, that is, if it is made with an underhand deed, the protection is in accordance with the protection of an underhand deed, while if it is made by or before a notary then automatically the deed becomes a notarial deed so that the power of protection is in accordance with the protection of the authentic deed.

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6

Goldberg, Pinelopi Koujianou, and Giovanni Maggi. "Protection for Sale: An Empirical Investigation." American Economic Review 89, no. 5 (December 1, 1999): 1135–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.5.1135.

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The Grossman-Helpman “Protection for Sale” model, concerning the political economy of trade protection, yields clear predictions for the cross-sectional structure of import barriers. Our objective is to check whether the predictions of the Grossman-Helpman model are consistent with the data and, if the model finds support, to estimate its key structural parameters. We find that the pattern of protection in the United States in 1983 is broadly consistent with the predictions of the model. A surprising finding is that the weight of welfare in the government's objective function is many times larger than the weight of contributions. (JEL F1)

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7

Chang, Pao-Li. "Protection for sale under monopolistic competition." Journal of International Economics 66, no. 2 (July 2005): 509–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2004.09.002.

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8

Palar, Vicky Caesar Elang, and Mohamad Fajri Mekka. "Wanprestasi Terhadap Akta Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli (PPJB) Rumah Susun yang Dibuat oleh Notaris." AL-MANHAJ: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial Islam 5, no. 1 (January 25, 2023): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.2091.

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Анотація:

Property sale and purchase transactions such as flats are transactions with large nominal values. The related parties must make a binding sale and purchase agreement as a means of legal protection for both parties in the event of a default against PPJB made by a notary so that the letter becomes official and safe. This study aims to determine the causal factors, and the legal protection of default of the sale and purchase binding deed (PPJB) of the apartment made by a notary. In addition, PPJB is also a letter made by a notary and as legal protection for consumers and is officially made by a notary.

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9

HyoungSuk Ko. "A Prepaid Installment Sale and Consumer Protection." Seoul Law Review 19, no. 3 (February 2012): 211–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15821/slr.2012.19.3.006.

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10

Facchini, Giovanni, Johannes Van Biesebroeck, and Gerald Willmann. "Protection for sale with imperfect rent capturing." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'conomique 39, no. 3 (August 2006): 845–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5982.2006.00373.x.

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11

Eicher, Theo, and Thomas Osang. "Protection for Sale: An Empirical Investigation: Comment." American Economic Review 92, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): 1702–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282802762024746.

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12

Nisani, Doron. "Efficient indirect regulation under Protection for Sale." Journal of Regulatory Economics 54, no. 1 (June 18, 2018): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11149-018-9360-3.

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13

Mitra, D., D. Thomakos, and M. Ulubasoglu. "Protection for sale and political regimes: Empirical evidence." International Advances in Economic Research 7, no. 2 (May 2001): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02296024.

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14

Queralt, Didac. "Protection Not for Sale, But for Tax Compliance." International Studies Quarterly 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 631–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqx025.

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15

Ariella, Livia Cindy, and Endang Pandamdari. "PENYALAHGUNAAN PEMBERIAN KUASA UNTUK MENJUAL DALAM PERJANJIAN PENGIKATAN JUAL BELI (PPJB) OLEH PENERIMA KUASA (CONTOH KASUS : PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH AGUNG NOMOR 1846/K/PDT/2017)." Jurnal Hukum Adigama 2, no. 1 (July 25, 2019): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/adigama.v2i1.5262.

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Анотація:

A sale and purchase agreement is one of the most frequently made agreements. One of the most traded objects is land. According to customary law, land sale and purchase is a legal act of transferring land rights. The legal act of sale and purchase is carried out by a land deed official who has the authority to make a sale and purchase deed. Sometimes, the sale and purchase deed cannot be made because there are conditions that have not been fulfilled, so the parties first make a preliminary agreement called the binding sale and purchase agreement. Usually, the binding sale and purchase agreement is followed by power of attorney to sell. The formulation of the problem in this thesis is whether the inclusion of the power of attorney to sell is permissible, and if the recipient of the power of attorney misuses the power, what form of legal protection can be given to the authorizer. The author uses normative legal research methods that are supported by interviews to answer these problems. The inclusion of a power of attorney to sell within the binding sale and purchase agreement is permitted as long as it is not an absolute power that is prohibited by law. Legal protection that can be given to the authorizer is divided into two forms: preventive protection, a legal protection aimed at preventing the occurrence of disputes, and repressive protection, a protection that serves to resolve in the event of a dispute.

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16

Gawande, Kishore, and Usree Bandyopadhyay. "Is Protection for Sale? Evidence on the Grossman-Helpman Theory of Endogenous Protection." Review of Economics and Statistics 82, no. 1 (February 2000): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003465300558579.

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17

Soshnikova, Irina, Oksana Trotsenko, and Roman Galigin. "Problematic aspects of consumer protection in the conditions of introduction of restrictive measures." E3S Web of Conferences 291 (2021): 07019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129107019.

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Анотація:

The article considers the history and concept of a retail sale and purchase agreement, specific features of a retail sale and purchase agreement, features and grounds for classifying a retail sale and purchase agreement, and will give a general theoretical and legal description of the types of retail sale, and also analyzes the problems of the execution of the retail sale and purchase agreement in the context of the introduction of restrictive measures.

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18

McCalman, Phillip. "Protection for Sale and Trade Liberalization: an Empirical Investigation." Review of International Economics 12, no. 1 (February 2004): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2004.00432.x.

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19

Yu, H. "No first sale protection for reseller of unauthorized imports." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 4, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpp013.

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20

Annicchiarico, Barbara, and Enrico Marvasi. "Protection for sale under monopolistic competition: Beyond the CES." European Journal of Political Economy 60 (December 2019): 101802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2019.06.003.

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21

Triasih, Dharu, B. Rini Heryanti, and Endah Pujiastuti. "Legal Protection for Consumers in On Sale Purchase Agreement." SHS Web of Conferences 54 (2018): 06011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185406011.

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Анотація:

One of the most significant developments at this time is the online buying and selling transactions. Sellers and buyers do not need face-to-face buying and selling transactions. They only need to have an internet connection that will take them in cyberspace. Until now, there is still a legal vacuum about it in Indonesia. The existence of E-Commerce makes it is necessary to learn about consumer protection in an online sale and purchase agreement. Therefore, there will be no legal dispute that can harm various parties commercially. The approach method used in this study was an empirical juridical approach. This research was conducted in Semarang, Pekalongan, and Magelang. The selection of three cities in Central Java is based on a purposive sampling method. Data were gained by means of an interview, questionnaire, and literature study. Primary data, secondary data. Qualitative analysis. The results showed that the main principle of online transactions in Central Java still prioritized the aspects of trust of sellers and buyers. The principles of online transaction security has not become a major concern for sellers and buyers, especially in small to medium scale transactions.

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22

Imai, Susumu, Hajime Katayama, and Kala Krishna. "A quantile-based test of protection for sale model." Journal of International Economics 91, no. 1 (September 2013): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2013.03.002.

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23

Wijaya, Conan Budi. "KEDUDUKAN HUKUM PEMBELI SATUAN RUMAH SUSUN YANG BERBENTUK PERJANJIAN PENGIKATAN JUAL BELI (STUDI KASUS APARTEMEN PUNCAK PERMAI)." Notaire 1, no. 2 (April 9, 2019): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ntr.v1i2.9862.

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Анотація:

Nowadays the need for housing in large cities is increasing. Developer often market flats before the flats are finished. In this case, a binding agreement for sale and purchase is needed which forms the basis of the agreement between the developer and the buyer. The binding agreement for sale and purchase needs to be reviewed for its validity and how legal protection is for the buyer.Keywords : Binding Agreement for Sale and Purchase, Legality, Legal Protection

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24

Wang, Tingting, and Chuiri Zhou. "Price protection policies with demand uncertainty and strategic consumers." Journal of Modelling in Management 12, no. 2 (May 8, 2017): 190–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jm2-07-2015-0048.

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Purpose This paper aims to study a retailer’s decision on the price and inventory when facing strategic consumer behavior and demand uncertainty. Price protection is a kind of rebate that the retailer provides to consumers when the price drops during the selling season. The research investigates whether price protection can bring the retailer advantages. This paper compares price protection’s impact with price commitment. In addition, the paper studies the price protection’s impacts on supplier of the supply chain. Design/methodology/approach In this model, there are three alternative strategies for retailer: no price protection policy, full price protection policy and partial price protection policy. The selling season is divided into two periods: regular period and sale period. In the regular period, the products are sold at a regular price. In the sale one, the products are sold at a lower price. By adopting rational expectations equilibrium, this paper analyzes retailer’s optimal price and order quantity under each policy and compares optimal decisions and maximum profits of three policies. Findings This paper finds that the price protection has a positive influence on the retailer. Strategic consumers are induced to purchase at the regular period. It can simultaneously increase retailer’s profit and reduce inventory risk. Meantime, full price protection is chosen as the optimal policy. By comparing full price protection’s impacts with price commitment, full price protection is considered as the most profitable strategy, while price commitment can bring lower inventory risk. In addition, the profit of supplier would decrease because of price protection. Originality/value This research provides a new method to address the negative effects of strategic consumer behavior. It also brings some managerial insights to some retailers, especially online ones, on whether to adopt price protection.

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25

Heriyanti, Heriyanti. "LEGAL PROTECTION FOR PARTIES THAT MAKE BINDING AGREEMENTS FOR THE SALE AND PURCHASE OF LAND THAT HAS NOT BEEN CERTIFIED IN THE RESOLVING LAND PARCELS PROCESS." Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 6, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jph.v6i1.4675.

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Анотація:

Land purchase binding agreement in practice is often made in the form of an authentic deed before a Notary, so that the Deed of Sale and Purchase Agreement is an authentic act that has the strength of evidence is perfect. It is intended by the parties to further provide protection and legal certainty for the parties to make. Because notaries in making an act impartially and safeguard the interests of the parties objectively. With the help of the notary of the parties make binding sale and purchase agreement will get help in formulating the things that will be agreed upon. The method used in this research is normative juridical approach to literature. Legal protection of the fulfillment of the rights of the parties where one party is in default under the agreement binding sale and purchase is dependent upon the strength of the agreement binding sale and purchase is made, that if made by deed under the hands of the protection in accordance with the protection of the deed under the hand, whereas if it is made by or in the presence of a Notary, the account will automatically become a notary deed so that the protection is in accordance with the power of protection against authentic deeds.

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26

Evans, Carolyn L., and Shane M. Sherlund. "Are Antidumping Duties for Sale? Case-Level Evidence on the Grossman-Helpman Protection for Sale Model." International Finance Discussion Paper 2006, no. 888 (December 2006): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.2006.888.

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27

Evans, Carolyn L., and Shane M. Sherlund. "Are Antidumping Duties for Sale? Case-Level Evidence on the Grossman-Helpman Protection for Sale Model." Southern Economic Journal 78, no. 2 (October 2011): 330–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4284/0038-4038-78.2.330.

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28

Habeahan, Besty, and Aurelius Rizal Tamba. "PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM PEMBELI DALAM PERJANJIAN JUAL BELI MELALUI SISTEM ELEKTRONIK." NOMMENSEN JOURNAL OF LEGAL OPINION 2, no. 01 (January 25, 2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.51622/njlo.v2i01.208.

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Анотація:

The Research on Buyer Legal Protection in the sale and purchase agreement through an electronic system aims to find out how the validity of the sale agreement through an electronic system and how the form of legal protection of buyers for losses due to damage to goods purchased through an electronic. By the agreement between the seller and the buyer in the sale and purchase agreement, they have the rights and obligations. This research method use Library Research Method and the research carried out in the library, where data is obtained from availeble data by reading, studying books, laws and relations, magazines, scientific paper, legal dictionaries and so on. Based on the method used, the results of this study indicate that the validity of the sale and purchaseagreement through an electronic system still considers the validity of the agreement as Article 1230 KUHP of the Civil Code, namely agreement of both parties, where both parties are capable in doing legal action and cause-effect which is lawfull. Buyer’s legal protection for losses due to damage to goods purchased through electronic systems is preventive protection and repressive protection, the buyerwho suffered the loss ca sue for loss or claim the replacement of the damaged goods with goods of the same brand.

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29

Matschke, Xenia, and Shane M. Sherlund. "Do Labor Issues Matter in the Determination of U.S. Trade Policy? An Empirical Reevaluation." American Economic Review 96, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 405–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282806776157524.

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Анотація:

Some recent empirical studies, motivated by Grossman and Helpman's (1994) “protection-for-sale” model, suggest that very few factors (none of them labor related) determine trade protection. This paper reexamines the roles that labor issues play in the determination of trade policy. We introduce collective bargaining, differences in inter industry labor mobility, and trade union lobbying into the protection-for-sale model, and show that the equilibrium protection rate in our model depends upon these labor market variables. We test our model predictions using data from U.S. manufacturing and find that labor market considerations do seem to matter for U.S. trade policy.

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30

Sofian, Rahman, and Ufran Ufran. "Kajian Yuridis Transaksi Jual-Beli melalui Facebook Ditinjau dari KUHPerdata." Indonesia Berdaya 4, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47679/ib.2023423.

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Анотація:

This research is aimed to know and comprehend the validity of sale and purchase transactions through facebook reviewed from the Civil Law and to understand the legal protection of the parties in the sale and purchase transactions through facebook in case of default. The type of research with qualitative analysis method that is collecting data based on quality relating to the issues discussed. The findings are: First: the sale and purchase transactions through facebook reviewed from the Civil Law considered valid because Law number 11 in the year of 2008 EIT based on Civil Law. Second: basically, the legal protection of the parties in the sale and purchase transactions through facebook in case of default has been guaranteed and protected by Law number 11 in the year of 2008 Electronic Information and Transaction, Civil Law, and Law number 8 in the year of 1999 Consumer Protection, and has evidence and postulate to prove that there are parties who have been disadvantage.

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31

Mitra, Devashish, Dimitrios D. Thomakos, and Mehmet A. Ulubaşoğlu. "“Protection for Sale” in a Developing Country: Democracy vs. Dictatorship." Review of Economics and Statistics 84, no. 3 (August 2002): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003465302320259493.

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32

Lopez, Rigoberto A. "Does ‘Protection for Sale’ Apply to the US Food Industries?" Journal of Agricultural Economics 59, no. 1 (January 8, 2008): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2007.00143.x.

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33

Sulistyani, Ratu Vidi, Anis Mashdurohatun, and Lathifah Hanim. "The Protection of Investor Rights in Margin Transactions By Securities Companies when Force Selling is Performed." Law Development Journal 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ldj.3.4.774-789.

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Анотація:

The purpose of this study is to analyze investor rights protection arrangements in the analysis of margin transaction financing and the implementation of investor rights protection arrangements in the analysis of margin transaction financing by Stock Exchange Companies when a share sale is forced. The research method applied is sociological juridical.The results of this study show The regulation on the protection of investor rights in the analysis of margin transaction financing by a Stock Exchange Company when a share sale is made by force has actually been regulated in a letter of agreement, which is stated in Bapepam-LK Rule Number VD6. The existence of these regulations has fulfilled the legal protection aspects for investors as regulated in the Civil Code, but has not fulfilled the investor legal protection aspects as regulated in the Capital Market Law and the Consumer Protection Law. The implementation of the protection of investors' rights in the analysis of margin transaction financing by the Stock Exchange Company when a forced sale of shares is carried out has been carried out through a contract accompanied by the implementation of an internal control system and the implementation of haircuts by the IDX.Keywords: protection, margin transactions, forced sell.

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34

Ratnasari, N. Dewi, Ahmad Khisni, and Amin Purnawan. "Legal Analysis of Notary Deals Buy & Sale Binding Agreement (PPJB)." Sultan Agung Notary Law Review 3, no. 2 (August 12, 2021): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/sanlar.3.2.705-714.

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Анотація:

The purpose of this study is to analyze and explain the legal analysis of the notarial deed of sale and purchase agreement (PPJB). To analyze and explain legal protection for the fulfillment of the rights of the parties if one of the parties defaults in the sale and purchase binding agreement (PPJB).The method used by the researcher is Empirical Jurisdiction and The specifications in this study are descriptive. Based on the results of the study that Legal analysis of the notarial deed of sale and purchase binding agreement (PPJB), namely this sale and purchase binding agreement deed does not provide legal certainty and protection to the parties regarding the agreement they made. The position of the Deed of Sale and Purchase Agreement is null and void due to the non-fulfillment of the legal requirements of an agreement. This sale and purchase agreement is carried out on the basis of an agreement even though the buyer knows that the object of the sale is a guarantee for the seller's debt to the bank.

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35

Ratnasari, N. Dewi, Akhmad Khisni, and Amin Purnawan. "Legal Analysis of Notary Deals Buy & Sale Binding Agreement (PPJB)." Sultan Agung Notary Law Review 3, no. 4 (February 12, 2022): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/sanlar.3.4.1481-1490.

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Анотація:

The purpose of this study is to analyze and explain the legal analysis of the notarial deed of sale and purchase agreement (PPJB). To analyze and explain legal protection for the fulfillment of the rights of the parties if one of the parties defaults in the sale and purchase binding agreement (PPJB).The method used by the researcher is Empirical Jurisdiction and The specifications in this study are descriptive. Based on the results of the study that Legal analysis of the notarial deed of sale and purchase binding agreement (PPJB), namely this sale and purchase binding agreement deed does not provide legal certainty and protection to the parties regarding the agreement they made. The position of the Deed of Sale and Purchase Agreement is null and void due to the non-fulfillment of the legal requirements of an agreement. This sale and purchase agreement is carried out on the basis of an agreement even though the buyer knows that the object of the sale is a guarantee for the seller's debt to the bank.

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36

Demchenko, Danylo. "Approximation of customers’ rights institution concerning retail purchase-sale to the European Union provisions." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.4.2020.82.

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Анотація:

In the article the meaning of the customer rights protection is researched regarding the minor purchase and sale, as a fundamentalfor the capitalist economy. Separately, it is noted that the adoption of the law “on consumer rights protection” was one of the first when Ukraine received the status of an independent state and fixed the basic principle of consumer rights protection in Part 2 of Article 50of the Constitution of Ukraine. The importance of the association agreement between Ukraine and the European Union for updating theappropriate level of attention to consumer protection is considered. The Annex XXXIX to the 20 agreement regarding association isdefined, being fundamental for the purposes of the research, in which 15 provisions that concern the subject of the research are outlined.The special attention is devoted to the results that were already accomplished, even without the use of systematic approach by the legalauthorities. Three main spheres are found out, which will undergo swift development, as a consequence of continuation of work onapproximation of Ukrainian legislation to the European sample. Each of the streams is processed specifically and in detail. The optionsof future implementation are provided in the process of analysis. For a more complete understanding, separate statistical analysis wasmade. Special attention is paid to problematic issues that do not allow the executive authorities to approach the legislation with thehigher intensity and more effectively. The author’s vision of the Conception of the governmental policy in the sphere of customer’srights protection for the 2020 period is laid out. The critical remarks are being made regarding the inactivity of the executive authoritiesin attraction of European Committee for the official evaluation of the appropriateness of the Ukrainian legislation to the provisions ofthe European Union. Based on the analysis, the methodological concepts of transformation of the institution of the consumer rights protectionin the Ukrainian legislation are worked out.

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37

Mohd Zakuan, Zeti Zuryani, Siti Asishah Hassan, and Rusnadewi Abdul Rashid. "Protection of Buyers for Goods Purchased by Description under the Sale of Goods Act 1957." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 7, no. 8 (August 28, 2022): e001697. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i8.1697.

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Анотація:

In the era of industrilization, the mass production and distribution of goods cross border has affected the buyers on the market. In order to meet the demand of buyers, the producers produced goods in large quantities without considering the quality of goods. Low quality of goods on the market will affect the buyer. Hence the existing law is important to protect the buyers when dealing with goods on the market. The Sale of Goods Act 1957 is the main Act which applies to contracts for the supply of goods in Malaysia. In a contract of supply of goods, implied terms are essential to cater for issues relating to the trader’s civil liability for goods. The weaknesses of the implied terms under the law of supply of goods have become barriers to claims for breach of contract. Currently, the Malaysian Sale of Goods Act 1957 does not adequately protect buyer when entering into a transaction of sale by description. Adopting a doctrinal approach, this article analyses the implied condition as to sale by description under section 15 Sale of Goods Act 1957. The article aims to assess whether the implied condition successfully overcame the problems of buyer in the market. It is submitted the present section 15 Sale of Goods Act 1957 is outdated. It needs a comprehensive revamp to reflect a more standardised and modernised approach. The Malaysian Sale of Goods Act 1957, as it stands, does not sufficiently safeguard buyer when they engage in a sale by description.

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38

Padgett, Brian. "Institute Growth through Technology Sale." Industry and Higher Education 5, no. 4 (December 1991): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042229100500404.

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Анотація:

The institutions of higher education need to attract the interest of potential industrial sponsors. This need can be approached by describing the problems to which their research is seeking solutions. For the institutions to retain the initiative for further work they also need to create an element of competition for the rights to utilize the results of their research and to develop the international market for their research and for the teaching programmes which emerge from it. This article suggests one method of creating these market conditions in the UK and describes a pilot programme carried out by The Technology Exchange Ltd to demonstrate that such a strategy can be pursued without diverting research funds into the marketing and protection of intellectual property.

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39

Fitrya Primadhany, Erry, Imam Wahyudi, and Cahyati Cahyati. "Legal Aspects Of Consumer Protection In Illegal Sale Of Telecomunication Devices In Indonesia." Syiah Kuala Law Journal 4, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 369–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/sklj.v4i3.18608.

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Regulations regarding transaction of telecommunication devices have been clearly regulated. However, the circulation of illegal products is still rife, especially devices that International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is not officially registered. This can potentially be detrimental to consumers. This research is normative research with the legal research method of literature. The approach used is a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. It can be concluded that the protection that can be done against consumers is preventive protection that is preventive and repressive protection that is done if the consumer has suffered a loss. Preventive preventive legal protection is contained in the provisions of Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection and also contained in government efforts through Regulation of the Minister of Communication and Informatics No. 1 of 2020.Repressive legal protection can be resolved through litigation and non-litigation litigation.Violation of product requirements rules may result in businesses being subject to administrative sanctions.

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40

Fitrya Primadhany, Erry, Imam Wahyudi, and Cahyati Cahyati. "Legal Aspects Of Consumer Protection In Illegal Sale Of Telecomunication Devices In Indonesia." Syiah Kuala Law Journal 4, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 369–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/sklj.v4i3.18608.

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Анотація:

Regulations regarding transaction of telecommunication devices have been clearly regulated. However, the circulation of illegal products is still rife, especially devices that International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is not officially registered. This can potentially be detrimental to consumers. This research is normative research with the legal research method of literature. The approach used is a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. It can be concluded that the protection that can be done against consumers is preventive protection that is preventive and repressive protection that is done if the consumer has suffered a loss. Preventive preventive legal protection is contained in the provisions of Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection and also contained in government efforts through Regulation of the Minister of Communication and Informatics No. 1 of 2020.Repressive legal protection can be resolved through litigation and non-litigation litigation.Violation of product requirements rules may result in businesses being subject to administrative sanctions.

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41

Safiya Qaisara, Nor. "CONSUMER LAW PROTECTION OF GOODS FOR SALE THROUGH ONLINE IN MALAYSIA." IJLLE (International Journal of Law and Legal Ethics) 1, no. 2 (October 20, 2020): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.47701/ijlle.v1i2.965.

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Every person has the right to recognition, guarantees, protection and certainty of law that is fair and the same treatment before the law. Consumers as users of goods should have obtained guarantees for goods used, but in the field there are still many consumers who are tricked into buying and selling online who rarely report to law enforcement officials due to lack of education. What is advertised with the reality that many are not appropriate so that consumers suffer losses. The problem in this research is how the legal protection for consumers in buying and selling online. This research method uses a normative juridical approach, by collecting library study data, to determine the form of protection. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively. Based on the results of the study found that consumers legally get legal protection in the form of supervision and guidance. The Malaysian government imposes civil sanctions in the form of compensation for naughty producers, so there is a guarantee that if goods purchased online are damaged, then the consumer has the right to sue for the online goods producers.

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42

Pratama, Muhammad Rizky Eka, Bambang Tri Bawono, Amin Purnawan, and R. Sugiharto. "Effectiveness of Legal Protection on Heirs in Dispute on Sale and Purchase of Inherited Land." Sultan Agung Notary Law Review 4, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/sanlar.4.1.11-21.

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The purpose of this study is to find out and analyze: 1) The legal consequences of a dispute over the sale and purchase of inherited land without the consent of the heirs. 2) The effectiveness of legal protection for heirs in disputes over the sale and purchase of inheritance land against the law in Surabaya. The approach method used in this study is an empirical juridical approach. The specification of the research used is descriptive analytical research. This type of data uses primary and secondary data. The data analysis method used qualitative data analysis. The results of the study concluded: 1) The legal consequences of the dispute over the sale and purchase of inheritance land without the consent of the heirs are that the land is sold by people who are not entitled to sell it (because those who now hold ownership rights to the land are the heirs), therefore the sale and purchase cancelled. As a result of the law with the cancellation of the sale and purchase, the sale and purchase is considered to have never existed, and each party is returned to its original state before the "sale and purchase" event occurred, in which the ownership rights to the land remain with the heirs. This is in accordance with Article 1471 of the Civil Code which explains that buying and selling other people's goods is void, and can provide a basis for reimbursement of costs, losses and interest, if the buyer does not already know that the goods belong to someone else. 2). The effectiveness of legal protection for heirs in disputes over the sale and purchase of inheritance land against the law in Surabaya, namely considering that there are still disputes over the sale and purchase of inherited land, the effectiveness of legal protection for heirs in Surabaya needs to be increased through socialization from the Land Agency (BPN) to the public, especially experts. heirs to register their inheritance land with BPN, as an effort to provide protection to heirs in order to avoid inheritance rights disputes which must be carried out against the law where the result of an unlawful act is loss. Efforts to protect the law on disputes over the sale and purchase of inherited land without the consent and knowledge of the heirs, the legal heirs or holders of legal property rights over the inherited land can file a lawsuit to the Court.

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43

Saputra, Athalia. "LEGAL PROTECTION ON APARTMENT UNIT PURCHASER IN RELATED TO THE OWNERSHIP." Tadulako Law Review 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j25272985.2018.v3.i1.8951.

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The sale and purchase's binding agreement is often becomes a temporary hold for buyer of apartment units over the years. In every sale and purchase's binding agreement always made by developer only, beside that sale and purchase's binding agreement had a standard character and not detail, because there are still many things to be done in the process of splitting certificate. But this is becoming a sudden concern for developers, how if something wrong happens with the developer. every buyer has no proof of ownership yet. It is a dangerous thing for buyer. Proof of ownership to buyers is sale and purchase’s agrrement who made by Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah in Indoensia. Research conducted using normative juridical research, which faces legal issues with the process of discovering legal rules, legal principles, and legal doctrines relating to the issue of law. In this study used deductive method that begins from the things that are common then applied to the formulation of the problem and can produce answers that are specific and legitimate. Based on the results of research, from the various rules of law, doctrine, In Indonesia regulates the legal provisions for buyers where buyers can apply for legal remedies through courts of law in Indonesia. The regulation which regulated are Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen dan Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2011 tentang Rumah Susun.

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44

Paltseva, Elena. "Protection for Sale: The case of oligopolistic competition and interdependent sectors." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 47, no. 4 (November 2014): 1195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/caje.12106.

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45

Spears, Charlotte. "Consumer Protection: Online Sale of Prescription Drugs to Minors Not Unconscionable." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 2 (2002): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1073110500008561.

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In Stovall v. Confimed.com, the Kansas Supreme Court held that an out-of-state medical doctor who sold a prescription drug to a Kansas minor over the Internet did not commit an unconscionable act under the Kansas Consumer Protection Act (KCPA). The Shawnee Country District Court had enjoined the doctor from prescribing or dispensing prescription medicine within the state of Kansas, and the doctor appealed the injunction to the Kansas Supreme Court. The Supreme Court affirmed the district court's decision to grant injunctive relief, but found no unconscionable conduct under the KCPA.The appellee, Washington physician Dr. Howard J. Levine, sold the sexual enhancement drug Viagra over the Internet through his online pharmacy. Neither the physician nor the online pharmacy was licensed to practice in Kansas. The purchasers were two Kansas residents, one of whom was a minor. Both purchased the drugs in a sting operation conducted by the Kansas Attorney General and received the drugs after completing an online application.

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46

Fischer, Carolyn. "Environmental Protection for Sale: Strategic Green Industrial Policy and Climate Finance." Environmental and Resource Economics 66, no. 3 (December 2, 2016): 553–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-016-0092-5.

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47

Drobiazko, Volodymyr. "Formation of the international protection of technical means of protection." Theory and Practice of Intellectual Property, no. 5 (June 11, 2021): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33731/52020.233719.

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Drobyazko V. Formation of the international protection of technical means of protection. The statute considers the establishment of international protection of technical means of protection in the field of copyright and related rights, analyzes the relevant WIPO documents, the provisions of articles 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and 18 of the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), their innovative character is justified, The analysis of the provisions of the Law of Ukraine «On Copyright and Related Rights» on the protection of technical means of protection of works and objects of related rights is carried out. Technical means are effective when the use of a protected work or an object of related rights is controlled by the owner of the rights by applying access control or aprotection method, such as encoding, or such as a copy control mechanism for the purpose of protection.According to Article 11 of the WCT and Article 18 of the WPPT, the Contracting Parties shall offer for proper legal protection and effective remedies against circumventing existing technical means used by holders of rights in connection with the exercise of their rights under these agreements and restricting actions with regard to their works, performances or phonograms, which are not permitted by them or are not permitted by law.In the process of enforcing these treaties, it became clear that it was impossible to offer legal protection and effective legal remedies against circumvention if the protection and legal remedies did not extend to preparatory actions. That is, legal protection and effective legal remedies should also be provided for protection against the manufacture, import, distribution, sale, rental, advertising for sale or rental, or for the commercial use of devices, products or components, or from providing services that: promote, advertise, or sell in rounds; or have only a limited commercial business a significant purpose, or use, other than to get around; or are primarily designed, manufactured, remade, or implemented to offer a workaround or to aid in bypassing any effective technical means.Keywords: copyright, related rights, technical remedies, circumvention, effectiveactions against violation of rights

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48

Urchukova, Elizaveta Kh. "Judicial Protection of Obligations to Purchase Goods (Perform Work, Provide Services) Remotely." Rossijskoe pravosudie, no. 10 (September 23, 2022): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/issn2072-909x.2022.10.32-36.

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Formulation of the problem. Distant trade via network occupies a significant place in the modern trade turnover. Special attention is attached to the protection of the rights of consumers in the process of purchasing goods (works, services) remotely. The purpose of this study is to apply a comprehensive, comparative analysis, highlight the opportunities for the distant sale of goods (works, services), to identify the shortcomings of the legal regulation of the sale method. The article was prepared using general scientific methods (systemic, logical) and special legal methods (comparative legal, formal legal). It was revealed that currently there is legal uncertainty regarding the provision of services remotely. The rules of Russian legislation are aimed at regulating the remote sale and purchase of goods, while services turned out to be outside the scope of this regulation. It would be kindly requested to take advantage of foreign experience in regulating these relations.

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49

Utari, Sri. "Urgence of Time Term Inclusion in Fulfillment of Rights & Obligations the Parties in Transaction Agreement." Sultan Agung Notary Law Review 3, no. 3 (August 18, 2021): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/sanlar.3.3.871-883.

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The binding agreement for the sale and purchase of land rights is a preliminary agreement made by the prospective seller and prospective buyer before the signing of the deed of sale and purchase before the PPAT. The contents are about the sale and purchase of land rights, but the format is only limited to a binding agreement made by a notary. The Sale and Purchase Binding Agreement is not specifically regulated, so the form and content vary according to the agreement of the parties who made it. However, in its implementation it is often not in accordance with what has been agreed, therefore it is necessary to have special rules so that the parties get legal certainty and protection. The purpose of writing is to describe and analyze the importance of setting the time period as well as the legal consequences that arise by not including the time limit of the rights and obligations of the parties involved. parties to the deed of agreement to bind the sale and purchase of land rights made before a notary. The method used in this study is a normative juridical approach using secondary data sources. The data collection technique used is literature study, then analyzed by qualitative analysis method using legal protection theory, legal certainty theory and justice theory. From the results of the research, it is concluded that: 1. The importance of the rules set by the government to specifically regulate the sale and purchase agreement deed so that the form of the deed made by a notary can provide legal certainty and protection. 2. The legal consequences of the absence of strict legal rules regarding the deed of agreement to bind the sale and purchase of rights to the land.

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50

CHUBAN, Viktoriia, Yurii SKOROBOHATOV, and Yurii HORBACHENKO. "Problematic issues of management of civil protection facilities: procedural and institutional aspects." Economics. Finances. Law 1, no. - (January 19, 2022): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2022.1.1.

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The paper raises problematic issues of the management of protective structures of civil protection service. It is researched that for many years the State Property Fund of Ukraine has acted as the owner and governing body of protective structures for civil protection of the state form of ownership, which were on the balance sheet of business entities, but did not enter their authorized capital in the process of their privatization. However, over the years, the Fund has not taken measures to ensure the proper maintenance of the above mentioned structures. A part of the regulatory legal enactments governing the issues of property, property and business transactions has been analyzed. It is concluded that without the Fund's finding solution to problematic issues,it is impossible to complete transferring of the functions of managing property – protective structures of civil protection, which were not included in the authorized capital of economic companies in the process of privatization – to regional state administrations. At the same time, some of the problematic issues can be solved by the territorial communities, on the territory of which these structures are located. If they transfer the property into communal ownership, they will independently, by their own decisions, be able to lease it, resolve issues of allocation of land plots for these objects, pension-off or sale entities. Meanwhile, local executive authorities are deprived of these functions, since the only owers of state property, which is on business entity balance, is the State Property Fund of Ukraine, its regional branches and representative offices, and only the Fund has the power to decide on the privatization, sale and transfer of the above mentioned structures to other owners, which can be done only if the State Emergency Service of Ukraine approves of their being excluded from the reserves of protective structures.

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