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Статті в журналах з теми "Protection and Control (WAMPAC)"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Tshenyego, Onkemetse, Ravi Samikannu, and Bokani Mtengi. "Wide area monitoring, protection, and control application in islanding detection for grid integrated distributed generation: A review." Measurement and Control 54, no. 5-6 (April 15, 2021): 585–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294021989768.

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Анотація:

The assimilation of Distributed Generation (DG) into the electric power system (EPS) has become more attractive as the world is following a trend to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by introducing more renewable energy forms resulting in high penetration scenarios. This high penetration of DGs brings several challenges to the protection philosophy of the EPS which compromises its reliability, availability, and efficiency. Under high DG penetration scenarios, conventional islanding detection methods (Idms) fail to detect an island as the grid loses its inertia to leverage a significant frequency and voltage mismatch necessary for Idms to effectively detect an islanding event. This has given rise to the birth of Artificial Intelligent (AI) methods that are found to perform better in islanding detection. AI Idms are computationally intensive and require a lot of data to operate accurately. Because the computational burden of these methods requires fast computing hardware, the current trend of AI Idms are integrated with Wide Area Monitoring, Protection, and Control (WAMPAC) system. This paper aims at reviewing all these Idms and the WAMPAC’s system latency when hosting AI Idms which are currently the best in islanding detection. This is done to determine if the WAMPAC system latency plus Idms computational time meet the islanding detection time specified by the IEEE Standard 1547 framework.

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2

Piskunov, Sergey A., Alexey V. Mokeev, Dmitry N. Ulyanov, and Evgeny I. Khromtsov. "Wide area monitoring, protection, automation, and control systems for medium voltage networks." E3S Web of Conferences 384 (2023): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338401018.

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Distribution medium voltage networks have a branched structure, many power centers, longcable and overhead lines. This complicates the process of their automation, since significant capital costs for new equipment are required. New solutions based on modern technologies can help speed up this process and make it more efficient. The authors propose the use of synchronized phasor measurement technology for automating medium voltage networks. This paper considers approaches that describe the possibilities of implementing the WAMPAC principles in such networks, provides several examples where these principles apply.

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3

Adewole, Adeyemi Charles, and Raynitchka Tzoneva. "Conformance Testing and Analysis of Synchrophasor Communication Message Structures and Formats for Wide Area Measurement Systems in Smart Grids." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v6.i2.pp106-116.

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The renewed quest for situational awareness in power systems has brought about the use of digital signal processing of power system measurements, and the transmission of such data to control centres via communication networks. At the control centres, power system stability algorithms are executed to provide monitoring, protection, and control in order to prevent blackouts. This can be achieved by upgrading the existing Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems through the deployment of newly proposed power system synchrophasor-based applications for Wide Area Monitoring, Protection, and Control (WAMPAC). However, this can only be done when there is a complete understanding of the methods and technologies associated with the communication network, message structure, and formats required. This paper presents an analysis of the IEEE C37.118 synchrophasor message framework, message formats, and data communication of synchrophasor measurements from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for WAMPAC schemes in smart grids. A newly designed lab-scale testbed is implemented and used in the practical experimentation relating to this paper. Synchrophasor measurements from the PMUs are captured using a network protocol analyzer software-Wireshark, and the compliance of the synchrophasor message structures and formats captured was compared to the specifications defined in the IEEE C37.118 synchrophasor standard.

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4

Ivanković, Igor, Vladimir Terzija, and Srdjan Skok. "Transmission network angle stability protectionbased on synchrophasor data in control centre." Journal of Energy - Energija 67, no. 3 (June 2, 2022): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/201867372.

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Angle stability appears in many forms in transmission network. There are small active power oscillations which do not endanger the normal operations whereas medium and large oscillations have implications on normal operations. These latter kinds of oscillations in some cases develop in out of step condition, which is dangerous disturbance with serious impact on transmission network and generating units. Transmission network operator’s challenges and obligations are to treat in the right manner angle stability issues in their network. Controlling and protecting network needs to be done in efficient way in order to disconnect disturbance quickly and prevent abnormal network operation without exporting disturbance in surrounding networks. Synchrophasor measurements in control centre offer a platform, which responds in a new way on angle stability in transmission network. Those measurements which are collected in phasor data concentrators, which is a part of Wide Area Monitoring will be used for creating out of step protection. This is the first step to extended system to Wide Area Monitoring Protecting And Control (WAMPAC). Paper gives progress of such project in Croatian Transmission Network Operator (HOPS). Firstly, there will be stated motives for development of new out of step protection based on synchrophasor measurements. Some feasibility aspect elaborated with emphasis on communications latency. Furthermore, designed Matlab model for transmission network and protection with small portions of simulations results and analyses presented in paper reveal potential of proposed solutions. This new protection is based on using voltage angles values from phasor data stream in phasor data concentrator.

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5

Prada Hurtado, Aníbal Antonio, Eduardo Martinez Carrasco, Maria Teresa Villén Martínez, and Jose Saldana. "Application of IIA Method and Virtual Bus Theory for Backup Protection of a Zone Using PMU Data in a WAMPAC System." Energies 15, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 3470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093470.

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Анотація:

Many wide area monitoring, protection, and control (WAMPAC) systems are being deployed by grid operators to deal with critical operational conditions that may occur in power systems. Thanks to the real-time measurements provided by a set of distributed phasor measurement units (PMUs), different protection algorithms can be run in a central location. In this context, this article presents and validates a novel method that can be used as a backup protection for a selected area in a power system. It merges the integrated impedance angle (IIA) protection method with the theory of virtual buses in wide area electrical power systems. The backup protection works this way: once a fault is detected (pickup time), another delay (added to the pickup time) is defined in order to wait for the primary protection to act. If this does not happen, the algorithm generates its backup trip. The proposed method has been called the zone integrated impedance angle (Zone IIA). A real-time PMU laboratory has been used to test the proposed algorithm using a real-time digital simulator (RTDS). The algorithm has been programmed in a real-time automation controller (RTAC). It has been tested in two different simulated setups: first, a 400 kV transmission system, with and without the use of renewable energy sources (RES); second, a 150 kV submarine line between the Greece mainland and an island, which is currently the longest submarine alternating current connection in the world. The results obtained during the tests have yielded tripping times for area protection in the order of 48 ms, if no time delay is used between the fault detection and the trip order. According to the test results, the proposed method is stable, reliable, obedient, and secure, also with RES installed in the power system. Additionally, the method is selective, i.e., during the tests no trip was executed for external faults, no trip was executed in no-fault condition, and all the applied internal faults were detected and tripped correctly. Finally, the protection method is easy to implement. The method is also applicable to protection against short circuits in distribution systems. According to the trip times observed during the tests, it is clear that these algorithms are well suited to implement backup protections in transmission grids, even in scenarios with high penetration of renewable energies. Considering that backup trip times in transmission grids are usually set between 400 and 1000 ms, and that the actuation times obtained by the proposed algorithm are under 100 ms, the method is suitable for its use as a backup protection.

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6

Zbunjak and Kuzle. "System Integrity Protection Scheme (SIPS) Development and an Optimal Bus-Splitting Scheme Supported by Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)." Energies 12, no. 17 (September 3, 2019): 3404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173404.

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Анотація:

System integrity protection schemes (SIPS) are schemes that can, under potentially hazardous conditions, prevent a complete blackout of endangered parts of an electrical power system (EPS). The main objective of SIPS is to monitor the state of the power transmission network in real time and to react in emergency cases. This paper explores the use of phasor measurement unit (PMU) technology for the development of SIPS as a part of wide-area monitoring, protection, and control (WAMPAC) systems. A new SIPS development method is described using the experience from the real-time operation. The developed optimal bus-splitting scheme identifies potential actions that can eliminate or reduce power system overloads and protect the integrity of the power system. An optimal bus-splitting scheme based on a DC power flow model and PMU measurements is given as an example and is explained and tested on an IEEE 14 bus test system. Conducted simulations indicate that the described SIPS methodology supported by the PMU measurements can mitigate potential overloads of the observed network part.

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7

Fusiek, Grzegorz, and Pawel Niewczas. "Construction and Evaluation of an Optical Medium Voltage Transducer Module Aimed at a 132 kV Optical Voltage Sensor for WAMPAC Systems." Sensors 22, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 5307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145307.

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This paper reports on the construction and characterization of an optical voltage transducer module for applications in the field of wide-area monitoring, protection, and control (WAMPAC). The optical medium voltage transducer (MVT) module was designed to be combined with a capacitive voltage divider (CVD) to form a voltage sensor intended for 132 kV high voltage (HV) networks. The MVT module comprises a combination of a piezoelectric transducer (PZT) and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) as a core optical sensing element. Changes in the input voltage across the PZT translate into strain being detected by the FBG. The resultant FBG peak wavelength can be calibrated in terms of the input voltage to obtain a precise voltage measurement. The module was experimentally evaluated in the laboratory, and its performance was assessed based on the requirements specified by the IEC standards for electronic voltage transformers and low power voltage transformers. The results of accuracy tests demonstrate that the MVT module is free from hysteresis, within the experimental error, and is capable of simultaneously meeting the requirements for 0.1 metering and 1P protection classes specified by the IEC 60044-7 and IEC 61869-11 standards.

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8

Kumar, Lalit, Shehab Ahmed, Luigi Vanfretti, and Nand Kishor. "Real-Time Testing of Synchrophasor-Based Wide-Area Monitoring System Applications Acknowledging the Potential Use of a Prototyping Software Toolchain." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (July 30, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6215040.

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Анотація:

This article presents a study on real-time testing of synchrophasor-based “wide-area monitoring system’s applications (WAMS application).” Considering the growing demand of real-time testing of “wide-area monitoring, protection, and control (WAMPAC)” applications, a systematic real-time testing methodology is formulated and delineated in diagrams. The diagrams propose several stages through which an application needs to be assessed (sequentially) for its acceptance prior to implementation into a production system. However, only one stage is demonstrated in this article which comprises the use of a prototyping software toolchain and whose potential is assessed as sufficient for preliminary real-time testing (PRTT) of WAMS applications. The software toolchain is composed of two components: the MATLAB software for application prototyping and other open-source software that allows ingesting prerecorded phasor measurement unit (PMU) signals. With this software toolchain, a PRTT study is presented for two WAMS applications: “testing of the PMU/phasor data concentrator (PDC)” and “testing of wide-area forced oscillation (FO) monitoring application.”

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9

Ivankovic, Igor, Igor Kuzle, and Ninoslav Holjevac. "Multifunctional WAMPAC system concept for out-of-step protection based on synchrophasor measurements." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 87 (May 2017): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.11.005.

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10

Cai, Deyu, Vladimir Terzija, Mark Osborne, and Peter Wall. "Roadmap for the deployment of WAMPAC in the future GB power system." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 10, no. 7 (May 5, 2016): 1553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0582.

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11

Iqbal, Asif, Farhan Mahmood, and Mathias Ekstedt. "Digital Forensic Analysis of Industrial Control Systems Using Sandboxing: A Case of WAMPAC Applications in the Power Systems." Energies 12, no. 13 (July 6, 2019): 2598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12132598.

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Анотація:

In today’s connected world, there is a tendency of connectivity even in the sectors which conventionally have been not so connected in the past, such as power systems substations. Substations have seen considerable digitalization of the grid hence, providing much more available insights than before. This has all been possible due to connectivity, digitalization and automation of the power grids. Interestingly, this also means that anybody can access such critical infrastructures from a remote location and gone are the days of physical barriers. The power of connectivity and control makes it a much more challenging task to protect critical industrial control systems. This capability comes at a price, in this case, increasing the risk of potential cyber threats to substations. With all such potential risks, it is important that they can be traced back and attributed to any potential threats to their roots. It is extremely important for a forensic investigation to get credible evidence of any cyber-attack as required by the Daubert standard. Hence, to be able to identify and capture digital artifacts as a result of different attacks, in this paper, the authors have implemented and improvised a forensic testbed by implementing a sandboxing technique in the context of real time-hardware-in-the-loop setup. Newer experiments have been added by emulating the cyber-attacks on WAMPAC applications, and collecting and analyzing captured artifacts. Further, using sandboxing for the first time in such a setup has proven helpful.

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12

Aufseeser, Dena. "Control, Protection and Rights." International Journal of Children’s Rights 22, no. 2 (June 5, 2014): 241–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02202001.

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In this article, I critically examine Peru’s Law to Protect Minors from situations of Begging. I consider the way in which a language of children’s rights is ironically invoked to justify the physical removal and criminalization of children working in public spaces by appeals to very specific understandings of childhood, parenting, and space. Despite the law’s formal emphasis on protection, I suggest it is more concerned with social control and containment than children’s actual well-being. As such, it fails to reflect the basic principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child to which Peru has committed. However, because thecrcis subject to multiple interpretations, it also serves as a potential resource to counter repressive legislation such as the Begging Bill. The article is based on 14 months of field work in Peru and over 100 interviews with policy makers, government officials, educators, and street children themselves, among others.

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13

Mori, Takefumi, Ikuko Yabana, Satoshi Kinugasa, Shinichi Sato, and Yoshitsugu Iwakura. "Renal protection on ascites control." Kanzo 58, no. 2 (2017): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2957/kanzo.58.78.

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14

Bevrani, Hassan, Mehrdad Gholami, and Neda Hajimohammadi. "Microgrids Emergency Control and Protection." International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering 2, no. 1 (January 2013): 78–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeoe.2013010106.

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Анотація:

Economical harvesting of electrical energy on a large scale considering the environmental issues is a challenge. As a solution, Microgrids (MGs) promise to facilitate the widely penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and energy storage devices into the power systems, reduce system losses and greenhouse gas emissions, and increase the reliability of the electricity supply to the customers. Although the concept of MG is already established, the control strategies and energy management systems for MGs which cover power interchange, system stability, frequency and voltage regulation, active and reactive power control, islanding detection, grid synchronization, following contingencies and emergency conditions are still under development. Like a conventional power system, a Micro-grid (MG) needs emergency control and protection schemes to have secure and stable operation. Since MG can operate in both grid-connected and islanded mode, in addition to the control loops and protection schemes, extra issues must be considered. Transition between two operation modes requires an extra control plan to eliminate and stabilize transients due to mode changing. This paper presents an overview of the key issues and new challenges on emergency control and protection plans in the MG systems. The most important emergency control and protection schemes such as load shedding methods that have been presented over the past years are summarized.

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15

TASHIRO, Mutsumi, and Takayoshi ISHII. "8 Radiation Control and Protection." RADIOISOTOPES 64, no. 6 (2015): 406–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.64.406.

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16

De Cock, Kevin M. "Tuberculosis: Pathogenesis, protection, and control." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89, no. 5 (September 1995): 579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(95)90122-1.

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17

Peloquin, Charles A. "Tuberculosis: Pathogenesis, Protection, and Control." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 29, no. 10 (October 1995): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809502901031.

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18

Fissan, H., and D. Semleit. "Environmental protection and contamination control." Journal of Aerosol Science 23 (January 1992): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(92)90514-v.

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19

Larrain, Borja, Matías Tapia, and Francisco Urzúa I. "Investor protection and corporate control." Journal of Corporate Finance 47 (December 2017): 174–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2017.09.002.

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20

Nowakowska, Justyna Anna, Lassaâd Belbahri, and Tomasz Oszako. "Biological Control in Forests Protection." Forests 14, no. 3 (February 21, 2023): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14030446.

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Forests are a vital component of the natural environment as they support biodiversity, sequester carbon, play a key role in biogeochemical cycles, and produce the organic matter necessary for terrestrial organisms [...]

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21

Vivcharenko, O. A. "Land Use And Protection Control Of Ukraine: Control Function." Actual problems of improving of current legislation of Ukraine, no. 50 (June 11, 2019): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/apiclu.50.114-119.

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The article explores the legal problems of control on the use and protection of the lands of Ukraine. Specific tasks, functions, controls, forms and methods of its implementation are covered, which defined in the Law of Ukraine «On State Control of Land Use and Protection» of 19 June 2003. Important means of controlling land use and protection are: land monitoring, state cadastre and land management. The State Land Cadastre is an important function of the state land management, through which the state influences the process of rational use and protection of land resources. The state land cadastre is designed to provide local governments, interested businesses and citizens with information about land for the purpose of organizing its rational use and protection. It contains a system of necessary information and documents on the legal regime of land, their distribution through landowners and land users, including tenants, by land categories, etc. Land use control and protection is one of the important functions of public administration in this area of public relations. Land control should be considered not only as a function but also as a legal form of activity. It should be noted that control is exercised: a) for all subjects of land relations, and not only for legal and natural persons; b) applies to all land irrespective of ownership. Specific tasks, functions of control over land use and protection, as well as forms and methods of its implementation as defined in the Law of Ukraine «On State Control of Land Use and Protection» of 19 June 2003. As a conclusion, the current legislation of Ukraine in the field of land use and protection control distinguishes between state control over land use and protection and state control over the observance of land protection legislation. The first concept is broader than the second, which reflects on the scope of powers of state bodies in this field.

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22

Khudia, Daya Shanker, and Scott Mahlke. "Low cost control flow protection using abstract control signatures." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 48, no. 5 (May 23, 2013): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2499369.2465568.

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23

Rahman, Md Hafizur. "Radiation Hazard, Safety, Control and Protection." Faridpur Medical College Journal 14, no. 2 (July 14, 2020): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/fmcj.v14i2.48188.

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The field of Radiology and Nuclear medicine has advanced from era of X-rays to today's modern imaging techniques, most of which use the ionizing radiation. With the benefits of better diagnosis and treatment, it has caused manifold increase in radiation exposure to the patients and the radiology and nuclear medicine personnel. Many studies done till date have clearly documented the harmful effects of ionizing radiation from radiation exposure, especially cancer. This is more important in paediatric population as their tissues are more radiosensitive, and they have more years to live. Diagnostic and therapeutic radiological procedures including nuclear medicine are integral part of modern medical practices, exposing both patients and medical staff to ionizing radiation. Without proper protective measures, this radiation causes many negative health effects. Hence, proper knowledge and awareness regarding the radiation hazards and radiation protection is mandatory for health professionals, especially the nuclear medicine and radiology professionals. International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) has recommended two basic principles of radiation protection, justification of the practice and optimization of protection. Faridpur Med. Coll. J. Jul 2019;14(2): 100-103

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24

Christensen, Neil D. "HPV disease transmission protection and control." Microbial Cell 3, no. 9 (September 5, 2016): 475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15698/mic2016.09.530.

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25

Ghani, Usman, and Chong Hock Siong. "Microcontroller Based Circuit Protection and Control." Journal of Engineering & Technological Advances 4, no. 1 (2019): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35934/segi.v4i1.21.

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Анотація:

The automated microcontroller-based circuit protection and control system is integrated with IoT element, which consisted of both hardware software components, and communication devices. The designed system is to acquire the electrical parameters such as current and voltage as well the power consumption using sensors. ThingSpeak is engaged, mainly used to acquire data from the microcontroller via wireless communication, to further analyse and visualize it in the required form and sends SMS notification to the user through Wi-Fi, such as over/under current, over/under voltage, & excessive power consumption, depending on the data analysis. Once user received notification, remedial action can be further taken to isolate faulted part from circuit, or to take desired action for safety purpose. The designed prototype is enhanced circuit protection (automated), incorporating data storage, monitor/control of electrical loads intelligently and offers user safety and security of the electrical operation.

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26

Milkov, Dragan. "Inspection control and the environmental protection." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 49, no. 4 (2015): 1441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns49-10383.

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27

김석봉. "Control Premiums and Minority Shareholder Protection." KOREAN JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 32, no. 3 (September 2015): 203–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22510/kjofm.2015.32.3.008.

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28

Begovic, M., D. Novosel, D. Karlsson, C. Henville, and G. Michel. "Wide-Area Protection and Emergency Control." Proceedings of the IEEE 93, no. 5 (May 2005): 876–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2005.847258.

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29

Daschner, Dr Franz D. "Environmental protection in hospital infection control." American Journal of Infection Control 28, no. 5 (October 2000): 386–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mic.2000.109184a.

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30

DaPonte, Jason. "Future imperfect? Spying, control and protection." Index on Censorship 43, no. 2 (June 2014): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306422014534794.

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31

Kuprienko, Viktor. "Bias signal control in differential protection." MATEC Web of Conferences 212 (2018): 01035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821201035.

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The problem is to ensure the stability of the differential protection functioning at deep saturation of the cores of electromagnetic current transformers. The errors of current transformers support the greatest influence on the operation of differential protections. Features of the differential protection operation at deep saturation of current transformers in short-circuit transient modes are considered. Comparison results of various algorithms for the formation of a bias signal are given. The control capability of the bias signal generation algorithm was analyzed. The harmonic composition of the differential current on the mathematical model of two-arm differential protection in the transient mode with external and internal short circuits at saturation of the current transformers of one arm was investigated. The stability of the differential protection functioning can be enhanced by the selectivity of the bias signal generation algorithm. A bias signal control criterion using a relative level of higher harmonics to a differential signal was proposed.

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32

&NA;, &NA;. "INFECTION CONTROL ISOLATION GOWNS: IMPERFECT PROTECTION?" AJN, American Journal of Nursing 92, no. 11 (November 1992): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199211000-00004.

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33

Dong, Hai, Yixuan Zhou, Xiaoliang Pan, Fengchao Cui, Wei Liu, Jingyao Liu, and Olof Ramström. "Stereoelectronic Control in Regioselective Carbohydrate Protection." Journal of Organic Chemistry 77, no. 3 (January 24, 2012): 1457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo202336y.

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34

Vu, K., M. M. Begouic, and D. Novosel. "Grids get smart protection and control." IEEE Computer Applications in Power 10, no. 4 (1997): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/67.625373.

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Daschner, Dr Franz D. "Environmental protection in hospital infection control." American Journal of Infection Control 28, no. 5 (October 2000): 386–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-6553(00)90101-9.

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36

An, Xiangdong, Dawn Jutla, Nick Cercone, Charnyote Pluempitiwiriyawej, and Hai Wang. "Uncertain inference control in privacy protection." International Journal of Information Security 8, no. 6 (August 6, 2009): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10207-009-0088-z.

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Poole-Wilson, P. A. "Introduction 24-Hour Protection and Control." Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 17, Supplement 1 (1991): v—vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005344-199117001-00001.

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Das, Pamela. "Can social protection improve tuberculosis control?" Lancet 379, no. 9821 (March 2012): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60447-4.

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Berkers, Joost, Jan Gunst, Ilse Vanhorebeek, and Greet Van den Berghe. "Glycaemic control and perioperative organ protection." Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology 22, no. 1 (March 2008): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2007.08.002.

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40

Adams, A. A. "Introduction: Valid protection or abusive control?" International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 20, no. 3 (November 2006): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600860600852093.

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Steinmetz, Charles P. "CONTROL AND PROTECTION OF ELECTRIC SYSTEMS*." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 27, no. 3 (March 18, 2009): 722–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1915.tb00563.x.

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42

Суханова, Наталия, and Nataliya Sukhanova. "Cryptographic information protection in distributed control systems." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2019, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/article_5c12914778c424.41687441.

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Анотація:

The structure of the distributed control system (DCS) is considered. A problem for information protection which is transferred between the units of the DCS is specified. For information transfer there are used open communication channels. A new method for a cryptographic protection of information with the aid of the method of block encoding with a private key is offered.

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43

SUPRAPTI, Atiek, Nurdien H. KISTANTO, Edward E. PANDELAKI, and Djoko INDROSAPTONO. "CONTROL OF SPATIAL PROTECTION IN KAUMAN SEMARANG." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 41, no. 4 (December 26, 2017): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2017.1402717.

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Locality and cultural identity aspects are very important to create humane cities in the midst of globalizing world. Kauman Semarang is the city’s cultural identity which has lasted for more than three centuries. Traditionally, Kauman is a village in downtown which reflects Moslem daily live. The physical and social characteristicschange are the reaction of modernization-capitalization pressure of the downtown. The purpose of the research is to find out how Kauman adapts to the incoming pressures. The research was based on ethnographic method by combining ideographic and architectural approaches. In the end of the research, it found that there is a spatial control having protective characteristic or a control of spatial protection conducted by the community. Socioreligious values have influenced in strengthening socio-religious space that produces immaterial products associated with the community’s mentality. Meanwhile, the modernization-capitalization pressures influence the form of significantly developed business-commercial space, and their products are eventually used to support the socio-religious activities. Spatial protection strategy is an answer for the problem of modernization-capitalization pressures in downtown. This finding could be a useful input for the preservation efforts at Kauman Semarang particularly and for cities having similar problems generally.

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F. Faisal, Hassan F. Faisal. "Control of Solar Powered Cathodic Protection System." Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology 6, no. 2 (December 6, 2018): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18081/mjet/2018-6/152-159.

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Kankaraš, Milan, Nenad Kapor, Ivan Petrović, and Aleksandar Simić. "Economic aspects of airspace control and protection." Megatrend revija 15, no. 3 (2018): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev1803099k.

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Borghi, Claudio, Giuseppe Ambrosio, Philippe Van De Borne, and Giuseppe Mancia. "Zofenopril: Blood pressure control and cardio-protection." Cardiology Journal 29, no. 2 (April 7, 2022): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/cj.a2021.0113.

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Zhao, Bo Ya, Song Yang, Zhe Zhang, and Ri Sheng Sun. "Control Improvement of the Reactor Protection System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 4199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.4199.

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Анотація:

In this paper an optimal maintenance policy for a Reactor Protection System (RPS) for a nuclear plant was developed. RPS consists of continuously operating sub-systems that were subject to random failures. A block system diagram for RPS had been proposed that facilitates analyzing of individual sub-systems separately. The proposed maintenance policy is the Age Replacement model, which incorporated both corrective and preventive maintenances. A Markov model was used to optimize the preventive maintenance interval of those sub-systems whose failure and repair rates were exponentially distributed. Finally, a sensitivity analysis had been performed and recommendations for maintaining the required RPS availability have been suggested.

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Huang, Weiping, and Panpan Long. "Internal Control, Asset Substitution and Creditor Protection." Modern Economy 06, no. 04 (2015): 484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/me.2015.64047.

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Durham, Marcus O., and Robert A. Durham. "Lightning, Grounding and Protection for Control Systems." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 31, no. 1 (January 1995): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.363051.

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Kar, S. C., and A. K. Mukhopadhyay. "Microprocessor Based Temperature Monitoring, Control and Protection." IETE Journal of Education 28, no. 3 (July 1987): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09747338.1987.11436158.

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