Статті в журналах: "Proteaceae"

1

Rourke, J. P. "PROTEACEAE." Bothalia 22, no. 1 (October 14, 1992): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v22i1.821.

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2

Rourke, J. P. "PROTEACEAE." Bothalia 24, no. 2 (October 10, 1994): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v24i2.767.

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3

Rourke, J. P. "PROTEACEAE." Bothalia 26, no. 2 (October 9, 1996): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v26i2.700.

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4

Rourke, J. P. "PROTEACEAE." Bothalia 27, no. 1 (October 7, 1997): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v27i1.658.

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5

Rouke, J. P. "PROTEACEAE." Bothalia 35, no. 1 (August 29, 2005): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v35i1.370.

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6

Hooper, Harvey. "Proteaceae." Ballarat Naturalist (1985:Sep) (September 1985): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.383841.

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7

Stace, Helen M., Andrew W. Douglas, and Jane F. Sampson. "Did ‘Paleo-polyploidy’ Really occur in Proteaceae?" Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 4 (1998): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb98013.

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Cytological data for 188 species in 65 genera of Proteaceae were collated from the literature. Excluding the occasional infrageneric polyploid, Proteaceae have seven confirmed character states for chromosome number (n = 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 7, 5). Genera of subfamily Persoonioideae are x = 7, and, on a cytoevolutionary doctrine of ‘paleo-polyploidy’ in angiosperm families, these low chromosome number taxa were hypothesised to represent the ancestral genome of Proteaceae. Chief supporting evidence for this hypothesis is the ancient origin of Persoonioideae in Proteaceae phylogeny. However all current genomes in Proteaceae have features that suggest that they are derived, including those of Persoonioideae with their ‘genomic obesity’, and by reference to the chromosomes of Bellendenoideae (n = 5) and the outgroup Platanaceae (n = 21), quite probably their number is also a derived character state. Furthermore the high chromosome number genera of Proteaceae in subfamilies Proteoideae and Grevilleoideae (n = 14, 13, 12, 11, 10) have genomic lengths that are far smaller than would be expected from a doubling of the chromosomes of Persoonioideae, and, so far as any information is available, these genera are also genetic diploids. This paper questions ‘paleo-polyploidy’ as a general cytogenetic mechanism for plant macroevolution at the levels of genus, tribe and sub-family in Proteaceae. It is proposed that diploid cytoevolutionary processes of chromosome number increase and decrease from a primitive genome of FN = 24, with specific examples of x = 12 and x = 21, can explain the cytological phenomena in the family.

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8

Hayes, Patrick E., Peta L. Clode, Caio Guilherme Pereira, and Hans Lambers. "Calcium modulates leaf cell-specific phosphorus allocation in Proteaceae from south-western Australia." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 15 (April 9, 2019): 3995–4009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz156.

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Abstract Over 650 Proteaceae occur in south-western Australia, contributing to the region’s exceptionally high biodiversity. Most Proteaceae occur exclusively on severely nutrient-impoverished, acidic soils (calcifuge), whilst only few also occur on young, calcareous soils (soil-indifferent), higher in calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The calcifuge habit of Proteaceae is explained by Ca-enhanced P toxicity, putatively linked to the leaf cell-specific allocation of Ca and P. Separation of these elements is essential to avoid the deleterious precipitation of Ca-phosphate. We used quantitative X-ray microanalysis to determine leaf cell-specific nutrient concentrations of two calcifuge and two soil-indifferent Proteaceae grown in hydroponics at a range of Ca and P concentrations. Calcium enhanced the preferential allocation of P to palisade mesophyll (PM) cells under high P conditions, without a significant change in whole leaf [P]. Calcifuges showed a greater PM [P] compared with soil-indifferent species, corresponding to their greater sensitivity. This study advances our mechanistic understanding of Ca-enhanced P toxicity, supporting the proposed model, and demonstrating its role in the calcifuge distribution of Proteaceae. This furthers our understanding of nutrient interactions at the cellular level and highlights its importance to plant functioning.

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9

Malan, Daniel G. "PROPAGATION OF PROTEACEAE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 316 (December 1992): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1992.316.5.

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10

Prance, Ghillean T., and Vanessa Plana. "The American Proteaceae." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 4 (1998): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97023.

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The American Proteaceae are outliers from the main centres of diversity of the family in Australia and South Africa. There are about 83 species in eight genera which all belong to the monophyletic subfamily Grevilleoideae. Three genera, Embothrium, Oreocallis and Lomatia, are placed in the tribe Embothrieae (sensu Johnson and Briggs), four Euplassa, Gevuina, Panopsis and Roupala in the Macadamieae and the single genus Orites in the Oriteae. There are five genera endemic to America and three also have species in Australia and New Guinea (Gevuina, Lomatia and Orites). The Proteaceae appear to have arrived in South America via two routes. The larger genera Euplassa, Panopsis and Roupala, which are all endemic to America and have a general distribution in northern South America and south-eastern Brazil, are derived from Gondwanaland before it separated from South America. The remaining genera are distributed either in temperate South America or in the high Andes and appear to have arrived more recently via the Australia–Antarctica–South American connection. Three of these genera have species in both regions. The centres of species diversity of Euplassa, Panopsis and Roupala fall outside hypothesised forest refugia, indicating that they are not true rainforest species but species of seasonal habitats like those achieved at higher altitudes where they are commonly found. Two genera,Panopsis and Roupala, have reached Central America after the central American land bridge was formed six million years ago. The exact relationship to genera on other continents is still unclear and there is a need for a cladistic biogeographic analysis of the group based on both morphological and molecular data.

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11

Pole, Mike. "The Proteaceae record in New Zealand." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 4 (1998): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97019.

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Proteaceae pollen appeared in New Zealand during the Late Cretaceous and increased in diversity until the Early–mid Eocene. Diversity then decreased, reducing to the present two species in the Early Pleistocene. Proteaceae macrofossils extend back to the Early Paleocene. Twelve parataxa of Proteaceae dispersed cuticle are documented. These include two new parataxa of unknown affinity from the Paleocene, and nine new parataxa from the Miocene and one previously recorded from Western Australia. Three of these are identified as species of Helicia, Macadamia and Musgravea, one has affinities with Gevuininae–Hicksbeachia, and one with Tribe Embothrieae.

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12

Zhang, Jiale, Michael E. Netzel, Andrew Pengelly, Dharini Sivakumar, and Yasmina Sultanbawa. "A Review of Phytochemicals and Bioactive Properties in the Proteaceae Family: A Promising Source of Functional Food." Antioxidants 12, no. 11 (November 1, 2023): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12111952.

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In recent decades, natural plant-based foods have been increasingly used to improve human health due to unhealthy modern dietary patterns, such as the consumption of foods high in sugar and fat. Many indigenous species have been used by Aboriginal peoples for their food and therapeutic properties. Thus, it is important to understand the health-enhancing bioactive profile of Australian indigenous species. The Proteaceae family, such as the genera of Protea, Macadamia, and Grevillea, have been commercially used in the horticulture and food industries. Researchers have reported some findings about Persoonia species, one of the genera in the Proteaceae family. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the family Proteaceae and the genus Persoonia, including distribution, traditional and commercial uses, phytochemicals, bioactive properties, potential opportunities, and challenges. In this review, bioactive compounds and their properties related to the health benefits of the Proteaceae family, particularly the Persoonia genus, were reviewed for potential applications in the food industry.

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13

Crous, P. W., B. A. Summerell, L. Swart, S. Denman, J. E. Taylor, C. M. Bezuidenhout, M. E. Palm, S. Marincowitz, and J. Z. Groenewald. "Fungal pathogens of Proteaceae." Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 27, no. 1 (December 31, 2011): 20–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158511x606239.

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14

Johnson, L. A. S. "Proteaceae - Where are we?" Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 4 (1998): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97024.

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Developments in understanding of the Proteaceae since 1963 are briefly reviewed and discussed in relation to morphological interpretation, DNA studies, phytogeography and phylogeny. Some of the outstanding questions are highlighted. Starting Point More than 30 years ago, Barbara Briggs and I (Johnson and Briggs 1963) published a hypothesis of the phylogeny of Proteaceae, a family of great interest for which no reasonably acceptable evolutionary history had been proposed. Unfortunately, at the time we wrote this paper, we were misled by conservative geologists who had not got around to accepting continental drift, and our phytogeographic understanding was much distorted by this. Twelve years later (Johnson and Briggs 1975) we refined our complex hypotheses of phylogeny and phytogeography, in a symposium celebrating the great botanist Robert Brown. At this time we had more information on morphology and also on karyology. The latter subject, dealing with chromosome size and number, is almost completely out of favour now; nevertheless, it embraces complex character-states that need to be taken into account and assessed as to synapomorphy. In 1975, our approach was more explicitly one of phylogenetic analysis, although we were not in a position to carry this out rigorously throughout, and it was not computerised. We also accepted certain groupings of taxa that we in fact felt might be paraphyletic with respect to others. We certainly did not wish to include any polyphyletic groups, although it now appears that some of our tribes and subtribes will need amendment to render them pure in this respect. The 1975 classification is of course definitely not now upheld by us in all respects. Forinstance, we consider Bellendena to be most appropriately treated as constituting a subfamily distinct from Persoonioideae and indeed we encouraged the publication of Bellendenoideae (Weston 1995). We are pleased to see that our 1975 classification and suggested phylogeny are still serving as a take-off point for current re-assessment and that a good deal of it stands up, but we do not take the formal view that it is in itself a hypothesis to be tested, in the Popperian sense. There is little point in indicating that parts of it are incorrect when in fact we have modified our own thinking considerably in the light of findings over the past two decades. Rather, concentration should be on honing and modifying such very complex hypotheses, not so much in the spirit of disproving or corroborating as in seeking closer approximations to the actual phylogeny and its representation, as far as possible, in a classification. I shall discuss briefly the areas in which progress has been or needs to be made.

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15

Swenson, Wendy K., John E. Dunn, and Eric E. Conn. "Cyanogenesis in the proteaceae." Phytochemistry 28, no. 3 (January 1989): 821–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80122-0.

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16

PYE, DANIEL R. L. "A new species of eriophyoid mite (Acari: Eriophyoidea: Eriophyidae) on Leucadendron argenteum (L.) R. Br. from South Africa." Zootaxa 3085, no. 1 (October 31, 2011): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3085.1.5.

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A new vagrant eriophyoid mite species, collected from plant material imported into the United Kingdom, is described and illustrated: Aceria argentae n. sp. found on Leucadendron argenteum (L.) R. Br. (Proteaceae) from South Africa. A review of the eriophyoid mite species known from plants in the Proteaceae is also provided and recent findings of non-native eriophyoid mites in the United Kingdom are discussed.

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17

MAZZEO, GAETANA, JOSÉ CARLOS FRANCO, and AGATINO RUSSO. "A new Paracoccus species from Palaearctic region (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae)." Zootaxa 2274, no. 1 (October 28, 2009): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2274.1.4.

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A new mealybug species, Paracoccus leucadendri sp. nov., is described from Portugal. This is the first record of a Paracoccus species from Europe. It is suggested that its presence in Portugal is the result of a fortuitous introduction with its host plant, Leucadendron sp. (Proteaceae). An identification key is presented to distinguish this new Paracoccus species from other mealybug species reported on Proteaceae in the world.

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18

Itzstein-Davey, Freea. "The representation of Proteaceae in modern pollen rain in species-rich vegetation communities in south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 2 (2003): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02048.

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The Proteaceae family is a large Gondwanan plant family with a major centre of richness in south-western Australia. Modern pollen–vegetation relationships in the two areas of species richness in the northern and southern sandplains of south-western Australia were investigated to calibrate fossil-pollen studies concurrently conducted on Eocene, Pliocene and Quaternary sediment. Results indicated that the Proteaceae component in modern pollen rain can be quite high, contributing up to 50% of the count. Some sites showed a dominant type (such as Banksia–Dryandra), whilst others had up to six different genera represented. Exactly how and when the biodiversity of Proteaceae in south-western Australia developed is unknown. This work provides a benchmark for comparisons with studied fossil material to unravel patterns of diversity of this family in south-western Australia.

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19

Pearce, Ceridwen A., Paul Reddell, and Kevin D. Hyde. "Revision of the Phyllachoraceae (Ascomycota) on hosts in the angiosperm family, Proteaceae." Australian Systematic Botany 14, no. 2 (2001): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb00006.

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A literature review yielded seven Australian taxa within the Phyllachoraceae recorded from hosts in the angiosperm family Proteaceae, with three taxa from overseas. New collections and herbarium material were examined by using traditional microscopic characters. Seven new Australian taxa were identified. These include Phyllachora banksiae subsp. westaustraliensis on Banksia speciosa, Phyllachora tjapukiensis on Darlingia darlingiana, Phyllachora kylei on Dryandra spp., Phyllachora amplexicaulii on Hakea amplexicaulis, Phyllachora grevilleae subsp. clelandii on Hakea clavata and H. vittata, Phyllachora hakeicola subsp. cuttacuttae on Hakea arborescens and Phyllachora hakeicola subsp. tasmaniensis on Hakea lissosperma. We now recognise nine species, four subspecies and one variety within the Phyllachoraceae on Proteaceae in Australia, and Phyllachora rhopalina var. rhopalina and P. rhopalina var. macrospora from South America. In this paper, these taxa are described and illustrated by using interference contrast micrographs. A key to all known species of Phyllachoraceae on hosts in the Proteaceae is provided.

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20

Lamont, Byron B., and Philip G. Ladd. "Endobeuthos paleosum in 99-million-year-old amber does not belong to the Proteaceae." Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 18, no. 1 (July 9, 2024): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v18.i1.1343.

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Species in the family Proteaceae are almost invariably tetramerous with the stamen adnate to a tepal. Andromonoecious inflorescences bearing many male flowers composed of a single (spathuloid) stamen and a female flower with a pubescent stigma, as in Endobeuthos paleosum, are unknown. We suggest that the specimen is a bisexual flower with scores of stamens surrounding a single stigma-style. Further, the specimen is too old to fit with current understanding of the migratory history of the Proteaceae.

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21

Pujana, Roberto R. "New fossil woods of Proteaceae from the Oligocene of southern Patagonia." Australian Systematic Botany 20, no. 2 (2007): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb06029.

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The scarce fossil wood record of Proteaceae is complemented with the addition of a new morphogenus with two new species from the Oligocene of Patagonia, Scalarixylon patagonicum, gen. nov., sp. nov., and S. grandiradiatum, gen. nov., sp. nov. They become the first two fossil species that have all the typical characteristics of Proteaceae wood anatomy: wide multiseriate rays, tangential bands of vessels with unilateral banded associated parenchyma and simple perforation plates. They seem to be related to extant species that inhabit the subantarctic forests of Patagonia.

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22

Skelton, R. P., J. J. Midgley, J. M. Nyaga, S. D. Johnson, and M. D. Cramer. "Is leaf pubescence of Cape Proteaceae a xeromorphic or radiation-protective trait?" Australian Journal of Botany 60, no. 2 (2012): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt11231.

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Although pubescence has traditionally been considered to be related to the water economy of plants, the results are ambivalent and vary between different species. We tested two contrasting hypotheses for the functional significance of leaf pubescence of Proteaceae species from the Cape Floristic Region. First, we hypothesised that pubescence is a xeromorphic trait that conserves water by increasing the boundary layer resistance to diffusion. Water loss was measured in two morphotypes of Leucospermum conocarpodendron (L.) Buek that differ in the degree of leaf pubescence, using both gas exchange and gravimetric techniques. Pubescence contributed less than 5% of total leaf resistance and pubescent leaves transpired at least as rapidly as glabrous leaves due to having larger numbers of small stomata per leaf area. Although pubescence was not associated with drier sites in L. conocarpodendron, there was a weak negative correlation between rainfall and pubescence across 18 other Proteaceae species. We also hypothesised that pubescence is a radiation-protective trait. We assessed the effect of pubescence on light reflectance, leaf temperature, fluorescence and gas exchange characteristics in situ. Pubescent leaves of L. conocarpodendron were 19.2 ± 0.08% more reflective than glabrous leaves and had significantly greater pre-dawn photochemical efficiency. There was a positive association between leaf pubescence and habitat temperature in Proteaceae. We conclude that although pubescence is unlikely to be a xeric adaptation, it could serve a role in reducing photoinhibition and heat loading in Proteaceae species.

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23

Cowling, Richard M., and Byron B. Lamont. "On the Nature of Gondwanan Species Flocks: Diversity of Proteaceae in Mediterranean South-western Australia and South Africa." Australian Journal of Botany 46, no. 4 (1998): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97040.

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The Proteaceae, a Gondwanan family, are richly represented in South Africa’s Cape Floristic Region (CFR) (331 species, 14 genera) and Australia’s South West Botanical Province (SWBP) (682 species, 16 genera). Both of these regions have mediterranean-type climates, infertile soils, similar geomorphic and climatic histories, and show strong convergences in plant form and function. There are many similarities in the patterns and ecological correlates of diversity in the CFR and SWBP Proteaceae. First, both floras are overwhelmingly endemic, with many large genera and correspondingly high species to genus ratios, indicating massive in situ diversification (species flocks). Second, on both continents, high habitat (mainly edaphic) specialisation leads to similar levels of beta diversity. Third, most species are non-sprouters (i.e. killed by fire) and of intermediate size. There are, however, several divergences in these patterns and correlates. First, in the SWBP, Proteaceae invariably emerge as one of the largest families in florulas, whereas they occupy a much lower rank in the CFR. Second, species numbers in the SWBP peak in landscapes having intermediate levels of annual rainfall, whereas CFR Proteaceae diversity peaks in the wettest areas. Third, local diversity is higher in the SWBP where Proteaceae have exploited a wider array of temporal and spatial habitats than in the CFR. Fourth, despite lower environmental heterogeneity in the SWBP, gamma (geographical) diversity is higher there. Fifth, as a result of higher local and gamma diversity, regional richness in the SWBP is more than double that of the CFR. Finally, sprouting, serotiny, bird-pollination and tall stature are proportionally more important traits in the SWBP than the CFR where most species are low, non-sprouting, myrmecochorous, insect-pollinated shrubs. Subtle differences in the historical and contemporary climates of the two regions have resulted in different processes leading to the origin of these species flocks. In the CFR, milder conditions have favoured non-sprouters (short generation times): species have accumulated largely as a result of lineage turnover. Harsher conditions in the SWBP have favoured sprouters: here species have accumulated as a result of both persistence and turnover.

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24

Lee, Seonju, J. Z. (Ewald) Groenewald, Joanne E. Taylor, Francois Roets, and Pedro W. Crous. "Rhynchostomatoid Fungi Occurring on Proteaceae." Mycologia 95, no. 5 (September 2003): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3762018.

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25

Montarone, M., and P. Allemand. "GROWING PROTEACEAE SOILLESS UNDER SHELTER." Acta Horticulturae, no. 387 (June 1995): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1995.387.8.

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26

Midgley, J. J., and J. Vlok. "FLOWERING PATTERNS IN CAPE PROTEACEAE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 185 (June 1986): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.185.32.

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27

Weston, Peter. "A revision of Hicksbeachia (Proteaceae)." Telopea 3, no. 2 (May 26, 1988): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea19884810.

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28

Barker, Robyn, and Bill Barker. "Plate 464. Hakea Rhombales Proteaceae." Curtis's Botanical Magazine 20, no. 2 (May 2003): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8748.00374.

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29

Feuer, Sylvia. "Pollen Morphology of Embothrieae (Proteaceae)." Grana 28, no. 4 (December 1989): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173138909427438.

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30

Swart, L., P. W. Crous, S. Denman, and M. E. Palm. "Fungi occurring on Proteaceae. I." South African Journal of Botany 64, no. 2 (April 1998): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30848-6.

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31

Lee, Seonju, J. Z. (Ewald) Groenewald, Joanne E. Taylor, Francois Roets, and Pedro W. Crous. "Rhynchostomatoid fungi occurring on Proteaceae." Mycologia 95, no. 5 (September 2003): 902–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2004.11833049.

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32

Criley, Richard A. "PROTEACEAE: BEYOND THE BIG THREE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 545 (February 2001): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2001.545.11.

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33

Robyn, Adele, Gail M. Littlejohn, and Henry Allies. "SEEDBANKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN PROTEACEAE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 545 (February 2001): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2001.545.2.

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34

Pérez-Francés, J. F., V. Raya Ramallo, and J. A. Rodríguez-Pérez. "MICROPROPAGATION OF LEUCOSPERMUM `SUNRISE´ (PROTEACEAE)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 545 (February 2001): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2001.545.22.

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35

Verotta, L., F. Orsini, F. Pelizzoni, G. Torri, and C. B. Rogers. "Polyphenolic Glycosides from African Proteaceae." Journal of Natural Products 62, no. 11 (November 1999): 1526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np9902237.

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36

Hooper, Harvey. "Proteaceae – continued from Sept 1985." Ballarat Naturalist (1985:Oct) (October 1985): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.383845.

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37

Grinbergs, Janis, Eduardo Valenzuela, and Carlos Ramirez. "GERMINACION "IN VITRO" DE GEVUINA AVELLANA MOL. (PROTEACEAE)." Bosque 7, no. 2 (1986): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4206/bosque.1986.v7n2-05.

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38

Carpenter, Raymond J., Jennifer M. Bannister, Daphne E. Lee, and Gregory J. Jordan. "Proteaceae leaf fossils from the Oligo - Miocene of New Zealand: new species and evidence of biome and trait conservatism." Australian Systematic Botany 25, no. 6 (2012): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb12018.

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At least seven foliar taxa of Proteaceae occur in Oligo–Miocene lignite from the Newvale site. These taxa include two new species of the fossil genus Euproteaciphyllum, and previously described species of tribe Persoonieae and Banksia. Other specimens from Newvale are not assigned to new species, but some conform to leaves of the New Caledonian genus Beauprea, which is also represented in the lignite by common pollen. Two other Euproteaciphyllum species are described from the early Miocene Foulden Maar diatomite site. One of these species may belong to Alloxylon (tribe Embothrieae) and the other to tribe Macadamieae, subtribe Gevuininae. Ecologically, the species from Newvale represented important components of wet, oligotrophic, open vegetation containing scleromorphic angiosperms and very diverse conifers. In contrast, Proteaceae were large-leaved and rare in Lauraceae-dominated rainforest at the volcanic Foulden Maar site. Overall, the Oligo–Miocene fossils confirm that Proteaceae was formerly much more diverse and dominant in the New Zealand vegetation, and provide fossil evidence for biome conservatism in both leaf traits and lineage representation.

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39

Chambers, Kenton L., and George O. Poinar, Jr. "Reinterpretation of the mid-Cretaceous fossil flower Endobeuthos paleosum as a capitular, unisexual inflorescence of Proteaceae." Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17, no. 2 (November 15, 2023): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i2.1324.

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The Myanmar amber fossil Endobeuthos paleosum was originally described as composed of an individual flower with a calyx of numerous, helically arranged sepals, a whorl of petals, and 60+ stamens each bearing a single bisporangiate anther. The 6 flowers, embedded together in a single block of amber, were described as varying in their calyx pubescence and length of corolla segments. The numerous stamens, with their single anther, led to a hypothesized relationship with certain members of family Dilleniaceae. We now propose a complete reinterpretation of this fossil as being an involucrate capitulum of family Proteaceae, in which the numerous “stamens” are identified instead as staminate flowers, although of reduced and highly modified morphology. Organs previously called the calyx and corolla are instead a series of helically-arranged bracts that surround the tight cluster of flowers. The Proteaceae being a diverse and significant element in Southern Hemisphere floras, the reinterpretation of Endobeuthos is important in providing the first Cretaceous fossil flower identified for the family, dated at some 20 my younger than the proposed Proteaceae crown group age of 119 Mya.

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40

Bellgard, SE. "Mycorrhizal Associations of Plant-Species in Hawkesbury Sandstone Vegetation." Australian Journal of Botany 39, no. 4 (1991): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9910357.

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The mycorrhizal associations of plant species in an open woodland and heathland on Hawkesbury Sandstone soils were examined. The two geographically disjunct sites supported vegetation of differing physiognomy, but possessed many species common to both sites. At the woodland site, 21 of the 32 plant species examined had mycorrhizal associations. At the heath site, 31 of the 47 plant species examined were mycorrhizal. Mycorrhizal associations were found on representatives of the Cyperaceae and Proteaceae, families not previously thought to be mycorrhizal. Internal hyphae, vesicles, and cortical hyphal coils were discovered on the roots of two species of Cyperaceae and on the non-proteoid roots of nine species of the Proteacae. Several species within genera and families previously known to be mycorrhizal were also found for the first time to have associations. Endomycorrhizal associations predominated at both sites, but several species had both ecto- and endomycorrhizal associations. The presence or absence of mycorrhizal associations was consistent on the roots of those plant species common to both sites examined.

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41

Carpenter, RJ, and M. Pole. "Eocene plant fossils from the Lefroy and Cowan paleodrainages, Western Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 8, no. 6 (1995): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9951107.

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Forty-two dispersed cuticle taxa are described from late Middle Eocene drill core samples in the Lefroy and Cowan paleodrainages (Kambalda–Norseman region), Western Australia. They are preserved in fluvial-marginal marine sediments of the Pidinga and Werillup Formations. Thirty-four distinct cuticle taxa occur in the richest sample including Cupressaceae, Araucariaceae (Agathis), Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus, Acmopyle, Dacrydium), Cunoniaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Casuarinaceae (Gymnostoma), Nothofagus subgenus Lophozonia and tribes Embothrieae, Macadamieae and Banksieae of the Proteaceae. The presence of at least 12 taxa of Proteaceae provides further support for palynological evidence of a rich proteaceous component in Eocene Western Australian assemblages.

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42

Jordan, Gregory J., Raymond J. Carpenter, Barbara R. Holland, Nicholas J. Beeton, Michael D. Woodhams, and Timothy J. Brodribb. "Links between environment and stomatal size through evolutionary time in Proteaceae." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1919 (January 29, 2020): 20192876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2876.

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The size of plant stomata (adjustable pores that determine the uptake of CO 2 and loss of water from leaves) is considered to be evolutionarily important. This study uses fossils from the major Southern Hemisphere family Proteaceae to test whether stomatal cell size responded to Cenozoic climate change. We measured the length and abundance of guard cells (the cells forming stomata), the area of epidermal pavement cells, stomatal index and maximum stomatal conductance from a comprehensive sample of fossil cuticles of Proteaceae, and extracted published estimates of past temperature and atmospheric CO 2 . We developed a novel test based on stochastic modelling of trait evolution to test correlations among traits. Guard cell length increased, and stomatal density decreased significantly with decreasing palaeotemperature. However, contrary to expectations, stomata tended to be smaller and more densely packed at higher atmospheric CO 2 . Thus, associations between stomatal traits and palaeoclimate over the last 70 million years in Proteaceae suggest that stomatal size is significantly affected by environmental factors other than atmospheric CO 2 . Guard cell length, pavement cell area, stomatal density and stomatal index covaried in ways consistent with coordinated development of leaf tissues.

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43

Clode, Peta L. "A Method for Preparing Difficult Plant Tissues for Light and Electron Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 4 (July 20, 2015): 902–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615013756.

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AbstractAlthough the advent of microwave technologies has both improved and accelerated tissue processing for microscopy, there still remain many limitations in conventional chemical fixation, dehydration, embedding, and sectioning, particularly with regard to plant materials. The Proteaceae, a family of plants widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere and well adapted to harsh climates and nutrient-poor soils, is a perfect example; the complexity of Proteaceae leaves means that almost no ultrastructural data are available as these are notoriously difficult to both infiltrate and section. Here, a step-by-step protocol is described that allows for the successful preparation ofBanksia prionotes(Australian Proteaceae) leaves for both light and transmission electron microscopy. The method, which applies a novel combination of vibratome sectioning, microwave processing and vacuum steps, and the utilization of an ultra low viscosity resin, results in highly reproducible, well-preserved, sectionable material from which very high-quality light and electron micrographs can be obtained. With this, cellular ultrastructure from the level of a leaf through to organelle substructure can be studied. This approach will be widely applicable, both within and outside of the plant sciences, and can be readily adapted to meet specific sample requirements and imaging needs.

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44

Hawkins, Heidi-J., Hans Hettasch, Adam G. West, and Michael D. Cramer. "Hydraulic redistribution by Protea 'Sylvia' (Proteaceae) facilitates soil water replenishment and water acquisition by an understorey grass and shrub." Functional Plant Biology 36, no. 8 (2009): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09046.

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Proteaceae of the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa, transpire throughout the summer drought, implying access to deep water. Hydraulic redistribution by Protea ‘Sylvia’ [P. susannae E. Phillips × P. exima (Salisb. Ex Knight) Fource; Proteaceae] was investigated in overnight pot and field experiments, where it was hypothesised that (1) Proteaceae replenish water in upper soil layers, (2) hydraulic redistribution facilitates nutrient uptake and (3) shallow-rooted understorey plants ‘parasitise’ water from proteas. Potted Sylvias redistributed ~17% of the tritiated water supplied, equating to 34 ± 1.2 mL plant−1. Shallow-rooted Cyanodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae), plants growing in the same pots as Sylvia contained amounts of labelled water similar to those found in Sylvia, indicting water parasitism. In the field, Sylvia plants growing in aeolian sands took up the deuterated water applied at 1.2 m depth as indicated by increased δ2H of plant xylem water from –38 ± 0.8 to 334 ± 157‰. This deuterated water was then redistributed to the upper soil layer (0.2 and 0.4 m), as indicated by increased δ2H of soil water from –24.5 ± 0.7 to –8.0 ± 3.0‰ and soil moisture from 0.48 to 0.89%. Lithium, as a K-analogue, was taken up equally by plants watered with deep water and those not watered, probably since both had access to naturally-occurring deep water. Water in stems of the shallow-rooted understorey shrub, Leysera gnaphalodes (L.) L. (Asteraceae) had similar δ2H values to stems of Sylvia (P = 0.939), again indicating water parasitism was tightly coupled to the protea. We conclude that hydraulic redistribution by Proteaceae plays an important role in soil water replenishment, water supply to shallow-rooted plants, and, thus, ecosystem structure and function during the summer drought of the Cape Floristic Region.

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45

Hoot, Sara B., and Andrew W. Douglas. "Phylogeny of the Proteaceae based on atpB and atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer region sequences." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 4 (1998): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb98027.

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Parsimony analyses were conducted for 46 genera representing all subfamilies and tribes within Proteaceae using two chloroplast sequences: the gene atpB and the noncoding spacer region between atpB and rbcL. The spacer region was more variable than atpB and provided insertion and deletion data as well as nucleotide substitutions. The atpB and spacer region data sets were highly congruent (as indicated by the partition homogeneity test) and were analysed separately and combined. Both unweighted and weighted character states (3 : 1 correction for transition bias) for the atpB data resulted in very similar strict consensus trees. In addition, the large subfamilies Proteoideae and Grevilleoideae were analysed separately, using appropriate outgroups determined by the analyses with complete sampling. The results from the combination of data were better resolved and supported than the results from each separate data set, although the Grevilleoideae were highly unresolved in all analyses. Most subfamilies in the Proteaceae were essentially monophyletic, but most tribes and subtribes were not. Bellendena is weakly supported as the sister group to all remaining members of the Proteaceae. Monotypic Eidotheoideae is well supported as a member of Proteoideae. Carnarvonioideae and Sphalmioideae are strongly supported as closely allied to the Grevilleoideae, but their positions in relation to this subfamily are unresolved. Other unusual alliances supported by our molecular data are: Isopogon–Adenanthos–Leucadendron–Protea, Petrophile–Aulax, Cardwellia–Euplassa–Gevuina, and Opisthiolepis–Buckinghamia–Grevillea. The tree resulting from the combined data showed limited congruence with morphological characters (flower pairs, stylar pollen presentation, and ovule number). Congruence with chromosome number was minimal, but our tree does support previous hypotheses of multiple aneuploidy and chromosome doubling events. The African and South American genera included in our analysis are dispersed among various clades with taxa from Australia and Asia, suggesting a former Gondwanian distribution for Proteaceae.

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46

Taylor, Gary S., and Melinda L. Moir. "Further evidence of the coextinction threat for jumping plant-lice: three new Acizzia (Psyllidae) and Trioza (Triozidae) from Western Australia." Insect Systematics & Evolution 45, no. 3 (July 24, 2014): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876312x-00002107.

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Three new species of jumping plant-lice (Psylloidea) are described from Western Australia. Acizzia hughesae sp.n. occurs on Acacia veronica Maslin (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae), A. mccarthyi sp.n. on an undescribed species of Grevillea (Proteaceae) identified by the Western Australian State Government as in need of conservation action (Grevillea sp. ‘Stirling Range’) and Trioza barrettae sp.n. from the critically endangered Banksia brownii (Proteaceae). These new species of jumping plant-lice are considered rare, and at risk of extinction, or coextinction, as they are recorded from plant species with highly restricted distributions in the south-west of Western Australia. Indeed, the Western Australian State Government recently classified two of the three new jumping plant-lice species as threatened.

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47

Carpenter, Raymond J., Gregory J. Jordan, and Robert S. Hill. "Fossil leaves of Banksia, Banksieae and pretenders: resolving the fossil genus Banksieaephyllum." Australian Systematic Botany 29, no. 2 (2016): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16005.

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The genus Banksieaephyllum, originally erected for cuticle-bearing fossil leaves of subtribe Banksiinae (Proteaceae subfamily Grevilleoideae, tribe Banksieae), is reassessed. Of the 18 described species, nine are accepted within Banksia, including Banksieaephyllum obovatum Cookson & Duigan, which is synonymised with B. laeve Cookson & Duigan on the basis of new cuticular preparations. Two other species are transferred to Banksieaefolia gen. nov., a genus erected for Banksieae of uncertain affinities, and which presently includes only fossils that probably belong to subtribe Musgraveinae. The seven other Banksieaephyllum species lack definitive characters of Proteaceae (i.e. brachyparacytic stomata and annular trichome bases) and do not have Banksieae-type cylindrical trichome bases. These species are, therefore, not accepted as Proteaceae and are transferred to Pseudobanksia gen. nov., together with another fossil Banksia-like leaf species, Phyllites yallournensis Cookson & Duigan. Lectotypes are chosen for Banksia fastigata H.Deane, Banksieaephyllum acuminatum Cookson & Duigan, Banksieaephyllum angustum Cookson & Duigan and Banksieaephyllum laeve Cookson & Duigan. Implications arising from the re-assessment of Banksieaephyllum include clarification of biome conservatism in Banksieae; Banksia has long had an association with relatively open, sclerophyllous vegetation, and Musgraveinae with rainforest. Pseudobanksia and Banksia share convergent traits, but in contrast to Banksia, Pseudobanksia failed to survive the drying climates and increased fire-frequencies of the Neogene.

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48

Edwards, K. S., and G. T. Prance. "Four new species of Roupala (Proteaceae)." Brittonia 55, no. 1 (January 2003): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0007-196x(2003)055[0061:fnsorp]2.0.co;2.

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Jordan, Gregory J., Timothy J. Brodribb, Christopher J. Blackman, and Peter H. Weston. "Climate drives vein anatomy in Proteaceae." American Journal of Botany 100, no. 8 (August 2013): 1483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200471.

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Marincowitz, S., J. Z. Groenewald, M. J. Wingfield, and P. W. Crous. "Species of Botryosphaeriaceae occurring on Proteaceae." Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 21, no. 1 (December 1, 2008): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158508x372387.

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