Дисертації з теми "Produits industriels – Toxicologie"

Durante o ciclo de vida dos produtos químicos, é possível que estes sejam lançados no ambiente ou ainda que sejam absorvidos por indivíduos de uma população, podendo ocorrer danos ambientais ou alterações no estado de saúde desses indivíduos expostos. Por haver a possibilidade de riscos à saúde é imprescindível investigá-los nas diversas situações possíveis de exposição, a fim de estabelecer, quando necessário, medidas preventivas ou emergenciais, visando a proteção da população e das demais espécies presentes nos compartimentos ambientais. Um dos requisitos básicos para o processo de avaliação de risco é a identificação dos perigos que os produtos químicos podem oferecer à saúde devido suas propriedades químicas e fisico-químicas. Este estudo teve como finalidade realizar um levantamento sobre a existência de informações relativas à toxicidade e comportamento no ambiente de produtos químicos fabricados, importados e ou com capacidade de produção no Brasil maior que 500 toneladas por ano, os quais não estão sendo objeto de investigação nos principais programas atualmente existentes no mundo destinados à avaliação de risco de substâncias químicas. O método proposto por este estudo possibilitou uma análise crítica da falta de informação sobre dados de produção ou importação de produtos químicos utilizados no Brasil, além de possibilitar o levantamento sobre a existência de informações toxicológicas para produtos químicos fabricados em larga escala no país. Como resultado, foi constatado que apenas 3,9 % de 461 produtos químicos possuem as informações necessárias para o processo de avaliação inicial de risco.
Chemical products during their life cycle may be absorbed by individuals of the population, consequent1y causing environmental damage or interfering in the health of the exposed individuals. Due to the possibility of health risks, it is imperative to evaluate these risks in all possible situations. If needed, prevention and emergency measures, aiming at protecting the population and the species present in the environment, should be established. A basic requirement for risk assessment is the hazard presented to health by chemical products due to their physic-chemical properties. The objective of this paper was to raise the available data related to the toxicity and the impact on the environment of high volume chemicals manufactured, imported or with a production capacity in Brazil greater than 500 t/year, that are not included in the major world programs of risk assessment. The methodology used in this paper enabled a critical analysis of the lack of data on production or imports of chemicals used in Brazil, in addition to the screening of toxicological information for high production volume chemicals produced in Brazil. As a result, it was found that only 3,9% of the 461 chemicals have the information required for a initial risk assessment.

There is growing concern that commonly used Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) and pesticides are entering and contaminating drinking water supplies. The use of targeted quantitation of PPCP has been well established but there is an emerging trend to also screen for and identify unexpected environmental pollutants. Chemicals like pesticides hormones and antibiotics are especially of interest because of proven endocrine disrupting effects and a possible development of bacterial resistance. Powerful screening methods are required to detect and quantify the presence of these compounds in our environment. PPCP encompass a wide range of pollutants, including Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDC), pesticides, hormones, antibiotics, drugs of abuse, x-ray contrast agents and drinking water disinfection by-products to name a few. In order to properly assess the effects of these compounds on our environment, it is necessary to accurately monitor their presence. The diversity of chemical properties of these compounds makes method development challenging. LC/MS/MS is able to analyse polar, semi-volatile, and thermally labile compounds covering a wide molecular weight range. The new AB SCIEX TripleTOF™5600 LC/MS/MS was used to profile environmental samples for unexpected pollutants, to identify and characterise the chemical composition and structure of the pollutants, and to quantify (based on intensity) the concentration in collected water samples. Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry (LCMS/ MS) is able to analyse polar, semi-volatile, and thermally labile compounds covering a wide molecular weight range, such as pesticides, antibiotics, drugs of abuse, x-ray contrast agents, drinking water disinfection by-products etc. More recently there is a growing interest from environmental researchers to also screen for and identify non-targeted compounds in environmental samples, including metabolites and degradates, but also completely unexpected pollutants. The new AB SCIEX TripleTOF™5600 LC/MS/MS system is capable of performing highly sensitive and fast MS scanning experiments to search for unknown molecular ions while also performing selective and characteristic MS/MS scanning for further compound identification and, therefore, is the instrument of choice for this challenging task. General unknown screening workflows do not use a target analyte list and compound detection is not based on any prior knowledge, including retention times and information on possible molecular and fragment ions. Therefore, acquired chromatograms are very rich in information and can easily contain thousands of ions from both any compounds present in the sample as well as from the sample matrix itself. Thus, powerful software tools are needed to explore such data to identify the unexpected compound. Water samples were collected both upstream and downstream of two WWTPs (Seymour and Fort Beaufort) and were directly injected on the AB SCIEX TripleTOF™5600 LC/MS/MS after being filtered. 15 sample points along the Kat River, ranging from a point as close to the source as possible to a point just before it joins the Great Fish River were used. The samples collected from the source were used as the control in each of the experiments, the assumption being the closer you get to the source, the less contaminated the water would be for the analysis of pesticides. Points were selected where the Kat River crosses the R67 or on farms where the river was accessible using farm roads. Samples were collected from October 2013 to November 2014.The Peak view software and Analyst software were used in the analysis of PPCPs. The XIC Manager allows you to manage large lists of compounds and perform automatic extracted ion chromatogram (XIC) calculations and review results operations. The results were displayed in the chromatogram pane and the XIC table (see results). The results reported here in this thesis indicate that there is contamination in the Kat River water due to both pesticides and PPCPs. The results also indicate that the food products are also contaminated and hence both the Kat River agricultural produce and its water need to be closely monitored for both pesticide and PPCPs contaminants. Further studies to investigate the quantitative levels of pesticides and PPCPs in the Kat river water to determine if the concentration levels of the detected pesticides are below the reported Maximum Residues Limits will be explored in the future.

Avaliou-se a segurança do produto Ivomec® injetável, um endectocida à base de ivermectina, no período de prenhez das ratas Wistar, a fim de verificar possíveis efeitos teratogênicos. As ratas foram tratadas com 0, 4 e 12mg.kg-1 de ivermectina, por via SC, no 6º dia de prenhez. Os resultados revelaram não haver sinais de toxicidade sistêmica e reprodutiva, fundamentados na ausência de alterações no desenvolvimento ponderal, nos consumos de água e de ração, na massa relativa e exame histopatológico dos órgãos das ratas, nas reabsorções embrionárias, na massa corporal, na vitalidade, no número de fetos por progenitora e nas alterações macroscópicas externas e esqueléticas dos fetos. Conclui-se que o medicamento Ivomec® injetável é seguro para as ratas prenhes e aos fetos, quando administrado, em dose única, no início da de organogênese. Avaliou-se também, a segurança do produto Program® suspensão, ectocida à base de lufenurona, nos períodos de prenhez e lactação de ratas Wistar, a fim de verificar possíveis efeitos pré e pós-natal. As ratas foram tratadas com 0, 180 e 600mg.kg-1 de lufenurona, por VO, no 1º dia de prenhez e no 1º dia de lactação. Os resultados revelaram ausência de toxicidade sistêmica e reprodutiva nas variáveis avaliadas, assim como as progênies das mesmas não manifestaram alterações no desenvolvimento geral e sexual até 50 dias de vida. Conclui-se que o medicamento Program® suspensão é seguro para as ratas prenhes e lactantes em dosagens de até 600mg.kg-1 de lufenurona, por VO, no 1º dia de prenhez e no 1º dia de lactação. Avaliou-se também a hepatotoxicidade provocada pela lufenurona, comparando-a com uma substância reconhecidamente hepatotóxica, o tetracloreto de carbono (CCl4), em dois tempos diferentes (24 e 72 horas). As ratas foram tratadas com água destilada, 600mg.kg-1 de lufenurona e 1,98g.kg-1 de CCl4, por VO, em dose única. Os resultados revelaram que a lufenurona apresentou agressão hepática, caracterizada pela elevação da atividade da ALT, sem alteração do parênquima hepático, no ensaio 72h e provocou um aumento da massa relativa da adrenal direita com tumefação de córtex no ensaio 24h. Já o CCl4, conforme esperado, apresentou queda do desenvolvimento ponderal e dos consumos, acentuada elevação da atividade da ALT, com degeneração gordurosa hepática, além de degeneração hidrópica renal e congestão de baço e adrenais. Conclui-se que a lufenurona (Program® suspensão) provocou agressão hepática e aumento da massa relativa da adrenal direita.

L'etude de la speciation des metaux dans les ordures menageres et le digestat a ete realisee par fractionnement physique et extractions chimiques menagees. Les methodes physiques tendent a prouver que la methanisation entraine un enrichissement en metaux des particules fines. La speciation par extractions sequentielles traduit un transfert de cd pb zn et cu retenus sous des formes solubilisables a ph 5 ou ph 2 dans les dechets urbains, vers des formes sulfures, carbonates et des liaisons du type acides faibles avec les matieres organiques. Cu est le metal le plus complexe, aux matieres organiques du methanisat. Cd et pb etant concentres en 100% dans les fractions fines de digestat, l'elimination physique des metaux n'est pas envisageable. La fermentation en batchs de digestat dopes en sulfates montre qu'une action chimique au sein du digesteur est difficile compte tenu de l'activite biologique

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A degradação de solos provocada pelo mau gerenciamento das atividades humanas consiste em uma constante e crescente preocupação. O tratamento adequado e disposição final do grande volume de resíduos urbanos, industriais e agrícolas produzidos diariamente são um grande desafio à comunidade científica. Neste sentido, vem sendo pesquisadas inúmeras alternativas para o aproveitamento e destinação ambientalmente segura de tais resíduos, dentre as quais se destaca a aplicação destes como fertilizantes agrícolas. Tendo isso em vista, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo simular a dose de aplicação em cultura de cana-deaçúcar, de amostras de lodo de esgoto primário, biossólido e vinhaça de cana-de-açúcar, de acordo com a legislação brasileira vigente, e verificar seus potenciais tóxico, citotóxico, genotóxico e mutagênico, tanto das amostras brutas quanto de combinações destas com amostras de solo controle, antes e após o seu bioprocessamento por diplópodos. As amostras foram analisadas antes da exposição à diplópodos, designado por tempo 0 (t0 – momento da mistura) e após o bioprocessamento destas pelos animais (t30 – 30 dias após a exposição aos diplópodos). As análises químicas das amostras demonstraram diferentes concentrações de metais e macro/micronutrientes, evidenciando o bioprocessamento destes resíduos pelos animais. Para avaliar a toxicidade das diferentes combinações dos resíduos foram avaliadas a taxa de mortalidade e o comportamento dos indivíduos, e realizadas análises histológicas, histoquímicas e ultra-estruturais do intestino médio dos diplópodos, após 7, 30 e 90 dias de exposição. Os resultados obtidos nas avaliações histológica, histoquímica e ultra-estrutural, evidenciaram a toxicidade dos resíduos, observada por diferentes alterações como aumento nas taxas de...
The soil degradation caused by poor management of the human activities comprises a constant and growing concern. The proper treatment and final disposal of large volumes of industrial and agricultural wastes daily-produced are a big challenge to the scientific community. In this sense, several alternatives for the environmentally safe use and disposal of such waste have been studied, among which stands out the application as an agricultural fertilizer. Keeping this in view, the present study aimed to simulate the primary sewage sludge, biosolid and sugar-cane vinasse application rate in sugar-cane culture, according to the Brazilian legislation and checking their toxic, cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic potential of both crude samples and combinations thereof with control soil samples, before and after its bioprocessing by diplopods. The samples were analyzed before exposure to diplopods, designated as time 0 (t0 – time of mixture) and after being bioprocessed by these animals (t30 – 30 days after diplopod‟s exposure). The samples chemical analysis showed different concentrations of metals and macro/micronutrients, making evident the residues bioprocessing. Diplopods‟ behavior and mortality rate were evaluated to assess the toxicity of different residues combinations, as well as the histology, histochemistry and ultra-estructure of diplopods midgut after 7, 30 and 90 days of exposure. The results obtained in the histological, histochemical and ultra-estructural evaluations demonstrated the waste toxicity. It was observed through several changes, like increased epithelial renewal rates, thickening of the brush border, accumulation of cytoplasmic granules in the hepatic cells and hemocytes grouping among hepatic cells, indicating severe inflammation, seeing that they were still observed the presence hepatic... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
FAPESP: 09/50578-3

Orientador: Carmem Silvia Fontanetti Christofoletti
Banca: Maria Aparecida Marin Morales
Banca: Tatiana da Silva Souza
Banca: Roberta Cornelio Ferreira Nocelli
Banca: Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo
Resumo: A degradação de solos provocada pelo mau gerenciamento das atividades humanas consiste em uma constante e crescente preocupação. O tratamento adequado e disposição final do grande volume de resíduos urbanos, industriais e agrícolas produzidos diariamente são um grande desafio à comunidade científica. Neste sentido, vem sendo pesquisadas inúmeras alternativas para o aproveitamento e destinação ambientalmente segura de tais resíduos, dentre as quais se destaca a aplicação destes como fertilizantes agrícolas. Tendo isso em vista, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo simular a dose de aplicação em cultura de cana-deaçúcar, de amostras de lodo de esgoto primário, biossólido e vinhaça de cana-de-açúcar, de acordo com a legislação brasileira vigente, e verificar seus potenciais tóxico, citotóxico, genotóxico e mutagênico, tanto das amostras brutas quanto de combinações destas com amostras de solo controle, antes e após o seu bioprocessamento por diplópodos. As amostras foram analisadas antes da exposição à diplópodos, designado por tempo 0 (t0 - momento da mistura) e após o bioprocessamento destas pelos animais (t30 - 30 dias após a exposição aos diplópodos). As análises químicas das amostras demonstraram diferentes concentrações de metais e macro/micronutrientes, evidenciando o bioprocessamento destes resíduos pelos animais. Para avaliar a toxicidade das diferentes combinações dos resíduos foram avaliadas a taxa de mortalidade e o comportamento dos indivíduos, e realizadas análises histológicas, histoquímicas e ultra-estruturais do intestino médio dos diplópodos, após 7, 30 e 90 dias de exposição. Os resultados obtidos nas avaliações histológica, histoquímica e ultra-estrutural, evidenciaram a toxicidade dos resíduos, observada por diferentes alterações como aumento nas taxas de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The soil degradation caused by poor management of the human activities comprises a constant and growing concern. The proper treatment and final disposal of large volumes of industrial and agricultural wastes daily-produced are a big challenge to the scientific community. In this sense, several alternatives for the environmentally safe use and disposal of such waste have been studied, among which stands out the application as an agricultural fertilizer. Keeping this in view, the present study aimed to simulate the primary sewage sludge, biosolid and sugar-cane vinasse application rate in sugar-cane culture, according to the Brazilian legislation and checking their toxic, cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic potential of both crude samples and combinations thereof with control soil samples, before and after its bioprocessing by diplopods. The samples were analyzed before exposure to diplopods, designated as time 0 (t0 - time of mixture) and after being bioprocessed by these animals (t30 - 30 days after diplopod‟s exposure). The samples chemical analysis showed different concentrations of metals and macro/micronutrients, making evident the residues bioprocessing. Diplopods‟ behavior and mortality rate were evaluated to assess the toxicity of different residues combinations, as well as the histology, histochemistry and ultra-estructure of diplopods midgut after 7, 30 and 90 days of exposure. The results obtained in the histological, histochemical and ultra-estructural evaluations demonstrated the waste toxicity. It was observed through several changes, like increased epithelial renewal rates, thickening of the brush border, accumulation of cytoplasmic granules in the hepatic cells and hemocytes grouping among hepatic cells, indicating severe inflammation, seeing that they were still observed the presence hepatic... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
As indústrias de higiene pessoal, perfumaria e cosméticos demonstram relevância no mercado consumidor mundial e no cenário econômico brasileiro, apresentando grande diversidade de produtos fabricados. Essas indústrias são responsáveis pela geração de efluentes potencialmente poluidores, com características que podem variar conforme as matérias-primas empregadas e a diversidade de produtos fabricados. Os efluentes das indústrias de produtos capilares, por exemplo, podem apresentar em sua composição poluentes que conferem elevada toxicidade e baixa biodegradabilidade, o que dificulta seu tratamento por processos convencionais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de um sistema combinado de eletrocoagulação e processo oxidativo avançado como tratamento de efluentes gerados pela indústria de produtos capilares. O processo de eletrocoagulação foi investigado em diferentes condições de operação, para as variáveis pH, tempo de eletrólise e densidade de corrente, com melhores resultados de remoção da DQO e da turbidez obtidos para o tratamento realizado em pH 2, 30 min e 50 A/m2. A eletrocoagulação removeu eficientemente a DQO (88%), DBO (90%), COT (85,5%), O&G (>99,5%), surfactantes aniônicos (98,9%), turbidez (97,3%) e toxicidade aguda a Daphnia similis (99,9%) do efluente bruto. Os processos oxidativos avançados H 2 O 2 /UV e TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 /UV foram investigados em diferentes condições de operação, para as variáveis dose de H 2 O 2 , pH, tempo de irradiação e dose de H 2 O 2 , concentração de TiO 2 , tempo de irradiação, respectivamente. Os melhores resultados de remoção da toxicidade aguda foram obtidos para o processo H 2 O 2 /UV, realizado em pH aproximadamente 4, 30 min de irradiação e dose de 20 mmol/L de H 2 O 2 . O processo H 2 O 2 /UV possibilitou elevada remoção (88,4%) da toxicidade aguda remanescente no efluente previamente tratado por eletrocoagulação e moderada remoção da concentração de surfactantes aniônicos (59,5%). O sistema combinado de eletrocoagulação e processo H 2 O 2 /UV removeu eficientemente a matéria orgânica (remoção de 89,4% da DQO) e a toxicidade aguda (>99,99%), porém a CE50 quantificada no efluente tratado foi 44,8%, indicando toxicidade aguda a Daphnia similis remanescente. A geração de residuais de alumínio e peróxido de hidrogênio nos processos de eletrocoagulação e H 2 O 2 /UV, respectivamente, em concentrações que causam efeitos tóxicos, foi possivelmente responsável pela toxicidade aguda remanescente no efluente tratado.
The various sectors of the personal care products industry are highly relevant in the global consumer market, including Brazil, offering a great diversity of manufactured products. This industry is responsible for generating potentially polluting effluents, with characteristics that vary depending on the raw materials used and the variety of products manufactured. For example, the hair care products sector generates effluents containing substances with high toxicity and low biodegradability, which hinders treatment by conventional processes. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of combined electrocoagulation and advanced oxidation process for hair care products manufacturing wastewater treatment. Electrocoagulation process variables investigated included pH, electrolysis time and current density (A/m2), with better COD and turbidity removals obtained for treatment at pH 2, 30 min and 50 A/m2. Electrocoagulation efficiently removed COD (88%), BOD (90%), TOC (85.5%), oils and grease (>99.5%), anionic surfactants (98.9%), turbidity (97.3%) and acute toxicity to Daphnia similis (99.9%) from the raw effluent. The advanced oxidation processes H 2 O 2 /UV and TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 /UV variables investigated were H 2 O 2 and TiO 2 doses, pH and irradiation time. Highest acute toxicity removal was obtained for the H 2 O 2 /UV process, carried out at pH approximately 4, 30 min irradiation and 20 mmol/L H 2 O 2 . The H 2 O 2 /UV process achieved high removal (88.4%) of the acute toxicity remaining after electrocoagulation and moderate anionic surfactants removal (59.5%). The combined electrocoagulation and H 2 O 2 /UV process system efficiently removed organic matter (89.4% of COD removal) and acute toxicity (>99.99%), but the EC50 measured in the treated effluent was 44.8%, which indicates acute toxicity to Daphnia similis still remained. Generation of residual aluminum and hydrogen peroxide in the electrocoagulation and H 2 O 2 /UV process, respectively, at concentrations that cause toxic effects, was possibly responsible for the remaining acute toxicity in the treated effluent.

Le réflexe de l’oreille moyenne (ROM) diminue l’énergie acoustique portée par les bruits riches en basses fréquences et de fortes intensités qui pénètrent dans la cochlée. Son déclenchement bilatéral permet ainsi de protéger la cochlée. La perturbation de ce réflexe par des solvants peut accroître les effets cochléo-traumatisants du bruit, notamment chez les salariés du secteur industriel, où bruit et solvant sont souvent associés. L’objectif principal de ces travaux était d’élaborer un test de criblage capable d’identifier les substances volatiles susceptibles de modifier le réflexe. De plus, le choix des solvants nous a permis d’étudier le mode d’action des solvants sur les neurones impliqués dans l’arc réflexe. Pour cela, des rats Brown Norway anesthésiés ont été exposés par inhalation aux solvants aromatiques choisis selon leur lipophilie (log Kow) et/ou selon leur structure. L’amplitude du ROM a été déterminée grâce à la mesure de l’intensité du produit de distorsion acoustique. Les résultats montrent que les effets des solvants sur le ROM sont conditionnés par les paramètres stéréospécifiques des molécules et non par leur lipophilie. Par ailleurs, l’analyse RMN des microsomes de cerveaux de rats confirme que le toluène n’influence pas la fluidité membranaire. En conclusion, le ROM est un bon outil pour détecter des substances dangereuses pour l’audition en cas de co-exposition avec du bruit. De plus, nous pouvons dire que les solvants aromatiques ont une action neuropharmacologique et/ou cochléotoxique qui peuvent retentir de façon distincte sur l’audition des sujets co-exposés au bruit et à des solvants
The middle-ear reflex (MER) reduces acoustic energy carried by the high intensity noises rich in low frequencies at entering the cochlea. His bilateral trigger thus protects the cochlea. Disruption of this reflex by solvents can increase cochleo-traumatic effects of noise, especially among industrial workers, where noise and solvent are often associated. The main objective of this work was to develop a screening test capable of identifying the volatile substances that could modify the reflex. Moreover, the choice of solvents allowed us to study the mode of action of solvents on the neurons involved in the reflex circuit. For this purpose, Brown Norway rats were anesthetized and then exposed to aromatic solvents selected according to their lipophilicity (log Kow) and/or their structure. The amplitude of the MER is determined by measuring cubic distortion product oto-acoustic emissions. For that, aromatic solvents appear to act directly on the neuronal targets involved in the acoustic reflex circuit, rather than on membrane fluidity. The affinity of this interaction is determined by stereospecific parameters rather than lipophilocity. Additionally, NMR spectra for brain microsomes confirmed that brain lipid fluidity was unaffected by toluene exposure. In conclusion, the MER can be used to detect hazardous volatiles substances for the hearing when co-exposed to noise. Moreover, this study revealed that aromatic solvents have a neuropharmacological and/or cochleotoxic action that can act separately on the hearing of workers exposed to noise and solvents simultaneously

L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer une plateforme intégrée et spatialisée permettant de déterminer les inégalités liées aux expositions environnementales des populations aux substances chimiques. Un modèle multimédia d'exposition est utilisé pour permettre le calcul des doses d'exposition de populations cibles liées à l'ingestion de produits alimentaires, d'eau de consommation, de sol et à l'inhalation de contaminants atmosphériques. Ce modèle est alimenté par des bases de données géoréférencées de différents types : environnemental (eau, air, sol, alimentation), comportemental, démographique, interfacé dans un Système d'Information Géographique (SIG). Une étude pilote est détaillée sur les régions Nord-Pas-de-Calais et Picardie, pour le cadmium, le plomb, le nickel et le chrome. Les zones de surexposition potentielle et leurs déterminants ont été identifiés par l'analyse spatiale des variations des indicateurs de risque. La mise en évidence de zones de plus fortes contaminations environnementales et/ou de surexpositions potentielles présente des incertitudes dont une partie est, à ce stade, simulée dans la plateforme. L’étude pilote a permis d'établir l'opérationnalité de la plateforme. Les cartes d'exposition obtenues permettent d'identifier les zones géographiques dans lesquelles conduire en priorité des études environnementales de terrain afin d'aider à la mise en oeuvre de mesures de réduction de l'exposition. Ces travaux proposent également d'améliorer l'évaluation des risques sanitaires « classique » avec une meilleure intégration des déterminants essentiels de l'exposition réelle des populations au niveau d'un territoire
The aim of this thesis was to develop an integrated and spatialized platform that allows characterizing the inequality linked to environmental exposure of population to chemical substances. A multimedia exposure model was used to assess the exposure dose of target population via inhalation of atmospheric contaminants and via ingestion of soil, food and drinking water. This model uses geo-referenced databases implemented in a GIS including environmental (water, air, soil, food), behavioral, and demographic data. A case study was performed across two regions in France (Picardie and Nord-Pas-de-Calais) for cadmium, chromium, nickel and lead. Exposure hotspot areas and determinants were identified by the spatial analysis of risk indicator variations. Uncertainties are associated with highlighting areas where potential hotspot exposure have been detected. Some of these uncertainties are simulated by the platform. The case study has allowed to demonstrate the platform feasibility and functioning. Hotspot areas with significantly elevated exposure indicator values might be used to define environmental monitoring campaigns, to manage and plan remedial actions. This work proposes also to improve “classical” health risk assessment with a better integration of essential determinant for the real population exposure at the territory scale

L’ozone provoque des maux de tête, des lésions pulmonaires et oculaires, ainsi que des maladies respiratoires graves telles que l'asthme. L’ozone est émis dans l’atmosphère des lieux de travail dans différents secteurs, notamment les imprimeries, les stations d’épuration des eaux, les ateliers de soudage à l’arc électrique et les industries de transformation des matières plastiques. L’exposition des salariés à des concentrations dépassant les valeurs limites d'exposition professionnelle (VLEP) nationales et européennes de l’ozone, fixées à 100 ppbv sur 8 heures et à 200 ppbv sur 15 minutes, peut provoquer des altérations sévères de la santé. Actuellement, la détermination des concentrations d’ozone dans l’air est réalisée à l’aide de tubes colorimétriques, assurant des mesures ponctuelles, ou en utilisant des capteurs commerciaux. Des études ont également été réalisées sur les capteurs, à base de cellules électrochimiques ou de semi-conducteurs et plus rarement sur des capteurs optiques. La limite de détection de ces capteurs est compatible avec les VLEP de l’ozone, mais ils sont fragiles et ne sont pas sélectifs. Il n’existe pour le moment aucune méthode de référence fiable et robuste pour l’évaluation des expositions professionnelles à l’ozone. L’objectif de cette étude est le développement d’une méthode de mesure en temps réel de l’ozone, qui soit caractérisée par un signal stable sous air, une sensibilité et une sélectivité élevée. Ce système de mesure doit permettre également d’identifier les phases les plus exposantes pour les salariés. Nous avons choisi la spectroscopie visible comme système de détection simple, rapide et précis. Nous avons élaboré avec succès le matériau sensible, basé sur un colorant peu coûteux, le bleu de méthylène, adsorbé sur un film mince de silice mésoporeuse déposé sur plaque de verre par dip-coating. Ce matériau est stable plus de 50 jours stocké sous air ambiant. Le système comprend également un tube de Nafion® ; utilisé afin de stabiliser le taux d’humidité relative de l’air. Le signal du capteur mesuré est la diminution d’absorbance à 600 nm. Cette diminution résulte de l’oxydation du colorant en présence d’ozone, et est irréversible sous air. Le capteur développé est caractérisé par une sensibilité aux faibles concentrations d’ozone allant de 10 à 500 ppbv, une cinétique de réponse reproductible et aucune interférence directe en présence de 500 ppbv de dioxyde d’azote. La dépendance à la température de la réponse du capteur est décrite. La performance de la détection pendant des scénarios d’exposition pendant des temps courts et à des concentrations variables est décrite. Le système élaboré pourrait servir de bon candidat pour la surveillance en temps réel des expositions professionnelles à l’ozone. Cette étape exigera une miniaturisation des différents composants du banc d’essais afin de pouvoir utiliser le capteur développé sur les lieux de travail
Ozone causes headaches, eye burns and lung damage and serious respiratory diseases such as asthma. Ozone is emitted into the atmosphere of workplaces in various sectors, including printing, water treatment, arc welding, and plastics processing. Exposure of workers to concentrations exceeding national and european ozone occupational exposure limit values (OELs), set at 100 ppbv over 8 hours and 200 ppbv over 15 minutes, may cause severe health alterations. Currently, the determination of ozone concentrations is carried out by using colorimetric tubes, providing spot measurements, or by using commercial sensors. Some studies were carried out on electrochemical cells or semiconductors based sensors and more rarely on optical sensors. The detection limit of these sensors is compatible with ozone OELs, but they are fragile and not selective. There is currently no reliable and robust reference method for the assessment of occupational exposures to ozone. The objective of this study is the development of a real-time ozone measurement method, which is characterized by a stable signal under air, high sensitivity, and selectivity. This measurement system must also make it possible to identify the most exposed phases for employees. We chose visible spectroscopy as a simple, fast and accurate detection system. We have successfully developed the sensitive material, based on an inexpensive dye, methylene blue, adsorbed on a thin film of mesoporous silica deposited on a glass plate by dip-coating. This material is stable for more than 50 days stored under ambient air. The system also includes a Nafion® tube; used to stabilize the relative humidity of the air. The measured sensor signal is the absorbance decrease at 600 nm. This reduction results from the oxidation of the dye in the presence of ozone and is irreversible under air. The developed sensor is characterized by sensitivity to low ozone concentrations ranging from 10 to 500 ppbv, reproducible response kinetics and no direct interference in the presence of 500 ppbv of nitrogen dioxide. The temperature dependence of the sensor response is described. The performance of the detection during exposure scenarios for short times and variable concentrations is described. The developed system could be a good candidate for real-time monitoring of occupational ozone exposures. This step will require miniaturization of the test bench components to use the sensor developed in the workplace