Дисертації з теми "Production of bio fuel"
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Liu, Hong, and 劉紅. "Bio-hydrogen production from carbohydrate-containing wastewater." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31244518.
Повний текст джерелаFradler, Katrin. "Improving bio-electricity production and waste stabilization in Microbial Fuel Cells." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2015. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/improving-bioelectricity-production-and-waste-stabilization-in-microbial-fuel-cells(91c2db18-126b-4610-9bdb-42d7e42ae5e9).html.
Повний текст джерелаDE, PORCELLINIS DIANA. "Materials for energy production and storage: fuel cells and redox flow batteries." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/201863.
Повний текст джерелаVidlund, Anna. "Sustainable production of bio-energy products in the sawmill industry." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1734.
Повний текст джерелаOne of the great challenges facing society is to convert theglobal energy system to a sustainable process. Currently, 80%of the world´s energy is supplied through the combustionof fossil fuels. Not only are the fossil resources limited, theutilisation also increases the level of greenhouse gases in theatmosphere. The convertion to a sustainable energy system isproblematic since the technology needed to exploit mostnon-fossil energy sources is not yet fully developed, e.g.solar energy. Biofuel is an available renewable energy sourcewhich is already widely used in many countries. If an effectiveswitch-over from fossil fuels to biofuels is to be realised,biofuels must be viewed as a limited resource. Consequently, itis important that the handling, upgrading and utilisationprocesses involving biofuels are efficient so that itspotential can be fully exploited.
This thesis considers efficient biofuel utilisation andupgrading within the sawmill industry. The goal has been toanalyse not only the technical opportunities for energy savingsin the sawmill industry, but also to analyse the costeffectiveness and environmental impact of studied measures. Theheat demand of the sawmill industry is almost completelycovered by its own by-products; primarily bark, sawdust andwood chips. The increased demand and improved economic value ofwoody biofuels on the market is thus an incentive for thesawmill industry to place more focus on energy issues. Thesawmill industry also has a more or less constant heat loadover the year, which is a beneficial factor for integrationwith district heating networks, biofuel upgrading plants andcombined heat and power plants.
The conclusion of the study is that a variety of energyproducts such as heat, unrefined biofuel, pellets andelectricity can be efficiently produced in the sawmill industryand sold for profit to external customers. The payback periodsfor the proposed investments are moderate and both theemissions of volatile organic compounds and global CO2 aredecreased. Should the proposed measures be fully implemented atSwedish sawmills, about 2.8 TWh of biofuel could be savedannually, 0.5 TWh of waste heat could be sold as districtheating and 0.8 TWh of green electricity could be produced.Language: English
Keywords:Sawmill industry, energy efficiency, heatrecovery, integration, biofuel, upgrading, district heating,fuel pellets, CHP, VOC, CO2
Parsamehr, Mohammad. "Heat generation by cow dung incineration in the north of Iran." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik och hållbar utveckling, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-20013.
Повний текст джерелаTorella, Joseph Peter. "Synthetic biology approaches to bio-based chemical production." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13088835.
Повний текст джерелаSchafer, Guy M. "Identifying Bio-Diesel Production Facility Locations for Home Heating Fuel Applications Within the Midwest Region of the United States." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1302263583.
Повний текст джерелаGuo, Yan, and 郭芃. "Alkaline-catalyzed production of biodiesel fuel from virgin canola oiland recycled waste oils." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36584927.
Повний текст джерелаGuadagnin, Matteo. "Nutritional value of canola expellers produced "on farm" by cold extraction of oil used as bio fuel." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422576.
Повний текст джерелаObiettivo generale di questa tesi è stato quello di studiare e valutare il panello di colza (CE) estratto a freddo in impianti aziendali di piccole dimensioni per un potenziale utilizzo nell'alimentazione dei ruminanti. Nella tesi sono riportati i risultati di quattro prove sperimentali: nel primo contributo è stata valutata la stabilità della frazione lipidica del CE a temperature diverse e per diversi periodi di tempo al fine di valutare se la conservazione in condizioni anche particolari (durante la stagione estiva) in azienda, possa modificare il profilo degli acidi grassi e alcuni parametri di ossidazione lipidica. I risultati hanno evidenziato che a diverse temperature (12, 24, e 36°C) e tempi di stoccaggio (10, 20, e 30 d), CE ha mantenuto una buona stabilità ossidativa, come evidenziato dai bassi valori del numero di perossidi (<10 mEqO2/kg grasso), dal test di Kreis sempre negativo, e dalle scarse variazioni del contenuto di acidi grassi. Da questi risultati preliminari si può ipotizzare che lo stoccaggio aziendale per i panelli sottoprodotti ottenuti dal colza in azienda, non determina grosse variazioni della componente lipidica. Nel secondo contributo sono state valutate, in vitro, le produzioni di gas prodotti da campioni di CE e da semi di soia integrale incubando i questi alimenti con due differenti media: uno ricco in a N e uno senza N in modo da confrontare lâandamento delle fermentazioni quando lâunica fonte di N risulta lâalimento. I risultati hanno evidenziato che CE è una fonte proteica rapidamente degradabile; in caso di diete ipoproteiche come quelle suggerite per ridurre lâescrezione azotata, la sua inclusione potrebbe favorire l'attività microbica ruminale. Non sono sati rilevati effetti tossici sulla microflora ruminale durante la fermentazione dei due alimenti. Nel terzo contributo sono state confrontate in vitro quattro diete per bovini da carne a base di silomais con 2 livelli di inclusione di CE e WSS, in modo da ottenere un livello di proteina grezza paria al 15% e allâ11% PG sulla sostanza secca. In questa prova è stato utilizzato il sistema semicontinuo di fermentazione Rusitec. Le diete contenenti CE hanno mostrato una maggior (P <0.01) degradabilità dell'NDF, e prodotto meno (P <0.01) acetato e propionato ma più butirrato e acidi grassi ramificati. La produzione totale di AGV non è risultato diversa tra le due fonti proteiche. Il bilancio dellâN ha mostrato un maggior quantità (P <0.01) di arricchimento in15N nellâazoto non ammoniacale e valori tendenzialmente (P = 0.06) inferiori di N microbico derivato dall'uso di ammoniaca rispetto alle diete con inclusione di WSS. Nelle diete ad alto livello di inclusione i valori di arricchimento in 15N delle varie frazioni azotate sono risultati, come atteso, più alti (P <0.01) rispetto a quelle a basso livello di inclusione. In conclusione i due supplementi hanno mostrato andamenti fermentativi molto diversi. I due diversi livelli di inclusione hanno influito principalmente sulla disponibilità di proteina by pass senza effetti sulla sintesi microbica. Nel quarto contributo sono state testate, con la tecnica della gas production, le stesse quattro diete usate nel precedente esperimento. Eâ stato utilizzato il sistema RF Ankom® per testare la cinetica della produzione di gas nel corso della fermentazione. I risultati hanno mostrato che sia i valori di degradabilità dell'NDF che della SS sono stati maggiori (P < 0.05) per le diete contenenti CE rispetto a quelle con WSS e, come atteso, sono risultati inferiori nella diete a basso livello di inclusione delle due fonti proteiche. Le diete CE sono state caratterizzate da una produzione oraria di gas superiore (P < 0.05) in, ma non è variata la quantità totale di gas prodotto. La riduzione del livello di CP da 15 all'11% SS ha diminuito il tasso di produzione di gas ma non la quantità totale. Il contenuto di ammoniaca nel liquido ruminale al termine dellâincubazione è risultato più alto (P < 0.001) nelle diete ad alto livello di inclusione. Concludendo possiamo affermare che con diete a basso livello di proteina, l'uso di CE in sostituzione alla soia, può migliorare la velocità di degradazione durante le prime ore di fermentazione. In generale, il panello di colza ottenuto per estrazione a freddo in azienda potrebbe essere un alimento interessante nell'alimentazione dei ruminanti con effetti favorevoli sia dal punto di vista economico che ambientale
Tsupko, Yuriy Vadimovich. "Investigation into the suitability of spring triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) for bio-ethanol production in the Western Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1926.
Повний текст джерелаThesis (MSc (Genetics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the Western Cape small grain cereals, triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack ex A. Camus) in particular, appear to be among the most promising starch-carrying raw materials for the production of bio-ethanol. A core group of cultivars and lines from the Stellenbosch University Plant Breeding Laboratory spring triticale breeding programme were subjected to initial testing for the purpose of ethanol production. They underwent multi-location field-testing across six (season 2006–2007) and nine (season 2007–2008) locations representing the Western Cape cereal production area. Climatic conditions during the study were characterised as generally favourable, especially in the 2007 season. During the season, trials were visited in order to make in situ observations. Disease susceptibility was given specific attention. After harvesting, grain yield (kg.ha-1), test weight (kg.HL-1), total starch content in whole grain (%), amylose/amylopectin ratio, protein content (%), ethanol output (L.tonne-1) and ethanol yield (L.ha-1) were analysed. Near infra-red reflectance spectroscopy calibration models were developed for moisture and starch contents. The best calibration based on whole grain spectra for moisture content had RPD = 1.691, R2 = 0.657 and SEP = 0.271%, and for starch content RPD = 1.646, R2 = 0.634 and SEP = 1.356%. Calibrations developed from milled grain showed better results for moisture content RPD = 2.526, R2 = 0.843, SEP = 0.182%, and for starch content RPD = 1.741, R2 = 0.673, SEP = 1.277%. These calibrations are suitable for rough screening of samples. In the 2006 season, starch yield was highly positively correlated with grain yield (R2 = 0.988, P <0.001). Both starch yield and grain yield were positively correlated with days to heading (R2 = 0.533 and R2 = 0.556, respectively; P <0.001). The 2007 season was characterised by a generally higher starch yield (2952– 3142kg.ha-1, 95%CI) compared to the 2006 season (2077–2315kg.ha-1, 95%CI). Starch yield was strongly positively correlated with grain yield (R2 = 0.975, P <0.001). Test weight demonstrated weak positive correlation with ethanol yield (R2 = 0.238, P <0.01) and grain yield (R2 = 0.279, P <0.001). Mean ethanol output ranged between 466–477L.tonne-1 at the 95%CI. Ethanol output was demonstrated to be more dependent on starch and other polysaccharides accessibility to enzymatic digestion than on the total starch content as such. The best lines for ethanol output in the 2007 season were G2, D3 and H2 for the Swartland region, and D3, G2 and D1 for the Overberg region. The best triticale lines under investigation showed their potential from a biological point of view to be a suitable crop for ethanol production in the Western Cape, with the achieved ethanol yield ranging between 2446–2625L.ha-1 at the 95%CI. For the Swartland region the best genotypes for ethanol yield were D1, H1 and D2, and for the Overberg H1 and G2. The 23 best lines were selected from the elite and senior blocks, and then used for the establishment of a recurrent massselection pre-breeding block.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die Wes-Kaap is kleingrane, meer spesifiek korog (×Triticosecale Wittmack ex A. Camus), van die mees belowende styseldraende rou-materiale vir die produksie van bio-etanol. ‘n Kern versameling van kultivars en telerslyne van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch se Planteteeltlaboratorium se lente korogteeltprogram is blootgestel aan aanvanklike toetsing met die doel om etanol produksie te meet. Die materiaal het veldtoetsing ondergaan oor verskeie lokaliteite gedurende die 2006–2007 (ses lokaliteite) en 2007–2008 (nege lokaliteite) seisoene wat verteenwoordigend was van die Wes-Kaapse produksie gebied. Klimaatstoestande gedurende die studie kan beskryf word as gunstig, veral gedurende die 2007 seisoen. Gedurende die groeiseisoen is proeflokaliteite gereeld besoek ten einde in situ observasies te kon maak, siektevatbaarheid het veral aandag geniet. Na die oes van proewe was graanopbrengs (kg.ha-1), hektolitermassa (kg.HL-1), totale-styselinhoud in heelgraan (%), amilose/amilopektien-verhouding, proteïeninhoud (%), etanolopbrengs (L.ton-1) en etanolopbrengs per hektaar (L.ha-1) gemeet. Naby-infrarooispektroskopie kalibrasies was ontwikkel vir vog- en styselinhoud. Die beste kalibrasies vir heelgraan voginhoud het ‘n RDP = 1.691, R2 = 0.657 en SEP = 0.271% en vir styselinhoud RPD = 1.646, R2 = 0.634 en SEP = 1.356% opgelewer. Die kalibrasies gebaseer op meel was aansienlik beter vir voginhoud RPD = 2.526, R2 = 0.843 en SEP = 0.182%, sowel as vir styselinhoud RPD = 1.741, R2 = 0.673 en SEP = 1.277%. Die kalibrasies is bruikbaar vir aanvanklike sifting van monsters. 5 Gedurende die 2006 seisoen het styselinhoud en graanopbrangs ‘n baie hoë korrelasie (R2 = 0.988, P <0.001) getoon. Beide stysel- en graanopbrengs was positief gekorreleerd met dae tot aar (R2 = 0.533 en R2 = 0.556; P <0.001). Die 2007 seisoen is gekenmerk deur ‘n hoër styselopbrengs (2952– 3142kg.ha-1, 95%VI) teenoor die 2006 seisoen (2077–2315kg.ha-1, 95%VI). Styselopbrengs was positief gekorreleerd met graanopbrengs (R2 = 0.975, P <0.001). Hektolitermassa het swak korrelasie getoon met etanolopbrengs (R2 = 0.238, P <0.01) en graanopbrengs (R2 = 0.279, P <0.01). Gemiddelde etanolopbrengs het gewissel tussen 466–477L.ton-1 by 95%VI. Data het aangedui dat etanolopbrengs meer aangewese is op stysel en ander polisakkariedverbindings se ensiematiese toeganklikheid eerder as totale stysel aanwesig. Die beste lyne wat etanolopbrangs betref in 2007 was G2, D3 en H2 vir die Swartland en D3, G2 en D1 vir die Overberg. Van die koroglyne wat deel was van die ondersoek het goeie potensiaal getoon, uit ‘n suiwer biologiese oogpunt, as gewas vir die produksie van etanol in die Wes-Kaap met ‘n gerealiseerde etanolopbrengs in die omgewing van 2446-2625L.ha-1 by 95%VI. In die Swartland was die beste genotipes D1, H1 en D2 en in die Overberg H1 en G2. Die beste 23 lyne is geselekteer uit die elite en senior telingsblokke en aangewend in die vestiging van ‘n herhalende-seleksie voortelingsblok.
Demet, Atif Emre. "BIOMASS VALORIZATION FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VALUE-ADDED CHEMICALS AND BIO-FUELS." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2017. https://theses.enscm.fr/ENSCM_2017_DEMET.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаTwo series of mixed oxide catalysts with nominal composition M13-xM2xO4 have been synthesized with non-noble metals, wherein M1=Co and M2=Fe or M1=Cu and M2=Mn, by cost effective co-precipitation method. Each serie consists of 5 catalysts with the cation fractions M2/(M1+M2) of 0.00, 0.33, 0.50, 0.67, 1.00. The catalysts have been characterised using XRD, EDX, N2 physisorption, FT-IR, UV-VIS, TEM and TPR techniques, then employed in the successive oxidation reactions of biomass derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to several value added chemicals, which have a diverse portfolio of applications in various industries, including maleic anhydride (MA), 2,5-furandicarboxaldehyde (DFF), 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA), 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA) and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), which can serve as an alternative substitute for fossil fuel derived terephthalic acid in the production of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) plastics. The oxidation reaction products of HMF were analyzed by HPLC then kinetics study has been performed. The ultimate goal is not only to investigate the correlations between physicochemical properties and catalytic performances of the aformentioned catalysts on the complex cascade HMF to FDCA oxidation process but also to make a humble contribution to the scientific literature for a sustainable, renewable and greener world
Due serie di catalizzatori a base di ossidi misti con composizione nominale M13-xM2xO4 sono stati sintetizzati con metalli non nobili, in cui M1=Co e M2=Fe o M1=Cu e M2=Mn, con il metodo della co-precipitazione. Ogni serie è composta da 5 catalizzatori con rapporti tra i cationi pari a M2/(M1+M2) 0.00, 0.33, 0.50, 0.67, 1.00. I catalizzatori sono stati caratterizzati attraverso tecniche XRD, EDX, fisisorbimento di N2, FT-IR, UV-VIS, TEM e TPR, e successivamente testati nelle reazioni di ossidazione del 5-idrossimetilfurfurale (HMF) derivante da biomasse a diversi intermedi ad elevato valore aggiunto, che hanno importanti applicazioni in vari settori dell’industria chimica, tra cui l'anidride maleica (MA), la 2,5-furandicarboxaldeide (DFF), l'acido 5-idrossimetil-2-furancarbossilico (HMFCA), e l’acido 5-formil-2-furancarbossilico (FFCA) e l’acido 2,5-furandicarbossilico (FDCA), che è importante come un sostituto alternativo all’acido tereftalico derivato da materie prime fossili per la produzione di polietilenetereftalato (PET). I prodotti di reazione derivanti dall’ossidazione del HMF sono stati analizzati mediante HPLC ed è stato eseguito un approfondito studio cinetico. L'obiettivo finale è stato non solo quello di trovare una correlazione tra proprietà fisico-chimiche ed attività catalitica dei catalizzatori presi in esame per la complessa trasformazione dell’HMF a FDCA, ma anche quello di dare un contributo consistente ai processi chimici industriali alla base di uno sviluppo sostenibile della società
Duangsuwan, Wiriya. "Experimental studies of the mixing of alcohols with vegetable oil using gas-liquid compound drops for applications in bio-fuel production." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521716.
Повний текст джерелаTackie, Richard. "Economics of bio-ingredients production from shrimp processing waste in Newfoundland." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79139.
Повний текст джерелаShuma, Baraka John. "Attracting and regulating foreign direct investments in biofuels production in Tanzania." Thesis, UWC, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3121.
Повний текст джерелаBraden, Drew J. "Fuel cell grade hydrogen production from the steam reforming of bio-ethanol over co-based catalysts an investigation of reaction networks and active sites /." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/301.
Повний текст джерелаTitle from first page of PDF file. Document formattted into pages: contains [55] p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
Lui, Wan-yin, and 呂韻{21394e}. "A study on the performance of proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells and solar electrolysis for hydrogen production." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B26662425.
Повний текст джерелаGarcia, Perez Manuel. "Co-pyrolysis under vacuum of bagasse and petroleum residue for the production of bio-fuels." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0012/MQ56745.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGillgren, Maria. "Inom vilka områden behövs framtida biogassatsningar? : Future support to biogas production in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-126773.
Повний текст джерелаEnergimyndigheten har från Regeringen blivit tilldelad 100 miljoner kronor att fördela som investeringsstöd för att främja en effektiv och utökad produktion, distribution samt användning av förnybara gaser såsom biogas. Myndigheten har samtidigt fått i uppdrag att utveckla en sektorsövergripande biogasstrategi och föreslå åtgärder som på kort och lång sikt kan bidra till ökad användning av biogas. Denna strategi ska också tjäna som ett underlag för fördelning av olika former av stöd inom sektorn.
Syftet med detta examensarbete är att sammanställa information som kan bidra som underlag vid upprättandet av den sektorsövergripande biogasstrategin. Ett annat syfte är att bidra med underlag för Energimyndighetens bedömning av var ett investeringsstöd kan ge störst effekt för den fortsatta utvecklingen inom biogasområdet. Detta stöd avser den senaste, ovan nämnda, utlysning som Energimyndigheten gjort inom området. Examensrapporten innehåller bland annat en sammanställning av gjorda insatser inom forskningsområdet biogas de senaste åren, finansierat av framför allt Energimyndigheten, men även en inblick i vilka biogassatsningar som är gjorda av andra nationella aktörer. Ett antal personer från bland annat branschorganisationer har intervjuats för att ta del av deras syn på den framtida biogasmarknaden, vilka satsningar som bör göras och vilka hinder som har störst inverkan. Organisationerna är valda utifrån kriteriet att de ska representera olika delar av biogasbranschen och att olika synvinklar därigenom ska framkomma. Rapporten innehåller slutsatser som dragits av tidigare biogassatsningar hos Energimyndigheten och identifiering av biogasområden där det föreligger stort behov av framtida satsningar för utökad produktion, distribution och användning.
Ett område som i detta examensarbete har identifierats ha stort behov av framtida biogassatsningar är bland annat framtagande av alternativa rötningssubstrat, eftersom mängden tillgängligt substrat nuläget inte är tillräcklig. Detta utgör idag en begränsning för biogasproduktionen. Det bör även satsas mer på förbehandling av substrat innan rötning, vilket ökar gasproduktionen och förbättrar substratutnyttjandet i större utsträckning. Mer satsningar behövs också kring hur biogasprocessens slutprodukt, rötresten, kan bli en mer attraktiv produkt så att återcirkulering av växtnäring kan ske i större grad genom rötrestspridning på åkermark. Detta är av stor vikt eftersom en ökad volym rötningssubstrat ger upphov till större mängd rötrester som ska hanteras. Andra områden som är i behov av framtida stöd är utveckling av befintliga anläggningar för att öka och effektivisera produktionen. För att optimera processerna bör framför allt mer medel satsas på kunskapsuppbyggnad och spridning av den vetenskap som finns tillgänglig. Att länka samman universitet, högskolor och naturbruksgymnasium med anläggningar i drift kan vara det mest effektiva sättet att nå ut med relevant information och kunskap. Ur ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv bör mer medel läggas på att öka gödselrötning då detta minskar metanläckage.
Swedish Energy Agency has been allocated SEK 100 million from the government to distribute as investment grant to promote efficient and expanded production, distribution and use of renewable gases such as biogas. The Agency has also been given the task to develop a multidisciplinary strategy for biogas and propose measures which can contribute to increased use of biogas in the short and long term. This strategy will also serve as a basis for the allocation of various forms of support in the biogas sector.
The purpose of this study is to compile information which can be used as input for the establishment of the multidisciplinary strategy for biogas. Another purpose is to provide information to support the Swedish Energy Agency in the assessment of which areas an investment grant will have the greatest impact for the future development of biogas. This grant refers to the latest call of Swedish Energy Agency in the sector. This report includes a summary of what areas grants have been given for research of biogas in recent years, mainly financed by the Swedish Energy Agency, but also an insight into efforts made by other national operators. A number of people from professional biogas organizations have been interviewed to share their views on the future biogas market. Which efforts should be made and the main obstacles to be overcome are other questions discussed. The report contains conclusions from the experience of previous support from the Swedish Energy Agency as well as identification of areas in which there is great need for future efforts in order to expand the production, distribution and use of biogas.
Some areas which have been identified in this thesis for need of future efforts in the biogas sector is for example the development of alternative substrates for anaerobic digestion, because the amount of available substrate is at present not sufficient. This is currently a limitation for the biogas production. There is also a need to further develop the pre-treatment of the substrate before digestion, in order to increase the gas production and improve substrate utilization to a greater extent. More focus are also needed on how the end product from the biogas process, the digestion residues, can become a more attractive product to the recycling of plant nutrients by use as a bio fertilizer on farmland. This is of great importance because larger volume of digestion will result in greater volume of digestion residues to be managed. Other areas in need of future investments are the development of existing facilities to increase and optimize the production. In order to optimize the production processes, more resources should be devoted to capacity building and dissemination of the available knowledge. Linking universities and colleges together with operating biogas plants could be the most effective way to reach out with relevant information and knowledge. From a socioeconomic perspective more resources should be spent on increasing the volume of manure digestion then it is today, which also will result in reduced methane leaks.
Bremmer, Anders, and Anders Sjöblom. "Minor Field Study for the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the Worldbank Group: Investment conditions for a bio-fuel pellet production in Bolivia contributing to an improved and sustainable indigenous forestry." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-49740.
Повний текст джерелаKetep, Françoise. "Piles à combustible microbiennes pour la production d'électricité couplée au traitement des eaux de l'industrie papetière." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENI066/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis was to assess the feasibility of the microbial fuel cell technology for the production of electrical energy coupled with the treatment of pulp and paper effluents. The first part of work showed that various pulp and paper effluents are suitable to form efficient anodic biofilms. When the effluent was supplemented with acetate and the anode polarized between at -0.3 V/SCE, current densities of 12 A/m² and Coulombic efficiencies up to 90% were obtained. When effluents were provided as the sole substrate, current densities reached 6 A/m² and Coulombic efficiencies 30%, with COD removal around 50%. The optimal anodic biofilms were associated with associated with abiotic air cathodes to design complete microbial fuel cells. Power densities from 294 mW/m² to 596 mW/m² were obtained with two different effluents
Chow, Kwok-on Desmond, and 周國安. "The environmental improvement due to the relocation of base load gas production plant from Ma Tau Kok to Tai Po industrial estate." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4257433X.
Повний текст джерелаKantarelis, Efthymios. "Catalytic Steam Pyrolysis of Biomass for Production of Liquid Feedstock." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energi- och ugnsteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-142412.
Повний текст джерелаDet nuvarande samhällets behov av bränslen och kemiska produkter är starkt knutet till fossila resurser. Detta beroende kan leda till ekonomisk instabilititet, politiska svårigheter och osäker leveranssäkerhet. Dessutom riskeras allvarliga skador i framtiden på grund av global uppvärmning, vilket är relaterat till det ökande och massiva användandet av fossila bränslen. Biomassa är en förnybar resurs som är tillgänglig idag, möjlig att utnyttja för produktion av diverse flytande, gasformiga och fasta produkter. Dessa produkter, beroende på biogeniskt ursprung, betraktas som koldioxidneutrala och kan därför generera koldioxidkrediter. Processande av biomassa kan möta utmaningen av minskad fossilbränsleanvändning, genom produktion av flytande råvara som kan reducera beroendet och/eller möta ökad efterfrågan, via en snabbt expanderande termokemisk teknik - pyrolys. Det slutgiltiga målet med en sådan process är att producera en flytande produkt med förbättrade egenskaper som direkt skulle kunna användas som flytande bränslen, bränsleadditiv och/eller som råmaterial i moderna oljeraffinaderier och petrokemiska komplex. Vätskor som utvinns från termiska processer är problematiska med avseende på hantering och slutanvändningen i olika applikationer, därmed behövs olika spår för produktion av avancerade flytande råvaror. Heterogena katalysen har länge tjänat raffinaderi- och petrokemisk industri, som producerar ett brett utbud av bränslen och produkter, lämpliga för säker användning. Kombinationen av biomassapyrolys och heterogen katalys (genom att bringa pyrolysångorna i kontakt med en lämplig katalysator) är ett väldigt lovande spår. I denna avhandling undersöks användningen av biomassa för produktion av flytande råvara, via pyrolys över en flerfunktionel katalysator i ångatmosfär. Ångpyrolys i en fastbäddsreaktor visade att ånga kan betraktas som ett reaktivt medium, även vid låga temperaturer, som påverkar utbyten och sammansättning av alla produkter. Avgasningen sker snabbare och den slutliga flykthalten i kolresterna blir lägren vid användning av ånga. Snabbpyrolys i ångatmosfär resulterar i förbättrad och mer kontrollerad termisk nedbrytning av biomassa, vilket ger ett högre vätskeutbyte och en något deoxygenerad flytande produkten. ångpyrolys i kombination med bimetalliska NiV-katalysatorer, ger upphov till en flytande råvara med förbättrad kvalitet och selektiv deoxygenering. Dock med ett minskande utbyte som följd. Kombinationen av metall och en sur katalysator (Ni-V/HZSM5) visade förstärkt deoxygenering med bibehållen vätehalt i den flytande produkten. Den slutliga syrehalten i vätskan var 12.83 vikt% vid en zeolithalt (HZSM5) på 75 vikt%, dock med ett kraftigt minskande vätskeutbyte. Dessutom noterades ökad koksbildning på katalysatormaterialet med den högsta zeolithalten. Ökad rymd-tid för katalysatorn (τ) ger ett lägre vätskeutbyte med reducerad syrehalt (7.79 vikt% vid τ=2h) och ökad aromathalt. Koksbildning på ytan, per massenhet katalysatormaterial, minskade vid längre rymd-tider medan utbytet av kolrester förblev opåverkat. Undersökningen av stabiliteten hos hybridkatalysatorn visade inga strukturella defekter och ingen signifikant minskad aktivitet efter regenerering vid låg temperatur (550οC).
Οι σύγχρονες ανάγκες της κοινωνίας για παραγωγή υγρών καυσίμων και χημικών προϊόντων εξαρτώνται από τους ορυκτούς πόρους. Αυτή η εξάρτηση μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε οικονομικά προβλήματα, πολιτκή αστάθεια, όπως επίσης και αβεβαιότητα στις προμήθειες της ενεργειακής εφοδιαστικής αλυσίδας. Επιπροσθέτως, μια δραματική «παράπλευρη απώλεια» η οποία θέτει σε κίνδυνο το μέλλον του πλανήτη είναι η υπερθέρμανσή του, η οποία έχει συσχετισθεί με την εκτεταμένη χρήση ορυκτών πόρων. Σήμερα, η βιομάζα είναι η μόνη ανανεώσιμη πηγή από την οποία μπορούν να παραχθούν υγρά, αέρια και στερεά προϊόντα, που λόγω της λιγνοκυταρρινικής τους προελεύσεως, η συνεισφορά τους στις εκομπές CO2 θεώρειται μηδενική. Η θερμοχημική επεξεργασία της βιομάζας συνεισφέρει στον περιορισμό της χρήσης ορυκτών πόρων, με την παραγωγή υγρών προϊόντων, τα οποία μπορούν να μειώσουν την εξάρτηση ή /και την αυξημένη ζήτηση μέσω μιας ταχέως αναπτυσόμενης τεχνολογίας, της πυρόλυσης. Στόχος της διεργασίας είναι η παραγωγή υγρών προϊόντων με ιδιότητες, που επιτρέπουν την απευθείας χρήση τους ως υγρά καύσιμα ή ως πρώτη ύλη, για την παραγώγη χημικών προϊόντων σε συγχρονες μονάδες διύλισης πετρελαίου και σε πετροχημικά συγκτροτήματα. Εν τούτοις, τα υγρά προϊόντα της θερμικής διάσπασης (πυρόλυση) είναι προβληματικά στη διαχείρηση και στις τελικές τους εφαρμογές, λόγω της σύστασής τους. Ως εκ τούτου, απαιτούνται νέες τεχνικές για παραγωγή προηγμένων υγρών προοϊόντων. Η ετερογενής κατάλυση έχει επιτυχώς εφαρμοσθεί στην πετρελαϊκή και χημική βιομηχανία, παράγοντας ένα μεγάλο εύρος προϊόντων. Ο συνδυασμός της με την πυρόλυση (φέρνοντας σε επαφη τα υγρά/ατμούς με κατάλληλο καταλύτη) αποτελεί μια πολλά υποσχόμενη ενναλακτική. Στην παρούσα διατριβή μελετάται η αξιοποίηση βιομάζας για παραγωγή υγρών προϊόντων μέσω καταλυτικής πυρόλυσης, με χρήση πολυλειτουρικού καταλύτη (multi-functional catalyst) υπό την παρουσία ατμού. Η χρήση ατμου κατά τη διαρκειά πυρόλυσης βιομαζας σε αντιδραστήρα σταθερής κλίνης, μεταβάλει τη σύσταση των επιμέρους προϊόντων. Η παρουσία ατμού έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την ταχύτερη αποπτητικοποίηση του υλικού, ενώ παράλληλα η περιεκτικότητα του υπολειπόμενου εξανθρακώματος σε πτητικά είναι μικρότερη. Τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα ταχείας πυρόλυσης σε αντιδραστήρα ρευστοστερεάς κλίνης δείχνουν ό,τι η χρήση ατμού βελτιώνει την θερμική διάσπαση της βιομαζας, αυξάνοντας την απόδοση σε υγρά προϊοντά, ενώ παράλληλα βοηθάει στην αποξυγόνωσή τους. Ο συνδυασμός της πυρόλυσης υπό την παρουσία ατμού και διμεταλλικού καταλύτη νικελίου–βαναδίου μπορεί να βελτιώσει την ποιότητα των παραγόμενων υγρών (αποξυγόνωση) με παραλλήλη μείωση της απόδοσής τους, ενώ μπορεί να παράγει προϊόντα εκλεκτικής αποξυγόνωσης. Συνδυασμός μεταλλικών και ζεολιθικών καταλυτών (Ni-V/HZSM5) εμφανίζει βελτιωμένη δραστικότητα στις αντιδράσεις αποξυγόνωσης, με παράλληλη συγκράτηση υδρογόνου (Η) στα υγρά προϊόντα. Η τελική περιεκτικότητα των υγρών προϊόντων σε οξυγόνου (Ο) μετά από 90 min αντίδρασης είναι 12.83 wt%, με περιεκτικότητα ζεόλιθου (ΗZSΜ5) ~75 wt% στον καταλύτη. Ωστόσο, η αυξηση της περεικτικότητας σε ζεόλιθο έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την αύξηση των επικαθήσεων άνθρακα επάνω στον κατάλυτη, καθώς και την σημαντική μειώση της απόδοσης των υγρών προϊόντων (24.35wt% επι ξηρής βιομάζας). Η αύξηση του χώρου χρόνου του καταλύτη (τ) έχει ως αποτέλεσμα: τη μείωση των υγρών προϊόντων, τη μείωση του περιεχόμενου Ο στα υγρά προϊόντα (7.79 wt% at τ =2h), την αύξηση των αρωματικών υδρογονανθράκων και τη μείωση του επικαθήμενου κωκ ανά μονάδα μάζας καταλύτη. Η απόδοση του εξανθρακώματος παρέμεινε πρακτικά αμετάβλητη. Η αναγέννηση του υβριδικού καταλύτη σε χαμηλές θερμοκρασιές (550οC) δεν επέφερε σημαντικές δομικές αλλαγές και απώλεια δραστικότητας.
QC 20140306
Mensah, Joel B. [Verfasser], Regina Akademischer Betreuer] Palkovits, and Lars Mathias [Akademischer Betreuer] [Blank. "Chemo-catalytic and electrochemical deoxygenation of bio-derivable 3-hydroxydecanoic acid : production of drop-in fuels and fine chemicals / Joel Boakye Mensah ; Regina Palkovits, Lars M. Blank." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1226303811/34.
Повний текст джерелаZhang, Mingming. "Properties of bio-oil based fuel mixtures: biochar/bio-oil slurry fuels and glycerol/bio-oil fuel blends." Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1825.
Повний текст джерелаBlochel, Amanda. "The Future of Advanced Bio-Jet Fuel." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138629.
Повний текст джерелаGao, Wenran. "Fuel Properties and Thermal Processing of Bio-oil and Its Derived Fuel Mixtures." Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/75545.
Повний текст джерелаRenbjörk, Eva. "ATEX classification for construction of bio-fuel factory." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-96326.
Повний текст джерелаThorne, Rebecca. "Bio-photo-voltaic cells (photosynthetic-microbial fuel cells)." Thesis, University of Bath, 2012. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.548097.
Повний текст джерелаAtiku, Farooq Abubakar. "Combustion of bio-oil and heavy fuel oil." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12179/.
Повний текст джерелаChan, Jacky. "Ethanol production from bio-oil." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/14730.
Повний текст джерелаAhlgren, Serina. "Crop production without fossil fuel : production systems for tractor fuel and mineral nitrogen based on biomass /." Uppsala : Dept. of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200978.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаShah, Bilal. "Distributed biogas production for biogas fuel." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-218021.
Повний текст джерелаGottumukala, Vasudev. "Evaluation of Lake Erie Algae as Bio-fuel Feedstock." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1271194064.
Повний текст джерелаMohammed, Isah Yakub. "Pyrolysis of Napier grass to bio-oil and catalytic upgrading to high grade bio-fuel." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/39572/.
Повний текст джерелаTolonen, Erik. "Evaporation Characteristics of a Liquid Bio-Fuel from Chicken Litter." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26060.
Повний текст джерелаBrock, Melissa Kay. "Microchemical characterization of ash from fuel production." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11102009-020117/.
Повний текст джерелаBrown, Dustin Heath. "Design of a Fuel Additive Production Facility." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144249.
Повний текст джерелаCorrell, David. "Optimized landscape plans for bio-oil production." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1464191.
Повний текст джерелаWu, Xuan, and 吴璇. "Optimization of biodiesel production and purification for maximizing biodiesel yield from camelina oil." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49617692.
Повний текст джерелаpublished_or_final_version
Mechanical Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
Vafamehr, Hassan. "A study of pre-ignition and knock in an optical spark ignition engine." Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/17562.
Повний текст джерелаTan, Giam. "Development of a laminar flame test facility for bio-diesel characterization." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FTan_Giam.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThesis Advisor(s): Sinibaldi, Jose O. ; Milsaps, Knox T. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 26, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Laminar flame speed test, Test faculty characterization for bio-diesel characterization, Combustion Chamber, Ignition, Fuelling. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-70). Also available in print.
Malone, Amanda Louise. "Unintended consequences of ethanol production : a geospatial lifecycle analysis /." Online version of thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/8334.
Повний текст джерелаBunga, Santos. "Self-powered bio-sensing platform with glucose energy harvesting fuel cell." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14583.
Повний текст джерелаKostas, Emily Tsambika. "Bio-refining of seaweed : a sustainable source of chemicals and fuel?" Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/40217/.
Повний текст джерелаMazlan, Nurul Musfirah. "Assessing/Optimising Bio-fuel Combustion Technologies for Reducing Civil Aircraft Emissions." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2012. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7941.
Повний текст джерелаCárdenas, Morcoso Drialys. "Advanced semiconductors for photo-electrocatalytic solar fuel production." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/14104.2020.679916.
Повний текст джерелаThe development and use of clean, sustainable and safe energy sources, in order to substitute the use of fossil fuels, is a current challenge of science and technology. Solar energy, the only viable alternative, can be converted and stored in the form of molecular bonds, mimicking the photosynthesis process in green plants, to obtain fuels or other added-value products. This process requires semiconductor materials that can efficiently harvest and transform solar into chemical energy. In the present doctoral thesis, the study of semiconductor materials for photo-electrocatalytic applications was addressed from different approaches. That includes: the modification of photoelectrodes with catalytic coatings, obtained from a metal-organic framework; the implementation of a new method for the understanding of the photoelectrodes operating mechanisms; the integration of electrocatalytic and photovoltaic devices from Earth-abundant materials; and, finally, the investigation of new systems with potential application in photo-electrocatalytic processes. (Signatura
Programa de Doctorat en Ciències
Stamouli, Konstantina. "Fuel production and optimisation from mixed plastic waste." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8268/.
Повний текст джерелаSanson, Joseph. "Hemicellulose and Cellulose Hydrolysis for Butanol Fuel Production." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1371218027.
Повний текст джерелаDe, la Torre Garcia Ricardo. "Production of Micro-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368790.
Повний текст джерелаDe, la Torre García Ricardo. "Production of Micro-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2011. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/541/1/PRODUCTION_OF_MICRO-TUBULAR_SOLID_OXIDE_FUEL_CELLS.pdf.
Повний текст джерела