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Статті в журналах з теми "Production cost-price"
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Šprysl, M., J. Čítek, and R. Stupka. "Interaction of selected production indicators of the economics of pork production." Czech Journal of Animal Science 55, No. 1 (January 25, 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1705-cjas.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Estimates of the effects influencing the economics of pig production are of primary importance for breeders. For this purpose, costs, revenues and profitability were determined on the basis of individual parameters of the efficiency of tested pigs and of average commodity prices. The calculation was the result of the efficiency of actual animals and of the average and simulated prices of inputs received by producers in large-scale production operations. 136 animals, 64 of crossbred combinations (LWs × D) × (LW<sub>D</sub> × L) and 72 of PN × (LW<sub>D</sub> × L) were used. The total cost of 1 pig represented the costs per weaned piglet, feed and other costs; the revenues represented the actual price of a pig at slaughter. Multivariable hierarchical models were constructed to assess the relationships between the following factors: crossbred combination, nutrition and sex, ADG, number of piglets bred, CFM price and carcass price with the outcome variables: costs, revenues and profitability. The results demonstrated that the total cost of fattening pig is considerably influenced by the price of a piglet and feed, not by the price of the carcass and the growth intensity. There was no proof of a relationship between the price of a pig and reproduction and/or the price of feed. Profitability is significantly influenced by the reproduction rate, price of feed, growth intensity and revenues. The results also showed that the intensity of nutrition and the sex considerably influence the total cost of 1 fattened pig, which represents an increase in the total cost by 3.80 € in the application of <I>ad libitum</I> feeding techniques, and 5.39 €/pc in the fattening of barrows. The choice of a suitable combination represents a decrease in the total cost by 1.49% and an increase in revenues by 2.93%. Profitability is significantly associated with the intensity of nutrition, sex and breed. With unrestricted feeding it is reduced by 4.1%, for barrows by 6.6%, and in the use of four-breed combinations of crossbreds it increases by 4.13%.
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Tan, Barış. "Production Control with Price, Cost, and Demand Uncertainty." OR Spectrum 41, no. 4 (December 5, 2018): 1057–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00291-018-0542-2.
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Suwarni, Suwarni, Kaulan Kaulan, and Sahridi Yanopi. "ANALISIS BIAYA PRODUKSI DALAM PENETAPAN HARGA JUAL DIGITAL PRINTING PADA CV. FORTUNNAADVERTISING KOTA BENGKULU." EKOMBIS REVIEW: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi dan Bisnis 7, no. 1 (February 5, 2019): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37676/ekombis.v7i1.703.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to determine the production cost with a full costing method and fixed selling price using cost plus pricing method on the CV. Fortunna advertising bengkulu city in 2015 through 2017. The research method is manifold diskkriptif and methods of data collection using observation and documentation.
From the calculation of cost of production by using the full costing method with each of the expected profit of 30% so as to obtain the cost of production for the banner in 2015 that the cost of production amounted to Rp.17.587,- profit planning for Rp.5.276,- and setting the selling priceRp. 22.863.- in 2016 the cost of production amounted to Rp.17.637,- profit planning for Rp.5.301 and setting the selling price amounted to Rp.22.938,- whereas in 2017 the cost of production amounted to Rp.17.852,- planning profit of Rp. 5.355,- selling price of Rp. 23.207,-. For the production of billboards permeter in 2015 the cost of production amounted to Rp.20.040, - profit planning for Rp.6.012,- and setting the selling price amounted to Rp.26.052,- in 2016 the cost of production amounted to Rp.20.008,- planning a profit of .Rp.6.002,- and setting the selling price of Rp.26.010,- whereas for 2017 the cost of production amounted to Rp.20.168,- profit planning for Rp.6.050,- and setting the selling price amounted to Rp.26.218,-. Thus showing that CV. Advertising Fortunna preformance produce goods has calculated the costs of production accordingly.
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Teshmanovich, L. "CALCULATION OF PRODUCTION PRICE IN THE PUBLISHING SECTOR – COST." EurasianUnionScientists 10, no. 62 (2019): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2019.10.62.151.
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Bobrova, E. A. "METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT OF COST PRICE OF PRODUCTION." Education and Science without Limits: Fundamental and Applied Researches, no. 12 (2020): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36683/2500-249x/2020-12/141-150.
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Lumowa, Cindy Shelly, Jantje J. Tinangon, and Anneke Wangkar. "ANALISIS PERHITUNGAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI DALAM MENETAPKAN HARGA JUAL PADA HOLLAND BAKERY BOULEVARD MANADO." GOING CONCERN : JURNAL RISET AKUNTANSI 15, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32400/gc.15.1.27835.2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Calculation of the cost of production is something that needs to be considered in determining the selling price of the product. Calculation of the cost of production that is right and accurate is something that needs to be done by every company, without a precise and accurate calculation of the cost of production, the manufacturing company concerned will experience in setting the selling price of a product. The purpose of this study was to determine the cost classification applied by Holland Bakery Boulevard Manado in calculating the cost of production, to find out the calculation of the cost of production of Holland Bakery Boulevard Manado in setting selling price and find out the determination of product selling price applied by Holland Bakery Boulevard Manado. Data analysis method used for this research is descriptive analysis method. The collection of cost of goods manufactured is the process cost method, while the method of determining the cost of production uses the full costing approach. There is a difference in the selling price per packet of bread between Holland Bakery Boulevard Manado with a theory caused by differences in the allocation of costs and determination of mark up between companies and theories. The company's selling price is lower than the theory that the difference for chocolate bread is Rp. 1.589, then for cheese bread Rp. 1.910, and for srikaya bread Rp. 2.449.
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Sun, Ren Jin, Keng H. Chung, Siauw Ng, and Hao Wang. "Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Coke Production from Delayed Coking Process." Advanced Materials Research 849 (November 2013): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.849.380.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis was performed for a 1.6 million tons per year (30,000 BPD) delayed coking unit. The results show that the LCC of coke production is higher than the price of coke and profits are obtained at the expense of environmental costs. The feedstock cost accounts for a majority of LCC. The variability impacts of processing expenses and carbon dioxide (CO2) price on LCC are relative similar. This suggests that if a higher CO2 price is imposed on coke production, it is unlikely that the producer will make any effort to reduce the CO2 emissions either by improving the efficiency of coking process or implement CO2 remediation initiatives. The CO2 price increase will be considered as a processing cost increase. The green factor (GF) is predominantly dependent on coke price; an increased coke price improves the GF significantly. Increased CO2 price has a negative impact on GF, but the relative incremental impact of CO2 price on GF is less at high CO2 prices. Hence, there is little can be done to improve the GF of coke production, since the coke price is beyond the control of coke producer.
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Purnama, Dian, Saiful Muchlis, and Andi Wawo. "Harga Pokok Produksi Dalam Menentukan Harga Jual Melalui Metode Cost Plus Pricing Dengan Pendekatan Full Costing." JRAK: Jurnal Riset Akuntansi dan Komputerisasi Akuntansi 10, no. 1 (August 21, 2017): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33558/jrak.v10i1.1647.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study is to determine the calculation of the cost of production and selling price setting process at PT. Istiqamah Prima Sejahtera. Calculating the cost of production for the full costing method and setting the selling price using a cost plus pricing. This type of research is quantitative research. Based on the characteristics of the issues raised by the researchers, the study is classified as a quantitative descriptive research. The data used in this study are primary data obtained directly from the company such as data from interviews with the company and the data contains information on the production costs of companies during the month of September 2016. As for the secondary data obtained from books, journals, internet or other media which supported this research.
From the analysis of the data, the results showed that the company's calculation of the cost of production is lower than the production cost price calculation using a full costing method. Cost of production is calculated using a method that is equal Rp85.472 company and according to the full costing method that is equal to Rp85.962. This is because in the calculation of factory overhead cost companies do not take into account some costs into the cost of production as the cost of maintenance and maintenance of production equipment, and the cost of depreciation on a shredded fish product. In addition, setting the selling price of the company only to estimate the selling price calculations per kg of shredded fish with a mark-up rate of 40%, amounting to Rp120,000 to set the selling price on the packaging of 100 grams, 250 grams and 500 grams. While using the cost plus pricing method with a mark up of 40% lower than the selling price according to the company in the amount of USD 12 683. (100 grams), Rp 30,488 (250 grams), and USD 60 798 (500 grams). So, setting the selling price should be done precisely because the price is too high will make the product less competitive, while the sale price is too low will lead to losses for the company.
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Borisut, Prapatsorn, and Aroonsri Nuchitprasittichai. "Process Configuration Studies of Methanol Production via Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation: Process Simulation-Based Optimization Using Artificial Neural Networks." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 14, 2020): 6608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246608.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Methanol production via carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation is a green chemical process, which can reduce CO2 emission. The operating conditions for minimum methanol production cost of three configurations were investigated in this work. An artificial neural network with Latin hypercube sampling technique was applied to construct model-represented methanol production. Price sensitivity was performed to study the impacts of the raw materials price on methanol production cost. Price sensitivity results showed that the hydrogen price has a large impact on the methanol production cost. In mathematical modeling using feedforward artificial neural networks, four different numbers of nodes were used to train artificial neural networks. The artificial neural network with eight numbers of nodes showed the most suitable configuration, which yielded the lowest percent error between the actual and predicted methanol production cost. The optimization results showed that the recommended process design among the three studied configurations was the process of methanol production with two reactors in series. The minimum methanol production cost obtained from this configuration was $888.85 per ton produced methanol, which was the lowest methanol production cost among all configurations.
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Andri Ikhwana and Saepul. "Analisis Harga Pokok Produksi Untuk Menentukan Harga Jual Produk Peci." Jurnal Kalibrasi 15, no. 2 (August 16, 2017): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33364/kalibrasi/v.15-2.522.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research was conducted in PD. Al-Iman, a business engaged in the production of peciand located in Kp. Ciranyang, Ds. Mekarjaya, Kec. Bayongbong Garut. This study aims to analyzehow the calculation of cost of production is applied. The calculation of the cost of production is usingthe full costing method and the costing variable of the difference between the two methods calculation,and for the determination of the selling price the method used in this research is the cost plus price(cost plus pricing method). The results showed that there are differences in the calculation of cost ofgoods sold and selling price based on the method of full costing and variable costing method.Calculation using full costing method resulted in higher selling price compared to variable costingmethod. So, should be in calculating the cost of production as the basis of determining the sellingprice using the full costing method, so that the resulting sale price is precise and accurate.
Дисертації з теми "Production cost-price"
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Колісник, О. В. "Analysis of the cost-price of the enterprise's production." Thesis, Baltija Publishing, 2016. http://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/7080.
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Call, Isabel. "Small-scale biodiesel production: a feasibility study." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1354814650.
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Matelová, Bohdana. "Kalkulace výrobních nákladů ve firmě LEXMARK, a.s." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222345.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
MATELOVÁ, B. Kalkulace výrobních nákladů společnosti Lexmark, Brno. 2009 This thesis deals with the analysis of the Price sheet used by company Lexmark and based on this analysis I recommend the potential changes of this Price sheet. The price sheet is a tool for the re-invoicing of production cost between Lexmark and production subcontractors. The first part is dedicated to the theory of cost management. The next part is practical. I present the company Lexmark, describe the structure of Price sheet, production costs and cost calculation for all types of products. I close the practical part with the specification of Price sheet strong and weak points. Base on the analysis I recommend the potential changes of Price sheet, some of them are applicable immediately and next in a longer period.
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Jasiūnaitė, Reda. "Valdymo apskaitos modelis vidutinio dydžio gamybinėje įmonėje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20140625_185104-12881.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Anksčiau vadybininkai, spręsdami strateginius ir einamuosius įmonės veiklos klausimus, naudojosi finansine apskaita. Tačiau finansinės apskaitos dokumentai pateikia pernelyg apibendrintus duomenis apie įmonės veiklą ir neleidžia susieti daromų sprendimų gamybos bei pardavimų srityje su gaunamu veiklos rezultatu. Vadovui sprendimams priimti reikalingą informaciją teikia įvairūs šaltiniai. Pagrindinis iš jų – įmonėje įdiegta valdymo apskaitos sistema, kurioje sukaupti ir apdoroti duomenys pateikiami įmonės rengiamose vidaus ataskaitose. Valdymo apskaita yra specifinė kiekvienoje įmonėje, tačiau tam tikroms įmonių rūšims pagal dydį ir veiklą galima išskirti būdingus bendrus metodus bei taisykles. Lietuvoje vyrauja mažos ir vidutinės įmonės, tačiau lietuvių autorių (J. Mackevičius, 2003; A. Jurkštienė, 2002; I. Zabielavičienė, 2005; V. Jagminas, 2006 ir kt.), rašančių valdymo apskaitos klausimais, darbuose valdymo apskaitos sistemų bruožai yra nagrinėjami bendrai, nepabrėžiant, kurie iš jų tinkamiausi ir geriausiai pritaikomi mūsų šalies įmonėse. Taigi šiame darbe siekiama išskirti pagrindinius valdymo apskaitos sistemos bruožus vidutinio dydžio gamybinėje įmonėje. Tyrimo objektas – valdymo apskaita vidutinio dydžio gamybinėje įmonėje. Tyrimo tikslas – išnagrinėjus galimybes praktiškai taikyti valdymo apskaitos teorines nuostatas sudaryti optimalų valdymo apskaitos modelį efektyviam veiklos vykdymui vidutinio dydžio gamybinėje įmonėje. Tikslui pasiekti iškelti tokie svarbiausi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Previously, in order to solve company’s strategic and current problems, managers were using financial accounting data. Unfortunately, financial accounting propose too general data, how company works, and does not allow to relate decisions in manufacturing and selling with the company’s work results. When the manager needs to make a decision, the information he gets from different sources. The main is – company’s management accounting, where stored and proceeded data are given in company’s internal reports. In every company management accounting has it‘s specifics, but according to company’s measures and activities you can separate general methods and rules. In Lithuania the most common are small and medium companies, unfortunately Lithuanian authors (J. Mackevičius, 2003; A. Jurkštienė, 2002; I. Zabielavičienė, 2005; V. Jagminas, 2006 ir kt.), who are writing about management accounting, review the main features of management accounting system in very general way and do not define witch of them is the most proper and adopted in Lithuanian companies. In this paper I will try to separate the main features of management accounting system in medium company. Research object – management accounting in medium manufacturing company. Purpose of research – to make an optimal management accounting model for effective development of medium manufacturing company, after opportunities to apply management accounting theoretical aspects were explored. The main goals: • to describe definition... [to full text]
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Zadražil, Vojtěch. "Analýza a návrh kalkulačního systému v podniku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222841.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This diploma thesis deals with analysis and design of corporate tracing policy. The main goal of the work is to describe calculations as an auxiliary tool for base-point pricing and for the fixing of company costs its management and efficiency. In the theoretical part diverse calculation systems currently used in companies are defined. Further, all kinds of expenses occuring in a firm are characterized. The practical section´s concern is costing of forgings produced in company Moravské kovárny, a.s. The origin of price of particular forgings and the costs that rise in this company are analyzed. Finally, the proposal of a new method of pricing and a way of elaboration of calculations for particular forgings are described.
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Neubauer, Ondřej. "Kalkulace výrobních nákladů ve firmě Tomášek Milan - TOMEX." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224527.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is focused on the calculation of production costs with the introduction of licensed production of submersible sludge pumps in company Tomasek Milan - TOMEX. The aim of this work is the introduction of licensed production and determine the manufacturing cost. In the theoretical section describes the methods for determining a production layout, calculation methods and methods of return on investment. The practical part deals with the determination of a suitable arrangement of production, production calculations and evaluation of overall investment.
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Чижовська, Т. В. "Облік та аудит формування собівартості продукції рослинництва (на прикладі ТОВ Агрофірма «Кодима»)". Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2020. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/12628.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти сутності та класифікації собівартості сільськогосподарської продукції, теоретико-методичні та практичні аспекти обліку та аудиту формування собівартості продукції рослинництва з урахуванням вимог галузевих стандартів обліку та особливостей сільськогосподарського виробництва
Проаналізовано основні економічні показники розвитку підприємства, динаміку та структуру собівартості рослинницької продукції, діючу систему обліку та методику проведення аудиту формування собівартості продукції на підприємстві, вплив факторів на ефективність аграрного виробництва.
Запропоновано напрямки поліпшення облікового забезпечення систематизації витрат, що формують собівартість продукції, на основі удосконалення документального оформлення та зведеного обліку, впровадження системи управління витратами.Thesis deals with theoretical aspects of the substance and classification of the cost of agricultural products, theoretical and methodological and practical aspects of accounting and auditing the formation of the cost of crop production according to industry standards of accounting and features of agricultural production Author analysis the main economic indicators of the enterprise development, the dynamics and structure of crop production cost, the operating accounting system and the methods for carrying out the audit of the formation of the crop production cost, the influence of factors on the efficiency of agricultural production. We have recommended the directions of improvement of accounting maintenance of systematization of the expenses forming prime cost of production, on the basis of perfection of documentary registration and the consolidated accounting, introduction of management of costs.
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Babčanová, Monika. "Analýza metod ocenění výrobního areálu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-399629.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This diploma thesis is focused on assessment of methods in valuation of production area. The area will be valued according to valid price regulations and the usual price. Land will be valued separately. The individual valuation methods will be analyzed and an expert estimate of the price of the whole area will be determined after their evaluation. Using the direct comparison method, a market value estimate will be determined. The real estate market in this area will be analyzed with similar real estate and the main factors affecting price levels will be analyzed. The first part of the thesis will be devoted to theoretical knowledge, then there will be formulated individual problems and used methods, which were used for valuation. In the next part the results of individual methods will be stated and in the final part these results will be analyzed and compared with the recommended sessions for individual methods.
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Flores, Elisana Naffin. "COMPOSIÇÃO DO PREÇO DE VENDA, BASEADA NA ANÁLISE DO COMPORTAMENTO DOS CUSTOS DE UMA EMPRESA DO RAMO METALÚRGICO, LOCALIZADA NA REGIÃO NOROESTE DO ESTADO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8376.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The metal-mechanic pole of the northwest region of the Rio Grande do Sul state is a model in the industrial sector, manufacturing parts, agricultural machinery and implements for multinational companies such as AGCO and John Deere. The city of Santa Rosa, more specifically the company under study, has approximately 120 companies in the metal industry, which is the main source of employment and income of the city. In this competitive environment, where are the companies in the metal industry, the need arises of metallurgical Alpha analyze the behavior of costs it generates in order to manage its production capacity to compete and grow in the market, avoiding risks and waste. Because of the behavior analysis of the costs of factors of production, the study will be defined in examining the behavior of direct and indirect production costs. This is a quantitative, qualitative and descriptive research, to investigate the behavior of costs and is characterized as a case study. The aim of this study demonstrates relevant data demonstrating the reality of the organization, in order to assist and provide relevant information to managers decision makers.O polo metalmecânico da região noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul é modelo no segmento industrial, fabricando peças, máquinas e implementos agrícolas para empresas multinacionais como AGCO e JOHN DEERE. Nesse contexto competitivo, onde se situam as empresas do ramo metalúrgico, surge a necessidade da indústria metalúrgica Alpha analisar o comportamento dos custos que gera, de forma a gerenciar sua capacidade produtiva para concorrer e crescer no mercado, evitando riscos e desperdícios. O estudo foi delimitado no exame da composição do preço de venda baseada no comportamento dos custos diretos e indiretos de produção. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, qualitativa e descritiva, para investigação do comportamento dos custos e está caracterizado como estudo de caso. Para o estudo foram selecionados alguns produtos que a empresa fabrica na linha de serralheria, analisados nos anos de 2005 a 2013. Após identificar o processo produtivo e a relação de matéria-prima utilizada na fabricação de cada produto, foi realizada a coleta nos arquivos da empresa das informações relativas aos custos diretos e indiretos envolvidos. Foi possível perceber que existe desperdício normal de matéria-prima, alguns produtos não foram possíveis analisar, os preços de custo das matérias-primas não seguem uma tendência crescente de mercado, alguns produtos fabricados apresentam oportunidade de crescimento, e o preço de venda praticado, comparado com a formação de preço de venda apresentado, de forma geral apresentou-se de forma semelhante.
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Strazdienė, Daiva. "Medžiagų ir produkcijos apskaita ir auditas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050526_145003-12868.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research object: stocks. Research subject: accounting and audit. Research aim: to investigate the main problems of stocks accounting and audit and to give suggestions that can help to improve stocks accounting and audit. Objectives: 1)To analyze the peculiarities of stocks and production accounting and audit; 2)To carry out an empirical research of stocks and production accounting and audit; 3)To define and analyze the main problems of stocks and production accounting and audit; 4)To formulate conclusions and suggestions in order to develop the field of stocks accounting and audit; Research methods: logical analysis, synthesis, comparison, questionnaire survey and description. In the process of investigation there were analyzed theory and practice of stocks accounting and audit, investigated the main problems of stocks accounting and audit and also given suggestions that can help to solve investigated problems.
Книги з теми "Production cost-price"
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Spotts, Greg. Wal-mart: The high cost of low price. New York: Disinformation, 2005.
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Spotts, Greg. Wal-mart: The high cost of low price. New York: Disinformation, 2005.
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Deaton, Angus. The living standards survey and price policy reform: A study of cocoa and coffee production in Côte d'Ivoire. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1988.
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(Introduction), Robert Greenwald, ed. Wal-mart: The High Cost of Low Price. Disinformation Company, 2005.
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Davis, George C., and Elena L. Serrano. Profit and Supply for Farms and Firms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379118.003.0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chapter 12 begins by explaining why firms exist. The chapter then presents some data on the diversity of commodity production and profitability by farm size. The analytics of profit maximization when the firm operates in a competitive environment and is a price taker are then presented. The chapter determines the rule that guides production in order to maximize profit when the firm is a price taker. This analysis leads to a derivation of the firm’s (farm’s) supply curve. The chapter also explains what factors may cause a shift in the supply curve. The chapter explains the difference then between the supply curve and the supply function for a commodity. The chapter closes by emphasizing the main point of this chapter: any consideration of growing alternative commodities must consider revenue and cost differences.
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Jenkins, Jesse D., and Valerie J. Karplus. Carbon Pricing under Political Constraints. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The economic prescription for mitigating climate change is clear: price carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions to internalize climate damages. In practice, a variety of political economy constraints have prevented the introduction of a carbon price equal to the full social cost of emissions. This chapter develops insights about the design of climate policy in the face of binding political constraints. Using a stylized model of the energy sector, the authors identify welfare-maximizing combinations of a CO2 price, subsidy for clean energy production, and lump-sum transfers to energy consumers or producers under a set of constraints: limits on the CO2 price, on increases in energy prices, and on energy consumer and producer surplus loss. The authors find that strategically using subsidies or transfers to relieve political constraints can significantly improve the efficiency of carbon pricing policies, while strengthening momentum for a low-carbon transition over time.
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Schweitzer, Stuart O., and Z. John Lu. Patent Protection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623784.003.0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Patent protection, innovation, and profitability are all intimately connected in the pharmaceutical industry. Without patent protection there would be no marketing exclusivity, and competitors would immediately enter any market where there was a new successful drug, eventually driving price down to the marginal production cost. Future R&D would never take place because there would be no way for firms to earn a yield on those investments in developing new pharmaceuticals. Patents, however, entail societal cost, because they raise the diffusion cost of knowledge and makes some innovative drugs prohibitively expensive in the short run. This chapter examines key patent laws applicable to the pharmaceutical industry, including category, duration, scope, infringement, and ground for challenge, both in the United States and in other advanced economies. Examples of strategic behavior by branded and generic firms are discussed. The chapter also provides a review of recent literature critical of the patent system.
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Romsom, Etienne, and Kathryn McPhail. Capturing economic and social value from hydrocarbon gas flaring: evaluation of the issues. 5th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/939-6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Atmospheric emissions urgently need to reduce for natural gas to fulfill its potential role in the energy transition to achieve the Paris Agreement on climate change. This paper establishes the magnitude and trends of flaring and venting in oil and gas operations, as well as their emissions and impact on air quality, health, and climate. While global flaring and venting comprise 7.5 per cent of natural gas produced, their combined impact on health and climate (in terms of Social Cost of Atmospheric Release) accounts for 54 per cent. Many low- and middle-income countries are economically dependent on oil and gas production. Most premature deaths from air pollution in 2016 were in developing countries. Most natural gas losses and emissions are avoidable. If all natural gas flared and vented globally is captured and brought to market, it could supply annually more than the total South and Central America gas consumption, plus all of Africa’s power needs. If 75 per cent of these volumes are captured, it provides an additional natural gas sales value of US$36 billion per annum (assuming an average gas price of US$4/MMBtu).
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Sobczyk, Eugeniusz Jacek. Uciążliwość eksploatacji złóż węgla kamiennego wynikająca z warunków geologicznych i górniczych. Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33223/onermin/0222.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hard coal mining is characterised by features that pose numerous challenges to its current operations and cause strategic and operational problems in planning its development. The most important of these include the high capital intensity of mining investment projects and the dynamically changing environment in which the sector operates, while the long-term role of the sector is dependent on factors originating at both national and international level. At the same time, the conditions for coal mining are deteriorating, the resources more readily available in active mines are being exhausted, mining depths are increasing, temperature levels in pits are rising, transport routes for staff and materials are getting longer, effective working time is decreasing, natural hazards are increasing, and seams with an increasing content of waste rock are being mined. The mining industry is currently in a very difficult situation, both in technical (mining) and economic terms. It cannot be ignored, however, that the difficult financial situation of Polish mining companies is largely exacerbated by their high operating costs. The cost of obtaining coal and its price are two key elements that determine the level of efficiency of Polish mines. This situation could be improved by streamlining the planning processes. This would involve striving for production planning that is as predictable as possible and, on the other hand, economically efficient. In this respect, it is helpful to plan the production from operating longwalls with full awareness of the complexity of geological and mining conditions and the resulting economic consequences. The constraints on increasing the efficiency of the mining process are due to the technical potential of the mining process, organisational factors and, above all, geological and mining conditions. The main objective of the monograph is to identify relations between geological and mining parameters and the level of longwall mining costs, and their daily output. In view of the above, it was assumed that it was possible to present the relationship between the costs of longwall mining and the daily coal output from a longwall as a function of onerous geological and mining factors. The monograph presents two models of onerous geological and mining conditions, including natural hazards, deposit (seam) parameters, mining (technical) parameters and environmental factors. The models were used to calculate two onerousness indicators, Wue and WUt, which synthetically define the level of impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in relation to: —— operating costs at longwall faces – indicator WUe, —— daily longwall mining output – indicator WUt. In the next research step, the analysis of direct relationships of selected geological and mining factors with longwall costs and the mining output level was conducted. For this purpose, two statistical models were built for the following dependent variables: unit operating cost (Model 1) and daily longwall mining output (Model 2). The models served two additional sub-objectives: interpretation of the influence of independent variables on dependent variables and point forecasting. The models were also used for forecasting purposes. Statistical models were built on the basis of historical production results of selected seven Polish mines. On the basis of variability of geological and mining conditions at 120 longwalls, the influence of individual parameters on longwall mining between 2010 and 2019 was determined. The identified relationships made it possible to formulate numerical forecast of unit production cost and daily longwall mining output in relation to the level of expected onerousness. The projection period was assumed to be 2020–2030. On this basis, an opinion was formulated on the forecast of the expected unit production costs and the output of the 259 longwalls planned to be mined at these mines. A procedure scheme was developed using the following methods: 1) Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) – mathematical multi-criteria decision-making method, 2) comparative multivariate analysis, 3) regression analysis, 4) Monte Carlo simulation. The utilitarian purpose of the monograph is to provide the research community with the concept of building models that can be used to solve real decision-making problems during longwall planning in hard coal mines. The layout of the monograph, consisting of an introduction, eight main sections and a conclusion, follows the objectives set out above. Section One presents the methodology used to assess the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is reviewed and basic definitions used in the following part of the paper are introduced. The section includes a description of AHP which was used in the presented analysis. Individual factors resulting from natural hazards, from the geological structure of the deposit (seam), from limitations caused by technical requirements, from the impact of mining on the environment, which affect the mining process, are described exhaustively in Section Two. Sections Three and Four present the construction of two hierarchical models of geological and mining conditions onerousness: the first in the context of extraction costs and the second in relation to daily longwall mining. The procedure for valuing the importance of their components by a group of experts (pairwise comparison of criteria and sub-criteria on the basis of Saaty’s 9-point comparison scale) is presented. The AHP method is very sensitive to even small changes in the value of the comparison matrix. In order to determine the stability of the valuation of both onerousness models, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, which is described in detail in Section Five. Section Six is devoted to the issue of constructing aggregate indices, WUe and WUt, which synthetically measure the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in individual longwalls and allow for a linear ordering of longwalls according to increasing levels of onerousness. Section Seven opens the research part of the work, which analyses the results of the developed models and indicators in individual mines. A detailed analysis is presented of the assessment of the impact of onerous mining conditions on mining costs in selected seams of the analysed mines, and in the case of the impact of onerous mining on daily longwall mining output, the variability of this process in individual fields (lots) of the mines is characterised. Section Eight presents the regression equations for the dependence of the costs and level of extraction on the aggregated onerousness indicators, WUe and WUt. The regression models f(KJC_N) and f(W) developed in this way are used to forecast the unit mining costs and daily output of the designed longwalls in the context of diversified geological and mining conditions. The use of regression models is of great practical importance. It makes it possible to approximate unit costs and daily output for newly designed longwall workings. The use of this knowledge may significantly improve the quality of planning processes and the effectiveness of the mining process.
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Shengelia, Revaz. Modern Economics. Universal, Georgia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/rsme012021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Economy and mankind are inextricably interlinked. Just as the economy or the production of material wealth is unimaginable without a man, so human existence and development are impossible without the wealth created in the economy. Shortly, both the goal and the means of achieving and realization of the economy are still the human resources. People have long ago noticed that it was the economy that created livelihoods, and the delays in their production led to the catastrophic events such as hunger, poverty, civil wars, social upheavals, revolutions, moral degeneration, and more. Therefore, the special interest of people in understanding the regulatory framework of the functioning of the economy has existed and exists in all historical epochs [A. Sisvadze. Economic theory. Part One. 2006y. p. 22]. The system of economic disciplines studies economy or economic activities of a society. All of them are based on science, which is currently called economic theory in the post-socialist space (the science of economics, the principles of economics or modern economics), and in most countries of the world - predominantly in the Greek-Latin manner - economics. The title of the present book is also Modern Economics. Economics (economic theory) is the science that studies the efficient use of limited resources to produce and distribute goods and services in order to satisfy as much as possible the unlimited needs and demands of the society. More simply, economics is the science of choice and how society manages its limited resources. Moreover, it should be emphasized that economics (economic theory) studies only the distribution, exchange and consumption of the economic wealth (food, beverages, clothing, housing, machine tools, computers, services, etc.), the production of which is possible and limited. And the wealth that exists indefinitely: no economic relations are formed in the production and distribution of solar energy, air, and the like. This current book is the second complete updated edition of the challenges of the modern global economy in the context of the coronary crisis, taking into account some of the priority directions of the country's development. Its purpose is to help students and interested readers gain a thorough knowledge of economics and show them how this knowledge can be applied pragmatically (professionally) in professional activities or in everyday life. To achieve this goal, this textbook, which consists of two parts and tests, discusses in simple and clear language issues such as: the essence of economics as a science, reasons for origin, purpose, tasks, usefulness and functions; Basic principles, problems and peculiarities of economics in different economic systems; Needs and demand, the essence of economic resources, types and limitations; Interaction, mobility, interchangeability and efficient use of economic resources. The essence and types of wealth; The essence, types and models of the economic system; The interaction of households and firms in the market of resources and products; Market mechanism and its elements - demand, supply and price; Demand and supply elasticity; Production costs and the ways to reduce them; Forms of the market - perfect and incomplete competition markets and their peculiarities; Markets for Production Factors and factor incomes; The essence of macroeconomics, causes and importance of origin; The essence and calculation of key macroeconomic indicators (gross national product, gross domestic product, net national product, national income, etc.); Macroeconomic stability and instability, unemployment, inflation and anti-inflationary policies; State regulation of the economy and economic policy; Monetary and fiscal policy; Income and standard of living; Economic Growth; The Corona Pandemic as a Defect and Effect of Globalization; National Economic Problems and New Opportunities for Development in the conditions of the Coronary Crisis; The Socio-economic problems of moral obsolescence in digital technologies; Education and creativity are the main solution way to overcome the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus; Positive and negative effects of tourism in Georgia; Formation of the middle class as a contributing factor to the development of tourism in Georgia; Corporate culture in Georgian travel companies, etc. The axiomatic truth is that economics is the union of people in constant interaction. Given that the behavior of the economy reflects the behavior of the people who make up the economy, after clarifying the essence of the economy, we move on to the analysis of the four principles of individual decision-making. Furtermore, the book describes how people make independent decisions. The key to making an individual decision is that people have to choose from alternative options, that the value of any action is measured by the value of what must be given or what must be given up to get something, that the rational, smart people make decisions based on the comparison of the marginal costs and marginal returns (benefits), and that people behave accordingly to stimuli. Afterwards, the need for human interaction is then analyzed and substantiated. If a person is isolated, he will have to take care of his own food, clothes, shoes, his own house and so on. In the case of such a closed economy and universalization of labor, firstly, its productivity will be low and, secondly, it will be able to consume only what it produces. It is clear that human productivity will be higher and more profitable as a result of labor specialization and the opportunity to trade with others. Indeed, trade allows each person to specialize, to engage in the activities that are most successful, be it agriculture, sewing or construction, and to buy more diverse goods and services from others at a relatively lower price. The key to such human interactions is that trade is mutually beneficial; That markets are usually the good means of coordination between people and that the government can improve the results of market functioning if the market reveals weakness or the results of market functioning are not fair. Moroever, it also shows how the economy works as a whole. In particular, it is argued that productivity is a key determinant of living standards, that an increase in the money supply is a major source of inflation, and that one of the main impediments to avoiding inflation is the existence of an alternative between inflation and unemployment in the short term, that the inflation decrease causes the temporary decline in unemployement and vice versa. The Understanding creatively of all above mentioned issues, we think, will help the reader to develop market economy-appropriate thinking and rational economic-commercial-financial behaviors, to be more competitive in the domestic and international labor markets, and thus to ensure both their own prosperity and the functioning of the country's economy. How he/she copes with the tasks, it is up to the individual reader to decide. At the same time, we will receive all the smart useful advices with a sense of gratitude and will take it into account in the further work. We also would like to thank the editor and reviewers of the books. Finally, there are many things changing, so it is very important to realize that the XXI century has come: 1. The century of the new economy; 2. Age of Knowledge; 3. Age of Information and economic activities are changing in term of innovations. 1. Why is the 21st century the century of the new economy? Because for this period the economic resources, especially non-productive, non-recoverable ones (oil, natural gas, coal, etc.) are becoming increasingly limited. According to the World Energy Council, there are currently 43 years of gas and oil reserves left in the world (see “New Commersant 2007 # 2, p. 16). Under such conditions, sustainable growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) and maximum satisfaction of uncertain needs should be achieved not through the use of more land, labor and capital (extensification), but through more efficient use of available resources (intensification) or innovative economy. And economics, as it was said, is the science of finding the ways about the more effective usage of the limited resources. At the same time, with the sustainable growth and development of the economy, the present needs must be met in a way that does not deprive future generations of the opportunity to meet their needs; 2. Why is the 21st century the age of knowledge? Because in a modern economy, it is not land (natural resources), labor and capital that is crucial, but knowledge. Modern production, its factors and products are not time-consuming and capital-intensive, but science-intensive, knowledge-intensive. The good example of this is a Japanese enterprise (firm) where the production process is going on but people are almost invisible, also, the result of such production (Japanese product) is a miniature or a sample of how to get the maximum result at the lowest cost; 3. Why is the 21st century the age of information? Because the efficient functioning of the modern economy, the effective organization of the material and personal factors of production largely depend on the right governance decision. The right governance decision requires prompt and accurate information. Gone are the days when the main means of transport was a sailing ship, the main form of data processing was pencil and paper, and the main means of transmitting information was sending letters through a postman on horseback. By the modern transport infrastructure (highways, railways, ships, regular domestic and international flights, oil and gas pipelines, etc.), the movement of goods, services and labor resoucres has been significantly accelerated, while through the modern means of communication (mobile phone, internet, other) the information is spreading rapidly globally, which seems to have "shrunk" the world and made it a single large country. The Authors of the book: Ushangi Samadashvili, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University - Introduction, Chapters - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11,12, 15,16, 17.1,18 , Tests, Revaz Shengelia, Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University, Chapters_7, 8, 13. 14, 17.2, 17.4; Zhuzhuna Tsiklauri - Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University - Chapters 13.6, 13.7,17.2, 17.3, 18. We also thank the editor and reviewers of the book.
Частини книг з теми "Production cost-price"
1
Kazaz, Burak. "Agricultural Production Planning under Yield-Dependent Cost and Price." In Agricultural Supply Chain Management Research, 21–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81423-6_2.
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Shah, Nita H., and Monika K. Naik. "Inventory Policies with Development Cost for Imperfect Production and Price-Stock Reliability-Dependent Demand." In Asset Analytics, 119–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9698-4_7.
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Jeannet, Jean-Pierre, Thierry Volery, Heiko Bergmann, and Cornelia Amstutz. "Product Design Choices." In Masterpieces of Swiss Entrepreneurship, 171–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65287-6_16.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractHow SMEs dealt with the trade-offs between functionality, design, and ergonomics to compensate for a high-cost production basis and offering customers a competitive in-use price is key to their overall competitiveness. Design for durability is an important practice as it decreases in-use costs over time and offsets higher acquisition costs. For marketing success, design flair can be used to enhance the product appearance and looks. A very important element is the ergonomics and ease of use of a product as this can both reduce in-use costs and make the higher price tag the most efficient solution after all. The chapter ends with a discussion of the more recent concept of design thinking and how some of the Swiss SMEs have applied this idea well before the term became fashionable.
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"Chapter 7. The Price Minimal Cost Function." In Theory of Cost and Production Functions, 147–58. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400871087-008.
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Knight, Frank Hyneman. "VII Cost of Production and Price Over Long and Short Periods*." In The Ethics of Competition, 178–208. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351304009-7.
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Psomopoulos, Constantinos S., George Ch Ioannidis, and Stavros D. Kaminaris. "Electricity Production from Small-Scale Photovoltaics in Urban Areas." In Renewable and Alternative Energy, 618–56. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1671-2.ch018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The interest in solar photovoltaic energy is growing worldwide. Today, more than 40GW of photovoltaics have been installed all over the world. Since the 1970s, the PV system price is continuously dropping. This price drop and the adaptation of feed-in tariffs at governmental or utility scale have encouraged worldwide application of small-scale photovoltaic systems. The objective of this chapter is to present the potential for electricity production focusing mainly on the benefits of small-scale installations in urban areas, along with the growth of the global photovoltaics market. The types of installation alternatives are described but the focus is on the rooftop installations due to their simplicity and relatively low cost for urban areas. Electricity production data are presented together with their technical characteristics. Furthermore, analysis of the cost reduction is attempted and the benefits gained from the implementation of small-scale systems are also presented, demonstrating the sustainability role they will play.
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Psomopoulos, Constantinos S., George Ch Ioannidis, and Stavros D. Kaminaris. "Electricity Production from Small-Scale Photovoltaics in Urban Areas." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 124–61. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8222-1.ch006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The interest in solar photovoltaic energy is growing worldwide. Today, more than 40GW of photovoltaics have been installed all over the world. Since the 1970s, the PV system price is continuously dropping. This price drop and the adaptation of feed-in tariffs at governmental or utility scale have encouraged worldwide application of small-scale photovoltaic systems. The objective of this chapter is to present the potential for electricity production focusing mainly on the benefits of small-scale installations in urban areas, along with the growth of the global photovoltaics market. The types of installation alternatives are described but the focus is on the rooftop installations due to their simplicity and relatively low cost for urban areas. Electricity production data are presented together with their technical characteristics. Furthermore, analysis of the cost reduction is attempted and the benefits gained from the implementation of small-scale systems are also presented, demonstrating the sustainability role they will play.
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Kaplow, Louis. "Social Welfare." In Competition Policy and Price Fixing. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158624.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter examines the social welfare consequences of coordinated oligopolistic price elevation. From the outset, it is notable that none of the pertinent theory directly distinguishes between successful coordination due merely to recognized interdependence and that resulting from classic cartel behavior, or various cases in between. The harm from price coordination in terms of allocative inefficiency or loss in consumer welfare depends most directly on the extent and duration of supracompetitive pricing. From a dynamic perspective, price elevation may also cause production inefficiency on account of excessive entry. The expectation of above-marginal-cost prices also induces a number of other kinds of investments, many (but not all) of which are efficient.
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Popoola, Ayobami Abayomi, Yamah Dele Adeyemi, Femi Emmanuel Oni, Odunayo Omojola, Bamiji Michael Adeleye, Samuel Medayese, and Ojoma Gloria Popoola. "Rural-Urban Food Movement." In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 276–98. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4817-2.ch017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The production of the food is majorly composite to the rural setting, and the consumption of this food is not only restricted to the rural area. This rural food production and urban area demand/consumption emphasises the need for rural-urban market linkages. This study employed mixed methods to investigate the role of road transport in the flow of food products from rural areas to the urban markets. Ten urban markets were sampled and 250 respondents from urban markets in Ibadan. The study revealed that household collaboration in the production and marketing of food produce exists in Ibadan. It was established that distance and transportation cost plays a vital role in supply volume, pricing, and delivery price. The variance in delivery cost is dependent on factors such as bargaining power, the season of the year, demand, destination, and road condition. In conclusion, improved roads condition and workable traffic policies that eliminate roadblocks are recommended.
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Perrings, Charles. "The Valuation of Environmental Goods and Services." In Conservation, 107–39. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190613600.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chapter 5 introduces the concept of value, and the methods used to obtain estimates of the value of scarce environmental goods and services—particularly the provision, cultural, and regulating ecosystem services. It discusses the concept of social opportunity cost, and shows how the concept informs our understanding of the trade-offs involved in application of the equimarginal principle. It clarifies the relation between the income and substitution effects of changes in value, compensating and equivalent variation, and the willingness to pay or willingness to accept. Valuation methods discussed include both revealed preference (travel cost, averting behavior, hedonic price, production function, replacement cost) and stated preference (contingent valuation, contingent behavior, choice modeling) approaches. The valuation of biodiversity is approached through the regulating ecosystem services, using a portfolio approach to the management of uncertainty. The chapter shows how managers may select which species to conserve so as to balance environmental risk and the benefits from ecosystems.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Production cost-price"
1
Yu Zhang, Yu Zhao, and Chunjie Qi. "Impulse response of export price to production cost based on data mining." In 2009 2nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsit.2009.5234753.
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Hong, Cheng, Yuxi Wang, Jiankun Yang, Yuri M. Berbert, Marcelo I. Lourenço, and Segen F. Estefen. "Subsea Production Layout: Design and Cost." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-62488.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of a subsea field implies a complex design procedure with very high costs involved. The combination of low oil price, harsh environment, very deep waters and high drilling costs has emphasized the need for new ideas to reduce both CAPEX and OPEX. The paper considers different subsea layout scenarios of a typical deep water field. Each scenario is optimized considering pipeline length, equipment cost and flow assurance. The software QUE$TOR is then applied to estimate the cost of each optimized scenario. Two of them are selected for further studies, FPSO connected to six slots subsea manifolds, and subsea separator connected to eight slots cluster manifolds with tie-back to an existing platform. The latter representing a hybrid solution based on the subsea-to-shore concept. Cost and technical feasibility are considered in order to evaluate the two scenarios.
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Yang, Baimei. "Optimal policy for a production-inventory system with price shift and setup cost." In 2012 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsess.2012.6269539.
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Privalova, Kira, and Ruslan Karimov. "ECONOMIC SUBSTANTIATION OF PRODUCTION OF PASTE FODDER AT THE FOURTEEN YEARS OF USE OF CEREAL HERBS." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-22-70-21-25.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on the new methodological approaches, an economic assessment of feed production using promising pasture grass stands with the participation of domestic varieties such as Karat ryegrass and VIK 90 festulolium was made. The feed production using long-term pasture grass stands amounted to 6.1 thousand feeds. units/ha at a cost of 4.8 rubles. per feed unit, which is 2.3 times lower than the price of feed oats.
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Kumar, Vijay, P. K. Kapur, A. K. Shrivastava, and Ruchi Sharma. "Optimal strategies for price-warranty decision model of software product with dynamic production cost." In 2014 3rd International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (ICRITO) (Trends and Future Directions). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icrito.2014.7014671.
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Eze, Joy, Oluwarotimi Onakomaiya, Ademola Ogunrinde, Olusegun Adegboyega, James Wopara, Fred Timibitei, and Matthew Ideh. "Cost Reduction Strategies in Workover operations in the Face of Low Oil Price: The Agbada Workover Project." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2582661-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT The current low oil price has resulted in several continuous improvement drives particularly focused on capital efficiency. With over 60 producing oil fields and approximately 700 producing wells, some of which date back to the 60s, work over operations in Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) is imperative. Having completed over twenty (20) Work Over operations in the last six years in SPDC, the importance of Work Over operations as a means to sustain production especially for relatively old, dysfunctional or non-compliant wells and keep the production funnel full at a relatively lower cost compared to new drills is more evident. Work over operations, defined as the repair and/or stimulation of existing wells in order to improve production performance presents the opportunity to maximize short term gains from already existing facilities. The objective of the workover operations on Agbada ABC and XYZ was to restore well integrity with the installation of sub surface safety valves and gas lift mandrels instead of insert orifice while assuring the development of oil and associated gas. The insert orifice had been installed on both wells to enable gas lift operations from the Agbada Associated Gas Gathering (AGG) plant since they were unable to sustain natural flow. However, due to epileptic AGG, both wells quit frequently requiring nitrogen lift with an average Non-Productive Times (NPT) of 6 months per year while Agbada XYZ was put on cyclic production and had been a pressure build-up well with at least two weeks down time per month. The workover operation was therefore proposed to replace the existing (punched) tubing, install proper gas lift mandrels for optimum performance, reduce well operating cost arising from AGG outage and/or compressor failure and restore production in the reservoir. This paper aims to discuss the cost reduction strategies such as collaboration, re-use, program optimization and operational efficiency applied in driving down Non-Productive Times (NPT) in the efficient delivery of these workover operations which resulted in <6% NPT, >30% time savings, ca. 40% cost savings and early return of wells to production.
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Zhai, Yuxin, Haiyan Wang, Fu Zhao, and John W. Sutherland. "Dynamic Manufacturing Scheduling Under Real-Time Electricity Pricing Based on MILP and ARIMA." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2930.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The scheduling of manufacturing equipment is critical in production facilities. Research on production scheduling has traditionally focused on component throughput and cycle time. However, the increase of electricity price in the United States following the market deregulation in 1990s has led to efforts to reduce energy cost via manufacturing scheduling. This paper explores the possibility of reducing electricity cost of a manufacturing facility subject to real time electricity pricing by dynamically changing operation schedules, while maintaining a pre-determined production throughput. A time series model is developed to forecast the hourly electricity price and time-indexed integer programming is used to determine the manufacturing schedule. The electricity price forecast is updated every hour based on the price history, and manufacturing schedule is updated according to the updated price forecast. A hypothetical flow line with 3 processes operating 16 hours per day is used as a case study. The line has a limited public buffer between processes and all machines in the shop have three operational states. With a throughput of 60 parts per day, the results suggest that it is possible to reduce the cost by 3.6% using an hourly forecast compared with a schedule based on a day-ahead price forecast.
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Twomey, Kelly M., and Michael E. Webber. "Evaluating the Cost of Food in a Carbon Constrained Economy." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90185.
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Although consensus has not been reached regarding the most efficient mechanism to curb anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, rising concern over the consequences of global climate change and consequent shifts in public and political sentiment suggest that carbon legislation will be instituted in the US in the near future. The recent climate change bill passed in the House of Representatives titled The American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (HR 2454) includes provisions for a cap-and-trade system intended to reduce the nation’s greenhouse gas emissions 83% by 2050. Consequently, it is likely that some means of carbon pricing will take effect that will make it more expensive to emit greenhouse gases. In a carbon constrained economy, it will become increasingly important to consider every stage of food production and consumption in order to evaluate the potential opportunities for emission reductions. This analysis uses Life-Cycle Assessment to estimate the social cost of food production by quantifying the associated negative externalities under a range of potential carbon prices, using meat and grain as examples. It concludes that 0.42 and 16.0 kg of lifecycle CO2e are embedded in 1 kg of grain and beef production, respectively. Consequently, the marginal cost associated with the emissions caused by grain production under a carbon price range of $10 and $85 per t CO2e is estimated to be between $.004 and $0.036 per kg of grain. By comparison, the estimated marginal cost associated with beef production over the same range of carbon pricing is $0.16 and $1.36 per kg of beef. Considering that the US produces 12 billion kg of beef per year, this range indicates that the carbon cost of beef production alone might fall anywhere between $1.9 and $16.3 billion per year, depending on whether and how a carbon price is applied. This uncertainty and potential carbon price could significantly impact the cost of carbon-intensive foods.
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Ogolo, Oghenerume, Petrus Nzerem, Ikechukwu Okafor, Raji Abubakar, Mohamed Mahmoud, and George Kalu. "A Hybrid Petroleum Fiscal System for Investment in the Exploration and Production E&P of Hydrocarbon." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206349-ms.
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Abstract Globally, there are two types of petroleum fiscal system; the concessionary and the contractual petroleum fiscal system. The main differences between the two types of petroleum fiscal system is the ownership of the resources and some distinct fiscal terms. The contractual petroleum fiscal system specifies a cost recovery option and profit oil split unlike the concessionary petroleum fiscal system that allows the contractor to recoup his capital before payment of tax. This tends to increase the risk associated with the host government revenue as investment in the production of hydrocarbon is filled with uncertainties. There is a need to redesign the concessionary petroleum fiscal to enable it reduce the risk associated with the host government revenue by making the host government to earn revenue early from petroleum investment. This research therefore evaluated a hybrid petroleum fiscal system for investment in the exploration and production of hydrocarbon. The concessionary petroleum fiscal system was adjusted to include a cost recovery option. Petroleum economic model for investment in a typical onshore oil field was built using spreadsheet modelling technique with the fiscal terms in the hybrid petroleum fiscal system embedded in it. The cost recovery option and oil price in the model were varied between 0-100% and $20-$100 per barrel. The NCF, IRR and payout period of the investment were determined. It was observed that the lower the cost recovery option, the higher the host government revenue. From the profitability analysis of the investment in the hybrid petroleum fiscal system, it was observed that when the price of oil was $100/bbl, the NCF of the host government was $9146 and $8426.3 for 0% and 80% cost recovery option. The lower the cost recovery option, the higher the payout period and the lower the internal rate of return. Though lower cost recovery increased the host government revenue more but it may make the hybrid petroleum fiscal system unattractive for investment in periods of low oil price. Hence a higher cost recovery option was recommended for the use of this type of petroleum fiscal system.
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Elisa, Marieska Lupikawaty, Yusleli Herawati, and Purwati. "Evaluation of Sales Price Within Calculation Cost of Good Production SMEs Pempek Ilir Barat I and Bukit Kecil District, Palembang." In 3rd Forum in Research, Science, and Technology (FIRST 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200407.036.
Повний текст джерелаЗвіти організацій з теми "Production cost-price"
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Koven, William, Gordon Grau, Benny Ron, and Tetsuya Hirano. Improving fry quality, survival and growth in commercially farmed fish by dietary stimulation of thyroid hormone production in premetamorphosing larvae. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695856.bard.
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There is a direct correlation between successful metamorphosis from larvae to post-larvae and the quality of the resultant juveniles or fry. Juvenile quality, in turn, is a major factor influencing fish production level and market price. However, following the profound morphological and physiological changes occurring during metamorphosis, the emerging juveniles in some species characteristically demonstrate heterotrophic growth, poor pigmentation, cannibalism and generally poor survival. The white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus) in Israel and the Pacific threadfin (Polydactylussexfilis) in Hawaii are two promising candidates for mariculture that have high market value but a natural fishery that has sharply declined in recent years. Unfortunately, their potential for culture is severely hampered by variable metamorphic success limiting their production. The main objective was to compare the efficacy and economic viability of dietary or environmental iodine on metamorphic success and juvenile quality in the white grouper and the pink snapper which would lead to improved commercial rearing protocols and increased production of these species both in Israel and the US. The Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology encountered problems with the availability of pink snapper brood stock and larvae and changed to Pacific threadfin or moi which is rapidly becoming a premier aquaculture species in Hawaii and throughout the Indo-Pacific. The white grouper brood stock at the National Center for Mariculture was lost as a result of a viral outbreak following the sudden breakdown of the ozone purification system. In addition, the NCM suffered a devastating fire in the fall of 2007 that completely destroyed the hatchery and laboratory facilities although the BARD project samples were saved. Nevertheless, by studying alternate species a number of valuable findings and conclusions that can contribute to improved metamorphosis in commercially valuable marine species resulted from this collaborative effort. The Israeli group found that exposing white grouper larvae to external TH levels synchronized and increased the rate of metamorphosis. This suggested that sub-optimal synthesis of TH may be a major factor causing size heterogeneity in the larval population and high mortality through cannibalism by their larger more metamorphosed cohorts. Two protocols were developed to enrich the larvae with higher levels of the TH precursor, iodine; feeding iodine enriched Artemia or increasing the level of seawater iodine the larvae are exposed to. Results of accumulated iodine in gilthead seabream larvae indicated that the absorption of iodine from the water is markedly more efficient than feeding iodine enriched Artemia nauplii. Samples for TH, which will be analyzed shortly, will be able to determine if another dietary factor is lacking to effectively utilize surplus tissue iodine for TH synthesis. Moreover, these samples will also clarify which approach to enriching larvae with iodine, through the live food or exposure to iodine enriched seawater is the most efficient and cost effective. The American group found that moi larvae reared in ocean water, which possessed substantially higher iodine levels than those found in seawater well water, grew significantly larger, and showed increased survival compared with well water reared larvae. Larvae reared in ocean water also progressed more rapidly through developmental stages than those in low-iodine well seawater. In collaboration with Israeli counterparts, a highly specific and precise radioimmunoassay procedure for thyroid hormones and cortisol was developed. Taken altogether, the combined Hawaiian and Israeli collaborative research suggests that for teleost species of commercial value, adequate levels of environmental iodine are more determinate in metamorphosis than iodine levels in the live zooplankton food provided to the larvae. Insuring sufficiently high enough iodine in the ambient seawater offers a much more economical solution to improved metamorphosis than enriching the live food with costly liposomes incorporating iodine rich oils.
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Monetary Policy Report - July de 2021. Banco de la República, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr3-2021.
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Macroeconomic summary The Colombian economy sustained numerous shocks in the second quarter, pri¬marily related to costs and supply. The majority of these shocks were unantic¬ipated or proved more persistent than expected, interrupting the recovery in economic activity observed at the beginning of the year and pushing overall inflation above the target. Core inflation (excluding food and regulated items) increased but remained low, in line with the technical staff’s expectations. A third wave of the pandemic, which became more severe and prolonged than the previous outbreak, began in early April. This had both a high cost in terms of human life and a negative impact on Colombia's economic recovery. Between May and mid-June roadblocks and other disruptions to public order had a sig¬nificant negative effect on economic activity and inflation. The combination and magnitude of these two shocks likely led to a decline in gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the first quarter. Roadblocks also led to a significant in¬crease in food prices. The accumulated effects of global disruptions to certain value chains and increased international freight transportation prices, which since the end of 2020 have restricted supply and increased costs, also affected Colombia’s economy. The factors described above, which primarily affected the consumer price index (CPI) for goods and foods, explain to a significant degree the technical staff’s forecast errors and the increase in overall inflation above the 3% target. By contrast, increases in core inflation and in prices for regulated items were in line with the technical staff’s expectations, and can be explained largely by the elimination of various price relief measures put in place last year. An increase in perceived sovereign risk and the upward pressures that this im¬plies on international financing costs and the exchange rate were further con¬siderations. Despite significant negative shocks, economic growth in the first half of the year (9.1%) is now expected to be significantly higher than projected in the April re¬port (7.1%), a sign of a more dynamic economy that could recover more quickly than previously forecast. Diverse economic activity figures have indicated high¬er-than-expected growth since the end of 2020. This suggests that the negative effects on output from recurring waves of COVID-19 have grown weaker and less long-lasting with subsequent outbreaks. Nevertheless, the third wave of the coro¬navirus, and to an even greater degree the previously mentioned roadblocks and disruptions to public order, likely led to a decline in GDP in the second quar¬ter compared to the first. Despite this, data from the monthly economic tracking indicator (ISE) for April and May surpassed expectations, and new sector-level measures of economic activity suggest that the negative impact of the pandemic on output continues to moderate, amid reduced restrictions on mobility and im¬provements in the pace of vaccination programs. Freight transportation registers (June) and unregulated energy demand (July), among other indicators, suggest a significant recovery following the roadblocks in May. Given the above, annual GDP growth in the second quarter is expected to have been around 17.3% (previously 15.8%), explained in large part by a low basis of comparison. The technical staff revised its growth projection for 2021 upward from 6% to 7.5%. This forecast, which comes with an unusually high degree of uncertain¬ty, assumes no additional disruptions to public order and that any new waves of COVID-19 will not have significant additional negative effects on economic activity. Recovery in international demand, price levels for some of Colombia’s export com¬modities, and remittances from workers abroad have all performed better than projected in the previous report. This dynamic is expected to continue to drive recovery in the national income over the rest of the year. Continued ample international liquidity, an acceleration in vacci¬nation programs, and low interest rates can also be ex¬pected to favor economic activity. Improved performance in the second quarter, which led to an upward growth revision for all components of spending, is expected to continue, with the economy returning to 2019 production levels at the end of 2021, earlier than estimated in the April report. This forecast continues to account for the short-term effects on aggregate demand of a tax reform package along the lines of what is currently being pro-posed by the national government. Given the above, the central forecast scenario in this report projects growth in 2021 of 7.5% and in 2022 of 3.1% (Graph 1.1). In this scenar¬io, economic activity would nonetheless remain below potential. The noted improvement in these projections comes with a high degree of uncertainty. Annual inflation increased more than expected in June (3.63%) as a result of changes in food prices, while growth in core inflation (1.87%) was similar to projections.