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1
Ene, Seval, and Nursel Öztürk. "Managing return flow of end-of-life products for product recovery operations." Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 7, no. 1 (April 12, 2017): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v7i1.1393.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Increased consciousness on environment and sustainability, leads companies to apply environmentally friendly strategies such as product recovery and product return management. These strategies are generally applied in reverse logistics concept. Implementing reverse logistics successfully becomes complicated for companies due to uncertain parameters of the system like quantity, quality and timing of returns. A forecasting methodology is required to overcome these uncertainties and manage product returns. Accurate forecasting of product return flows provides insights to managers of reverse logistics. This paper proposes a forecasting model based on grey modelling for managing end-of-life products’ return flow. Grey models are capable for handling data sets characterized by uncertainty and small sized. The proposed model is applied to data set of a specific end-of-life product. Attained results show that the proposed forecasting model can be successfully used as a forecasting tool for product returns and a supportive guidance can be provided for future planning. Keywords: End-of-life products, grey modelling, product return flow, product recovery;
2
Gustafsson, Emmelie, Patrik Jonsson, and Jan Holmström. "Reducing retail supply chain costs of product returns using digital product fitting." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 51, no. 8 (July 13, 2021): 877–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpdlm-10-2020-0334.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeThis paper investigate how fit uncertainty impacts product return costs in online retailing and how digital product fitting, a pre-sales fitting practice, can reduce fit uncertainty.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyzes the current performance of a retailer's e-commerce and return operations by estimating costs generated by product returns, including product handling costs, tied-up capital, inventory holding costs, transportation costs, and order-picking costs. The estimated costs were built on 2,229 return transactions from a Scandinavian fashion footwear retailer. A digital product fitting technology was tested with the retailer’s products and resulted in estimations on how such technology could affect product returns.FindingsThe cost of a return is approximately 17% of the prime cost. The major cost elements are product handling costs and transportation costs, which together amount to 72% of the total costs. If well calibrated, the fitting technology can cut fit-related return costs by up to 80%. The findings show how customers reacted to the fitting technology: it was unable to verify fit every time, but it serves as a useful and effective support tool for customers when placing orders.Research limitations/implicationsVirtual fit verification using digital product fitting is key to retailers to reduce fit-related returns. Digital product fitting using three-dimensional scanning is more appropriate for some products, but it is unsuitable for products that are difficult to measure and scan.Originality/valueThe paper contributes an empirical estimate of retail supply chain costs associated with fit uncertainty, as well as theoretical understanding of the role of pre-sales fit verification in avoiding product returns.
3
Yang, Guang Yong. "Excavating Value of Life Cycle Based Product Returns." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2681.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ecologic environment is increasingly polluted, amount of green consumers are expanding, and more countries and governments have enacted and implemented environmental protection regulations to curb firms environmental negative impact. Based on product life cycle return perspective, we divide returns into three types: beginning of life return, end of use return and end of life return. Then, we analyze return value evaluation through law of conservation and conversion of energy. Our conclusions show for between beginning of life and end of use product return, educating consumers environmental conscious and responsive collection and resell returned products measures are the core ingredients. For after end of life product return, the best strategy is that firm collects and disposes in cost efficient measures replacing consumers direct disposal.
4
Lin, Danping, Carman Ka Man Lee, M. K. Siu, Henry Lau, and King Lun Choy. "Analysis of customers' return behaviour after online shopping in China using SEM." Industrial Management & Data Systems 120, no. 5 (March 17, 2020): 883–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-05-2019-0296.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the potential impacts of various variables on product return activities after online shopping. Previous studies on customer behaviour have been predominantly concerned with return on used products and other product-quality-related constructs in the model. This study aims to specially examine the logistics service-related and customer intention–related variables for general products under the e-commerce circumstance.Design/methodology/approachStructured questionnaire data for this study were collected in the two southeast cities of China (162 useable responses). Structural equation modelling was used to examine the latent variables.FindingsThe results confirmed that product return intention has the greatest impact on online shopping returns with a direct effect of 0.63, followed by the flexibility in return (logistics service) with a direct effect of 0.49.Originality/valueSuch a model not only enriches the theoretical understanding of customer behaviour studies but also offers online shopping stores and platforms a quantitative benchmark and new perspective on the design of online shopping supply chains by considering product returns so as to improve the customer satisfaction.
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Shehu, Edlira, Dominik Papies, and Scott A. Neslin. "Free Shipping Promotions and Product Returns." Journal of Marketing Research 57, no. 4 (May 8, 2020): 640–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022243720921812.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Free shipping promotions have become popular among online retailers. However, little is known about their influence on consumers’ purchases, return behavior, and, ultimately, firm profit. The authors propose that free shipping promotions encourage customers to make riskier purchases, leading to more product returns. They estimate the impact of these promotions on purchase incidence, high-risk and low-risk spend, and return share. The results show that free shipping promotions increase expenditure for high-risk products, expanding their share of the consumer’s market basket and thus increasing the overall return rate. This is validated in a field experiment. A field test and an online lab experiment analyze the mechanism linking free shipping and returns. The results suggest that the free shipping effect occurs through consumers’ perceptions that free shipping serves as a risk premium compensating them for potential returns and through positive affect generated by the promotion. A simulation shows that for the focal firm, free shipping promotions increase net sales volume, but higher product returns and lost shipping revenue render these promotions unprofitable.
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Maulida Boru Butar Butar and Stephanus Liwun. "PENGUKURAN KINERJA RANTAI PASOK BALIK: STUDI KASUS PERUSAHAAN DAUR ULANG ALAT KOMUNIKASI X." Jurnal Teknik dan Science 1, no. 3 (October 30, 2022): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.56127/jts.v1i3.442.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The supply chain performance, as measured by observing the product return process that occurs at company X, will be presented in this paper. Product return is one of the things that encourages the use of a reverse supply chain in a company. The company must handle returned products from end users so that the returned products received can be profitable. The existing general model is used to examine the possibility of re-manufacturing processes in company X's existing reverse supply chain. The process model of the re-product is investigated and observed. Case studies on small and medium enterprises engaged in recycling electronic products already have a back supply chain process. A general model of the return supply chain at company X will be created, and a mathematical model based on the general model will be proposed to evaluate the performance of the return supply chain. The costs for product returns, when low and high, will be compared as a reference for the company. With the existence of a supply chain model of the processes that return products go through, companies can begin to measure the performance of the supply chain processes and evaluate this process as a way to gain benefits for the company.
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Petersen, J. Andrew, and V. Kumar. "Are Product Returns a Necessary Evil? Antecedents and Consequences." Journal of Marketing 73, no. 3 (May 2009): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.3.035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The firm–customer exchange process consists of three key parts: (1) firm-initiated marketing communications, (2) customer buying behavior, and (3) customer product return behavior. To date, the literature in marketing has largely focused on how marketing communications affect customer buying behavior and, to some extent, how past buying behavior affects a firm's decisions to initiate future marketing communications. However, the literature on product returns is sparse, especially in relation to analyzing individual customer product return behavior. Although the magnitude of the value of product returns is known to be high ($100 billion per year), how it affects customer buying behavior is not known because of a lack of data availability and understanding of the role of product returns in the firm–customer exchange process. Given that product returns are considered a hassle for a firm's supply chain management and a drain on overall profitability, it is important to study product return behavior. Thus, the authors empirically demonstrate the role of product returns in the exchange process by determining the exchange process factors that help explain product return behavior and the consequences of product returns on future customer and firm behavior. In addition, the authors demonstrate that product returns are inevitable but by no means evil.
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Powers, Thomas L., and Eric P. Jack. "Understanding the causes of retail product returns." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 43, no. 12 (December 14, 2015): 1182–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-02-2014-0023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – The distribution literature provides support for examining product returns from a customer-based perspective. Based on this need, the purpose of this paper is to identify the underlying causes of product returns based on a survey of 308 Wal-Mart and Target customers who engaged in product returns. Design/methodology/approach – Structural equation modelling was used to verify and test the relationships examined. Findings – It was found that dissatisfaction with a product results in an emotional dissonance that is positively related to product returns. Two primary reasons for return were examined, the expectation of the customer not being met and the customer finding a better product or price. Both reasons for return were found to influence the frequency of returns. It is also reported that gender, but not store brand moderated these relationships. Males had higher levels of product dissatisfaction and subsequent emotional dissonance than females. Males however did not have higher rates of return than females. Originality/value – The research provides new knowledge in the management of retail returns by identifying their underlying causes as well as specific reasons for returns. This knowledge can assist managers in identifying the behavioural influences on product returns and in developing methods to minimize those returns.
9
Wu, Dan, and Xinxin Lu. "Optimal Return Policy of Competitive Retailers’ Pre-Sale Products Based on Strategic Consumer Behavior." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021341.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Because of incomplete information on pre-sold products, consumers face uncertainty about the value of what they have purchased, which leads to a mismatch between supply and demand and a large number of returns. By developing appropriate return policies and effectively managing and handling consumer returns, retailers can not only reduce waste but also ensure better resource utilization, which is essential for sustainable development. In this paper, we analyze the full-refund and full-and-freight-refund policies of retailers and develop a game model based on binary competition for selecting the optimal return policy for the pre-sold products of two retailers. The study shows that when both retailers have low capacity, there is no pre-sale stage. However, when their combined capacity is high and exceeds the demand of non-strategic consumers, equilibrium depends on their combined capacity and the proportion of strategic consumers who choose to keep the pre-purchased product under both return policies. When the number of strategic consumers who retain pre-order products is low under the full-refund policy and both retailers have moderate capacity, equilibrium is achieved when an asymmetric return policy is followed rather than a symmetric return policy. Specifically, when the percentage of strategic consumers who keep their reserved products under the product return strategy is small and the capacity of the two retailers is moderate, the maximum benefit is achieved if one of the retailers adopts the policy of a full refund and the other adopts the policy of a full-and-freight refund. Otherwise, when one retailer adopts the policy of a full refund or a full-and-freight refund, its competitor should adopt the same strategy to gain maximum revenue. The research on retailers’ pre-sale and return strategies in this paper helps to optimize the operational strategies and operational processes of e-retailers, further improve the management and decision making of their joint pre-sale and return strategies, and help optimize retailers’ profits.
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Tan, Yean Chu, and Chin Chuan Gan. "The Role of Post-Purchase Emotional Dissonance on Product Return Intentions." GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 2, no. 1 (January 14, 2014): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2014.2.1(10).
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective Retailers often impose strict returning policies to control product returns without understanding the consumers' returned intention in the first place. Past research has shown that product return policies have little effect on product returns. As such, the aim of this research is to identify the underlying factors of emotional dissonance, which focus on high product involvement, consumer opportunism and switching barriers, and as well as its effect on product return intentions. Methodology/Technique - A total of 250 respondents who is smartphone users and aged between 17 and 35 were invited to participate in the self-administered online questionnaire with a total of 24 items included to measure the construct. Findings A The finding reveals that high product involvement has no significant effect on emotional dissonance and product return intentions. Whereas, switching barriers has significant effect on emotional dissonance, but no significant effect on product return intentions. Consumer opportunisms havea significant effect on emotional dissonance, thus forming product return intentions. Novelty This study is important in assisting the retailers in managing their customer relationships better, whereby consumers deem the connection with the purchased product as part of the buying experience with the retailers. Type of Paper: Empirical paper Keywords: Customer Opportunism; Emotional Dissonance; Post-Purchase; Product Involvement; Return Intensions; Switching Barriers.
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Dong, Xuebing, and Wenliang Bian. "Research on the decision-making of return freight insurance considering consumer behavior under the omni-channel model." E3S Web of Conferences 257 (2021): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125702018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article considers that consumers choose offline returns under the omni-channel model to bring additional benefits to retailers, and studies the impact of different freight insurance delivery strategies on the pricing and consumer behavior of omni-channel retailers. Establish consumer utility function and corporate profit maximization model. Research has shown that consumers’ satisfaction with the three ways that companies do not provide return freight insurance for consumers’ online return, companies offer return freight insurance for consumers’ online return, and companies do not provide return freight insurance for consumers’ offline return when the price is high, free return shipping insurance can maximize the company’s online benefits, while not providing return shipping insurance services can maximize the company’s offline benefits, reducing commodity prices, and improving offline store service levels to further increase revenue; improve products Packaging quality to increase the net residual value of the product by ensuring the integrity of the product has a positive impact on increasing market share and corporate profits.
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Samorani, Michele, Aydın Alptekinoğlu, and Paul R. Messinger. "Product Return Episodes in Retailing." Service Science 11, no. 4 (December 2019): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/serv.2019.0250.
Повний текст джерела
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Rintamäki, Timo, Mark T. Spence, Hannu Saarijärvi, Johanna Joensuu, and Mika Yrjölä. "Customers' perceptions of returning items purchased online: planned versus unplanned product returners." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 51, no. 4 (April 29, 2021): 403–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpdlm-10-2019-0302.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to address two issues relevant to those managing product returns: (1) how customers perceive the returning process and assessing the extent that these perceptions have on satisfaction with the organization, loyalty and word-of-mouth (WOM) and (2) are these outcomes moderated by whether customer returns were planned or unplanned?Design/methodology/approachThe data consisted of 21 semi-structured interviews (pilot study) and a quantitative survey (n = 384; main study) targeted at consumers who had bought fashion items online.FindingsQualitative insights revealed that perceptions of the returning experience are driven by monetary costs, convenience, stress and guilt. Quantitative findings showed that the returning experience explains return satisfaction for both planned and unplanned returners, and returning satisfaction explains overall satisfaction and WOM. The noteworthy difference concerns loyalty: although customers that planned to return items are more loyal to the organization, it is the unplanned returners whose loyalty can be significantly increased by better managing the returning process.Practical implicationsReturning products online is increasingly common and thus forms an important part of the customer's overall experience with an organization. Returns management can therefore drive key customer outcomes. Understanding the dynamics between the product return experience, return satisfaction and customer outcomes will help practitioners design and implement more informed returns management strategies. Measures are also presented that assess the cognitive and emotional aspects associated with returning products.Social implicationsReturning products is an increasingly important challenge for online retailers. Understanding what kinds of returning behaviors occur allows companies to design and execute better informed decisions to manage this phenomenon, not only for the sake of firm performance but also for societal and environmental benefits – the triple bottom line.Originality/valueWhile scholars have investigated the relationship between return policies (e.g. free vs fee) and profitability, no prior literature has examined the returning experience: how consumers perceive the returning process; motivations for their returns (whether returns were planned or not) and subsequent customer outcomes.
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Huang, Xin, and Shujun Guo. "Pricing and Assortment Decision of Competitive Omnichannel Selling Strategy: Considering Online Return Cost." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (October 19, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9145983.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the age of new retailing, consumers are discovering brands in new ways and seeking new conveniences to guide their purchasing decisions. Increasingly, retailers are offering consumers a cohesive and comprehensive experience across digital and physical touchpoints by integrating online and offline channels. This study considers a competitive market structure with two retailers selling four products via both online and offline channels. The retailers act as the decision maker of both the product assortment strategy and pricing strategy. Consumers are heterogenous in their horizontal fitness regarding each product, while they are common in the return probability when facing a deceptive product. Consumers’ purchase decision of whether to purchase through physical stores or online stores and making a purchase from which retailers depend on not only the product assortment strategies across competitive retailers but also the return cost that the consumers are faced with if product return happens. Results show that the online product return cost plays an important role in the retailers’ optimal pricing strategy design and product assortment strategy design. To be specific, the optimal prices of products that are sold through the online channel first increase in the return cost of the online product and then decrease it; while the optimal prices of products sold offline are always increasing in the online product return cost. Moreover, no matter what placement strategy sellers will choose, the optimal profit of both sellers is first decreasing the return cost of the online product and then increasing it. Our analyses also depict a two-dimensional market structure by considering sellers’ return costs and consumers’ misfit costs to investigate the optimal selling strategies under the cross-channel shopping platform.
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Nageswaran, Leela, Soo-Haeng Cho, and Alan Scheller-Wolf. "Consumer Return Policies in Omnichannel Operations." Management Science 66, no. 12 (December 2020): 5558–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3492.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We study the pricing and return policy decisions of an omnichannel retailer serving customers who differ in how they realize their uncertain valuation for a product—by inspecting in store before purchase or by purchasing online and possibly returning misfit products. Customers may return misfit products either to stores for a full refund or online as per the firm’s return policy. We model prices to be identical across channels, allow crosschannel returns, and endogenize customers’ purchase and return decisions, capturing typical features of an omnichannel setting. Our analysis helps explain why some omnichannel firms choose full refunds, whereas others charge a fee for online returns. We find that omnichannel firms with good salvage partners for online returns (e.g., Nordstrom) as well as those with more store-based customers (e.g., Macy’s) should offer full refunds. Similarly, firms are incentivized to offer full refunds for products that customers are more likely to inspect in store (e.g., Express for footwear). In contrast, firms with a significant store network and better in-store salvage opportunities (e.g., J.C. Penney) might be better off charging a fee for online returns in order to nudge customers to return in store. Finally, an omnichannel firm should be cautious both in making the return process more convenient and in improving accessibility to its stores, because these seemingly beneficial policies, if combined with a partial-refund policy, could undermine the firm’s overall profit. This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.
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Kettunen, Janne, and Miguel A. Lejeune. "Technical Note—Waterfall and Agile Product Development Approaches: Disjunctive Stochastic Programming Formulations." Operations Research 68, no. 5 (September 2020): 1356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.2019.1977.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When engaging in the development of new products, the primary objective of start-up companies is to generate a specified return level quickly and with high confidence. Achieving this goal is complicated because of uncertainties in projects’ returns and durations. In the study titled, “Waterfall and Agile Product Development Approaches: Disjunctive Stochastic Programming Formulations,” Kettunen and Lejeune develop new disjunctive chance-constrained programming models that capture this goal. The first static model reflects the traditional waterfall product development process, whereas the second one is dynamic and depicts the agile product development process. Kettunen and Lejeune design a novel reformulation method and a decomposition algorithm and use them on a new product development problem encountered by a U.S.-based software start-up company. The results reveal that high confidence in reaching a certain return can be achieved by investing in projects with a longer development time and higher risk. Additionally, overlooking the capability to make dynamic decisions, as allowed by the agile approach, leads to overestimating the time needed to obtain the targeted return.
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Shi, Song, Guilin Liu, and Ping Shi. "Choice and Influence of Return Policy and Remanufacture in a Dual-Channel Supply Chain." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2022 (September 27, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6859282.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To investigate the choice of return strategy and its impact on a dual-channel supply chain, a game model is constructed to analyze the equilibrium outcomes of five scenarios: no returns allowed, refunds without returns, returns allowed but no return shipping insurance, returns allowed and return shipping insurance purchased by the manufacturer, and returns allowed and return shipping insurance purchased by the consumer. The study found that manufacturers offering refund policies generate more sales in the direct online channel, while retailers choose to reduce the retail price of their products. It is important to note that price reductions by retailers have a very limited effect and do not lead to an increase in sales in the retail channel. Manufacturers offering refund policies will inevitably infringe on retailers’ profits, and the variability of manufacturers’ profits depends on the residual value of returned products. Manufacturers should decide whether to offer a refund policy in online direct sales channels based on the residual value of the returned product; otherwise, the action would be detrimental to themselves. The price of direct online sales is the same whether the manufacturer buys the return shipping insurance or the consumer buys the return shipping insurance, but when the return shipping insurance is bought by the consumer, sales are higher in the direct online channel and lower in the retail channel. When the return shipping cost reimbursement received after purchasing return shipping insurance is low, it should be purchased by the manufacturer, and when the return shipping cost reimbursement received after purchasing return shipping insurance is high, it will be better for the consumer to purchase return shipping insurance.
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Shu, Xinggang, and Zhenhua Hu. "Pricing and Return Strategy Selection of Online Retailers Considering Consumer Purchasing Behavior." Processes 10, no. 12 (November 23, 2022): 2490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122490.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article mainly considers the coexistence of physical sales channels and online sales channels. Online retailers with online sales channels consider whether to provide return policies and whether to provide consumers with return insurance. The research established four return strategy models that: do not provide returns; provide returns but do not provide return insurance; provide return insurance, but the cost is borne by online retailers; and provide return insurance, but the cost is borne by consumers. The authors then studied the online retailers’ optimal return and shipping insurance selection strategies. The results show that when the proportion of residual return value after the value reduction of unit returned products was large, online retailers set higher sales prices and provided return policies, while offline retailers needed to reduce sales prices in order to attract more consumers. When the consumer unit product return compensation was relatively large, online retailers chose to provide consumers with free return insurance; otherwise, it was more beneficial for online retailers not to provide return insurance. Further research found that although the cost of online retailers increased when freight insurance was taken, it could better attract consumers, which was more beneficial to online retailers.
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Chen, Junlong, Zihan Wei, Jiali Liu, and Xiaosong Zheng. "Technology Sharing and Competitiveness in a Stackelberg Model." Journal of Competitiveness 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7441/joc.2021.03.01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The existing literature has made great achievements in technology sharing (licensing patents) contracts, which has defects in the selection of oligopoly models, the setting of innovation subjects, the consideration of product heterogeneity, and production costs. This paper aims to reveal the competitiveness strategies of leaders and followers for innovation, technology sharing, and sharing fees in a Stackelberg market. The three-stage sequential game method is used to achieve the objective. The results are as follows. First, whether an enterprise uses innovation or shares technology is related to the fixed cost of innovation, the return on innovation, and product differentiation. It will hinder innovation activities if the fixed cost of innovation is too high, the return on innovation is too low, or the products are too homogeneous. A relatively low return on innovation makes it possible for the two enterprises to engage in sharing. However, with a relatively high return on innovation, only a high level of product differentiation can ensure technology sharing. Second, the optimal sharing fee is dynamic, showing an upward and then downward trend as the return on innovation grows. Product differentiation has an uncertain impact on the cost. Third, either the leader or the follower is likely to be the optimal bearer of social responsibility depending on the returns on innovation and product differentiation. This study has theoretical significance for optimizing technology-sharing decisions, improving competitiveness for enterprises, and formulating effective industrial policy for the government. And it provides some practical guidance for competition and cooperation between enterprises with technological innovation behavior.
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Espinosa, Jennifer A., James Stock, David J. Ortinau, and Lisa Monahan. "Exploring an adaptability approach: how creative return processors impact firm performance." International Journal of Logistics Management 32, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 790–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-10-2019-0293.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeThe authors explore complex adaptive systems (CAS) theory as an updated theoretical perspective for managing product returns that better matches the chaotic nature of recent consumer behaviors. CAS theory highlights the importance of agents who create and self-organize to help systems adapt in unpredictable environments.Design/methodology/approachThis research utilizes data collected from return managers in an online survey and applies regression analyses to estimate the influence of the focal variables.FindingsEmpirical evidence of the firm flexibility–firm adaptability link is established, and return processor creativity positively relates to this link. The firm flexibility–firm adaptability link fully mediates the relationship between return processor creativity and returns management performance and partially mediates the relationship between return processor creativity and relationship quality. Nonmediated effects were observed for turnover and revenue size.Practical implicationsManagers of returns who embrace an adaptability approach become facilitators of returns by supporting processor creativity. Enhancing the autonomy of processors in their day-to-day work increases the knowledge-creation capabilities of the firm, which helps the firm move forward and adapt in an uncertain environment.Originality/valueThis research presents empirical evidence of the underlying mechanisms of CAS theory in the product returns context by studying processor agents and argues that CAS theory better fits the current dynamics of the product returns environment. Further, this paper extends work by Espinosa et al. (2019) and Nilsson (2019) by studying how a specific human characteristic – creativity – impacts product returns management.
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Lin, Chi Chung, and Chwen Tzeng Su. "Inventory Model for the Batch Processing of Defective Products in Manufacturing and Remanufacturing." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 4604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.4604.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study focuses on simple stationary demand satisfied by the remanufacturing of products and the manufacture of new products. Further, we presented how to use batch processing to reduce defective products in the remanufacturing and the manufacturing inventory. In this paper, we obtain the economic order quantity of new products and the optimal inventory level of products that have been remanufactured as well as the appropriate return rate for the economic order quantity and the economic remanufacturing quantity. We analyze an inventory system with unit product returns and demands wherein manufacturing is the cheaper alternative to remanufacturing. However, because demand exceeds the rate of return of defective products, remanufacturing of products is also required.
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Silitonga, Roland Y. H., Hanafi Kartawirawan, and Siham Bouguern. "Economic Order Quantity Inventory Considering Perishable Factor in Product, Delay in Payment, All-Unit Discount, and Product Return." Engineering Science Letter 1, no. 02 (October 12, 2022): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56741/esl.v1i02.121.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The inventory existence of the company is a waste but still needed to maintain service level. For drug industry companies, especially pharmaceutical installations, the expiration factor is a factor that needs to be considered because drugs have an expiration date. Previous research has an inventory model that considers product expiration factors, permissible payment delays, and price discounts. The developed study provides a solution to the loss of expiry costs by adding a return factor. This research aims to create an inventory model that considers expiration factors, permissible payment delays, discounts, and product returns. The result of the developed model can minimize the total cost of inventory by 3.37% with the predefined parameters compared to the previous model, which has not considered the return factor.
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Rasmussen, Stephanie J. "Revenue Recognition, Earnings Management, and Earnings Informativeness in the Semiconductor Industry." Accounting Horizons 27, no. 1 (September 1, 2012): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch-50291.
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SYNOPSIS Manufacturers that sell products to distributors experience product return and pricing adjustment uncertainties until the products are resold to end-customers. Such manufacturers recognize revenue when products are delivered to distributors (sell-in), when distributors resell products (sell-through), or under some combination of these methods (sell-in for some distributor sales and sell-through for others). This study examines the implications of these revenue recognition methods for a sample of semiconductor firms during 2001–2008. Semiconductor firms face rapid product obsolescence, declining prices over product life cycles, and unexpected industry downturns, which naturally lead to product return and pricing adjustment uncertainties. I find that sell-through and combination firms are less likely to manage earnings compared to sell-in firms. I also find that earnings are more informative for sell-through firms compared to both sell-in and combination firms. These findings suggest that manufacturers that sell products through the distribution channel should defer revenue recognition until product return and pricing adjustment uncertainties are resolved. JEL Classifications: M41 Data Availability: Data are available from the sources identified in the text.
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Lin, Jung-Chu. "Contemporaneous and asymmetric volume-return relationship: cross-product evidence from an emerging market." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, no. 1 (March 4, 2016): 92–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(1).2016.09.
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This paper demonstrates that both Taiwan’s exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and equities exhibit an asymmetric volume-return relationship in which the ETF display a mixed, negative or positive, asymmetry and the equity exhibits primarily a positive asymmetry. The positive asymmetry in equities and its decline with the progressive elimination of the short-sale restriction on equities support the costly short-sale hypothesis, which considers a costly short-sale restriction or asymmetric transaction costs on long and short trading to be the source of the asymmetry. The part of a less positive asymmetry in ETFs also consists with what the costly short-sale hypothesis predicts. The later information models that consider asymmetrically-informed traders or the heterogeneity of traders to be the source of the asymmetry explain the negative asymmetry in ETFs and the upward trend in the magnitude of volume-return correlation with the grow of volume quintiles. An important conclusion is that not a single hypothesis can be a universal explanation for the asymmetric volume-return relationship. Which hypothesis may explain the volume-return asymmetry depends largely on whether the short-sale restriction is present
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Graf, Stefan, Lena Haertel, Alexander Kling, and Jochen Ruß. "THE IMPACT OF INFLATION RISK ON FINANCIAL PLANNING AND RISK-RETURN PROFILES." ASTIN Bulletin 44, no. 2 (February 4, 2014): 335–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2014.1.
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AbstractThe importance of funded private or occupational old-age provision is expected to increase due to demographic changes and the resulting problems for government-run pay-as-you-go systems. Clients and advisors therefore need reliable methodologies to match offered products with clients' needs and risk appetite. In Graf et al. (2012), the authors have introduced a methodology based on stochastic modeling to properly assess the risk-return profiles — i.e. the probability distribution of future benefits — of various old-age provision products. In this paper, we additionally consider the impact of inflation on the risk-return profile of old-age provision products. In a model with stochastic interest rates, stochastic inflation and equity returns including stochastic equity volatility, we derive risk-return-profiles for various types of existing unit-linked products with and without embedded guarantees and especially focus on the difference between nominal and real returns. We find that typical “rule of thumb” approximations for considering inflation risk are inappropriate and further show that products that are considered particularly safe by practitioners because of nominal guarantees may bear significant inflation risk. Finally, we propose product designs suitable to reduce inflation risk and investigate their risk-return profile in real terms.
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Shirzadeh Chaleshtaria, Ali, and Ehsan Elahib. "An Investigation of the Benefit of Optimal Refund over the Full Refund Strategy in Retail Market: A Numerical Study." Cyrus Global Business Perspectives 6, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52212/cgbp2021-v6i1m2.
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Many retailers offer full refunds in the matter of product returns, which further intensifies pervasive, increasing application of this option. While the return option stimulates the market demand via rectifying customers’ uncertainty regarding the value of products, it endures intense expenses to the retailer. Therefore, comparison of the full refund with the optimal refund strategy helps the retailers wisely decide whether to follow the commonly adhered strategy of full refund, or switch to the optimal refund strategy to alleviate the harms of the returns. To this end, we develop an analytical framework in this paper which can capture the impact of all major factors affecting the purchase and return behavior of customers. These factors, in addition to other commonly studied factors in the literature, include return leniency, and customers’ heterogeneity. Using this framework, we characterize the probability of a customer purchasing the product and the probabilities of keeping and returning it. These probabilities in turn characterize the retailer’s demand and return volume, which we use to address the optimal refund strategies of the retailers in various circumstances and specify the monetary outcomes of these strategies along with the outcomes of full refund. These results enable us the comparison between the two policies and decision making. Our analyses show under what circumstances the optimal return strategy has considerable benefit over the full refund policy. Plus, the analyses reveal the impact of various parameters on the benefit of refund strategy optimization.
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Cook, Sasikarn Chatvijit, and Jennifer Yurchisin. "Fast fashion environments: consumer’s heaven or retailer’s nightmare?" International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 45, no. 2 (February 13, 2017): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-03-2016-0027.
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Purpose The current research explored both pre-purchase and post-purchase factors of consumer behaviour. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships that may exist among consumers’ perceptions of perishability, scarcity, low price, attitudes, impulse buying, post-purchase emotions, and product returns within the context of the fast fashion environments. Design/methodology/approach A total of 246 usable questionnaires completed by female undergraduate students, who made purchases and product returns at fast fashion retailers, were analysed in SPSS and AMOS 23.0. Structural equation modelling was employed to test the hypotheses. Findings Consumers who are attracted to scarcity due to limited supply and scarcity due to time, referred to as perceived perishability, have a positive attitude towards the fast fashion retailers in which products are presented in scarce environments. Likewise, consumers have a positive attitude towards fast fashion retailers due to low priced merchandises they offer. Consequently, consumers who have a positive attitude towards the fast fashion retailers are likely to purchase products from them impulsively. Moreover, impulse buying behaviour positively influenced some negative post-purchase emotional responses, which in turn positively influenced product returns in the fast fashion environments. Research limitations/implications The results of the current study contribute to a greater understanding of apparel-related consumer behaviour in general. A theory formation of fast fashion consumer behaviour from acquisition to disposal can be drawn from the results of this study. Because some fast fashion retailers do sell clothing for both men and women, researchers could compare the responses of males and females to examine differences in consumer behaviour related to demographic characteristics. In the future, an examination of actual emotional responses and return behaviour would be beneficial for a more complete understanding of post-purchase consumer behaviour. Practical implications Fast fashion retailers could use this information to carefully design shopping environments that induce impulse buying behaviour because it may result in product returns. Fast fashion retailers need to understand the causes of the return behaviour, whether consumer related or product related, to better meet the needs of their target market. Return policies must be considered. Originality/value This research is the first to examine the impact of negative emotions following consumers’ impulse buying on product returns in the fast fashion retail environments.
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Zhang, Rong, Jiatong Li, Zongsheng Huang, and Bin Liu. "Return Strategies and Online Product Customization in a Dual-Channel Supply Chain." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 25, 2019): 3482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123482.
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This paper investigates in a dual-channel supply chain which return strategy is better for the manufacturer that considers the consumers’ utility. We find that a manufacturer prefers offering a Money-Back Guarantee (MBG) as long as the net salvage value of the returned product is positive in a channel. However, the return strategy of the retailer is more affected by the return policy of another channel than the net salvage value. In order to reduce online returns, we propose the online product customization channel, and then, we examine the choice of return policy and the manufacturer’s channel selection. We show that the demand and profit of the manufacturer will increase to a certain extent when opening an online customization channel. However, compared to the case where both channels provide an MBG, the implementation of online customization may hurt the manufacturer’s profits with the increase in consumer satisfaction in indirect channels.
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Mukhopadhyay, Samar K., and Robert Setaputra. "Return policy in product reuse under uncertainty." International Journal of Production Research 49, no. 17 (September 2011): 5317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2010.523723.
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Cardozo, Richard N., and Jerry Wind. "Risk return approach to product portfolio strategy." Long Range Planning 18, no. 2 (April 1985): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(85)90025-1.
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Besanko, David, and Shabtai Donnenfeld. "Rate of return regulation and product variety." Journal of Public Economics 36, no. 3 (August 1988): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(88)90012-6.
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Asdecker, Björn, and Alexander Weigel. "Opportunistische Retouren." Der Betriebswirt 54, no. 4 (November 30, 2013): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/dbw.54.4.20.
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Seit geraumer Zeit berichten Fachmedien, dass nach Großereignissen wie dem Super Bowl oder dem Oktoberfest die Retourenquoten für Fernseher bzw. Trachtenmode ansteigen. Offensichtlich bestellen manche Verbraucher Waren für konkrete Anlässe, nutzen diese vollumfänglich und machen anschließend von ihrem Widerrufsrecht Gebrauch. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Problematik opportunistischer bzw. unethischer Rücksendungen erstmalig für den deutschen Versandhandel. Dabei werden sowohl Händler- als auch Verbraucherperspektive berücksichtigt und Handlungsempfehlungen aufgezeigt. There have been numerous reports that product return rates for TVs or traditional Bavarian dresses increase considerably after Super Bowl Sunday and the Octoberfest, respectively. It is obvious that some consumers order products for specific occasions, use these at no cost and then exercise their right to return the product. This paperisthe first to examine the problem of unethical/opportunistic product returns in the German mail order industry. Both, merchant and consumer perspectives are considered. Finally, managerial implications are discussed. Keywords: widerrufsrecht, verbrauchersicht, verbraucherbefragung, rücksendung, händlersicht
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Beysenbaev, R. M. "SHORT-TERM CALCULATION OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF RETAIL REVERSE LOGISTICS SYSTEMS." Vestnik of Samara State University of Economics 4, no. 198 (April 2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/1993-0453-2021-4-198-24-31.
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The current market environment of retail trade enterprises indicates the need for accounting and management of reverse logistics, regardless of the size of the retailer. In 2020, only in the United States, retailers' losses from product returns amounted to about 400 billion dollars. More liberal return policies and a growing online sales market lead to more returned products and an increase in the volume of losses from returns, and it seems possible to believe that these trends will continue in the coming years, which indicates the need for retailers to have a way to assess the economical effectiveness of their systematic interaction with return flows in order to make management decisions on an objective and reliable information basis.
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Wang, Chen Shu. "Hybrid Intelligence Agents Architecture Design for Product Return Administration." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 3339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.3339.
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Return is a critical but controversial issue. To deal with such a vague return problem, business must improve information transparency about end users’ return activities. This research proposed an agent-based architecture for return administration. The intelligent return administration expert system (iRAES) architecture consists of two KDD mechanisms and two intelligent agents that can predict the possibility of the end user will return the product (via return diagnosis agent, RDA) and provide return centre staff with recommendations for return administration (via return recommender agent, RRA). iRAES is implemented successfully and adopts hybrid artificial intelligent algorithms, including the following: data mining is employed to implement the RDA agent, and case-based reasoning is adopted to design the RRA agent. A demonstrated 3C-iShop scenario is presented to illustrate the feasibility and efficiency of iRAES architecture. As the experiment results show, iRAES can decrease the 70% effort for return administration evaluation and improve performance with return administration suggestions by 37%. Therefore, return administration and the knowledge management about product return can be accelerated via iRAES.
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Parvini, Mahsa, Ali Atashi, S. Mohammad Moattar Husseini, and Akbar Esfahanipour. "A two-echelon inventory model with product returns considering demands dependent return rates." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 72, no. 1-4 (February 8, 2014): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-5645-6.
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Brand, Benedikt M., and Cristopher Siegfried Kopplin. "Effective Return Prevention Measures in the Post-purchase Stage: A Best-Worst Scaling Approach." Marketing ZFP 45, no. 1 (2023): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0344-1369-2023-1-30.
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Within the rather nascent literature stream examining product returns, the authors identify that the vast majority of studies enlightens return avoidance measures (before ordering), whereas return averting measures (after purchasing) showed to increase customer satisfaction the most. Moreover, extant literature is characterized by methodological paucity, which prevents a more diverse view on the problem of product returns. As a result, the authors enrich the literature by conducting a Best-Worst Scaling (BWS) experiment dealing with various product averting measures (including different types of measures with different levels of immediacy). Focusing on the most frequent online shopping segment (Generation Y) and the second most frequently occurring reason for product returns (i.e., consumers did not like the product), the authors exploratively evince that monetary/utilitarian measures are preferred most and are effective, as well as funding of social and sustainability projects. However, substantial differences were detected based on consumers’ green consumption values. Apart from that, the study contributes to the BWS literature by outlining the necessity to include anchor scaling and quality assessment criteria.
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Jamil, Muhammad. "PRODUCT MARKET COMPETITION PROFITABILITY AND STOCK RETURN: EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 04 (December 31, 2021): 713–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i4.422.
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This study explores the issue of competition in Pakistan economy through industry concentration and examining the link between concentration and stock return both at firm and industry level. For this purpose, it uses all non-financial sectors listed on PSX from 1999 to 2020. The results show that concentrated industries (least competitive), on average, are more profitable and results are robust not only to different empirical strategies but also to different proxies of concentration. A positive relation between concentration and stock returns using Fama-MacBeth regressions is observed both at firm and industry level even after controlling for other determinants of returns like: size, B/M, past returns and leverage. Time-series tests of concentration premium on various risk factors: market, SMB, and HML support the positive relation. However, these results diminish in significance when portfolios are value weighted both at firm and industry level. The study has implications for industrial policy as well as for portfolio manager. Keywords: Industry Concentration, Fama-MacBeth regression, Size, B/M, Past returns, Leverage, SMB, HML.
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Benítez, Rocío Ruiz, and Jesús Cambra Fierro. "REVERSE LOGISTICS PRACTICES IN THE SPANISH SMEs CONTEXT." Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management 4, no. 1 (June 26, 2011): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/joscmv4n1p84-93.
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Consumers and retailers return product to manufacturers due to a variety of reasons: the product does not meet customer expectation, the product is defective or there is excess inventory, among others. Therefore manufacturers need to handle the returned product in an effective way to improve customer's relationship and decrease its associated costs.This paper describes the return processes of two Spanish companies, pertaining to the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) group, focusing on the forward and reverse flows in the supply chain and highlighting the relevance of managing reverse supply chain issues efficiently. The methods used are interviews with the main managers at both companies. We have found that the main motivation of these companies to accept returns is to create a good company's image. Additionally, the same design of return processes and logistics networks has been identified in both companies, independently of the company's industry sector and the management qualification.
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Li, Xiaofei, Baolong Ma, and Hongrui Chu. "The impact of online reviews on product returns." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 33, no. 8 (January 22, 2021): 1814–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-02-2020-0074.
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PurposeThe value of online reviews has been well documented by academics and practitioners. However, to maximise the benefits of consumer reviews, online sellers must avoid the negative consequences associated with customer feedback, such as reputation loss, or product returns after purchase. In developing a better understanding of the relationships between online reviews and their potential for negative impacts, this research aims to explore product returns. Through a quantitative model, this research demonstrates why online reviews can result in product return behaviours.Design/methodology/approachThe hypotheses were tested via two studies. In Study 1, the authors examine the direct effects of review valence and review volume on product returns by analysing secondary data on 4,995 stores on China's Taobao.com. Study 2 further extends and validates the findings of Study 1 with a survey sample of 795 participants across several online shopping platforms. This analysis examines the mechanics and conditions that influence the relationships between online reviews and product returns through partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM).FindingsThe results show that both review valence (i.e. average star ratings) and the number of reviews can increase the probability of product returns due to the high expectations that result from positive online reviews. Further, the effect of review valence on product returns is stronger for first-time purchasers at a store. In terms of mitigation, the analysis shows that bilateral communications between sellers and buyers can temper the unrealistic expectations set by positive reviews, leading to fewer product returns.Originality/valueThis research adds to the literature on online reviews by exploring the negative consequences of online reviews and the role they play in online purchasing decisions. The findings also provide direct evidence as to why online reviews can result in more product returns, adding clarity to extant research which contains conflicting conclusions as to how online reviews affect product return behaviours.
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Wiles, Michael A., and Anna Danielova. "The Worth of Product Placement in Successful Films: An Event Study Analysis." Journal of Marketing 73, no. 4 (July 2009): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.4.044.
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As a result of the diminishing effectiveness of broadcast advertising, firms are increasingly turning to product placements in films and television to promote their products. A growing stream of product placement research has conducted surveys of consumer and practitioner views on the practice and experiments to gauge product placement's impact on brand awareness, attitudes, and purchase intent. However, there is no evidence of whether firms’ investments in film product placements are worthwhile. The event study of 126 product placements in successful films during 2002 reveals a mean cumulative abnormal return of .89% during the film's opening, indicating that product placement in a successful film is associated with positive movements in firm stock prices. Cross-sectional analysis of the returns offers new insight into how product, film, and execution factors influence the placement's worth. The authors find that placement abnormal returns are enhanced by tie-in advertising and brand equity but are inhibited by audience absorption, critical acclaim, and violent film content. Placement modality, character associations, and blatancy also significantly affect the placement's value.
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Kim, Chong-Sup, and Hyun-Jung Je. "The effect of export portfolio on export earnings and risks." Journal of Korea Trade 20, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-04-2016-0006.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess a country’s export returns and return volatility and to demonstrate that such an approach is a relevant method to predict a country’s export earnings and risks. Also to suggest important policy implications for Korea’s trade in terms of diversifying its export structure of products and destinations. Design/methodology/approach – The modern portfolio theory by Markowitz (1959) is applied to predict a country’s export earnings and risks. The import amount of a product, which includes aspects of both price and volume, is used as a measure of returns and return volatility and, as a result, the correlation matrix between 19 product groups covering almost all the export goods is calculated. The empirical analysis to show a strong causal relationship between expected returns and the return volatility of a country’s export portfolio and its real export earnings and risks is also made. Findings – This study demonstrates that the portfolio approach can be a useful method to predict export returns. Also suggests that Korea needs to change its portfolio of both export products and destinations in order to maintain more stable growth of its trade and reduce its vulnerability to an external shock. Research limitations/implications – The empirical tests have many limitations because they are based on simple cross-sectional models. Practical implications – The study shows that the modern portfolio approach to export by using prices and volume as a measure of variation in returns can predict how vulnerable a country’s export earnings is to economic shocks, and thus, provide a useful policy implication in the design of export structure and resource allocation. Originality/value – This study provides a new idea to predict a country’s export earnings and risks by applying the export portfolio.
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Sun, Xiaochen, Mengmeng Wu, and Fei Hu. "Two-Period Inventory Control with Manufacturing and Remanufacturing under Return Compensation Policy." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/871286.
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As an effective way of decreasing production cost, remanufacturing has attracted more and more attention from firms. However, it also brings many difficulties to firms, especial when firms remanufacture products which they produce. A primary problem for the case is how to acquire the used product sold by the firm itself. In this paper, we consider a return compensation policy for acquiring used product from customers. Under this policy, the return quantity of used product is a proportion of demand. We study an inventory replenishment and production planning problem for a two-period inventory system with dependent return and demand. We formulate the problem into a three-stage stochastic programming problem, where the firm needs to make decisions on the replenishment quantity of new raw material inventory in each period and the production quantities of manufacturing and remanufacturing ways. We give the optimal production policy of manufacturing and remanufacturing ways for the realized demand and prove the objective function for each stage to be concave in the inventory replenishment quantity. Moreover, we prove that the basic inventory policy is still optimal for each period and give the analytical conditions of the optimal inventory levels which are unrelated to acquisition price. Finally, we investigate numerical studies to analyze managerial insights.
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Tangtipongkul, Kaewkwan. "Rates of Return to Schooling in Thailand." Asian Development Review 32, no. 2 (September 2015): 38–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00051.
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Using 2007–2010 data from Thailand's National Labor Force Survey, this paper examines the rates of return to schooling. The Mincer-type rate of return to investment in schooling was estimated. The rates of return to schooling for work experience are significantly positive, but at a decreasing rate. Region of residence and variation in gross provincial product per capita are significant factors in determining the private rate of return. The rates of return to schooling by type of industry reveal higher earnings in mining, utilities, construction, manufacturing, and services than in agriculture. The private and social returns on vocational secondary education attainment are greater than on general secondary education. Finally, the private returns on university attainment for women exceed men by about 1.5 percentage points.
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Hadaś-Dyduch, Monika. "The structure and rate of return on portfolios investment." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 61, no. 4 (April 28, 2016): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0973.
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The aim of the article is to assess the effectiveness of investment portfolios. Portfolios are established under the proprietary algorithm that is described in detail in the article. The proposed method of construction of investment portfolios and their evaluation, requires the determination of the volatility and average return included in the portfolio of structured products, as well as determine the risk for each product. These parameters are calculated from the number of data obtained by applying a ”backward the window”, consisting in the fact that each structured product included in the study was run in theory for one year every week.
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Huh, Woonghee Tim, and Hongmin Li. "Technical Note—Optimal Pricing Under Multiple-Discrete Customer Choices and Diminishing Return of Consumption." Operations Research 70, no. 2 (March 2022): 905–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.2021.2146.
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Customers make purchase decisions based on the attributes of the products offered and their prices. While the customer selects only one unit of a product in some settings, she purchases multiple products and even possibly multiple units of each product in other settings. Although several studies in the literature have addressed the former case, little attention has been paid to the latter case, this paper’s subject. In this paper, the authors consider the customer's problem and show that the set of products she purchases is one of the ordered sets based on the product attribute and prices. This paper shows that the firm's optimal pricing problem can be solved efficiently based on another ordering among the products.
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Sun, Yanhong, Tana Siqin, and Lifeng Mu. "Advance Selling with Part Prepayment and Consumer Returns." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (September 9, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2934698.
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Part prepayment scheme can induce more consumers to purchase the product in advance but may also lead to the increase in consumer returns. This study develops a two-period theoretical model to examine the interaction between the part prepayment scheme and the return policy and its effect on the retailer’s profit. Our analysis yields the following insights. First, part prepayment scheme can help the retailer to increase the demand without sacrificing the advance selling price. Second, the prepayment proportion and the consumers’ hassle cost of return have a negative cross effect on the retailer’s profit, which indicates that when the consumers are allowed to preorder the product with a relatively low proportion of prepayment, the retailer should impose more restrictions to increase the consumers’ hassle cost of return. Third, the prepayment proportion and the ex-ante product information perceived by consumers also have a negative cross effect on the retailer’s profit, which indicates that the retailer should consider the degree of product information disclosure when adopting the part prepayment scheme. We also extend the model to incorporate the retailer’s handling cost of consumer returns and find that it is beneficial for the retailer to require a full prepayment when the handling cost is relatively high.
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Zhu, Chenbo, Juntian Yue, and Jing Chen. "Green Product Development and Order Strategies for Retailers." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 3, 2022): 9556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159556.
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In this study, we consider a green supply chain to encompass two competing retailers, whose market demands include a stochastic component and a deterministic component, and we assume that consumer returns exist. We use game theory to determine the optimal decisions that retailers could make regarding greenness level and purchase quantity in either competitive environments or monopoly environments, and we perform sensitivity analysis. We show that the optimal greenness level and the purchase quantity for the stochastic demand are both higher in a competitive environment than those in a monopoly environment when the consumer return rate is low; therefore, competition is more beneficial to the increasing of the greenness level of products and the market supply than monopoly environments. We also show that, in a competitive environment, the optimal greenness level, the purchase quantity for the stochastic demand, and the revenue of retailers increase as the retail price increases, or as the wholesale price, the greenness R&D investment cost coefficient, and the consumer return rate decrease, and that this finding remains true in a monopoly environment, except that the optimal greenness level is found to increase as the return rate increases in the case of a monopoly environment. Finally, we suggest that the government should break monopolies, encourage positive competition, support small- and medium-sized companies, and subsidize the green industry to increase the greenness level of products and market supplies.
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Shaharudin, Mohd Rizaimy, Kannan Govindan, Suhaiza Zailani, Keah Choon Tan, and Mohammad Iranmanesh. "Product return management: Linking product returns, closed-loop supply chain activities and the effectiveness of the reverse supply chains." Journal of Cleaner Production 149 (April 2017): 1144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.133.
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Van Gobel, Rolly Harris, and M. L. Denny Tewu. "Analisis risiko service level, register outlet, register outlet dan retur terhadap selling out produk Heavenly Blush Yoguroto." Fair Value: Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi dan Keuangan 5, no. 3 (October 25, 2022): 1690–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32670/fairvalue.v5i3.2467.
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Every company certainly wants profits, especially when these profits are obtained from increased product sales volume. An increase in sales volume or selling out will have an impact on a company's income. Unfortunately, this increase in sales volume cannot be done alone but also requires a relationship between components such as service levels, outlet registers, and product returns. The purpose of this study is to obtain information regarding the risks of service level, register outlets, and returns on selling out of Heavenly Blush Yogurt products. The research method used is descriptive and quantitative, with data collection techniques through documentation sourced from PT Heavenly Nutrition Indonesia's internal data in the form of sales data for Yogurtland products from 2018 to 2020. The results showed that service level, register outlets, and effective outlets had a significant positive influence on the selling out of Heavenly Blush Yogurt products, while the return of goods did not have a significant effect, even though it was positive because the Sig value was > 0.05. The value of the influence provided by these various factors on product sales is 97.8%.
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Dewi, Martina Carissa, and Luh Gede Sri Artini. "PENGARUH KURS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT DAN SOLVABILITAS TERHADAP RETURN SAHAM INVESTOR PADA PERUSAHAAN PERTAMBANGAN." E-Jurnal Manajemen Universitas Udayana 8, no. 10 (October 3, 2019): 6262. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejmunud.2019.v08.i10.p20.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The level of return obtained by investors is influenced by microeconomic and macroeconomic factors. This study aims to obtain empirical evidence regarding the effect of exchange rates, Gross Domestic Product and solvency on stock returns. This research was conducted at the mining company in the coal sub-sector on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. All the coal mining sub-sector companies listed on the Stock Exchange for the period 2014-2017 used as the population. The method of determining the sample used is using a saturated sampling technique. Multiple linear regression test used as the data analysis on this research. Based on the results of the analysis of this study it was found that the exchange rate and GDP had a negative and significant effect on stock returns. The solvency proxied by DER has a positive and significant effect on stock returns.
Keywords: Exchange Rate, Gross Domestic Product, Solvability and Return.