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Moazzem, Shadia, Enda Crossin, Fugen Daver, and Lijing Wang. "Life Cycle Assessment of Apparel Consumption in Australia." Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 71–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This study presents the environmental impact of apparel consumption in Australia using life cycle assessment methodology according to ISO14040/14044:2006. Available published references, the Ecoinvent v3 dataset, the Australian life cycle assessment dataset and apparel country-wise import data with the breakdown of apparel type and fibre type were used in this study. The environmental impact assessment results of the functional unit were scaled up to the total apparel consumption. The impact results were also normalized on a per-capita/year basis. The Total Climate Change Potential (CCP) impact from apparel consumption of 2015 was estimated to be 16 607 028 tonnes CO2eq and 698.07 kg CO2eq/per capita-year. This study also assessed the impact of acidification potential (AP), water depletion (WD), abiotic resource depletion potential (ADP) - fossil fuel and agricultural land occupation (ALO) using the same methodology. The market volume of cotton apparel in Australia is 53.97 %, which accounts for 45 %, 96 %, 40 %, 46 % and 79 % of total CCP, WD, ADP, AP and ALO impact, respectively. Apparel broad categories of cotton shirt, cotton trouser, polyester shirt and polyester trouser have a high volume in the apparel market as well as a high environmental impact contribution. These high-volume apparel products can be included in the prioritization list to reduce environmental impact throughout the apparel supply chain. It was estimated that from 2010 to 2018 the per capita apparel consumption and corresponding impact increased by 24 %.
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Mohammadi, James, and Warren South. "Life cycle assessment (LCA) of benchmark concrete products in Australia." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 22, no. 10 (January 27, 2017): 1588–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-017-1266-2.
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Holmes, Scott, Gary Kelly, and Ross Cunningham. "The Small Firm Information Cycle: A Reappraisal." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 9, no. 2 (January 1991): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026624269100900203.
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DR. SCOTT HOLMES IS PROFESSOR OF Accounting at the University of Arizona, Tucson, United States, and was previously at the University of Queensland, Australia. Cary Kelly is a lecturer in the department adn Ross Cunningham a senior lecturer in the Departmet of Statistic at the Australian National University. Prior research has identified various stages in the lfie of a small enterprise. These states are commonly combined to produce a business life cycle. This paper proposed that small enterprise consists of a serios f interrelated cycles and as such, the presentation of an overall life cycle provides and over-simplified view of the firm. the concept of the information sub-cycle is introduced, which in itself can take many forms. Logistics regression modelling techniques incorporating those variables which appera to be significant in infulecing the level of accounting information prepared or acquired are applied to the development of an information cycle. The result obtained indicate that the acquistion and /or preparation of a relatively detailed level of accounting information is dependent on firm age, size, industry membership and level of owner-manger education. the pattern which emerges from these results supports the revision of traditional life cycle concepts. in particular, the need to segment the firm into severl sun-cycle is recommended.
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Sehlin MacNeil, Kristina, Sheelagh Daniels-Mayes, Skye Akbar, Jillian Marsh, Jenny Wik-Karlsson, and Åsa Össbo. "Social Life Cycle Assessment Used in Indigenous Contexts: A Critical Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): 5158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095158.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper evaluates the method Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) from the perspectives of Indigenous methodologies and Indigenous standpoint, in order to identify some strengths and limitations of using S-LCA in Indigenous contexts. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used to measure environmental impacts connected with all stages of the life cycle of a commercial product, process, or service. S-LCA is a methodology designed to include the social aspects of sustainability in the LCA methodology. S-LCA emphasizes stakeholder involvement and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) S-LCA guidelines (2020) lists Indigenous communities as possible stakeholders. With a focus on Indigenous communities in the Arctic region we also include comparative aspects from Australia to generate new conceptualizations and understandings. The paper concludes that S-LCA has the potential to facilitate opposing worldviews and with some further developments can be a valuable methodology for Indigenous contexts.
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Rasmussen, Freja Nygaard, Camilla Ernst Andersen, Alexandra Wittchen, Rasmus Nøddegaard Hansen, and Harpa Birgisdóttir. "Environmental Product Declarations of Structural Wood: A Review of Impacts and Potential Pitfalls for Practice." Buildings 11, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080362.
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The use of wood and timber products in the construction of buildings is repeatedly pointed towards as a mean for lowering the environmental footprint. With several countries preparing regulation for life cycle assessment of buildings, practitioners from industry will presumably look to the pool of data on wood products found in environmental product declarations (EPDs). However, the EPDs may vary broadly in terms of reporting and results. This study provides a comprehensive review of 81 third-party verified EN 15804 EPDs of cross laminated timber (CLT), glulam, laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and timber. The 81 EPDs represent 86 different products and 152 different product scenarios. The EPDs mainly represent European production, but also North America and Australia/New Zealand productions are represented. Reported global warming potential (GWP) from the EPDs vary within each of the investigated product categories, due to density of the products and the end-of-life scenarios applied. Median results per kg of product, excluding the biogenic CO2, are found at 0.26, 0.24, and 0.17 kg CO2e for CLT, glulam, and timber, respectively. Results further showed that the correlation between GWP and other impact categories is limited. Analysis of the inherent data uncertainty showed to add up to ±41% to reported impacts when assessed with an uncertainty method from the literature. However, in some of the average EPDs, even larger uncertainties of up to 90% for GWP are reported. Life cycle assessment practitioners can use the median values from this study as generic data in their assessments of buildings. To make the EPDs easier to use for practitioners, a more detailed coordination between EPD programs and their product category rules is recommended, as well as digitalization of EPD data.
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Cribb, TH. "Life-Cycle and Biology of Prototransversotrema-Steeri Angel, 1969 (Digenea, Transversotrematidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 36, no. 2 (1988): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9880111.
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A population of Prototransversotrema steeri Angel, 1969 is recorded from the introduced fish Gambusia affinis and the native species Pseudomugil signifer and Mugil cephalus in fresh water in Queensland, Australia. Adults of P. steeri are considerably smaller than adults previously described from marine fish. This appears to be a host-related phenomenon, possibly reflecting the size of the subscale niche offered by the host. The intermediate host is Posticobia brazieri, a hydrobiid snail. It is suggested that different hydrobiid snails may act as intermediate hosts in other parts of Australia. The miracidium develops into a mother sporocyst which produces a single mother redia. Mother rediae produce daughter rediae which may produce further daughter rediae or cercariae. Cercariae emerge from the redia while still embryonic and develop independently in the tissues of the snail. Upon emergence the cercariae attach directly to the definitive host and commence egg-production within 6 days. Gambusia affinis, Xiphophorus rnaculatus, X. helleri, Craterocephalus marjoriae and Mugil cephalus were all infected experimentally. I discuss various theories concerning the phylogenetic position of the Transverso- trematidae within the Digenea and conclude that the family occupies an isolated position not closely allied with any other group.
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Rouwette, Rob. "Life-cycle assessment: use and application in the Australian energy context." APPEA Journal 52, no. 2 (2012): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11075.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Australia is experiencing a time of major change in its energy sector. First, there is record investment in developing new fossil fuel resources—such as coal, LNG and coal seam methane gas—for export. Second, there is an ever-increasing attention to renewable energy generation for the domestic market. The looming introduction of a price on carbon (greenhouse gas emissions) in 2012 has fuelled the debate about how clean various energy sources are, and how any/all emissions associated with their development and the generation of energy should be treated. As a market reponse, a significant increase in using life-cycle assessment (LCA) results to communicate environmental performance, particularly about greenhouse gas emissions, have been witnessed. When undertaken appropriately, a full life-cycle approach is the only acceptable methodology to compare disparate technologies or products; however, given the often technical nature of LCA studies, the results are not always conveyed accurately in the non-technical mainstream media. This extended abstract discusses case studies related to the energy sector using LCA results—their benefits and shortcomings—in Australian media; suggestions for better communication and decision making in the coming period are also discussed.
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Hoque, Zahirul, and Wendy James. "Linking Balanced Scorecard Measures to Size and Market Factors: Impact on Organizational Performance." Journal of Management Accounting Research 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2000.12.1.1.
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This paper examines the relationship between organization size, product life-cycle stage, market position, balanced scorecard (BSC) usage and organizational performance. Using financial and nonfinancial measures, the BSC appraises four dimensions of performance: customers, financial (or shareholders), learning and growth, and internal aspects. Based on a survey of 66 Australian manufacturing companies, the paper suggests that larger firms make more use of a BSC. In addition, firms that have a higher proportion of new products have a greater tendency to make use of measures related to new products. A firm's market position has not been found to be associated significantly with greater BSC usage. The paper also suggests that greater BSC usage is associated with improved performance, but this relationship does not depend significantly on organization size, product life cycle, or market position.
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Higham, Rebecca K., and John J. Todd. "Life-cycle assessment and its relevance to Australian forestry and wood product industries." Australian Forestry 61, no. 2 (January 1998): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1998.10674721.
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Bunn, SE. "Life histories of some Benthic invetebrates form streams of the Northern Jarrah Forest, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 39, no. 6 (1988): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9880785.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Life history patterns of thirteen species of invertebrates from streams of the northern jarrah forest were examined over a 1-year period. Five species had univoltine cycles with a single cohort and demonstrated a high degree of synchrony of larval development and a restricted period of adult emergence. Two species of Leptophlebiidae also had univoltine cycles but showed the more typical pattern of Australian mayflies, with extended recruitment, multiple overlapping cohorts and a long period of adult emergence. Uroctena sp., a small gammarid, had a generation time of 1 year but showed considerable spatial variation in the degree of synchrony of development. This appeared to be a result of differences in the constancy of stream discharge and was not attributable to differences in the temperature regime of the streams. At least three species demonstrated cohort splitting which resulted in an apparently bivoltine cycle. A life-history pattern of alternating long and short development times is described which, on average, would produce two generations every 3 years. This is considered to be a highly adaptive strategy for Australian stream insects with slow life cycles and can explain the extended periods of recruitment and adult emergence so often observed. Streams of the northern jarrah forest are depauperate compared with other Australian streams, despite predictable temperature and discharge regimes. The insular nature of the south-west Bassian region and its long period of isolation may be the principle cause of this reduced diversity. The invertebrate community of these streams is simple in structure and has a high degree of seasonality that is atypical of the temperate streams of Australia and New Zealand.
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Bengtsson, Jonas, and Julia Seddon. "Cradle to retailer or quick service restaurant gate life cycle assessment of chicken products in Australia." Journal of Cleaner Production 41 (February 2013): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.09.034.
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Cowie, Annette, Richard Eckard, and Sandra Eady. "Greenhouse gas accounting for inventory, emissions trading and life cycle assessment in the land-based sector: a review." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 3 (2012): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp11188.
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Governments, organisations and individuals have recognised the need to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To identify where savings can be made, and to monitor progress in reducing emissions, we need methodologies to quantify GHG emissions and sequestration. Through the Australian Government’s Carbon Farming Initiative (CFI) landholders may generate credits for reducing emissions and/or sequestering carbon (C). National GHG inventories for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and accounting under the Kyoto Protocol use a sectoral approach. For example, fuel use in agriculture is reported in the transport component of the energy sector; energy use in producing herbicide and fertiliser is included in the manufacturing section of the energy sector; sequestration in farm forestry is reported in the land use, land-use change and forestry sector, while emissions reported in the agriculture sector include methane (CH4) from ruminant livestock, nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils, and non-carbon dioxide (CO2) GHG from stubble and savannah burning. In contrast, project-level accounting for CFI includes land-use change, forestry and agricultural sector emissions, and significant direct inputs such as diesel and electricity. A C footprint calculation uses a life cycle approach, including all the emissions associated with an organisation, activity or product. The C footprint of a food product includes the upstream emissions from manufacturing fertiliser and other inputs, fuel use in farming operations, transport, processing and packaging, distribution to consumers, electricity use in refrigeration and food preparation, and waste disposal. Methods used to estimate emissions range from simple empirical emissions factors, to complex process-based models. Methods developed for inventory and emissions trading must balance the need for sufficient accuracy to give confidence to the market, with practical aspects such as ease and expense of data collection. Requirements for frequent on-ground monitoring and third party verification of soil C or livestock CH4 estimates, for example, may incur costs that would negate the financial benefit of credits earned, and could also generate additional GHG emissions. Research is required to develop practical on-farm measures of CH4 and N2O, and methods to quantify C in environmental plantings, agricultural soils and rangeland ecosystems, to improve models for estimation and prediction of GHG emissions, and enable baseline assessment. There is a need for whole-farm level estimation tools that accommodate regional and management differences in emissions and sequestration to support landholders in managing net emissions from their farming enterprises. These on-farm ‘bottom-up’ accounting tools must align with the ‘top-down’ national account. To facilitate assessment of C footprints for food and fibre products, Australia also needs a comprehensive life cycle inventory database. This paper reviews current methods and approaches used for quantifying GHG emissions for the land-based sectors in the context of emissions reporting, emissions trading and C footprinting, and proposes possible improvements. We emphasise that cost-effective yet credible GHG estimation methods are needed to encourage participation in voluntary offset schemes such as the CFI, and thereby achieve maximum mitigation in the land-based sector.
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Zedan, Sherif, and Wendy Miller. "Using social network analysis to identify stakeholders’ influence on energy efficiency of housing." International Journal of Engineering Business Management 9 (January 1, 2017): 184797901771262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1847979017712629.
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Energy-efficient housing is a product that integrates various stakeholders’ tasks throughout the different stages of its life cycle. The relationships between these stakeholders impact on the degree of knowledge sharing and informed decision-making and can potentially enhance or lower the energy efficiency of the product – the house. This article uses a social network analysis (SNA) approach to visualize the social networks of the stakeholders of a number of owner-occupied housing case studies in Australia. The aim is to analyse, contrast and quantify the degrees of connectivity and centrality of the housing stakeholders to identify which groups have more connectivity in the stakeholders’ network of energy-efficiency housing and consequently more potential to influence the energy efficiency outcomes and which practices are more likely to enhance transparency and information sharing that is essential for producing energy-efficient housing.
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Ridoutt, B. G., P. Juliano, P. Sanguansri, and J. Sellahewa. "Consumptive water use associated with food waste: case study of fresh mango in Australia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 4 (July 23, 2009): 5085–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-5085-2009.
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Abstract. In many parts of the world, freshwater is already a scarce and overexploited natural resource, raising concerns about global food security and damage to freshwater ecosystems. This situation is expected to intensify with the FAO estimating that world food production must double by 2050. Food chains must therefore become much more efficient in terms of consumptive water use. For the small and geographically well-defined Australian mango industry, having an average annual production of 44 692 t of marketable fresh fruit, the average virtual water content (sum of green, blue and gray water) at orchard gate was 2298 l kg−1. However, due to wastage in the distribution and consumption stages of the product life cycle, the average virtual water content of one kg of Australian-grown fresh mango consumed by an Australian household was 5218 l. This latter figure compares to an Australian-equivalent water footprint of 217 l kg−1, which is the volume of direct water use by an Australian household having an equivalent potential to contribute to water scarcity. Nationally, distribution and consumption waste in the food chain of Australian-grown fresh mango to Australian households represented an annual waste of 26.7 Gl of green water and 16.6 Gl of blue water. These findings suggest that interventions to reduce food chain waste will likely have as great or even greater impact on freshwater resource availability as other water use efficiency measures in agriculture and food production.
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Henry, Beverley K., D. Butler, and S. G. Wiedemann. "A life cycle assessment approach to quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from land-use change for beef production in eastern Australia." Rangeland Journal 37, no. 3 (2015): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj14112.
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In life cycle assessment studies, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from direct land-use change have been estimated to make a significant contribution to the global warming potential of agricultural products. However, these estimates have a high uncertainty due to the complexity of data requirements and difficulty in attribution of land-use change. This paper presents estimates of GHG emissions from direct land-use change from native woodland to grazing land for two beef production regions in eastern Australia, which were the subject of a multi-impact life cycle assessment study for premium beef production. Spatially- and temporally consistent datasets were derived for areas of forest cover and biomass carbon stocks using published remotely sensed tree-cover data and regionally applicable allometric equations consistent with Australia’s national GHG inventory report. Standard life cycle assessment methodology was used to estimate GHG emissions and removals from direct land-use change attributed to beef production. For the northern-central New South Wales region of Australia estimates ranged from a net emission of 0.03 t CO2-e ha–1 year–1 to net removal of 0.12 t CO2-e ha–1 year–1 using low and high scenarios, respectively, for sequestration in regrowing forests. For the same period (1990–2010), the study region in southern-central Queensland was estimated to have net emissions from land-use change in the range of 0.45–0.25 t CO2-e ha–1 year–1. The difference between regions reflects continuation of higher rates of deforestation in Queensland until strict regulation in 2006 whereas native vegetation protection laws were introduced earlier in New South Wales. On the basis of liveweight produced at the farm-gate, emissions from direct land-use change for 1990–2010 were comparable in magnitude to those from other on-farm sources, which were dominated by enteric methane. However, calculation of land-use change impacts for the Queensland region for a period starting 2006, gave a range from net emissions of 0.11 t CO2-e ha–1 year–1 to net removals of 0.07 t CO2-e ha–1 year–1. This study demonstrated a method for deriving spatially- and temporally consistent datasets to improve estimates for direct land-use change impacts in life cycle assessment. It identified areas of uncertainty, including rates of sequestration in woody regrowth and impacts of land-use change on soil carbon stocks in grazed woodlands, but also showed the potential for direct land-use change to represent a net sink for GHG.
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Gatfield, Terry. "The International Product Life Cycle Theoretical Framework and Its Application to Marketing Higher Education to International Countries: An Australian/Asian Perspective." Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 9, no. 1 (January 21, 1999): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j050v09n01_01.
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POULIN, R., M. J. STEEPER, and A. A. MILLER. "Non-random patterns of host use by the different parasite species exploiting a cockle population." Parasitology 121, no. 3 (September 2000): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099006289.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Different parasite species sharing the same intermediate host species may have similar or conflicting interests, depending on whether they are at the same stage in their life-cycle or whether they share the same definitive host. In the New Zealand cockle, Austrovenus stutchburyi, metacercariae of the digenean Meiogymnophallus sp. are positively associated with metacercariae of Curtuteria australis. This relationship is found in different cockle samples, and is independent of cockle shell size, which suggests that it is not merely the product of metacercariae accumulation over time. Both digenean species have the same definitive host, oystercatchers. Metacercariae of C. australis manipulate the phenotype of cockles, impairing the cockle's ability to burrow in the sediments. This makes the host more susceptible to oystercatcher predation. Thus Meiogymnophallus sp. can benefit by associating with C. australis and may hitch a ride with the manipulator parasite. This is supported by the finding that cockles impaired by C. australis and lying at the sediment surface harbour greater numbers of Meiogymnophallus than buried cockles. A third digenean species, whose sporocysts are found in cockles and which is not transmitted by predation, occurred only in surface cockles. Finally, a parasitic copepod with a direct life-cycle was found evenly distributed among buried and surface cockles, independently of their metacercarial loads. These results show that different parasite species do not use cockles in a random fashion, and that not all patterns of host use are consistent with shared or conflicting interests among parasites.
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Seo, Seongwon, Selwyn Tucker, and Peter Newton. "Automated Material Selection and Environmental Assessment in the Context of 3D Building Modelling." Journal of Green Building 2, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.2.2.51.
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There is significant scope for increasing the performance of commercial buildings across all dimensions of sustainability. For this to be realised, however, requires the development of more advanced real time assessment systems which provide automated eco-efficiency performance checking direct from 3D CAD as a regular and integral part of the design process rather than in late or post-design where options are more restricted. An integrated approach to directly link choice of materials and their environmental impacts with 3D CAD model object-oriented files containing significant building information, has been developed by the Cooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation as a first step in this process. From 3D CAD objects, the system called LCADesign* automatically obtains the quantities of all building components associated with the selected products, calculates a complete inventory of constituents of building products, and links these to a Life Cycle Inventory database of building materials. The Life Cycle Inventory database includes all resource usage and emissions to the environment from the extraction of raw material resources, through their manufacture, transport, use, recycling, and maintenance. A number of performance assessment indicators can then be used to compare options in the choice of materials or design. An application to a commercial building project in Melbourne, Australia is provided to illustrate the potential of virtual building modelling.
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Groves, Peter J. "Impact of parasites on Australian laying hen welfare." Animal Production Science 61, no. 10 (2021): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19693.
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Cage housing systems separate the hen from her excreta and, thus, break the transmission cycle for most internal parasites. However, production systems where the birds are on litter or have access to the outdoors allow parasite life-cycle completion and, hence, these systems have seen a resurgence of intestinal parasites (worms, coccidia and histomonads). Effective registered anthelminthics are few in Australia and there are no registered products available to treat tapeworms in hens that are laying eggs for human consumption. Hence, internal parasites represent a challenge to the welfare of free-range and cage-free flocks. This is even more problematic in ‘organic’ production systems, as none of the effective treatments can be used. This is a considerable welfare issue for the organic system of production where the only measure available is lengthy range-area resting. External parasites can infest birds in any production system, although these too are regarded as more likely in extensive systems. Parasites are increasing in the layer industry and this is compounded by the parasites’ ability to infest a variety of bird species, making introduction from wild birds a significant source. New antiparasitic treatments that can be used during egg production for human consumption will be required in future.
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Pate, JS, NE Casson, J. Rullo, and J. Kuo. "Biology of Fire Ephemerals of the Sandplains of the Kwongan of South-Western Australia." Functional Plant Biology 12, no. 6 (1985): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9850641.
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The growth, longevity, mineral relationships and reproductive biology of 18 species of fire ephemerals were examined in sclerophyllous shrubland, located mainly within the Jurien : Badgingarra region of the Northern Sandplains of the kwongan of SW. Australia. Ten of the species were monocarpic, completing their life cycle within the 6-8 month winter growing season after a summer or autumn fire. The remaining species were polycarpic, commencing reproduction in their second season and surviving and reproducing for a further two to eight seasons (depending on species). Detailed study was made of growth and dry matter allocation in the dioecious, sexually dimorphic, polycarpic species Tersonia brevipes (Gyrostemonaceae). Monocarpic species tended to produce smaller seeds, and exhibited greater seed output per unit biomass and higher harvest indices for dry matter and minerals than polycarpic species. Certain monocarpic species showed great plasticity in final dry weight, e.g. a 2700-fold difference between largest and smallest individuals in a sample of 250 plants of Stipa elegantissima (Poaceae), and a 180-fold range in a similarly sized sample of Macarthuria apetala (Aizoaceae). The fire ephemerals studied generally exhibited faster seedling growth rates, greater concentrations of P and N (but not of Ca, Mg and K) in seedling dry matter, but usually lesser concentrations of P and N (but not of Ca, Mg and K) in seed dry matter than in cohabiting obligate seeder or sprouter species with potential life spans exceeding 15 years. The above-mentioned features of fire ephemerals are suggested to be of special adaptive significance within the context of exploitation of transiently non-limiting habitat resources immediately following fire.
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Wiedemann, Stephen G., Eugene J. McGahan, and Caoilinn M. Murphy. "Environmental impacts and resource use from Australian pork production determined using life cycle assessment. 2. Energy, water and land occupation." Animal Production Science 58, no. 6 (2018): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16196.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Utilisation of water, energy and land resources is under pressure globally because of increased demand for food, fibre and fuel production. Australian pork production utilises these resources both directly to grow and process pigs, and indirectly via the consumption of feed and other inputs. With increasing demand and higher costs associated with these resources, supply chain efficiency is a growing priority for the industry. This study aimed to quantify fresh water consumption, stress-weighted water use, fossil fuel energy use and land occupation from six case study supply chains and the national herd using a life cycle assessment approach. Two functional units were used: 1 kg of pork liveweight (LW) at the farm-gate, and 1 kg of wholesale pork (chilled, bone-in). At the farm-gate, fresh water consumption from the case study supply chains ranged from 22.2 to 156.7 L/kg LW, with a national average value of 107.5 L/kg LW. Stress-weighted water use ranged from 6.6 to 167.5 L H2O-e /kg LW, with a national average value of 103.2 L H2O-e /kg LW. Fossil fuel energy demand ranged from 12.9 to 17.4 MJ/kg LW, with a national average value of 14.5 MJ/kg LW, and land occupation ranged from 10.9 to 16.1 m2/kg LW, with a national average value of 16.1 m2/kg LW and with arable land representing 97% to 99% of total land occupation. National average impacts associated with production of wholesale pork, including impacts from meat processing, were 184 ± 43 L fresh water consumption, 172 ± 53 L H2O-e stress-weighted water, 27 ± 2.6 MJ fossil fuel energy demand and 25.9 ± 5.5 m2 land/kg wholesale pork. Across all categories through to the wholesale product, resource use was highest from the production of feed inputs, indicating that improving feed conversion ratio is the most important production metric for reducing the resource use. Housing type and energy generation from manure management also influence resource use requirements and may offer improvement opportunities.
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Caradus, John R., and Linda J. Johnson. "Epichloë Fungal Endophytes—From a Biological Curiosity in Wild Grasses to an Essential Component of Resilient High Performing Ryegrass and Fescue Pastures." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040322.
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The relationship between Epichloë endophytes found in a wide range of temperate grasses spans the continuum from antagonistic to mutualistic. The diversity of asexual mutualistic types can be characterised by the types of alkaloids they produce in planta. Some of these are responsible for detrimental health and welfare issues of ruminants when consumed, while others protect the host plant from insect pests and pathogens. In many temperate regions they are an essential component of high producing resilient tall fescue and ryegrass swards. This obligate mutualism between fungus and host is a seed-borne technology that has resulted in several commercial products being used with high uptake rates by end-user farmers, particularly in New Zealand and to a lesser extent Australia and USA. However, this has not happened by chance. It has been reliant on multi-disciplinary research teams undertaking excellent science to understand the taxonomic relationships of these endophytes, their life cycle, symbiosis regulation at both the cellular and molecular level, and the impact of secondary metabolites, including an understanding of their mammalian toxicity and bioactivity against insects and pathogens. Additionally, agronomic trials and seed biology studies of these microbes have all contributed to the delivery of robust and efficacious products. The supply chain from science, through seed companies and retailers to the end-user farmer needs to be well resourced providing convincing information on the efficacy and ensuring effective quality control to result in a strong uptake of these Epichloë endophyte technologies in pastoral agriculture.
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Cottle, D. J., J. V. Nolan, and S. G. Wiedemann. "Ruminant enteric methane mitigation: a review." Animal Production Science 51, no. 6 (2011): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10163.
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In Australia, agriculture is responsible for ~17% of total greenhouse gas emissions with ruminants being the largest single source. However, agriculture is likely to be shielded from the full impact of any future price on carbon. In this review, strategies for reducing ruminant methane output are considered in relation to rumen ecology and biochemistry, animal breeding and management options at an animal, farm, or national level. Nutritional management strategies have the greatest short-term impact. Methanogenic microorganisms remove H2 produced during fermentation of organic matter in the rumen and hind gut. Cost-effective ways to change the microbial ecology to reduce H2 production, to re-partition H2 into products other than methane, or to promote methanotrophic microbes with the ability to oxidise methane still need to be found. Methods of inhibiting methanogens include: use of antibiotics; promoting viruses/bacteriophages; use of feed additives such as fats and oils, or nitrate salts, or dicarboxylic acids; defaunation; and vaccination against methanogens. Methods of enhancing alternative H2 using microbial species include: inoculating with acetogenic species; feeding highly digestible feed components favouring ‘propionate fermentations’; and modifying rumen conditions. Conditions that sustain acetogen populations in kangaroos and termites, for example, are poorly understood but might be extended to ruminants. Mitigation strategies are not in common use in extensive grazing systems but dietary management or use of growth promotants can reduce methane output per unit of product. New, natural compounds that reduce rumen methane output may yet be found. Smaller but more permanent benefits are possible using genetic approaches. The indirect selection criterion, residual feed intake, when measured on ad libitum grain diets, has limited relevance for grazing cattle. There are few published estimates of genetic parameters for feed intake and methane production. Methane-related single nucleotide polymorphisms have yet to be used commercially. As a breeding objective, the use of methane/kg product rather than methane/head is recommended. Indirect selection via feed intake may be more cost-effective than via direct measurement of methane emissions. Life cycle analyses indicate that intensification is likely to reduce total greenhouse gas output but emissions and sequestration from vegetation and soil need to be addressed. Bio-economic modelling suggests most mitigation options are currently not cost-effective.
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Shaw, Paul F. "Decommissioning and remediation challenges for the petroleum industry." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16228.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The life cycle of the petroleum industry in Australia is necessitating decommissioning and remediation of aging onshore and offshore assets. This activity provides significant challenges for operators. Decommissioning and remediation is neither a core capability of operators nor a key driver of value for businesses that derive value from exploration, development and production. There is no revenue stream at the completion of decommissioning and remediation. This exacerbates the need for accurate cost estimates and well-planned projects. International experience has demonstrated that remediation costs have often significantly exceeded provisioning for rehabilitation. These issues are felt even more acutely in a low oil price environment. Finally, some Australian jurisdictions are currently developing policy frameworks and guidelines around the decommissioning and remediation responsibilities. This creates uncertainty for operators in planning and costing decommissioning and remediation work scopes. As well as satisfying legislative and policy requirements of governments, operators need to manage a range of other stakeholders that have interests in the decommissioning methodologies and remediation outcomes. This paper addresses these challenges and proposes that innovative decommissioning and remediation strategies are required to shorten project execution times, reduce costs, maintain high safety standards and produce suitable environmental outcomes. Decommissioning and remediation requirements differ significantly from development requirements; decommissioning project organisational capabilities should be structured to reflect these requirements. Case studies are used to demonstrate that effective waste management strategies are key determinants of success due to high waste disposal costs and the sensitivity of waste handling and disposal for key stakeholders.
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Gunady, Maria G. A., Wahidul Biswas, Vicky A. Solah, and Anthony P. James. "Evaluating the global warming potential of the fresh produce supply chain for strawberries, romaine/cos lettuces (Lactuca sativa), and button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) in Western Australia using life cycle assessment (LCA)." Journal of Cleaner Production 28 (June 2012): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.12.031.
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Duma, Oleh. "Mechanisms of venture investing in startups." Management and Entrepreneurship in Ukraine: the stages of formation and problems of development 2022, no. 2 (December 27, 2022): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/smeu2022.02.169.
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The article presents the research results of the mechanisms of startups venture capital investment. The role and significance of venture capital investment in the startup ecosystem and the innovation ecosystem in general are considered. The economic essence of the concept of venture investing is presented. In the process of research, the peculiarities of venture capital investment for startups were analyzed and a comparative characteristic of venture capital investment and classical investment was given. Mechanisms of financing and support of innovative startups at different stages of the life cycle are analyzed. The main and auxiliary success factors of startups by stages of the life cycle are described. The research examines models of venture capital investment in innovative enterprises. In particular, the following options were considered: the model of capital transfer (partial participation), the model of joint investment and the fund of funds model. For each model, the implementation mechanisms of investing in startups are described and described schematically. Key stakeholders and all stages of the investment process are listed. The models of joint investment in startups are described, in particular the model of a public-private venture capital fund and the model of joint investment in a private venture capital fund. The three selected models have many common elements, but differ from each other in terms of their dependence on specific contractual mechanisms, financing and access tools, and in some cases, exit mechanisms from the investment process. They also differ in terms of overall complexity, with the “fund of funds” model being more complex than the other two models. When considering specific models of the organization of venture funds, the work used the practices and experience of a number of jurisdictions, including Australia, Israel, Tunisia and Great Britain. Recipients in the implementation of any of the considered investment models should be startups, academic spin-offs, technological enterprises at an early stage of development, innovative enterprises that carry out technology transfer. Projects may involve the development of new products or technologies or the expansion of existing operations to commercial scale.
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Riffkin, Penny, Brendan Christy, Garry O'Leary, and Debra Partington. "Contribution of phase durations to canola (Brassica napus L.) grain yields in the High Rainfall Zone of southern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 4 (2016): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15213.
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In the High Rainfall Zone (HRZ) of southern Australia, long-season winter canola types have been commercially available only since 2011. Experiments in this region show that these varieties can provide improvements in grain yield over spring types of >20% because of their ability to make better use of the longer growing season. However, within this longer crop duration, the optimum length and timings of the critical growth phases to maximise grain production are unknown. Data from eight field experiments conducted between 2010 and 2014 at Hamilton, in the HRZ of south-western Victoria, were analysed to determine whether different phases within the crop’s life cycle vary in their contribution to grain yield and, if so, how this is influenced by climatic conditions. The dataset provided 536 genotype–environment–management combinations including 60 varieties ranging in total crop duration from 186 to 236 days. Over the 5 years, seasons were highly variable with annual rainfall ranging between 479 and 981 mm and spring rainfall (September–November) between 84 and 199 mm. The range of crop maturity types (i.e. winter and spring types) and environmental conditions provided a wide spread in growth, development and grain yield. The analysis showed a positive association between longer duration from flowering to maturity and grain yield, and showed that the duration was influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Pre-flowering reserves made an important contribution to grain yield, and remobilisation of reserves from the pre-flowering period was greatest for winter types, presumably due to less favourable conditions for growth during grain-filling. Optimising flowering to produce sufficient pre-flowering reserves for remobilisation while ensuring that environmental conditions post-flowering are such that the grain-filling duration is maximised may provide a strategy to increase yields in this environment.
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Gliß, Jonas, Augustin Mortier, Michael Schulz, Elisabeth Andrews, Yves Balkanski, Susanne E. Bauer, Anna M. K. Benedictow, et al. "AeroCom phase III multi-model evaluation of the aerosol life cycle and optical properties using ground- and space-based remote sensing as well as surface in situ observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 87–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-87-2021.
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Abstract. Within the framework of the AeroCom (Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models) initiative, the state-of-the-art modelling of aerosol optical properties is assessed from 14 global models participating in the phase III control experiment (AP3). The models are similar to CMIP6/AerChemMIP Earth System Models (ESMs) and provide a robust multi-model ensemble. Inter-model spread of aerosol species lifetimes and emissions appears to be similar to that of mass extinction coefficients (MECs), suggesting that aerosol optical depth (AOD) uncertainties are associated with a broad spectrum of parameterised aerosol processes. Total AOD is approximately the same as in AeroCom phase I (AP1) simulations. However, we find a 50 % decrease in the optical depth (OD) of black carbon (BC), attributable to a combination of decreased emissions and lifetimes. Relative contributions from sea salt (SS) and dust (DU) have shifted from being approximately equal in AP1 to SS contributing about 2∕3 of the natural AOD in AP3. This shift is linked with a decrease in DU mass burden, a lower DU MEC, and a slight decrease in DU lifetime, suggesting coarser DU particle sizes in AP3 compared to AP1. Relative to observations, the AP3 ensemble median and most of the participating models underestimate all aerosol optical properties investigated, that is, total AOD as well as fine and coarse AOD (AODf, AODc), Ångström exponent (AE), dry surface scattering (SCdry), and absorption (ACdry) coefficients. Compared to AERONET, the models underestimate total AOD by ca. 21 % ± 20 % (as inferred from the ensemble median and interquartile range). Against satellite data, the ensemble AOD biases range from −37 % (MODIS-Terra) to −16 % (MERGED-FMI, a multi-satellite AOD product), which we explain by differences between individual satellites and AERONET measurements themselves. Correlation coefficients (R) between model and observation AOD records are generally high (R>0.75), suggesting that the models are capable of capturing spatio-temporal variations in AOD. We find a much larger underestimate in coarse AODc (∼ −45 % ± 25 %) than in fine AODf (∼ −15 % ± 25 %) with slightly increased inter-model spread compared to total AOD. These results indicate problems in the modelling of DU and SS. The AODc bias is likely due to missing DU over continental land masses (particularly over the United States, SE Asia, and S. America), while marine AERONET sites and the AATSR SU satellite data suggest more moderate oceanic biases in AODc. Column AEs are underestimated by about 10 % ± 16 %. For situations in which measurements show AE > 2, models underestimate AERONET AE by ca. 35 %. In contrast, all models (but one) exhibit large overestimates in AE when coarse aerosol dominates (bias ca. +140 % if observed AE < 0.5). Simulated AE does not span the observed AE variability. These results indicate that models overestimate particle size (or underestimate the fine-mode fraction) for fine-dominated aerosol and underestimate size (or overestimate the fine-mode fraction) for coarse-dominated aerosol. This must have implications for lifetime, water uptake, scattering enhancement, and the aerosol radiative effect, which we can not quantify at this moment. Comparison against Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) in situ data results in mean bias and inter-model variations of −35 % ± 25 % and −20 % ± 18 % for SCdry and ACdry, respectively. The larger underestimate of SCdry than ACdry suggests the models will simulate an aerosol single scattering albedo that is too low. The larger underestimate of SCdry than ambient air AOD is consistent with recent findings that models overestimate scattering enhancement due to hygroscopic growth. The broadly consistent negative bias in AOD and surface scattering suggests an underestimate of aerosol radiative effects in current global aerosol models. Considerable inter-model diversity in the simulated optical properties is often found in regions that are, unfortunately, not or only sparsely covered by ground-based observations. This includes, for instance, the Sahara, Amazonia, central Australia, and the South Pacific. This highlights the need for a better site coverage in the observations, which would enable us to better assess the models, but also the performance of satellite products in these regions. Using fine-mode AOD as a proxy for present-day aerosol forcing estimates, our results suggest that models underestimate aerosol forcing by ca. −15 %, however, with a considerably large interquartile range, suggesting a spread between −35 % and +10 %.
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Kádárová, Jaroslava, Ján Kobulnický, and Katarína Teplicka. "Product Life Cycle Costing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 816 (November 2015): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.816.547.
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Successful performance of a company and its ability to handle growing competition is dependent on its capacity of implementing new technologies and making use of new methods of management. This report aims at cost management tool that enables controlling of costs through the whole life-cycle. Life Cycle Costing allows us to look at the start-up costs and the costs associated with the cessation of production, after-sales services costs and other expenses not taken into account in planned or operational calculation, see them as one unit and thereby evaluate the effectiveness of the product. Before establishing a production, calculation of the life-cycle costs is based on various factors which can be found in this article as well as the division of costs within the scope of calculation. It contains an example of calculation and accurate illustrations of process-based models of life-cycle costing from different points of view brought by various authors dealing with this topic, the usage of costing and the relationship with other calculations that are component parts of a company’s strategic cost management.
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McGain, Forbes, Scott CY Ma, Rob H. Burrell, Vanessa G. Percival, Peter Roessler, Andrew D. Weatherall, Ingo A. Weber, and Eugenie A. Kayak. "Why be sustainable? The Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Professional Document PS64: Statement on Environmental Sustainability in Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine Practice and its accompanying background paper." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 47, no. 5 (September 2019): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x19884075.
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Healthcare’s environmental sustainability is increasingly an area of research and advocacy focus. The Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) has produced a professional document, PS64, Statement on Environmental Sustainability in Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine Practice, and a background paper, PS64 BP. The purpose of the statement is to affirm ANZCA’s commitment to environmental sustainability and support anaesthetists in promoting environmentally sustainable work practices. This article presents the main features of PS64 and its background paper, and the associated supporting evidence. The healthcare sector is highly interconnected with activities that emit pollution to air, water and soils, considerably adding to humanity’s collective ecological footprint. As anaesthetists, we are uniquely high-carbon doctors due to our work anaesthetising with greenhouse gases (particularly desflurane and nitrous oxide) and our exposure and contribution to large amounts of resource and energy use and waste generation in operating theatres. Discussion is made of the improving research base of anaesthetic life-cycle assessments—that is, cradle-to-grave studies of how much energy, water and so on a product or process requires throughout its entire life. Thereafter, reducing, reusing and recycling as well as water use are examined. Ongoing research efforts within environmentally sustainable anaesthesia are highlighted. Environmentally sustainable anaesthesia requires scholarship, health advocacy, leadership, communication and collaboration. The focus is placed on practical initiatives within PS64 and the background paper that can be achieved by all anaesthetists striving towards more sustainable healthcare practices that reduce waste, reap financial benefits and improve health.
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SAKAI, Norio, Gakushi Tanaka, and Yoshiki SHIMOMURA. "Product Life Cycle Design based on Product Life Control." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2003.7 (2003): 325–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2003.7.0_325.
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KORSUNOVSKAYA, OLGA, MIKHAIL BEREZIN, KLAUS-GERHARD HELLER, ELENA TKACHEVA, TATIANA KOMPANTSEVA, and RUSTEM ZHANTIEV. "Biology, sounds and vibratory signals of hooded katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phyllophorinae)." Zootaxa 4852, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4852.3.3.
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The tettigoniid subfamily Phyllophorinae, distributed in Southeast Asia and Australia, is poorly known. Our study of the biology of Giant Katydid Siliquofera grandis (Blanchard, 1853) from a laboratory culture has shown that these insects mate more than once, the females lay a total of up to 400 eggs during their life, and these hatch after 2–2.5 months. The life cycle from egg to death takes longer than one year. In the laboratory, the insects fed mainly on leaves of various Rosaceae, Ficus, and lettuce, and on fruits. It is known that the males of hooded katydids lack the tegminal stridulatory apparatus typical for Tettigoniidae, but are capable of producing protest sounds using their coxosternal sound-producing organs for stridulation. Here, protest stridulation of the males and females and the sound-producing organs used to produce it have been analyzed in Phyllophorina kotoshoensis Shiraki, 1930 and S. grandis. In addition, nymphal protest sounds produced by friction of the metafemur against the edge of the pronotum and adult protest signals produced with the wings are described. In S. grandis, vibratory signals have been described and studied for the first time: territorial, protest, drumming and rhythmic low-amplitude vibrations emitted by adults and nymphs and pre- and postcopulatory vibrations of the males and females. The territorial signals not accompanied with visible movements of the body may be produced by contracting the antagonist muscles of the thorax and possibly of the legs. Using their coxosternal sound-producing organs males of S. grandis produced also an audible courtship song lasting for several seconds. Acoustic signals may thus both regulate intrapopulation relations and serve for interspecific communication (protest signals). The acoustic communication in Phyllophorinae is probably especially important during mating behavior.
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Wang, Tina. "OP48 Interactions Between Regulatory, Health Technology Assessment And Companies: Multi-Stakeholder Survey On The Current Experiences And Future Landscape Evolvement." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 38, S1 (December 2022): S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462322001027.
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IntroductionThe interactions between regulators, health technology assessment (HTA), and companies play a significant role in the process of getting medicine to patients. These have evolved at a product level as well as at a policy and cross-jurisdictional level; however, it is important these activities are adding value for stakeholders involved. A survey conducted in March 2021 assessed the current interactions from multi-stakeholders, and their perceptions on the added value these interactions bring to better decision-making.MethodsThree separate questionnaires containing nine questions were developed to assess the perceptions from pharmaceutical companies, regulators, and HTA agencies. The three questionnaires contained analogous questions where appropriate. The company questionnaire was sent to senior management at 19 international pharmaceutical companies, the agency survey was sent to 32 agencies (17 regulatory agencies and 15 HTA agencies) in Australia, Canada, Europe, and Asia.ResultsSeven regulators, seven HTA agencies, and nine companies responded to the survey. All regulators and HTAs indicated they have interactions with their peer agencies, as well as between regulators and HTA. The top areas of interactions for regulators were formal work-sharing between regulators during review (86% response) and regulatory strengthening (86%), whilst for HTAs, interactions between HTA on methodology/framework (83%) and HTA capacity building (67%). Regulatory-HTA interactions were seen to have fewer practical benefits, which may suggest areas for improvement. Both companies and agencies believed an effective engagement model should support evidence generation; agencies also viewed an aligned process and improved decision-making as important. Respondents believed that an ideal ecosystem for interactions should facilitate separate remits for stakeholders, converged requirements, aligned process and increased transparency and trust.ConclusionsThis survey provided a snapshot of the current landscape interactions between stakeholders during the life cycle of new medicines, identified the areas where value is added and improvement are needed. Suggested building blocks to improve future interactions included early scientific advice, alignment of evidence requirements, and a collaborative approach among all stakeholders.
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Toledo, Pamela, Edwin J. Niklitschek, Audrey M. Darnaude, Félix P. Leiva, Chris Harrod, Sergio Lillo, Vilma Ojeda, et al. "The trophic ecology of partial migration: insights from Merluccius australis off NW Patagonia." ICES Journal of Marine Science 77, no. 5 (June 18, 2020): 1927–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa065.
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Abstract Partial migration, where migrant and resident organisms coexist within the same population, has been found in many fishes. Although it seems obvious that different life cycles exploit habitats and food webs differently, few assessments about the trophic consequences of partial migration are available. To unveil part of this complexity, we combined otolith chemistry with stable isotope analyses data for hind-casting Merluccius australis habitat use and diet composition at age. By providing detailed information about lifetime variability in diet, trophic position, and prey demand of four M. australis life-cycle types, we show that these groups feed differentially in estuarine and oceanic habitats throughout their ontogeny. Although trophic positions were similar between habitats for juvenile and subadults, substantial differences between life-cycle types were found regarding lifetime diet and trophic demand. Thus, the more abundant and heavily exploited oceanic stock of M. australis was heavily dependent of estuarine habitats within the Patagonian Fjords System, where it consumes large biomasses of Macruronus magellanicus, Pasiphaea, Sprattus fuegensis, and Euphausiidae at earlier stages. We show ignoring trophic consequences of partial migration and life-cycle diversity may produce highly biased results, both in terms of prey and habitat use, which appears critical for multispecies and ecosystem management approaches.
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He, Bin, Ting Luo, and Shan Huang. "Product sustainability assessment for product life cycle." Journal of Cleaner Production 206 (January 2019): 238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.097.
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Short, Tracy K. "Industrial product life cycle analysis." Planning Review 13, no. 6 (June 1985): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb054123.
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Brissaud, D., and S. Tichkiewitch. "PRODUCT MODELS for LIFE-CYCLE." CIRP Annals 50, no. 1 (2001): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-8506(07)62082-4.
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Orbach, Yair, and Gila E. Fruchter. "Predicting product life cycle patterns." Marketing Letters 25, no. 1 (May 8, 2013): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11002-013-9239-0.
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Stadler, Raphaela, and Simone Fullagar. "Appreciating formal and informal knowledge transfer practices within creative festival organizations." Journal of Knowledge Management 20, no. 1 (February 8, 2016): 146–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkm-11-2014-0484.
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Purpose – Problem-solving approaches to research have dominated the not-for-profit festival management field. Little attention has been paid to how festival organizations successfully create cultures where knowledge transfer is practised within the high intensity of a festival life cycle. Drawing upon insights from social practice theory and appreciative inquiry (AI), the purpose of this paper is to offer a different conceptual approach to understanding how knowledge transfer “works” as an organizational practice to produce a collaborative festival culture. Design/methodology/approach – This paper draws upon an ethnographic case study with the highly acclaimed Queensland Music Festival organization in Australia. The research questions and methods were framed around an appreciative approach that identified formal and informal practices that " worked " rather than a conventional problem-focused analysis. Findings – This research focused on appreciating the cultural context that shaped the interrelationships between formal and informal knowledge transfer practices that enabled trust and collaboration. A range of knowledge transfer practices was identified that contributed to the creation of a shared festival ethos and the on-going sustainability of the festival vision. Practical implications – The not-for-profit sector brings numerous challenges for festival organizations, and there is a need to appreciate how collaborative and creative knowledge transfer can occur formally and informally. Festival organizers can benefit from understanding the relational and practice dimensions of knowledge management as they are performed within specific organizational contexts. Originality/value – An appreciative understanding of knowledge transfer practices has not yet been applied to not-for-profit festival organizations, where problem-solving approaches dominate the field.
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Reinten, Ron. "Esso Australia's process safety management process." APPEA Journal 49, no. 2 (2009): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08043.
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Safety is a core value at Esso Australia. We strive to observe the highest standards of safety to ensure that nobody gets hurt in our operations. We believe this goal can be achieved through a broadly shared commitment to personal and process safety—both of which are managed using our operations integrity management system (OIMS). In the Gippsland region of Victoria, Esso Australia operates oil and gas production facilities ranging from sub-sea completions to substantial staffed offshore facilities, an onshore crude stabilisation, three gas processing plants and a natural gas liquids fractionation plant, all interconnected by a network of offshore and onshore pipelines. Every day Esso’s Gippsland operations produce millions of litres of crude oil and millions of cubic meters of natural gas. Having all this fuel energy flowing through these plants each day at high pressures, and widely ranging temperatures, it is imperative that it is safely controlled and contained by the process equipment. How do we do this? With process safety systems. Process safety is a crucial component of OIMS that ensures Esso’s assets are operated and maintained in keeping with corporate and industry safety standards. In this presentation we show how process safety is managed within OIMS and how the people within Esso individually and collectively contribute to it. Our work in this area has recently been captured in a training package that includes a DVD shown at the conference. It was created to raise the awareness and understanding of all Esso employees about the principles that underpin Esso’s approach to process safety. This abstract outlines how we approach process safety across the life-cycle of our facilities and the role people play in managing this very important aspect of our work. Our training reinforces the message that responsibility for effective management of process safety lies with every employee and how OIMS is designed to assist people to achieve the desired results where all risks are appropriately managed. We have sought to connect the concepts used to manage personal safety, which are well understood by the workforce, with those that are needed to understand how to manage process safety.
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He, Bin, Jun Wang, Shan Huang, and Yan Wang. "Low-carbon product design for product life cycle." Journal of Engineering Design 26, no. 10-12 (June 17, 2015): 321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09544828.2015.1053437.
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Dantan, Jean-Yves, Alex Ballu, and Luc Mathieu. "Geometrical product specifications — model for product life cycle." Computer-Aided Design 40, no. 4 (April 2008): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2008.01.004.
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He, Bin, Yanwei Shao, Shuai Wang, Zhuochao Gu, and Kaijian Bai. "Product environmental footprints assessment for product life cycle." Journal of Cleaner Production 233 (October 2019): 446–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.078.
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Renouf, Marguerite Anne, Robert J. Pagan, and Malcolm K. Wegener. "Life cycle assessment of Australian sugarcane products with a focus on cane processing." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 16, no. 2 (September 30, 2010): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-010-0233-y.
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Wang, Heng, and Jin Chang Hou. "Coordination of Product Life Cycle with Product Usage Mode." Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (July 2011): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.97.
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For achieving better environmental performance of products or product systems, it is essential to manage total product life cycle. This paper describes a method for supporting product life cycle management by comprehensive product life cycle simulation, which is a basis for designing and evaluating total product life cycle. For life cycle evaluation, it is important to seek for the better product services, at the same time to seek for lower environmental burden and life cycle management costing. For this purpose, a product usage model is proposed, where customer satisfaction is measured by offered product functionality. The same level of customer satisfaction can be achieved by various different life cycle management options. By taking examples of technologically immature short-life products, like mobile phones, effect of difference of required product service quality is investigated, and appropriate product management strategy is discussed for improving product service quality.
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Moro, Nicolae. "Life Cycle of a Military Product." Scientific Bulletin 23, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsaft-2018-0013.
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Abstract Romania’s membership of the select group of states belonging to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization brings, in addition to the expected security benefits and assurances and commitments and obligations that we have to assume. The participation of politicians, militaries and Romanian experts in the decision-making within the specialized committees of the NATO structures is an extremely important element for the assertion of Romania as a security guarantor in the area, a hypostasis that was only a vision a few years ago. This role of our country must be supported by strong and powerful military capabilities, capabilities that are hard to reach for many of the countries in Eastern Europe. The economically advantageous and technologically viable solution for a period of time is to acquire advanced military technical systems that are equipped with the great economic powers of NATO, systems used and verified by these armies, revitalized and upgraded, a second life goal.
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Ma, Zi Qin, Ting Ting Xu, Li Sun, Xiu Lun Wang, Jian Min Fan, and Ai Qiao Sun. "Cost Estimation of Product Life Cycle." Advanced Materials Research 421 (December 2011): 582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.421.582.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The cost estimation of the product life cycle was researched. On the one side, the life cycle cost present value for manufacturer was estimated, including mainly of target cost, service cost and fault compensation. And a life cycle cost estimation model for manufacturer, which combines target cost and proportion cost estimated, was proposed. On the other side, the life cycle cost present value for user was estimated, including mainly of purchase, installation, commissioning costs in beginning and labor, maintenance, depreciation, maintenance costs in operations. And another life cycle cost estimation model for user, which combines process cost and proportion cost estimated, was proposed.
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Xie, Xiaoling, and Matthew Simon. "Simulation for product life cycle management." Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 17, no. 4 (June 2006): 486–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380610662906.
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Spragg, Jon Edward. "Articulating the fashion product life-cycle." Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal 21, no. 4 (September 11, 2017): 499–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmm-03-2017-0029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe a framework for predicting the seasonal demand for fashion based on the Bass Diffusion model of demand and the Newsvendor inventory management model. Sales and inventory management simulations based on these models have been implemented in the Julia programming language to demonstrate how theoretical models can be made operational using open-source software for the benefit of small- to medium-scale enterprises with limited resources. Design/methodology/approach The paper employs simulation models implemented in the Julia programming languages to explore the use of theoretical models of demand on the seasonal management of fashion inventory. Findings The research demonstrates that further exploration of the framework described is worth undertaking. Research limitations/implications The paper employs theoretical models and is therefore conceptual in its outlook. Nonetheless it provides insights that could be explored further if real-world sales data would become available. Practical implications The framework provides simple models for predicting the demand for fashion that allows “what-if” scenarios to be constructed based on the manipulation of a few model parameters. Social implications The framework provides low-cost analytical tools that support small fashion enterprises with regards to market understanding and the operational management requirements necessary to support those markets. Originality/value The analytical use of the Bass model of demand with the Newsvendor model of inventory management within a fashion context.
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Gu, P., and S. Sosale. "Product modularization for life cycle engineering." Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 15, no. 5 (October 1999): 387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0736-5845(99)00049-6.
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