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Статті в журналах з теми "Producer behavior"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 1 червня 2022

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1

Liu, Hengyu. "Combating unethical producer behavior: The value of traceability in produce supply chains." International Journal of Production Economics 244 (February 2022): 108374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2021.108374.

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2

Beyers, W. B., and D. P. Lindahl. "Strategic Behavior and Development Sequences in Producer Service Businesses." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 5 (May 1997): 887–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a290887.

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Анотація:

Though it is widely recognized that the producer services are among the fastest growing industries in advanced economies, there is little research documenting development experiences of establishments within these industries. In this paper we address this topic by illustrating types of strategic behaviors exhibited by producer service firms and the effectiveness of these behaviors, developing a taxonomy of firm segments, and relating types of strategic behavior to this taxonomy. The paper is based on results from 444 in-depth interviews. Key variables addressed in the analysis are drawn from the industrial sociology and business strategy literature and include organizational structure, age, dynamics of client and geographic markets, and changes in services supplied.

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3

FAN, H. "DISTRIBUTION OF PRODUCER SIZE IN GLOBALIZED MARKET." Advances in Complex Systems 15, no. 07 (September 27, 2012): 1250076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525912500762.

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Distribution of producer size in a globalized market is a complex market phenomena, which is affected by the market behavior of consumers such as the loyalty of consumers to producers and the purchasing power of consumers, as well as the trade barriers among countries. In the present paper, in order to study the distribution of producer size in the globalized market, we construct a bipartite network that consists of consumers and producers with community structure. We find that the distribution of producer size in each community in a multi-community network can be projected to that in one-community bipartite network by mapping the globalized market behavior of consumers to an isolated market behavior. The mapped market behavior is dependent on the trade barriers among communities. The distribution of producer size in globalized market is thereby dependent on the mapped loyalty of consumers and the mapped growing rate of purchasing power. Furthermore, simulation results show that the distribution of producer size differs community by community. It follows the power-law distribution if both the mapped loyalty of consumers and growing rate are high.

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4

Masfufah, Meita, and Siti Achiria. "Perilaku Produsen pada Model Kemitraan Go Food dalam Prespektif Ekonomi Islam (studi kaasus Daerah Wirobrajan,Yogyakarta)." JESI (Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Indonesia) 9, no. 1 (September 26, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21927/jesi.2019.9(1).1-8.

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<p>Producer behavior is a company that helps increase the value of goods or services that produce consumption needs, partnership is cooperation between two parties with equal and mutually beneficial needs. The study aims to review how the partnership model between food producers and parties go food gojek, the research method used is qualitative descriptive by collecting and interviewing Go Food partners in the Wirobrajan area of Yogyakarta, producers feel greatly helped by becoming partners Go food Which experience Riding in sales, can help market their stalls online. Read more about distributing faster and free to customers themselves to buy products from suppliers without having to come to the shop.</p><p><em>Key : producer behavior, patnership, Go Food</em></p>

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5

Campbell, Amber, and Audrey E. H. King. "Choosing Sustainability: Decision Making and Sustainable Practice Adoption with Examples from U.S. Great Plains Cattle Grazing Systems." Animals 12, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12030286.

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Sustainable intensification of animal agriculture will rely on the acceptance and adoption of many new practices and technologies. We discuss the literature related to behavior change and sustainable practice adoption in the context of beef cattle production, focusing on sustainable rotational grazing and the use of cover crops. Research from a variety of contexts is discussed with a conceptual framework that combines diffusion of innovation theory with the reasoned action approach. Background characteristics of producers and their operations as well the characteristics of any new practice/technology will influence producer perceptions of them. These background and perceived practice characteristics will influence producer behavioral, normative, and control beliefs regarding the behavior, which will in turn inform attitudes about the behavior and perceptions regarding behavioral norms and the capacity to adopt new behaviors. Factors such as the demographics of beef cattle producers, land tenure, and labor and credit availability, as well as producers’ concepts of what it means to be a “good farmer”, should inform the conceptualization and development of new practices and technologies to increase the likelihood of their adoption.

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6

Russell, R. A., and J. M. Bewley. "Characterization of Kentucky dairy producer decision-making behavior." Journal of Dairy Science 96, no. 7 (July 2013): 4751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6538.

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7

Szidarovszky, F., and C. Chiarella. "The asymptotic behavior of dynamic producer-consumer systems." Mathematical and Computer Modelling 39, no. 11-12 (June 2004): 1297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2004.06.009.

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8

Ortega, David L., H. Holly Wang, Nicole J. Olynk Widmar, and Laping Wu. "Chinese producer behavior: Aquaculture farmers in southern China." China Economic Review 28 (March 2014): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2013.11.001.

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9

Ingene, Charles A., and Avijit Ghosh. "Consumer and Producer Behavior in a Multipurpose Shopping Environment." Geographical Analysis 22, no. 1 (September 3, 2010): 70–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1990.tb00197.x.

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10

Xiao, Yunpeng, Xifan Wang, Xiuli Wang, Can Dang, and Ming Lu. "Behavior analysis of wind power producer in electricity market." Applied Energy 171 (June 2016): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.021.

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11

Schatzberg, Jeffrey W., and Douglas E. Stevens. "Public and Private Forms of Opportunism within the Organization: A Joint Examination of Budget and Effort Behavior." Journal of Management Accounting Research 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 59–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2008.20.1.59.

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ABSTRACT: We assert that some forms of opportunistic behavior within the organization are relatively transparent and, therefore, public in nature. Further, while organizations can tightly control such public opportunism, it may not be optimal for them to do so in the presence of private opportunism. To study how public and private forms of opportunism differ and interact, we jointly examine budget and effort behavior in a participative budgeting experiment. We group participants into producer/manager pairs and set the parameters such that the producer extracts the largest share of surplus from the manager by publicly setting the budget at zero and privately providing low effort. When the producer unilaterally sets the budget, the public opportunism of budgetary slack is higher and more affected by learning than the private opportunism of low effort. Giving the manager the power to reject the budget not only reduces budgetary slack by about 50 percent, but also generates reciprocity expectations and behavior. In particular, managers who allow more budgetary slack expect and receive higher effort from their producers on average. This reciprocity increases organizational performance by increasing the expected pay of the manager without decreasing the expected pay of the producer.

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12

Lentnek, B., A. MacPherson, and D. Phillips. "Optimum Producer-Service Location." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 24, no. 4 (April 1992): 467–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a240467.

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Анотація:

Presented in this paper is a formal economic model that identifies the optimal intraurban location for a producer-service vendor that caters to the technical needs of spatially dispersed clients in the manufacturing sector. Two major components are incorporated into the model. The first of these describes the oft-cited externalization process among industrial firms, where in-house service provision is selectively abandoned in favor of out-sourcing. The second component describes a vendor location process based on profit maximization, where buyers and sellers are optimally located relative to one another. Normative modeling propositions are then compared with current empirical streams in the literature on producer-service location, the role of manufacturing demand, and the process of selective vertical disintegration among industrial firms. The paper is concluded with a brief research agenda for modeling the intraurban locational behavior of specialist firms in the producer services.

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13

Woodsford, Simon. "Producer prices and services producer prices: implementation of SIC 2007." Economic & Labour Market Review 4, no. 12 (December 2010): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/elmr.2010.167.

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14

Stokes, Jeffrey R., Keith H. Coble, and Robert Dismukes. "Producer behavior in the presence of an income stabilization program." Agricultural Finance Review 60, no. 1 (May 5, 2000): 34–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00214680080001109.

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15

Ortega, David L., H. Holly Wang, Nicole J. Olynk Widmar, and Laping Wu. "Reprint of “Chinese producer behavior: Aquaculture farmers in southern China”." China Economic Review 30 (September 2014): 540–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2014.05.007.

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16

Schuler, Douglas A., and Petra Christmann. "The Effectiveness of Market-Based Social Governance Schemes: The Case of Fair Trade Coffee." Business Ethics Quarterly 21, no. 1 (January 2011): 133–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq20112116.

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ABSTRACT:Market-based social governance schemes that establish standards of conduct for producers and traders in international supply chains aim to reduce the negative socio-environmental effects of globalization. While studies have examined how characteristics of social governance schemes promote socially responsible producer behavior, it has not yet been examined how these same characteristics affect consumer behavior. This is a crucial omission, because without consumer demand for socially produced products, the reach of the social benefits is likely to be limited. We develop a comprehensive model that links two characteristics of market-based social governance schemes—(1) stringency and enforcement of requirements, and (2) promotion—to two conditions required for governance schemes to generate significant social benefits: (1) socially responsible behavior of participating firms; and (2) consumer demand for socially produced products which, in turn, expands products produced according to social governance schemes, and thus, the quantity of social benefits. We discuss market-based social governance schemes in the context of fair trade coffee.

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17

Tamini, Lota D., Maurice Doyon, and Micheline M. Zan. "Investment behavior of Canada egg producers." British Food Journal 120, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-12-2016-0619.

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Анотація:

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to document the level of risk in the Québec egg sector (conventional and specialty eggs) and analyze the optimal choices of Québec egg producers that must allocate limited resources to production of different types of eggs. Design/methodology/approach A quadratic programming approach applied to expected mean-variance models is used to analyze the impact of risk on decision to invest when the resources must be allocated to different type of production that have different risk levels. The model is calibrated using monthly data from 2009 to 2016. Findings Results indicated multiple uncertainty sources (technological, cost of production, price of eggs) that vary according to the types of eggs. Given risk aversion parameters, producer would favor production modes with the lowest producers’ price variance, which correspond to free-run eggs. Results also indicated that in response to a greater intensity of risk aversion, the course of action producers may choose is to increase the relative production of free-run eggs. Research limitations/implications The empirical limits of this research are found in the lack of quality data on producer prices and costs for specialty eggs. Future research could explore the relationship between the growing impact of egg for processing, which price is based on the US price, and its relationship with specialty eggs. Practical implications The findings of the study will be useful for policy makers and managers of eggs supply chain. This is important, given the recent announcement by Canadian’s large retailers and fast food companies to increase cage free eggs offering and, in some cases, eventually only selling these types of eggs. Originality/value This study adds to the understanding of the role of risk and uncertainty in the investment decision of egg producers and different mode of production, as well as in the development of the growing production of specialty eggs in Canada. It fills a gap in the literature regarding the impact of risk in Canadian egg production. This gap is likely explained by the perception of a lack of risk in this supply managed sector in Canada and its small size relative to other supply managed sector.

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18

Glickman, Lawrence. "Workers of the World, Consume: Ira Steward and the Origins of Labor Consumerism." International Labor and Working-Class History 52 (1997): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900006943.

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A distinction has generally been made between the producer and the consumer … we have been led to suppose that the producer and the consumer were totally separate individuals, with separate and distinct interests, when in reality all producers are consumers.

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19

Qasim, Muhammad Awais, Saeed Ul Hassan, Naif Radi Aljohani, and Miltiadis D. Lytras. "Human behavior analysis in the production and consumption of scientific knowledge across regions." Library Hi Tech 35, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 577–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lht-04-2017-0076.

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Purpose The latest developments in Data Science and in advanced Scientometrics set a very challenging context for the analysis and the understanding of human behavior toward the design of value adding library services and sophisticated information systems. The purpose of this paper is to present an innovative research that integrates the creation and the consumption of scientific knowledge across regions. From a human behavior point of view, this is significant since it provides an advanced decision-making layer for bringing together researchers from all over the world. Design/methodology/approach More specific in this paper, the authors analyze the production and consumption of scientific knowledge across the regions in an important field of sustainable and renewable energy – using publications and citations data indexed in Scopus. As a case study, the authors select the USA a major producer of scientific publications in the field. At first, the authors identify the topics produced by the USA. Further topics produced by the scientific communities outside the USA that consume the knowledge produced by the USA are identified. The authors generate topics by employing the proposed topic model with distance matrix – an extension of classic latent Dirichlet allocation model. Findings The results show that research topics produced by the USA are consumed in different international contexts, interestingly. Consuming the knowledge produced by the USA, Chinese scientific community heavily produces topics related to biomass – to produce renewable energy. In contrast, Japanese scientific community produces topics related to fuel cell – used for the production of hybrid and electronic vehicles. Whereas the Taiwanese scientific community shows remarkable competency in solar cells. Among the European nations, while the German scientific community produces topics related to photovoltaic, the French scientific community covers topics related to Energy Storage and Green Chemistry. The authors believe that such analyses may be helpful in establishing more effective multi-national research collaborations by understating the actual consumption of produced knowledge. Practical implications Overall, the study provides a new dimension to comprehensively understand production and consumption of knowledge using scientific literature. From a human behavior analysis view in the context of sophisticated library systems, this is a significant contribution. Originality/value The use of advanced Data Mining and computing methods for deriving critical insights for the use of scientific knowledge is a bold action toward the global knowledge society vision.

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20

Wu, Heng, Yu Yu Li, and Ke Di Ma. "Components Replenishment Policy for ATO Producer Based on Consumer Choice Behavior." Applied Mechanics and Materials 519-520 (February 2014): 1564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.519-520.1564.

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Under the assumption that product family manufacturer adopts assemble-to-order (ATO) to assemble common component and specific components into two kinds of product belonging to a same product family and being substitutive for each other, a product marketing and components replenishment model is developed. The optimal marketing and replenishment policy for product family ATO manufacturer is obtained. And an algorithm for the optimal policy is proposed. It is shown through theoretical, numerical and empirical analysis that product family ATO producer should make the prices of products no larger than their intrinsic value, and the difference between prices not too big or too small; with the rise of product intrinsic value, producer should raise the prices of whole product family, increase the time with components in stock and shorten the cycle of replenishment.

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21

Reynolds, Douglas B. "Modeling OPEC behavior: theories of risk aversion for oil producer decisions." Energy Policy 27, no. 15 (December 1999): 901–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4215(99)00076-2.

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22

Chambers, Robert G., and John Quiggin. "Optimal Producer Behavior in the Presence of Area‐Yield Crop Insurance." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 84, no. 2 (May 2002): 320–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8276.00300.

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23

Coleman, Annette W., Lothar Jaenicke, and Richard C. Starr. "GENETICS AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PHEROMONE PRODUCER CHLAMYDOMONAS ALLENSWORTHII (CHLOROPHYCEAE)." Journal of Phycology 37, no. 2 (April 18, 2001): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.037002345.x.

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24

Onofri, Alejandro, and Lilyan E. Fulginiti. "Public inputs and dynamic producer behavior: endogenous growth in U.S. agriculture." Journal of Productivity Analysis 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2008): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11123-008-0093-7.

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25

Cohen, Yosef. "Evolutionary distributions: producer–consumer pattern formation." Journal of Biological Dynamics 5, no. 3 (May 2011): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17513758.2010.524314.

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26

Pope, Kelsey Frasier, Ted C. Schroeder, Michael R. Langemeier, and Kevin L. Herbel. "Cow-Calf Producer Risk Preference Impacts on Retained Ownership Strategies." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 43, no. 4 (November 2011): 497–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800000031.

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Considerable efforts have been made to provide cow-calf producers with information to help them make informed decisions about adding value to calves. Despite demonstrated market incentives to retain calves, many producers still sell right after weaning. We postulate this observed behavior is related to producer risk aversion. Our study concludes risk aversion is an important factor affecting calf retention as the most risk-averse producers have more than a 60% probability of selling calves at weaning and the most risk tolerant have less than a 20% probability of selling at weaning.

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27

Czyżewski, Andrzej, Maryla Bieniek-Majka, and Dariusz Czakowski. "Factors shaping supplydemand relations on the fruit and vegetable market in the light of the behavior of groups and producer organizations." Management 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/manment-2018-0019.

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Summary Factors shaping supply-demand relations on the fruit and vegetable market in the light of the behavior of groups and producer organizations The authors have addressed the question to what extent the functioning of groups and organizations of fruit and vegetable producers depends on the market situation, the authors presented the shaping of supply-demand relations on the fruit and vegetable market in Poland in 2008-2016. They drew attention to the decreasing area of land intended for horticultural crops, with the simultaneous increase in the size of supply. They presented changing productive structures and showed changes in the market share of fruit and vegetable producer groups and organizations. They noticed that the market situation (prices, demand, costs, embargo) caused that the number of fruit and vegetable producers’ groups and organizations on the market decreased, which was reflected in the market situation.

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28

Bidabad, Bijan. "Squandering in Ethic Economics: Consumer and Producer Behaviors Analysis." International Journal of Islamic Business & Management 3, no. 2 (May 28, 2019): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibm.v3i2.279.

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Purpose: This paper investigates the effects of squandering on the economic behavior of consumer and firm. Moreover, we analyze consumer work-leisure behavior from the squandering viewpoint. Findings: Commodity squandering creates no utility for the consumer. Just the "(real) consumption (usage)" satisfies the preference ordering rules of consumer behavior and the "squandered" commodities do not satisfy these rules. Definitionally, consumption is equal to "real usage" plus "squandered" commodities. Thence, the consumer will lose some parts of her utility because of squandering (because of lost resources). The amount of lost income resources due to squandering should be recompensated by more works to preserve the consumer's welfare constant. Squandering effects in total productivity, non-optimal allocation of production factors, product wastage, and product decay are analyzed as less productivity and less supply of products due to squandering. According to this analysis, theoretically, it can be concluded that squandering will decrease the leisure and its corresponding utility of human being. Social implications: If the ethic economics' doctrine affects the consumption pattern, this process will moderate consumption. Otherwise, the society will move toward exploiting all of her capital to: "just produce-just consume". The latter will be intensified by knowledge-based economic progress. JEL: D11, D21, Z12, D19, D24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3402339

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Harpole, W. Stanley, Jacqueline T. Ngai, Elsa E. Cleland, Eric W. Seabloom, Elizabeth T. Borer, Matthew E. S. Bracken, James J. Elser, et al. "Nutrient co-limitation of primary producer communities." Ecology Letters 14, no. 9 (July 12, 2011): 852–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01651.x.

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30

Kotake, N. "The trace fossil Zoophycos: A fossil record of excretory behavior controled by foraging behavior of the producer." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 101, no. 6 (1995): XV—XVI. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.101.xv.

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31

Laeequddin, Mohammed, Waheed Kareem Abdul, Vinita Sahay, and Aviral Kumar Tiwari. "Factors That Influence the Safe Disposal Behavior of E-Waste by Electronics Consumers." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 4981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14094981.

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Анотація:

This study investigated the factors that influence the safe disposal intention and behavior of consumers, considering the mobile phone as an example. Specific hypotheses linking the factors that influence safe disposal intention and behavior with the support of extant literature on theories of reasoned action and planned behavior were developed. A questionnaire was designed based on the following factors: awareness, convenience, subjective norms, producer interventions, and regulations that influence the intentions and behavior of consumers in the safe disposal of e-waste. The data was collected by conducting a cross-sectional survey in India. The collected data was analyzed for descriptive statistics and measurement properties and further tested the hypotheses using partial least squares-structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM). All the measures used in the study were found to have satisfactory reliability and validity testing. The findings of hypotheses testing suggest that the factors such as awareness (Std. coefficient = 0.109 with p value < 0.05 level), convenience (Std. coefficient = 0.341 with p value < 0.01 level), subjective norms (Std. coefficient = 0.242 with p value < 0.01 level), producer interventions (Std. coefficient = 0.228 with p value < 0.01 level), and regulations (Std. coefficient = 0.148 with p value < 0.01 level) were found to significantly impact safe disposal intentions. However, the direct effect of regulation on safe disposal behavior was found to be non-significant (Std. coefficient = 0.091). Therefore, the significant finding of our study is that without the intention of behaving in a certain manner, the direct regulations may not influence the consumers to behave as intended. Our study’s results emphasize two areas that may trigger the consumer’s intentions for safe disposal of e-waste. First, the social norms, and second, the importance of producer responsibility in creating the required reverse logistics infrastructure and clear communication to customers for the safe disposal of e-waste.

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32

GÓMEZ-ALDAPA, CARLOS A., CLAUDIO A. DÍAZ-CRUZ, ANGÉLICA VILLARRUEL-LÓPEZ, M. del REFUGIO TORRES-VITELA, JAVIER AÑORVE-MORGA, ESMERALDA RANGEL-VARGAS, JORGE F. CERNA-CORTES, J. GABRIEL VIGUERAS-RAMÍREZ, and JAVIER CASTRO-ROSAS. "Behavior of Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei during Production of Pulque, a Traditional Mexican Beverage." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 580–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-382.

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Pulque is a typical fermented alcoholic beverage of central Mexico, produced from the nectar of maguey agave plants. Production systems are largely artisanal, with inadequate hygiene conditions and exposure to multiple contamination sources. No data exist on pulque microbiological safety and the behavior of pathogenic microorganisms in agave nectar and pulque. An initial trial was done of the behavior of Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei during fermentation of nectar from a single producer, nectar mixture from different producers, and seed pulque. A second trial simulating artisanal pulque production was done by contaminating fresh nectar with each of the five strains, storing at 22°C for 14 h, adding seed pulque, and fermenting until pulque was formed. During incubation at 16 or 22°C in the first trial, all the pathogenic strains multiplied in both the single producer nectar and the nectar mixture, reaching maximum concentrations at 12 h. Strains concentration then decreased slowly. In the seed pulque, the strains did not multiply and tended to die. In the second trial, all strains increased concentration from 0.7 to 1.6 log at 22°C, and from 0.5 to 1.1 at 16°C in the first 14 h. After addition of seed pulque, they were quickly deactivated until none was detected in the final product. The results suggest that the potential risk to consumers of contracting any of the five tested pathogenic bacterial strains from pulque is low.

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33

Cummaragunta, J., D. V. Schlimme, C. S. Walsh, H. J. Swartz, and A. E. Watada. "Ethylene Evolution, Respiration, and Mold Development Studies in Some Selected Rubus Genotypes." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 791F—792. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.791f.

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In 1993, we studied the postharvest behavior of 25 Rubus genotypes. Included in the study were named cultivars from Europe and North America, advanced selections from the Univ. of Maryland Cooperative Breeding Program, species and raspberry interspecific hybrids, with R. phenicolasius, R. pungens oldhamii R sumatranus, and R parvifolius. Wide variation exists in the ethylene production rates of these genotypes. The difference between the lowest ethylene producer, R. phenicolasius, and the highest ethylene evolver, HTCC-6t (R. lasiostylus), was four orders of magnitude. Ethylene evolution rate and percentage mold were not correlated. Ethylene production and respiration rates were also measured using a flowthrough system. No single pattern was characteristic of all genotypes. Red raspberries were the highest ethylene producers and showed an ethylene and respiratory climacteric. Blackberries were low ethylene producers. Interspecific hybrids showed varied postharvest behaviors. The behavior observed in these interspecific hybrids may explain some of the conflicting reports on the postharvest behavior of blackberries and raspberries. In general heattolerant species such as blackberry, R. occidentalis, R. parvifolius exhibited lower rates of respiration and ethylene evolution than species from cool, temperate areas like R. idaeus.

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34

Chung, Kevin, Keehyung Kim, and Noah Lim. "Social Structures and Reputation in Expert Review Systems." Management Science 66, no. 7 (July 2020): 3249–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3347.

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We model an expert review system where two producers competing for market share each are evaluated by two raters. Employing economics experiments, the paper examines how the rater’s incentive to provide objective feedback can be distorted in the presence of social ties and different penalty structures for assigning unobjective ratings. The results reject the self-interested model. We find that raters assign more biased ratings to help the producer they know compete, and this distortion is exacerbated when the reputation cost for rating unobjectively is lowered. Counterintuitively, when both of the raters know the same producer, the likelihood of biased ratings drops significantly. To explain the empirical regularities, we develop a behavioral economics model and show that the rater’s utility function should account not only for social preferences toward the producer, but also the rater’s psychological aversion toward favoring a producer more than the other rater. Our findings demonstrate that it is critical for policymakers to be cognizant of the nonpecuniary factors that can influence behavior in expert review systems. This paper was accepted by John List, behavioral economics.

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35

YAĞCI, A. "PRODUCER FIGHT AGAINST CROWN GALL DISEASE." Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 16, no. 3 (2018): 3035–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1603_30353042.

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36

BLACKMAN, ALLEN, and JORGE RIVERA. "Producer-Level Benefits of Sustainability Certification." Conservation Biology 25, no. 6 (November 9, 2011): 1176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01774.x.

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37

Ceballos, Yony Fernando, Jesus David Galarcio-Noguera, Pablo Andres Maya-Duque, and Gloria Lucia Ramirez-Cordoba. "Agent-based Model for Environmental Awareness and Extended Producer Responsibility in Developing Countries." Scientia et Technica 25, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22517/23447214.24181.

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To make an effective transition towards a circular economy, we must have the responsibility and active participation of all the stakeholders involved, including customers. In this work, we seek to develop an agent-based model to describe and analyze an environmental awareness system in a population, whose behavior is based on an indicator that can change by agent’s interaction and modify its consumption habits. The model is described using the ODD + D protocol, and we use Netlogo software for coding. After model validation process, its results are analyzed to understand how can environmental awareness level, consumption habits and social skills of each individual influence on the average environmental awareness level of a heterogeneous population, which makes simple the identification of emerging behaviors and the forecasting of the potentially recyclable waste according to the quality in the separation at source.

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38

Brown, Randy J., Al von Finster, Robert J. Henszey, and John H. Eiler. "Catalog of Chinook Salmon Spawning Areas in Yukon River Basin in Canada and United States." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 8, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 558–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/052017-jfwm-045.

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Abstract Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha return to the Yukon River in northwestern North America each summer, migrating to spawning destinations from the lower river to more than 3,000 km upstream. These returns support numerous fisheries throughout the basin. Despite a long history of fisheries research and management, there is no comprehensive account of Chinook Salmon spawning areas in the basin. To address this issue, we cataloged, summarized, and mapped the known spawning areas of Yukon River Chinook Salmon by using a variety of sources including published articles, gray literature, and information archived in agency databases. Most of our sources were published within the past 30 y, but some refer to observations that were recorded as long ago as the late 1800s. We classified spawning areas as major or minor producers with three indicators of abundance: 1) quantitative estimates of escapement (major producer if ≥500 fish, minor producer if <500 fish), 2) radiotelemetry-based proportions of annual production (major producer if ≥1% of the run, minor producer if <1% of the run), and 3) aerial survey index counts (major producer if ≥165 fish observed, minor producer if <165 fish observed). We documented 183 spawning areas in the Yukon River basin, 79 in the United States, and 104 in Canada. Most spawning areas were in tributary streams, but some were in main-stem reaches as well. We classified 32 spawning areas as major producers and 151 as minor producers. The Chinook Salmon spawning areas cataloged here provide a baseline that makes it possible to strategically direct abundance, biological sampling, and genetics projects for maximum effect and to assess both spatial and temporal changes within the basin.

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39

Bradley, Terry. "Rebasing the services producer price index." Economic & Labour Market Review 2, no. 12 (December 2008): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/elmr.2008.189.

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40

Pegler, Kat, Tracy Jones, and Chris Jenkins. "Developments in Services Producer Price Indices." Economic & Labour Market Review 4, no. 7 (July 2010): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/elmr.2010.99.

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41

Martínez, Virginia, Edouard Jurkevitch, José Luis García, and María Auxiliadora Prieto. "Reward forBdellovibrio bacteriovorusfor preying on a polyhydroxyalkanoate producer." Environmental Microbiology 15, no. 4 (December 11, 2012): 1204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12047.

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42

Hogsden, Kristy L., and Rolf D. Vinebrooke. "Benthic grazing and functional compensation in stressed and recovered lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 1999–2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-098.

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During ecosystem recovery, grazing pressure is expected to increase as larger herbivores become reestablished. Alternatively, grazing pressure may remain unchanged during recovery as large consumers replace and functionally compensate for more abundant populations of smaller, tolerant herbivores. We tested these hypotheses by conducting a 90-day experiment in which three size categories of benthic consumers were excluded from producers in three chemically stressed and three recovered lakes. Our findings showed that consumers did not significantly affect producer biomass in either type of lake. However, exposure to larger and more abundant grazers did induce a physiognomic shift towards less edible producers in the recovered lakes. In comparison, recovered lakes contained significantly greater producer biomass and diversity. Comparison of the observed subtle effects of consumers and pronounced negative impact of ecosystem stress on benthic producers suggest that they can compensate for natural disturbances (e.g., grazing), but not for the other multiple stressors associated with anthropogenic acidification of the Killarney lakes.

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43

Eger, AM, and JK Baum. "Trophic cascades and connectivity in coastal benthic marine ecosystems: a meta-analysis of experimental and observational research." Marine Ecology Progress Series 656 (December 10, 2020): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13430.

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Predators can exert top-down control on lower trophic levels, such that their removal or addition may trigger trophic cascades. Despite coastal ecosystems containing well known trophic cascades, there remains uncertainty about the abiotic and biotic factors governing the occurrence and strength of these cascades. Here, we sought to explain the variability of trophic cascades in benthic marine ecosystems by conducting a meta-analysis of experimental (n = 17) and observational (n = 22) studies that recorded herbivore and producer populations in the presence and absence of a predator. From these data (147 predator-herbivore-producer measurements), we show that predators decreased herbivore populations between 2.1-4.76 times and increased producer populations by 1.62-2.83 times their original biomass, abundance, or density. Contrary to past research, these values are comparable to other ecosystems. Biotic factors related to species body size were most influential in determining herbivore population responses to the presence of predators, while abiotic factors, including nutrient concentration, best determined producer population responses. Our results also show that producers responded more strongly to changes in herbivore populations in high-nutrient and low-temperature environments. We found that herbivore populations in marine reserves were 2.83 times lower on average compared to areas outside the reserve, while producer populations were on average 1.90 times higher. Overall, this work advances understanding of factors modulating trophic cascade strength, demonstrates that reserves can have ecosystem-wide impacts, and provides new information about the average strength of trophic cascades in benthic marine ecosystems.

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44

Rejesus, Roderick M., Bertis B. Little, Ashley C. Lovell, Mike Cross, and Michael Shucking. "Patterns of Collusion in the U.S. Crop Insurance Program: An Empirical Analysis." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 36, no. 2 (August 2004): 449–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800026730.

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This article analyzes anomalous patterns of agent, adjuster, and producer claim outcomes and determines the most likely pattern of collusion that is suggestive of fraud, waste, and abuse in the federal crop insurance program. Log–linear analysis of Poisson-distributed counts of anomalous entities is used to examine potential patterns of collusion. The most likely pattern of collusion present in the crop insurance program is where agents, adjusters, and producers nonrecursively interact with each other to coordinate their behavior. However, if a priori an intermediary is known to initiate and coordinate the collusion, a pattern where the producer acts as the intermediary is the most likely pattern of collusion evidenced in the data. These results have important implications for insurance program design and compliance.

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45

Daufresne, Tanguy, and Michel Loreau. "Ecological Stoichiometry, Primary Producer-Decomposer Interactions, and Ecosystem Persistence." Ecology 82, no. 11 (November 2001): 3069. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2679835.

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46

Hall, Spencer R., Mathew A. Leibold, David A. Lytle, and Val H. Smith. "GRAZERS, PRODUCER STOICHIOMETRY, AND THE LIGHT : NUTRIENT HYPOTHESIS REVISITED." Ecology 88, no. 5 (May 2007): 1142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/06-0923.

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47

Stiefs, Dirk, George A. K. van Voorn, Bob W. Kooi, Ulrike Feudel, and Thilo Gross. "Food Quality in Producer‐Grazer Models: A Generalized Analysis." American Naturalist 176, no. 3 (September 2010): 367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/655429.

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48

David, Morgan, and Luc-Alain Giraldeau. "Zebra finches in poor condition produce more and consume more food in a producer–scrounger game." Behavioral Ecology 23, no. 1 (October 19, 2011): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arr171.

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49

Evans, Andrew W., Dana M. Williams, and Daniel T. Blumstein. "Producer–scrounger relationships in yellow-bellied marmots." Animal Behaviour 172 (February 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.11.018.

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50

Wheeler, Christopher H. "Worker turnover, industry localization, and producer size." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 66, no. 2 (May 2008): 322–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2003.11.017.

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