Дисертації з теми "Processus attentionnels"
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Dehaene, Stanislas. "La comparaison des petits nombres : représentation analogique et processus attentionnels." Paris, EHESS, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989EHES0306.
Which representations and algorithms do humans employ to compare two-digit numbers? 10 reaction time experiments investigate this question. A first series of experiments demonstrates that response time decreaases with the numerical distance separating the two numbers; this suggests an analogical encoding of small numbers on an internal continuum. A second series of experiments yields precise equations governing comparison times. Finally, cueing experiments with normal subjects and comparison experiments with patients with hemineglect support an attentional model of numerical comparison, the zoom model. According to the model, establishing the relative magnitudes of two numbers requires the operation of an internal zoom, functionally similar to visual attention
Dupuis, Isabelle. "Atteinte des processus attentionnels et récupération fonctionnelle après lésion cérébrale." Aix-Marseille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX11394.
Reynaud, Amélie. "Modulation noradrénergique et ajustement des processus attentionnels chez le singe." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1227/document.
Attention is a function at the heart of cognition that, at any given moment, enables us to select some information for further processing, while setting aside others. This selection of information that operates both in space and time, results from the integration of sensory information and higher-level control according to our goals. This function depends on a cerebral network including the fronto-parietal system. It is also under the influence of different neuromodulators, in particular norepinephrine, the action of which is still poorly understood.The aim of my PhD work was to understand the role of norepinephrine on attentional processes. My objectives were, on the one hand, to test our hypothesis that norepinephrine is capable of acting on the different facets of attention (spatial attention and sustained attention) and, on the other hand, to elucidate the mechanisms of action by which noradrenaline exerts its action. To answer these questions, we tested the impact of an increase in noradrenergic transmission (intramuscular administration of atomoxetine) in monkeys, using behavioral tasks requiring a selection of visual information in space (cued attentional task and spontaneous image exploration) or over time (go/nogo discrimination task). Our results demonstrate that atomoxetine facilitates attentional processes both in space and over time. In space, atomoxetine modulates the orientation of visuospatial attention according to the context, adjusting the rate of sensory accumulation or the impact of image saliency on attention orientation. Over time, atomoxetine adjusts the relationship between the sensitivity to discriminate a target among distractors and the animal’s response bias.In summary, my results demonstrate that norepinephrine influences both the spatial and temporal facets of attention and suggests an action through an adjustment of sensory information processing and an adjustment of attention control to the context
Chakroun, Hichem. "Etude des potentiels évoqués visuels et des processus attentionnels chez les déprimés." Aix-Marseille 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX22027.
Chakroun, Hichem. "Etude des potentiels évoqués visuels et des processus attentionnels chez les déprimés." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375965822.
Benraiss, Abdelrhani. "Etude des potentiels évoqués auditifs et des processus attentionnels chez les schizophrènes chroniques." Aix-Marseille 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX22076.
Casini, Laurence. "Estimation de la durée et processus attentionnels : étude comportementale et électroencéphalographique chez l'homme." Aix-Marseille 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX22081.
Leibnitz, Laurie. "Processus visuo-attentionnels et perceptifs dans la mise en place du codage orthographique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3098.
Identifying the processes involved in the development of reading is necessary to enable as many children as possible to become skilled processors of written language. Although the importance of spoken language skills (e.g., phonological awareness) has been widely demonstrated, few studies, however, have specifically investigated the role of visuo-attentional and perceptual processes in learning to read, or their possible involvement in reading disorders. In this context, we completed three longitudinal studies to examine the role of visuo-attentional and perceptual processes involved in orthographic coding during the first steps of learning to read. The first goal of this thesis was to investigate whether these processes were prerequisites for learning to read. We administered to 89 preschool children and first graders, a target identification task in the fovea (study 1) and the parafovea (study 2). We observed that the precocity of establishment of efficient orthographic coding predicted reading level in first grade. The second objective aimed at improving screening for future reading difficulties in kindergarten children. We developed software (VISA-kids) for assessing visuo-attentional and perceptual abilities that we evaluated in 78 preschool and first grade children. Local processing predicted reading level in the first grade. Our work has highlighted the importance of visuo-attentional and perceptual processes for learning to read and the importance of considering these factors for the prevention of reading difficulties
Keïta, Luc. "Approche développementale et neuropsychologique de processus visuo-attentionnels : traitements global et local selon la catégorie." Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/keita_l.
Our doctoral dissertation concerns the involvement of neural mechanisms of attention on global and local processing and is based upon behavioral data from experimentation presenting hierarchically organized stimuli in divided visual fields. We have shown the influence of high-level processing which modulates the involvement of lateralized mechanisms according to their specialization for global or local analysis as well as for categories (Letter/Object). We have also studied the neural mechanism that allows switching attention between processing details and the global form, which we have shown it to rely on several mechanisms: one of which, unselecting the inappropriate analysis mode, relies on an inhibition mechanism that is differentiated by its right hemisphere dominance. The selection of a processing level was then studied through the effects of interference inferred by concurrent information situated on a level needing to be inhibited. Chapter I presents 8 experiments on these mechanisms for young adults, Chapter II studies their implementation with 2 experiments among children from 6 to 10 years old. The 2 experiments from Chapter III isolate specific anomalies in different types of dyslexia. Children suffering from dyslexia with major phonological disorders present an abnormal functional hemispheric lateralization for processing the Letter and Object categories, whereas a specific deficit of an inhibition mechanism for information on a local level characterize dyslexic children without phonological disorders. The specificity of these deficits reinforces the hypothesis of a linguistic representation disorder in the first type of dyslexia, and the existence of another type of dyslexia characterized by visuo-spatial attention difficulties
Zérillo, Florence. "Les effets du travail posté alternant en 3x8 sur les processus attentionnels et la mémoire." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR20861.
The aim of this research is to study the consequences of a specific social context, the 3x8 alternating shiftwork, on the cognitive processes of the subject, more particularly on attentional processes with memory test. After having listed the data of the literature on the consequences of alternating shiftwork on social and familial life, then on physical and psychic health of the worker. This complaint is corroborated by a number of psychological and physiological data and is expressed by sleepiness. The purpose of this research is to show that visible attentional falls have consequences on the cognitive competence. The results have shawn that there were attentional decreases (. . . )
Keïta, Luc Koenig Olivier Bedoin Nathalie. "Approche développementale et neuropsychologique de processus visuo-attentionnels traitements global et local selon la catégorie /." Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2007/keita_l.
Amirault, Marion. "Boucles cortico-cérébello-corticoles et processus attentionnels : étude anatomo-fonctionnelle dans l'autisme et le TDA/H." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066321.
Bardel, Marie-Héloïse. "Les effets de l'anxiété et des stratégies de coping sur les processus attentionnels dans un contexte anxiogène sportif." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112248.
The main object of this work is to study the influence of anxiety and strategies of coping on the attentional processes within the framework of the sporting competition. Thus, this search arises in two parts where effects of the anxiety (anxiety-state and feature) and of the style of coping on the attentional processes at various stages of the information processing are approached in manner distinct. A probe detection task was used to measure attentional bias. To study the evolution of these bias, two conditions of exposition were used: a short condition followed of a mask (SOA 28 ms) and an unmasked (SOA 1500 ms) long condition. 145 sportsmen (Mage = 26. 00, s = 8,89) took part in this search. The main results show an interaction effect of the anxiety-state and anxiety-trait on the attentional patterns in subliminal condition, whereas in supraliminal condition, an effect of the anxiety-state factor as of the coping factor is highlighted
Masson, Marjolaine. "Rééducation des processus attentionnels : approche sur simulateur de conduite : application au traumatisme crânien et au vieillissement normal." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00864126.
Es-Seddiqi, Mouna. "Le rôle de la voie amygdalo-nigro-striée dans les processus attentionnels dans les apprentissages instrumentaux, classiques et temporels." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066072/document.
Associative learning is a highly complex mechanism, involving several processes at the same time. The attentional process is one of the first to be mobilized during an association; it would also be involved to extract the temporal parameters associated with an unconditional biologically meaningful stimulus even before any effective association (Balsam, Drew, and Yang 2002). Some studies have shown the involvement of certain neurobiological structures, which may underlie attentional processes. For the Holland PC team, for example, orientation responses to a conditioned stimulus (top-down attention) (Lee et al., 2005) involve the central nucleus and nigro-striatal dopaminergic projections, whereas presentation of a new stimulus during an association (bottom-up attention) would rather imply the substancia inominata which would be modulated by the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) and the parietal cortex (Holland and Gallagher 2006). At the same time, in temporal discrimination in which associative learning requires, besides discrete sensory stimuli, performances related to the judgment of durations, the mechanism of the attentional process mobilizes other conceptual models that gravitate mainly around the internal clock model and, in particular, the striatal beat frequency model which propose also neurobiological explanations (Matell & Meck, 2004). In this work, we aimed at understanding the role of the Amygdalo-nigro-striatal (ANS) circuit in the development of the attentional process in associative learning oriented towards discrete and temporal sensory stimuli in the rat. We also aimed at examining the role of this circuit in the evolution of the attentional process after over-training permitting the development of habits. In order to achieve this objective, we compared performance of rats with cross-lesion by altering the CeA in one hemisphere and the nigro-striatal circuit in the other hemisphere (Amygdalo-nigro-striatal disconnection; Contra group) to rats with lesions in the same hemisphere (CeA and nigro-striatal circuit: group Ipsi). A third group was submitted to bilateral lesions of the CeA (Amy group). A control group had pseudo lesions (groupe Sham).Through our three experimental groups (Contra, Ipsi and Amy) and the control group (Sham), we have shown the involvement of the CeA in the modulation of the attentional process when a novelty was introduced in the experimental situation (surprise) both in the presence of an appetitive discrete sensory stimulus and of a temporal stimulus in an aversive context. We have also shown that the ANS circuit is involved in habit formation and that there is probably a differential effect between the posterior and anterior part of the CeA. Our work also highlighted the implication of the nigro-striatal circuit in temporal discrimination and of the ANS circuit in the attentional treatment in temporal perception tasks, this effect being different depending on whether the discrimination concerns short or long durations
Cohen, Laurent. "Etude en temps réel des processus attentionnels : applications à la négligence, la compréhension du langage, la perception musicale." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA07B056.
BALCON, MICHELE. "Contribution a l'etude des perturbations des processus attentionnels au cours des deficits cognitifs observes dans la maladie d'alzheimer." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05H066.
The first volume of this dissertation is based on a comprehensive descriptive review of the major phenomena of "attention". The review provides an outline, together with some evaluation of the present state of research in this branch of neuropsychology : its methods, its achievements and its main problem areas. In the second volume a series of experiments explored the role of attention in performing mental activities. We propose a theoretical model based on theoretical considerations discussed in volume i. It serves as a useful first approximation for the understanding of alzheimer disease. Experiment i compared 90 control subjects aged 20 to 75 years old on a test battery of attention. The results indicate that "knowledge" and "age" have an effect with regard to the execution of the attentional tests. Experiment ii : 25 alzheimer patients aged 54 to 75 years old were compared on a test battery of attention, thinking, memory, visuo-constructive activities and language capacities. The results indicate : - attention is an independant processing from others cognitive processing. - there are relations between attention, memory intelligence, visuo-constructive and language activities. We conclude
Rondeau, Mac Leod Annie. "Potentiels évoqués cognitifs et processus attentionnels visuels : fluctuations au cours du nycthemere avec maintien d'éveil : régulation homeostasique et chronobiologique." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21415.
The main of this study is to test the variability of visual evoked potentials during 24 hours. The present investigation utilized the evoked potentials specially the P300 component of the visual evoked potentials as an index of information processing (discrimination) for selective attention. Visually evoked potentials were recorded to target and non-target stimuli during 27 hours without sleep. Time of day, repeated testing on the P300 component amplitude and latency, tympanic temperature, subjective scales, are investigated. Subjects (experimental group N=9, control group N=9) were tested using a standard oddball paradigm. The results indicate that time of day on repeated testing, affect P300 amplitude and topography. Amplitude of P300 was significantly higher in Fz. This change due to time of day may reflect circadian and/or homeostatic variations in cognitive resources indexed by the P300 component, while decrements repeated testing may reflect changes in allocation of resources across hours
Daban, Claire. "Etude des mécanismes préparatoires à l'attention et des processus attentionnels dans la schizophrénie : influence de la symptomatologie et du traitement." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066079.
Queste, Hélène. "Etude des processus attentionnels mis en jeu lors de l'exploration de scènes naturelles : enregistrement conjoint des mouvements oculaires et de l'activité EEG." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENS006/document.
In everyday life, when we explored the word, we moved continually our eyes. We focus your gaze successively on different location of the visual field, in order to get the visual information. In this way, our eyes became stable on two or three different regions per second, during period called fixation. Between two fixations, we make fast movements of the eyes to move our gaze to another position; it was called saccade. Eye movements are closely linked to attention. What are the attentional processes involved during scene exploration? How factors related to the scene or the task modify the parameters of eye movements? How these changes evolve during the exploration? In the thesis, we proposed to jointly analyze eye movements and electroencephalographic (EEG) data to better understand attentional processes involved during the processing of the visual information acquired during the exploration of scenes. We focused on low and high level factors. Low level factors corresponded to the visual information included in the scene and high level factors corresponded to the instruction give to observers. In a first study, we considered high level factors by manipulating the instructions for observers. We chose four tasks: free-exploration, categorization, visual search and spatial organization. These tasks were chosen because they involved different visual information processing and can be classified by level of difficulty or attentional demands. In a second study, we focused on the visual search task and on the influence of a time constraint. Finally, in a third study, we considered low level factors by analyzing the influence of a distractor disturbing the free-exploration of scenes. For the two first experiments, we jointly recorded eye movements and EEG signals of a large number of observers. The joint analysis of EEG and eye movement data takes advantage of the two methods. Eye tracking allowed to access to eye movements parameters and therefore to the visual attention deployment. It allowed knowing when and where the regions of the scene were gazed at. EEG allowed to access to differences on attentional processes depending on the experimental condition, with a high temporal resolution. We found differences between tasks for evoked potentials elicited by the scene onset and by fixations along the exploration. Furthermore, we demonstrated a strong link between the global EEG activity observed over frontal regions and fixation durations but also markers of the solving of the task on evoked potentials elicited by fixations of interest. Therefore, joint analysis of EEG and eye movement data allowed to report different processes related to attentional demanding
Vallet, Cécile. "L'improvisation dans les pratiques physiques et artistiques : contribution à la compréhension des processus attentionnels et mnésiques en jeu dans la génération d' actions." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28883.
Mainguet, Brigitte. "Attention et environnement scolaire : l'acquisition des habiletés cognitives chez l'enfant à partir de l'étude des interactions entre les processus attentionnels et l'environnement scolaire." Lille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL30076.
During development, the child modifies his cognitive and motor organization by its intentional and functional activities (explorator behavior) in a linear fashion-nonlinearity, a method of self-organization and method of stability-instability. These principles can disrupt the child's behavior and cognitive and cognitive function in school learning. We are particularly interested in classroom attention (sustained and selective), necessary to mobilize in order to learn at school. How does he adapt to the situationnal context ? How he integrates and does different information collected in this environment to maximize its attention ? How and what strategies can be used to control his attention ? To seek attention and selective attention effective, it is neccessary to have learning conditions with stable and adequate space for actions promoted, concrete, to discover and use the intrinsic properties of the task. What we will develop guidelines with assistance through tasks in mathematics and French from CP to CM2. . . We try to understand, after measuring sustained attention and attention selective how these attentions are mobilized and particulary depending on the school and family environment and development. We try to understand if they are functional to support the child in school learning
Lafont, Alex. "Effet des messages de sécurité routière sur la détection des cyclistes par les automobilistes dans un environnement dynamique : implication des processus attentionnels et émotionnels." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCH028.
The aim of the present project is to provide a better understanding of how safety messages can control drivers' vulnerable road user detection abilities. Safety messages provide both vulnerability information and elicit emotion with persons that are exposed to it. This thesis deals with how vulnerability information and emotions respectively affect vulnerable road user detection performances. A special focus was placed on cyclists because of the lack of studies that address cyclist detetcion issues. The project also focused on physiology, especially emotion identification through physiological patterns
Peter, Guillaume. "Développement des processus d'inhibition et de flexibilité du système superviseur attentionnel." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27246/27246.pdf.
Zerbib, Virginie. "Étude de la contribution des processus non conscients dans l’orientation attentionnelle émotionnelle." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20112.
This thesis focuses on appraisal theories (i.e., cognitive evaluation) and more particularly on the Component Process Model. This model postulates that the relevance of an event (i.e., the importance of the event at a given time in the hierarchy of the goals and needs of the organism) is able to modulate the attentional processing of emotional stimuli (i.e., emotional attention) in an automatic way. This model has the advantage to place the individual at the center of his own emotions. The individual can determine if an event is likely to attract his attention and to trigger a specific emotion. The present research project aimed to test the hypothesis of an emotional attention that would be guided by the individual's appraisal of relevance, regardless of the intrinsic characteristics of the stimulus. The appraisal of relevance seems to occur very early in the appraisal sequence and could be deployed at different levels of processing, that is, in an automatic and non-conscious way, in order to allow the organism to adapt quickly to its environment. In order to test this hypothesis, we conducted four experiments in which we investigated the influence of non-conscious appraisal of relevance on emotional attention. To do so, we used an innovative paradigm, the Continuous Flash Suppression paradigm, allowing the non-conscious and long-term presentation of visual information. The results of our studies suggest that it is possible to manipulate the relevance of initially neutral and non-relevant stimuli, in order to generate non-consciously a temporary goal for our participants, which modulates the ability of stimuli to provoke attentional biases. Indeed, the results revealed attentional capture effects, as stimuli became relevant following a non-conscious emotional induction (i.e., disgust). In addition, our data support the idea that we are able to detect the presence of a relevant stimulus that we do not perceive consciously. Indeed, after a conscious emotional induction, attentional interference effects have been observed, generated by stimuli that became relevant, even if they were not perceived consciously. Finally, our results suggest that the appraisal of relevance is efficient both for symbolic relevant stimuli and non-symbolic relevant ones (i.e., words or pictures). In this thesis, we argue that the appraisal of relevance is a good determinant of emotional attention and that this mechanism can be deployed automatically, without any voluntary control and even in non-conscious perception conditions
Maisonnasse, Jérôme. "Estimation des relations attentionnelles dans un environnement intelligent." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10300.
This thesis proposes an attentional relation detector aiming at identifying in real-time dependencies between users and devices equiped in a smart environment. These estimations are used to adapt human computer interaction in a flexible and continuous manner according to digital services. Our model is based on a gravitational and spotlight metaphor. The physical salience of objects is described as a mass. The estimated intention of users is represented by a speed vector which completes the attention definition. A quasi-linear combination provides the focus of attention. Combined with a model of limited resources, each part of attentional resources is distributed to objects according spatial relationships. We evaluate our model by simulating different spatial arrangements. The results were compared with results known in social sciences literature. Other estimations processed on real scenes have been compared with experts evaluation. The model is found robust to estimation of the direction of focus. Ln terms of the distribution of resources the level of agreement is sufficiently reliable. Our model permits a dynamic and flexible perception and can adapt the interaction according to the attentional state of users
Craddock, Paul. "Habituation et reaction d orientation. Quelle relation avec le processus attentionnel? etude chez le bebe." Lille 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL30026.
The object of this thesis is the study of the mecanisms that control the attention of the newborn baby. The orienting response (or) and habituation are studied by pointing out their precocity and examining the models of their functionning. The orienting response is then presented as a form of sensitization of the subjects' attention response that allows a temporary analysis of the sensorial environment; the stable and volontary attention only manifesting itself when the stimilus bears a significance for the baby. The experiments that are discribed aim at pointing out the rapidity with which the newborn baby succeed in learning to associate two events that follow each other, and the significance that bears a stimulus which has become an inaccurate predictor of its consequences. The non nutritive succion is registered, and the modifications of this behavior are analysed in the light of the or and attention models presented in the theoretical part of the study
Krakowski, Claire-Sara. "L'inhibition, un processus au cœur de la compétition visuo-attentionnelle globale/locale : perspectives développementales." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB206/document.
The visual world around us is extremely complex and has a great deal of information embedded in various sources that compete for our attentional resources. Our cognitive system must select a limited amount of visual information, which allows one to adapt to the environment. The perceptive saliency of a piece of information automatically biases attentional resources towards it, and this process is often useful and adaptive. Nevertheless, when the advantaged information is not the most pertinent available, additional mental effort is necessary to suppress it and to select the information of interest. The purpose of this thesis is to connect models of attentional selection and inhibition to the global precedence effect. The latter describes the faster processing of the global structure of an object compared to its local constitutive parts as well as the interference from global to local level. This global precedence effect seems to exist in preschoolers, but appears to be sensitive to manipulations of saliency: when the local elements are dense, the global form spontaneously emerges and is prioritized; however, when local elements are sparse, they seem to be processed with priority. The main goal of this thesis is to specify the global/local development by 1) studying the attentional competition between global, intermediate and local hierarchical levels during development and 2) highlighting the central role of inhibitory control when selecting the less salient level. With a visual search task, we demonstrated that in adults the local level is always disadvantaged during the attentional competition for resources compared to more structural, global and intermediate, levels. Although children showed a similar pattern of results, the selection of the local level was impaired in 5- and 6-year-old children who committed more errors than older children and adults. This result indicates there is a lack of inhibition of the global form in preschoolers. With a negative priming paradigm, we validated the idea that adults and 7-year-old children need to inhibit the global hierarchical level (the most salient one) to select the local hierarchical level (the less salient one). However, when using sparse hierarchical figures, this pattern of results was reversed in 7-year-old children but not in adults. A local inhibition, instead of a global inhibition, seems to be necessary in children when processing sparse figures. Regardless of which level is the most salient at each age, the inhibition process appears necessary to suppress the information at the salient and non-pertinent level in order to select the less salient but most relevant information. Taken together, and with regards to models of attentional selection and inhibition and to dynamic theories of development, these results provide new interpretations and perspectives in the study of the global precedence effect in children and adults
Deltour, Laëtitia. "Analyse des processus de contrôle attentionnel dans l'épilepsie partielle idiopathique de l'enfant : étude comportementale et anatomo-fonctionnelle." Amiens, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AMIE0009.
Olive, Thierry. "Economie de la production de textes : gestion des ressources attentionnelles et mode d'activaton des processus rédactionnels." Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX10021.
Deline, Stéphane. "Différences individuelles dans les processus de contrôle attentionnel chez des personnes jeunes et âgées : approches expérimentale et computationnelle." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00960549.
Michaël, Gilbert. "Perception des indices non verbaux prémices d’une agression physique en situation de travail et facteurs de protection." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PA080108.
Violence in the workplace is a growing social problem. This thesis work studied adaptation strategies and cognitive treatments in people exposed to a professional risk of physical aggression (external violence). Six experimental studies were carried out. This work has shown that professional training in conflict management and the search for social support are protective factors against a risk of external violence in a professional situation (studies 1 and 2). Facial expressions present during an episode of aggression were studdied in social interactions and intra-individual communication. The results indicate that the level of exposure to a risk of external violence and the gender of the participants do not exert an influence on the capacities of recognition of emotional facial expressions or the first signs of a physical aggression (study 3). It also has no effect on people's ability to recognize emotional facial expressions (study 4). Nevertheless, a decrease in the recognition levels of these expressions was observed with increasing age. With regard to attentional processes, no differences were observed between emotional expressions and those first signs of a physical aggression on the inhibition of cognitive interference, depending on the level of exposure to the risk of external violence ( study 5) or the allocation of visual attention (study 6). The social utility of these results is discussed
Annic, Agnès. "Physiopathologie des troubles de la sélectivité attentionnelle dans la maladie de Parkinson : rôle des processus de capture et de contrôle volontaire de l'attention." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S046/document.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. It is characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, causing a progressive loss of dopamine neurotransmission within the basal ganglia. Apart from motor symptoms, PD patients have cognitive disorders. Namely, focused attention is impaired and PD patients fail to select task-relevant information, leading sometimes to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The origin of this impairment is still debated: PD-related selective attention deficit may be due either to a failure of goal-directed or stimulus-driven attention. Sensory gating helps the individuals to selectively allocate their attentional resources to salient stimuli and to inhibit irrelevant information. One of the physiological marker of this process is referred to as prepulse inhibition (PPI). It corresponds to the attenuation of the motor and cortical responses to a startling stimulus (pulse) when a non-startling stimulus (the prepulse) precedes the pulse by few milliseconds. PPI can be modulated by attention, its magnitude being greater after a to-be attended prepulse. Moreover, PPI is mediated by basal ganglia.The main aim of this work was to better identify the mechanisms involved in selective attention deficits in PD. We used an active PPI paradigm and recorded the cortical response to the pulse. We assumed that PD patients would exhibit a lower inhibition of the cortical response than healthy controls. If attention deficits in PD are related to an impairment of goal-directed attention, PD patients would exhibit lower inhibition after a to-be attended prepulse than in the other conditions. At the opposite, if it is due to a failure of stimulus-driven attention, inhibition would be lower after a prepulse which involuntarily captures attention than in the other conditions.In order to reach this objective, we have first developed and validated a new active PPI paradigm in order to investigate the role of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention on sensory-cognitive gating. To this end, high resolution electroencephalogram was recorded in 26 young healthy subjects. They performed a selective attention task combined with an active PPI paradigm and the auditory-evoked and induced cortical response to the pulse was recorded. Then, the same procedure was administered in 16 elderly healthy subjects, 16 PD patients without MCI and 16 PD patients with MCI. In young healthy subjects, we found that stimulus-driven and goal-directed attention each had specific effects on the inhibition of the evoked and induced response to the pulse. The investigation of age-related changes on sensory gating revealed that the induced cortical response was more sensitive for assessing age-related changes than the evoked response. Then, we chose this cortical marker to investigate sensory gating in PD. Our results showed that PD patients with MCI exhibit lower inhibition of induced cortical response to the pulse than healthy controls. This finding confirms previous results showing a high distractibility in these patients. Moreover, PD patients exhibit impaired theta synchronization when focused attention was engaged
Pigeon, Caroline. "Mobilisation attentionnelle des piétons aveugles : effets de l’âge, de l’antériorité de la cécité et de l’aide à la mobilité utilisée." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2187/document.
The main objective of this PhD work was (1) to investigate some cognitive processes in the population of blind individuals and (2) to determine the involvement of these processes in their pedestrian mobility. Demographic factors, such as the age, the age of blindness onset, and the type of mobility aid were studied. Three studies were conducted. The first experiment consisted of assessing 63 blind participants and 42 age-matched sighted participants with a battery of neuropsychological tests. The results showed that blind participants had better performances than sighted participants in tests assessing attentional and working memory functions. Among blind participants, blind participants aged 60 years or older had poorer performances than those of younger blind participants. Findings revealed a detrimental effect of age on neuropsychological performances in blind participants. However, performances of blind participants aged 60 years or older were better than those of sighted participants. The second experiment aimed to study the cognitive load involved in the walking activity of blind individuals. In a controlled environment, 25 blind participants, using a white cane, performed walking trials while executing a secondary task. Findings revealed that the walking activity of blind participants was not impaired by the secondary task. This result suggests that the participants had good abilities to share their attention between two tasks. Participants performed significantly worse the secondary task when increasing the complexity of the walking activity. Participants also reported greater cognitive load while walking and simultaneously performing the secondary task. In addition, the attentional capacities of blind people (measured in the first experiment) had a significant effect on their performances at this second experiment. Similar to the second study, a third experiment was conducted with 13 blind participants using a guide dog. The results suggest that the guide dogs facilitated the walking of participants and reduced the cognitive load involved in the walking in comparison with the participants of the second experiment. Taken together, these results highlight the major role of attention in the mobility of blind individuals. This research offers interesting possibilities of improvement in the mobility of blind people, in terms of rehabilitation and technological applications
Gautier, Tatiana. "Estimation du temps et attention chez le jeune enfant : le rôle du développement des ressources attentionnelles et du contrôle de l'attention sur le processus de traitement de l'information temporelle." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF20003.
Brazzini-Poisson, Véronique. "Modulation différentielle par la privation de sommeil des processus attentionnels frontaux et pariétaux: une étude de potentiels évoqués cognitifs." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2843.
The objective of the present study was to assess the differential effects of sleep deprivation (SD) on cognitive functions relying on distinct cerebral networks, involved in the fronto-parietal attentional network, during a relatively simple and short cognitive task. Multi-sites recording event-related-potentials (ERP) were used in order to evaluate the effect of SD on rapid cognitive activity and its topographical correlates. The morning following a night of total SD and a night of sleep, 20 participants were administered a 3-stimuli visual oddball paradigm. Amplitudes and latencies of the P200 and N200 ERP components were analyzed as frontal indexes, whereas P300 was analyzed as a mixed frontal and parietal component. Following TSD, a non specific increase in P200 amplitude for the left hemisphere, as well as a loss of lateralisation in response to target stimuli, were observed. Contrarily, P300 amplitude was predominantly reduced in the parietal region in response to target stimuli. Moreover, N200 and P300 latencies were delayed non specific to the type of stimuli and performance (reaction time and accuracy) was altered. These results confirm the deleterious effect of a moderate duration SD on attention processes that can be objectified by means of behavioural and electrophysiological measures. Each stages of information processing was altered by SD, as shown by its effect on P2, N2 and P3 components. Moreover, SD affected differently components caracterized by a predominant frontal or parietal distribution.
Séguin, Marilou. "Attention! Prêt? On s’enTraine! Étude d’efficacité d’un programme d’entraînement intensif des processus attentionnels chez des jeunes ayant subi un traumatisme craniocérébral." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11017.
Attention dysfunctions following traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently complicate the return to activities of daily living and negatively influence professional and socioacademic reintegration. Yet, clinicians in rehabilitation settings have limited access to cognitive remediation protocols for which efficacy has been demonstrated and that are adapted to French populations. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the intensive attention process training program « Attention! Prêt? On s’enTraine! » (Séguin, Lahaie & Beauchamp, 2012) based on a French adaptation of the « Attention Process Training-I » program (APT-I; Sohlberg & Mateer, 1987). Over five weeks, 17 participants who sustained TBI and demonstrated attention deficits received either the attention process training intervention (n = 8) or homework assistance (n = 9). Following the intervention, the experimental group improved on functions targeted by the « Attention! Prêt? On s’enTraine! » program, specifically, visual scanning, visual selective attention and attentional shifting. They also showed significant transfer gains on related tasks including measures of working memory, inhibition, mental flexibility and visuoconstructive planning. The demonstration of a positive effect of an intensive attention training program on attentional performances after TBI is likely to support and reinforce the development and validation of French cognitive remediation protocols, ultimately leading to improvements in the prognosis for individuals with TBI.
Aubin, Sébrina. "Les effets de la distance physique sur les processus attentionnels sont dépendants de la similarité distracteur-cible : étude à partir des potentiels reliés aux évènements." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10651.
Visual attention is a cognitive process that improves the limited capacity of the visual system by prioritising the processing of information within the attended area of the visual field. Using the event-related potentials method, components associated to such cognitive processes can be extracted from electroencephalographic activity. The N2pc, a lateralized component characterised by a negative deflection between 180 – 300 ms post-stimulus in the posterior electrodes of the hemisphere contralateral to the attended visual hemifield, reflects processes associated to the deployment of visuospatial attention. Previous studies have identified numerous factors, both from bottom-up and top-down influences, capable of modulating this component. The present study expands our understanding of attention on the processing of information from within and between receptive fields in the extrastriate visual cortex. Particularly, the present study shows that attention can be dissociated from salient items when these are dissimilar to the target and that their influence is eliminated when this particular item is located within the same receptive field as the attended item. Additionally, this study recognizes the influence of early and late target-filter processes on attentional selection.
Parent, Mélissandre. "L'impact des accidents de la route sur le processus attentionnel chez les personnes n'ayant pas dévéloppé de trouble de stress post-traumatique à la suite de l'accident." Thèse, 2016. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/7931/1/031384494.pdf.
Citherlet, Daphné. "La contribution de l’insula au traitement de l’information : apports de l’EEG intracrânien et de l’évaluation comportementale." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25547.
The role of the insular cortex in information processing has long been considered enigmatic, partly due to its deep location in the brain. However, the advent of direct electrocortical stimulation and neuroimaging approaches have shed light on its involvement in multiple of neuropsychological functions. An increasing number of studies suggest that the insular cortex plays a crucial role in processing the physical characteristics of sensory stimuli, as well as in the processing of salient information. Current theories argue that the insula would be a critical structure in the “salience network” and involved in sensory, emotional and attentional processes. However, the specific contribution of the insular cortex remains unknown, notably due to the intrinsic limitations of conventional approaches and the very low prevalence of lesions restricted to the insula, especially as little clinical evidence support these findings. Furthermore, although insular resections are becoming more frequent, the neuropsychological effects of this surgery remain unclear. Thus, the studies that make up this thesis aim to improve our understanding of the role played by the insula in the salient information processing and the neuropsychological consequences of the insular resections on sensory, emotional and attentional functions. The first two studies of this thesis assess the respective contributions of the anterior and posterior insular portions in attentional processing towards salient and relevant sensory information. The insular responses during visual and auditory oddball attentional tasks are recorded by means of intracranial EEG (iEEG) in epileptic patients undergoing invasive iEEG, with electrode contacts implanted in the insula as part of a pre-surgical evaluation of their drug-resistant seizures. The results suggest that the anterior insula participates in voluntary attentional processing around 300-500 ms following the presentation of task-relevant stimuli in both visual and auditory modality, whereas the posterior portion is involved in automatic processing occurring about 100 ms after auditory stimuli presentation, independent of task-relevant information. The next two studies examine the neuropsychological consequences of insular cortex resections on the sensory and affectivo-attentional processes, in drug-refractory epileptic patients who have undergone unilateral resection of this structure. Their performance in a revised Dot-Probe task and an emotional Stroop test, as well as their responses in a questionnaire assessing sensory behavioral patterns, were compared to a group of patients who had surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy and a group of healthy control. The results highlight alterations in sensory processing and emotional interference control following insular epilepsy surgery. In sum, the neurophysiological and behavioral data in this thesis contribute to a better understanding of the specific role of the insula in the processing of sensory, salient, emotional and attentional information. Moreover, these findings highlight the need to further develop neuropsychological tests in order to better identify functional disturbances associated with insular epilepsy and insular resection surgery.