Книги: "Processing Impairment"

1

Huang, Xinping. Signal processing for RF circuit impairment mitigation. Boston: Artech House, 2014.

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2

F, Smoorenburg G., Bosman Arjan J, European Concerted Action Project, and International Workshop of Hearing Impairment and Signal-Processing Hearing Aids (1988 : Wolfheze, Netherlands), eds. Hearing impairment and signal-processing hearing aids II: The European Concerted Action Project. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1993.

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3

E, Sandlin Robert, ed. Understanding digitally programmable hearing aids. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1994.

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4

Learning disabilities sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia, speech and communication disorders, auditory and visual processing disorders, and other conditions that make learning difficult, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, down syndrome and other chromosomal disorders, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, hearing and visual impairment, autism and other pervasive developmental disorders, and traumatic brain Injury; along with facts about diagnosing learning disabilities, early intervention, the special education process, legal protections, assistive technology, and accommodations, and guidelines for life-stage transitions, suggestions for coping with daily challenges, a glossary of related terms, and a directory of additional resources. 4th ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2012.

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5

Office, General Accounting. Welfare reform: More coordinated federal effort could help states and localities move TANF recipients with impairments toward employment : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 2001.

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6

Office, General Accounting. Welfare reform: Former TANF recipients with impairments less likely to be employed and more likely to receive federal supports : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2002.

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7

Brennfleck, Shannon Joyce, ed. Learning disabilities sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about dyslexia, auditory and visual processing disorders, communication disorders, dyscalculia, dysgraphia, and other conditions that impede learning, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, hearing and visual impairments, chromosome-based disorders, and brain injury; along with facts about brain function, assessment, therapy and remediation, accommodations, assistive technology, legal protections, and tips about family life, school transitions, and employment strategies, a glossary of related terms, and directories of additional resources. 3rd ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2009.

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8

Maher, Lynn M. Broca’s Aphasia and Grammatical Processing. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.9.

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Broca’s aphasia serves as a platform for discussions of the cognitive and neural mechanisms of sentence production and how those systems break down in individuals with damage in left inferior frontal regions beyond Broca’s area, suggesting a role for such regions in syntactic processing. Standardized and nonstandardized diagnostic tools facilitate assessment of comprehension and production of grammatical functions that can be impaired in Broca’s aphasia. Several treatment approaches address impairment in sentence production that emanates across various processes in sentence formulation. The nomenclature surrounding Broca’s aphasia provides a launching pad to guide analysis and intervention for the communication impairments experienced by these individuals.

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9

Wilshire, Carolyn E. Conduction Aphasia: Impaired Phonological Processing. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.8.

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Conduction aphasia is a syndrome characterized by impaired repetition in the context of relatively preserved auditory comprehension and fluent speech. The classical conceptualization of conduction aphasia as a disconnection syndrome has been undermined in recent years. Nevertheless, this diagnosis delineates a small subset of individuals with aphasia who have many common cognitive and anatomical characteristics. Conduction aphasia is associated with damage to a relatively narrow and well-defined group of left hemisphere brain structures, which may include the posterior superior temporal lobe, the inferior parietal lobe, and the insula. According to current cognitive neuropsychological frameworks, an impairment in phonological planning for speech production is the common underlying cognitive dysfunction in the majority of cases, which may sometimes be accompanied by an analogous impairment in receptive phonology. Other common features, such as sentence repetition problems and reduced short-term memory span, may be a secondary consequence of the primary phonological impairment. Current approaches to the treatment of conduction aphasia target the underlying impairment in phonological planning. It is argued that the diagnosis of conduction aphasia can be a useful first step toward understanding a person’s language difficulties and planning effective treatment interventions.

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10

Hopkins, Ramona O., Maria E. Carlo, and James C. Jackson. Critical Illness and Long-Term Cognitive Impairment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199398690.003.0003.

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Evidence from dozens of studies of thousands of individuals suggest that as many as half of critical illness survivors experience significant deficits in memory, executive functioning, attention, and processing speed that persist years after discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU). This chapter reviews the prevalence, characteristics, possible mechanisms, and risk factors for long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. Some key risks factors—notably, delirium—may be modifiable, whereas others, such as genetic markers, are not. Cognitive impairments are associated with psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The impact of critical illness–related cognitive impairment on individuals and society includes financial costs, inability to return to work, impairments in instrumental activities of daily living (financial management, medication management, shopping, home care), reduced quality of life, and caregiver burden. Efforts need to be directed not only at modifying risk factors but also at attempting to prevent, treat, and remediate deficits.

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11

Reilly, Jamie, and Nadine Martin. Semantic Processing in Transcortical Sensory Aphasia. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.6.

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Transcortical sensory aphasia (TCSA) has historically been regarded as a disconnection syndrome characterized by impaired access between words and otherwise intact core object knowledge. Yet, an extensive body of research has also demonstrated a range of associated nonverbal semantic deficits in TCSA, suggestive of a multimodal semantic impairment that transcends representational modality (i.e., language). Here we delineate the semantic impairment incurred in TCSA within a neurologically constrained model of semantic memory premised upon dynamic interactivity between stored knowledge (e.g., semantic features) and integrative processes that serve to bind this knowledge into cohesive object representations. We discuss practical implications for clinical aphasiology and outline considerations for the broader fields of cognitive neuropsychology and neurolinguistics.

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12

Kulasiri, Don, and Yao He. Computational Systems Biology of Synaptic Plasticity: Modelling of Biochemical Pathways Related to Memory Formation and Impairment. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2017.

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13

Grimaldi, Stephanie J., and Emily R. Stern. Sensory Processing and Intolerance in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0011.

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Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often exhibit abnormal sensitivity to sensory stimuli and a reduced ability to screen out stimuli that most do not find bothersome. This chapter reviews evidence documenting increased sensitivity to external sensory stimuli (auditory, olfactory, tactile) and reduced sensory gating in patients with OCD. In some individuals such sensitivity can present as a primary symptom. Many patients with OCD also experience sensations that appear to be “internally generated,” including not-just-right experiences, incompleteness, and physical urges; this is the focus of the second half of the chapter. These sensations, termed “sensory phenomena,” cause significant distress and impairment in daily functioning and may require different treatments than fear-based obsessions. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of directions for future research that may provide further insight into the nature of sensory symptoms as well as potential treatments.

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14

Harnish, Stacy M. Anomia and Anomic Aphasia: Implications for Lexical Processing. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.7.

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Anomia is a term that describes the inability to retrieve a desired word, and is the most common deficit present across different aphasia syndromes. Anomic aphasia is a specific aphasia syndrome characterized by a primary deficit of word retrieval with relatively spared performance in other language domains, such as auditory comprehension and sentence production. Damage to a number of cognitive and motor systems can produce errors in word retrieval tasks, only subsets of which are language deficits. In the cognitive and neuropsychological underpinnings section, we discuss the major processing steps that occur in lexical retrieval and outline how deficits at each of the stages may produce anomia. The neuroanatomical correlates section will include a review of lesion and neuroimaging studies of language processing to examine anomia and anomia recovery in the acute and chronic stages. The assessment section will highlight how discrepancies in performance between tasks contrasting output modes and input modalities may provide insight into the locus of impairment in anomia. Finally, the treatment section will outline some of the rehabilitation techniques for forms of anomia, and take a closer look at the evidence base for different aspects of treatment.

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15

McCurdy-McKinnon, Danyale, and Jamie D. Feusner. Neurobiology of Body Dysmorphic Disorder : Heritability/Genetics, Brain Circuitry, and Visual Processing. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0020.

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This chapter covers studies addressing neurobiologic factors that may contribute to body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). There are indications that neurobiologic abnormalities are associated with symptoms in BDD. This includes evidence that the susceptibility for BDD may be partly heritable and that there may be shared genetic factors among the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (of which BDD is a member) as a group. In addition, studies of brain circuitry in BDD implicate white matter and structural connectivity abnormalities as playing possible roles in the pathophysiology of BDD. Furthermore, studies of visual processing suggest that disturbances in visual perception and visuospatial information processing, characterized by heightened attention to detail and impairment in holistic and global assessment, are also contributory.

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16

Noël, Marie-Pascale. When Number Processing and Calculation is Not Your Cup of Tea. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.62.

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This section of this volume deals with the study of numerical impairment occurring either after brain damage (i.e., acquired acalculia) or during development without any known brain damage (i.e., dyscalculia). The chapters in this section will report the research aiming at characterizing those difficulties. The study of atypical number processing and calculation in acalculia has contributed importantly to the understanding of how our brain is structured to process number and to calculate. The study of dyscalculia has shed light on the numerical bases for arithmetic learning. This research has also helped us in determining how other cognitive functions such as working memory, visuospatial processing, or phonological awareness have an impact on numerical cognition. These relations between different cognitive domains could partly explain the co-morbidities that are often observed in developmental disorders. Finally, this section also reviews the few attempts that have been made to enhance those numerical capacities.

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17

Young, Jared W., Alan Anticevic, and Deanna M. Barch. Cognitive and Motivational Neuroscience of Psychotic Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0016.

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Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome presenting with a constellation of symptoms. Clinicians have long recognized that abnormalities in cognitive function and motivated behavior are a key component of psychosis, and of schizophrenia in particular. Here we postulate that these deficits may reflect, at least in part, impairments in the ability to actively maintain and utilize internal representations of emotional experiences, previous rewards, and motivational goals in order to drive current and future behavior in a way that would normally allow individuals to obtain desired outcomes. We discuss the evidence for such impairment in schizophrenia, how it manifests in domains typically referred to as executive control, working memory, and episodic memory, how it may help us understand impairments in reward processing and motivation in schizophrenia, and the animal research consistent with these hypotheses.

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18

Raymer, Anastasia M., and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Aphasia Syndromes: Introduction and Value in Clinical Practice. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.20.

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Neurologic damage affecting the left cerebral hemisphere leads to impairments in comprehension and expression of language in the verbal modality (aphasia) and in the written modality (dyslexia and dysgraphia). Impairment patterns take various forms, differing in the fluency/nonfluency of verbal output and integrity of auditory comprehension, repetition, and word retrieval abilities. The divergent classifications of aphasia allow reflection on neural and psychological correlates of specific aspects of language processing in verbal and written modalities. Neurologic damage affecting the right cerebral hemisphere can lead to changes in social and prosodic communication, speaking to the role of the right hemisphere in language processing. Patterns of language breakdown following neurologic injury have implications for assessment and intervention for affected individuals. Whereas perspectives vary on interpretation of the language breakdown across disciplines, this volume’s purpose is to facilitate interactions across disciplines to improve the lives of those with aphasia and related communication disorders.

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19

Butterworth, Brian, Sashank Varma, and Diana Laurillard. Dyscalculia. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.001.

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Recent research in cognitive and developmental neuroscience is providing a new approach to the understanding of dyscalculia that emphasizes a core deficit in understanding sets and their numerosities, which is fundamental to all aspects of elementary school mathematics. The neural bases of numerosity processing have been investigated in structural and functional neuroimaging studies of adults and children, and neural markers of its impairment in dyscalculia have been identified. New interventions to strengthen numerosity processing, including adaptive software, promise effective evidence-based education for dyscalculic learners.

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20

Acharya, Rajat. Satellite Signal Propagation, Impairments and Mitigation. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2017.

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21

Acharya, Rajat. Satellite Signal Propagation, Impairments and Mitigation. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2017.

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22

Torrent, Carla, Caterina del Mar Bonnin, and Anabel Martinez-Arán. Functional remediation therapy for bipolar disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0014.

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Impairment in functional outcome is commonly observed even when patients are euthymic and includes multiple areas of functioning. Many factors such as sociodemographic, clinical, pharmacological, and neurocognitive variables have been associated with functional impairment. The term ‘functional remediation’ has been coined to define an innovative strategy aimed at targeting the critical factors for full psychosocial adjustment and functional recovery in the context of psychoses and more specifically bipolar disorders. Functional remediation involves not only neurocognitive techniques and training but also psychoeducation on cognition-related issues and problem-solving within an ecological framework. The inclusion of context processing, performance monitoring, encoding, and manipulation of the information as well as fostering compensatory strategies must be included in the functional remediation intervention. In this regard, real-world problems affecting daily functioning are used for bipolar disorder to be transferred to daily practice.

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23

Cochlear Implants: Fundamentals and Applications (Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing). Springer, 2003.

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24

Feusner, Jamie D., and Danyale McCurdy-McKinnon. Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0050.

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This chapter covers the latest studies addressing neurobiological and genetic/heritable factors that may contribute to body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). BDD affects approximately 2% of the population and involves perceived defects of appearance along with obsessive preoccupation and repetitive, compulsive-like behaviors. Studies of visual processing suggest that disturbances in visual perception and visuospatial information processing, characterized by heightened attention to detail and impairment in holistic and global assessment, contribute to the condition. Also reviewed are studies of brain circuitry in BDD, which implicate white matter and structural connectivity abnormalities as playing possible roles in the pathophysiology of BDD. Finally, this chapter reviews the evidence that the susceptibility for BDD may be partly heritable and that there may be shared genetic factors among the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (of which BDD is a member) as a group.

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25

Mason, Peggy. Seeing the World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0015.

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Modern life is highly dependent on high-acuity vision, and this chapter emphasizes the mechanisms and pathways that support high-acuity or form vision. Because the most common visual impairment is refractive error, the refractive power of the cornea and lens is described at some length. The processes of emmetropization, accommodation, and far viewing are considered. The participation of the outer retina in phototransduction and the visual cycle are detailed, and relevant diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration, are introduced. The neural processes that transform different wavelengths of light into color perception and common forms of color blindness are explained. Visual processing within cortex, including processing through the dorsal and visual streams, are presented. The process through which babies learn to interpret the firing in their brains as representing visual objects and the importance of the initial years of life to this process are described.

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26

Celesia, Gastone G., and Neal S. Peachey. Visual Evoked Potentials and Electroretinograms. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0041.

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Electrophysiological testing of vision permits the objective assessment of the function of the retina, visual pathways, and cortices. This chapter covers visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and electroretinography (ERG). Flash ERG is useful in evaluating the outer retinal function and specifically helping in the diagnosis of retinal degeneration, monitoring the progress of retinal diseases, monitoring the retinal toxicity of drugs, and understanding the pathophysiology of retinal disorders. VEPs to various stimuli are useful in evaluating macular disorders, diagnosing optic neuropathies, detecting silent pathologies in the absence of other clinical signs of visual impairment, and evaluating disturbances of visual processing in degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Simultaneous recording of pattern ERG and pattern VEP permits the differentiation between maculopathies and optic neuropathy.

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27

Craufurd, David, and Julie S. Snowden. Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199929146.003.0003.

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Huntington’s disease (HD) causes a combination of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric changes; of these, the behavioral and cognitive aspects cause the greatest disability and have the highest impact on quality of life. The most common and troublesome behavioral problems are depression, suicidal thinking, irritability, apathy, and perseveration. Apathy and perseveration become more common as the disease progresses and correlate with other markers of disease progression, including cognitive impairment, whereas mood changes do not. The most prominent cognitive changes are psychomotor slowing and problems in executive skills and memory. Emotional processing and odor recognition difficulties also occur early. Simple psychomotor measures provide sensitive markers of change, even in premanifest HD, and therefore are crucial in evaluating efficacy of therapeutic interventions. The causes of problem behaviors in HD are complex and reflect an interaction of biologic, social, and environmental factors.

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28

Willcutt, Erik G. ADHD and reading disorder. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0029.

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This chapter provides an overview of current knowledge regarding the frequency, implications, and aetiology of comorbidity between ADHD and reading disorder (RD), a common childhood disorder that is defined by significant underachievement in reading. Results from community studies indicate that 20–50% of individuals with ADHD also meet criteria for RD, and the presence of comorbid RD is associated with increased functional impairment and less positive long-term outcomes. Family and twin studies indicate that RD and ADHD are both significantly familial and heritable, and multivariate analyses indicate that nearly all of the phenotypic covariance between RD and ADHD is due to shared genetic influences that are associated with slower and more variable cognitive processing speed. Key future directions include studies that incorporate a broader range of measures of reading and more sophisticated neuropsychological and neuroimaging phenotypes, along with studies of the treatment implications of comorbidity between ADHD and RD.

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29

Schmidt, Christian, Gustavo González, Fernando Gregorio, and Juan Cousseau. Signal Processing Techniques for Power Efficient Wireless Communication Systems: Practical Approaches for RF Impairments Reduction. Springer, 2020.

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30

Schmidt, Christian, Gustavo González, Fernando Gregorio, and Juan Cousseau. Signal Processing Techniques for Power Efficient Wireless Communication Systems: Practical Approaches for RF Impairments Reduction. Springer, 2019.

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31

Gottardo, Alexandra. Syntactic and phonological processing in children with language impairments, children with reading disabilities and normally achieving children. 1995.

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32

Schwieter, John W., and Zhisheng (Edward) Wen, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Working Memory and Language. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108955638.

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Bringing together cutting-edge research, this Handbook is the first comprehensive text to examine the pivotal role of working memory in first and second language acquisition, processing, impairments, and training. Authored by a stellar cast of distinguished scholars from around the world, the Handbook provides authoritative insights on work from diverse, multi-disciplinary perspectives, and introduces key models of working memory in relation to language. Following an introductory chapter by working memory pioneer Alan Baddeley, the collection is organized into thematic sections that discuss working memory in relation to: Theoretical models and measures; Linguistic theories and frameworks; First language processing; Bilingual acquisition and processing; and Language disorders, interventions, and instruction. The Handbook is sure to interest and benefit researchers, clinicians, speech therapists, and advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students in linguistics, psychology, education, speech therapy, cognitive science, and neuroscience, or anyone seeking to learn more about language, cognition and the human mind.

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33

Masellis, Maria C. Evidence for temporal processing deficits in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and language impairments on a dichotic listening task. 1998.

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34

Newman, Jennifer, and Charles R. Marmar. Executive Function in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0015.

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This chapter discusses the role of executive function in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is far from fully understood. Deficits are subtle and findings are often inconsistent. Impairments have been related to worsening of psychological symptoms, functioning, and quality of life. They can also negatively impact treatment. Functional imaging shows that neurocognitive deficits in PTSD may be related to an imbalance in brain connectivity, where emotion processing is enhanced and control is reduced. Structural findings show abnormalities in brain regions involved in higher-level functions. However, findings are often discrepant. Factors related to these inconclusive results are considered, including developmental course, premorbid functioning, and comorbidities such as traumatic brain injury, depression, substance use, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, health behaviors, and medical concerns. Treatment implications, limitations of this work, and future directions are presented. The aim of future research is to advance scientific understanding of PTSD, neurocognitive impairments, and related conditions, with the goal of improving outcomes for those who encounter trauma.

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35

Shabani-Jadidi, Pouneh. Psycholinguistics. Edited by Anousha Sedighi and Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736745.013.17.

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Psycholinguistics encompasses the psychology of language as well as linguistic psychology. Although they might sound similar, they are actually distinct. The first is a branch of linguistics, while the latter is a subdivision of psychology. In the psychology of language, the means are the research tools adopted from psychology and the end is the study of language. However, in linguistic psychology, the means are the data derived from linguistic studies and the end is psychology. This chapter focuses on the first of these two components; that is, the psychology of language. The goal of this chapter is to give a state-of-the-art perspective on the small but growing body of research using psycholinguistic tools to study Persian with a focus on two areas: presenting longstanding debates about the mental lexicon, language impairments and language processing; and introducing a source of data for the linguistic analysis of Persian.

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36

Lis, Stefanie, Nicole E. Derish, and M. Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez. Social Cognition in Personality Disorders. Edited by Christian Schmahl, K. Luan Phan, Robert O. Friedel, and Larry J. Siever. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199362318.003.0009.

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Changes in social cognition are increasingly recognized as core illness features in the personality disorders with a broad impact on social functioning. Despite the significant disability caused by social cognitive dysfunction, treatments for this symptom dimension tailored to the specific deficits of a disorder are still missing. This chapter characterizes the different domains of social cognitive processing and describes different approaches and instruments for measuring impairments. It provides a short overview of the evidence demonstrating changes in social cognition in schizotypal personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and antisocial and avoidant personality disorder, as well as the neurobiology of social cognition. During the recent past the number of studies addressing this topic increased tremendously. Nevertheless, research in this area is still young and requires approaches that study these functions while emphasizing the social context and associate deficits observed in experimental paradigms with interpersonal dysfunction during every-day life.

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37

Ryckaert, Celine, Jonna Kuntsi, and Philip Asherson. Emotional dysregulation and ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0011.

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Symptoms of emotional dysregulation commonly accompany ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults. These include volatile moods, temper tantrums, and irritability. How emotional dysregulation relates to ADHD is currently debated. We approach this by establishing that, while emotional dysregulation is a transdiagnostic construct, it is also seen in ADHD cases independently of comorbidity. Furthermore, it accounts for ADHD-related impairments beyond symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. Aetiological studies suggest shared genetic influences drive the covariation of emotional dysregulation and ADHD symptoms. However, at the cognitive and neural level emotional dysregulation in ADHD seems to emerge as the direct effects of dysfunctions in emotional processing, rather than being secondary to deficits underpinning the symptoms of ADHD. Nevertheless, treatment trials of stimulants and atomoxetine show significant clinical improvement in emotional dysregulation symptoms. Future research needs to investigate the interaction of ADHD with comorbid disorders, and the predictors of response to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.

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38

Prasad, Girijesh. Brain–machine interfaces. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0049.

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A brain–machine interface (BMI) is a biohybrid system intended as an alternative communication channel for people suffering from severe motor impairments. A BMI can involve either invasively implanted electrodes or non-invasive imaging systems. The focus in this chapter is on non-invasive approaches; EEG-based BMI is the most widely investigated. Event-related de-synchronization/ synchronization (ERD/ERS) of sensorimotor rhythms (SMRs), P300, and steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) are the three main cortical activation patterns used for designing an EEG-based BMI. A BMI involves multiple stages: brain data acquisition, pre-processing, feature extraction, and feature classification, along with a device to communicate or control with or without neurofeedback. Despite extensive research worldwide, there are still several challenges to be overcome in making BMI practical for daily use. One such is to account for non-stationary brainwaves dynamics. Also, some people may initially find it difficult to establish a reliable BMI with sufficient accuracy. BMI research, however, is progressing in two broad areas: replacing neuromuscular pathways and neurorehabilitation.

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Medalia, Alice, Tiffany Herlands, Alice Saperstein, and Nadine Revheim. Cognitive Remediation for Psychological Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190608453.001.0001.

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Individuals with serious and persistent mental illnesses, including schizophrenia and affective disorders, often experience cognitive deficits that make it difficult to perform everyday tasks. For example, they may have difficulty with attention, memory, processing speed, and problem solving, and this may interfere with functioning at work, school, and in social situations. Cognitive remediation is an evidence-based behavioral treatment for people who are experiencing cognitive impairments that interfere with role functioning. This edition contains all the information needed to set up a cognitive remediation program so clients can strengthen the cognitive skills needed for everyday functioning. The program described is called Neuropsychological and Educational Approach to Remediation (NEAR), which is an evidence-based approach to cognitive remediation that uses carefully crafted instructional techniques that reflect an understanding of how people learn best. The goals of NEAR are to provide a positive learning experience, to promote independent learning, and to promote optimal cognitive functioning in daily life. This second edition of the popular 2009 therapist’s guide provides step-by-step instructions on how to implement NEAR techniques with patients to improve their cognitive functioning and quality of life. Guidelines are provided for setting up and running a successful cognitive remediation program. Therapists learn how to choose appropriate cognitive exercises, recruit and work with clients, perform intake interviews, and create treatment plans. This guide comes complete with all the tools necessary for facilitating treatment, including program evaluation forms and client handouts.

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