Статті в журналах: "Process of distribution of electrical energy"

1

Montes, Juan M., Jesus Cintas, Francicso Gomez Cuevas, and José A. Rodríguez. "Electrical Resistance Sintering of M.A. Al-5AlN Powders." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 1225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1225.

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In this work, mechanically alloyed Al-5AlN powders have been sintered by the Electrical Resistance Sintering (E.R.S.) technique. A die of alumina-base refractory concrete has been employed. Several electric intensity currents and passage times through the compact have been tested during the consolidation process. Compacts have been mechanically characterized by their hardness distribution and by an indirect tensile test. The obtained results are compared with the corresponding values of compacts prepared with the same powders by the conventional route of cold pressing and furnace sintering. Finally, for all the electrically consolidated compacts, the final porosity, as well as the average hardness and the strength in the indirect tensile test are empirically related to the electric energy supplied during the process. This energy is a function of the electric intensity current and passage time. The aforementioned empirical relationships are useful to select the best process conditions.

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2

Ohol, Sandeep, Mathew VK, Savita Shinde, and G. Balachandran. "Heat balance analysis in electric arc furnace for process improvement." E3S Web of Conferences 170 (2020): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017002012.

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The current study deals with optimizing the melting process used in electric arc furnace by heat balance equations. Heat balance is a very important aspect in an arc furnace in which the energy input consists of electrical energy [65%], chemical energy [25%] and exothermic reaction heat [10%]. This energy is optimized with the charge mix, charge quantity, fluxes, fuel used, and O2 used in the burners. The present model considers all these aspects and gives heat distribution in the process. The model spreadsheet gives a reasonable prediction in terms of metal yield, composition, and energy consumption. The model also predicts the amount of iron oxidized in the process. The mass and heat balance model is a useful tool for process analysis and improves the process efficiency of electric arc furnace steelmaking.

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3

Liu, Zhigang, Dun Qian, Cong Xu, Liuxia Li, Xiaobing Zou, and Xinxin Wang. "Unbalanced distribution of electric current in underwater electrical wire array explosion." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 18 (February 11, 2022): 185205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac50d0.

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Abstract The uniformity of electric current distribution in a wire array and its unstable behavior during the process of underwater electrical explosion have been investigated. Two exploding wires in parallel were used in the experiments and the current waveforms flowing through each wire were obtained using two self-integrating coils. Significant differences in the current waveforms of the two wires were observed near the melting point, which was attributed to the non-simultaneity of heating and phase transition. Unbalanced current distribution caused by the deviations of wire dimensions was analyzed based on a magneto-hydrodynamic model, and the simulation results show that thermodynamic state difference between two wires is present throughout the entire electrical explosion process. It is also found that the initial stored energy of pulse generator will affect the thermodynamic state evolution of exploding wires, resulting in different behaviors of current distribution after the explosion time. The slightly different heating rate caused by unbalanced current distribution in a wire array can break the symmetry of converging shock waves and lower the pressure peak in the vicinity of implosion axis, which was discussed based on the two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations.

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4

Hajivand, Mohammad, Masoud Zahedi Vahid, Farzad Goudarzvand Chegini, Poorya Rahmati-Kahkha, and Reza Hajivand. "Optimization of Electrical Distribution System Maintenance Process Based on Failure Modes." International Journal of Reliability, Risk and Safety: Theory and Application 2, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30699/ijrrs.2.1.5.

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This paper presents a novel scheme for comprehensive planning of reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) in the electrical distribution system to minimize the costs of cable repair and maintenance. To this end, a new formulation is proposed by taking into account the maintenance costs for different cases, repairs, repair-caused load projects, and energy purchase or generation costs. To solve the given complex problem, one of the most powerful and newest particle intelligence techniques called GSO algorithm is employed. Simulations are carried out on a 30-bus test network. Moreover, three scenarios and ten cases are applied in the process of extracting results to analyze the impact of various items on parameters of the objective function.

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5

Qi, Han Bing, Fu Yun He, Qiu Shi Wang, Dong Li, and Lin Lin. "Simulation Analysis of Heat Transfer on Low Temperature Hot-Water Radiant Floor Heating and Electrical Radiant Floor Heating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 4234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.4234.

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Radiant floor heating as a new type of energy-saving heating method has more and more used in modern building heating project. According to the different heat source, radiant floor heating is divided into low temperature hot-water floor radiant heating and electrical floor radiant heating. This paper analyzes the heat transfer process of structure layer of the low temperature hot-water and electrical floor radiant heating system, establishes two dimensional steady heat transfer mathematic model, numerical calculation using Fluent software. Respectively simulated when floor materials is different, the heat transfer process of low temperature hot-water floor radiant heating and electrical floor radiant heating system, The analysis results show that: for low temperature hot-water floor radiant heating, when floor material is soft wood, the ground temperature distribution is more uniform; for electrical floor radiant heating, when floor materials is marble, the ground temperature distribution is more uniform; electrical floor radiant heating is more energy saving, and temperature distribution in the ground of floor using the constant heat flux electric heating mode is more uniform than which using the low temperature hot water heating mode.

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6

Arizaldi, Afif, S. Salahuddin, M. Muhammad, Vishal Jain, Govinda Prashad Pandey, and Manoj Jagannathrao Watane. "Short Circuit Analysis on Distribution Network 20 kV Using Etap Software." Journal of Renewable Energy, Electrical, and Computer Engineering 1, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/jreece.v1i2.5232.

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In an electric power system, electricity is generated by the power plant and then channeled to a transmission line and then distributed to consumers, in the process of distributing electrical energy, the system does not always work in normal conditions, sometimes the system can experience disturbances such as one-phase, two-phase, and three-phase disturbances. This interference can disrupt the electrical system and can damage equipment if left unchecked, therefore it is necessary to install a protection device that can decide the interference so as not to damage other equipment when a disturbance occurs. Here the protection device used is a circuit breaker. In a fault condition, the circuit breaker must be able to separate the points of the fault so as not to damage other electrical equipment. In this case, to determine the capacity of the best protection device for the system, a short circuit fault simulation is performed. To simplify the calculation process here the author uses the help of ETAP software (Electrical Transient Analysis Program).

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7

Rajendran, Rohit, and S. P. Vendan. "Single Discharge Finite Element Simulation of EDM Process." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 14, no. 02 (April 27, 2015): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686715500067.

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The energy distribution in the electric discharge machining process influences the material removal rate, relative wear ratio and the surface roughness of the machined surface and the effective energy is the part of energy which is distributed toward workpiece to be machined. The theoretical modeling of the process is based upon the heat transfer equations and one of the important parameter is fraction of energy transferred to the workpiece. The model first calculates the temperature distribution in the workpiece material using ANSYS Finite element coding and then volume removed due to single spark is estimated from the temperature profiles. Theoretical material removal rate at different input parameters are compared with the experimental results, making it possible to determine the portion of energy that enters AISI H13 tool steel workpiece. The effect of input parameters (discharge current, voltage, pulse on time) on temperature distributions along the radius and depth of the workpiece has been reported.

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8

Yassaghi, Hamed, and Simi Hoque. "Impact Assessment in the Process of Propagating Climate Change Uncertainties into Building Energy Use." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020367.

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Buildings are subject to significant stresses due to climate change and design strategies for climate resilient buildings are rife with uncertainties which could make interpreting energy use distributions difficult and questionable. This study intends to enhance a robust and credible estimate of the uncertainties and interpretations of building energy performance under climate change. A four-step climate uncertainty propagation approach which propagates downscaled future weather file uncertainties into building energy use is examined. The four-step approach integrates dynamic building simulation, fitting a distribution to average annual weather variables, regression model (between average annual weather variables and energy use) and random sampling. The impact of fitting different distributions to the weather variable (such as Normal, Beta, Weibull, etc.) and regression models (Multiple Linear and Principal Component Regression) of the uncertainty propagation method on cooling and heating energy use distribution for a sample reference office building is evaluated. Results show selecting a full principal component regression model following a best-fit distribution for each principal component of the weather variables can reduce the variation of the output energy distribution compared to simulated data. The results offer a way of understanding compound building energy use distributions and parsing the uncertain nature of climate projections.

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9

Liu, Qingming, Jinxiang Huang, Huige Shao, and Yunming Zhang. "Electric ignition energy evaluation and the energy distribution structure of energy released in electrostatic discharge process." Chinese Physics B 26, no. 10 (September 2017): 105202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/26/10/105202.

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10

Yatsenko, D. V., V. A. Popov, V. P. Rozen, A. I. Zamulko, and O. V. Adanikov. "Accounting the factor of randomity of social processes in prediction of demand for electric energy." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2022-2/067.

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Purpose. Taking into account the factor of randomness of social processes when forecasting the demand for electric energy to reduce the error. Methodology. Apparatus of mathematical statistics, linear programming methods, fuzzy set theory and expert assessment methods, scale theory, Bayesian approach to forecasting models, computer modeling. Findings. The dynamics of consumption of electric energy for different periods of time is analyzed, the influence of the pandemic factor on the process of formation of demand for electric energy is established. A verbal-numerical scale has been developed for a comprehensive assessment of the impact on the demand for electric energy of such a complex social phenomenon as a pandemic. A model for forecasting the demand for electrical energy was formed using the Bayesian approach and an experts assessment, which made it possible to use retrospective data on electrical energy consumption and take into account the uncertainty of the social factor influencing the pandemic. Originality. The model for forecasting the demand for electrical energy has been further developed, which, unlike others, takes into account the factor of randomness of social processes and a verbal-numerical scale, which makes it possible to reduce the error in predicting the consumption of electrical energy. Practical value. The research results are useful for enterprises specializing in the generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy to consumers. The presented results make it possible to reduce the error in forecasting the demand for electric energy, taking into account the factor of randomness of social processes.

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11

Klimenko, Yu A., and A. P. Preobrazhensky. "Development of an Adaptive Module for Control of Energy Supply of the Consumer in the Distributive Electrical Network 0,4 kV for Elimination of the Phase Load Unsymmetry." E3S Web of Conferences 209 (2020): 07005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020907005.

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The paper considers the possibility of modeling the process of controlling the power supply of the consumer in the lower levels of network organizations to improve the quality indicators of electrical energy in the distribution electrical networks of 0.4 kV. The analysis of the process of control of indicators of the quality of electricity in the supply of energy to consumers. The block diagram of the adaptive power supply control module of the consumer and the algorithm of the control process are presented. A consumer power supply control module in 0.4 kV distribution networks is proposed.

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12

Abubakar, Syafriyudin. "Pelatihan Penyambungan Kabel Tegangan Menengah 20 KV." Journal of Approriate Technology for Community Services 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/jattec.vol2.iss1.art2.

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A reliable electric power system is needed in distributing electrical energy to customers, in the process of distributing electrical energy, interference in its distribution cannot be avoided, in general, electrical disturbances occur in underground channels, disturbance areas that are prone to and often occur usually at cable connections (Jointing). On cables that are insulated, the emergence of heat is something that must be considered. The current capacity of a cable is influenced by the characteristics of the cable components. Overheating will damage the insulation material and reduce the service life of the cable. The connection process must use the right and correct equipment and materials, to avoid insulation failure in the connection due to excessive heating on the connection which will result in a short circuit which will result in a shutdown of the electrical system. Increasing the skills of workers in the electricity sector is needed to reduce the risk of failure in the electrical system. Key words: cable jointing, insulation failure, skills

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13

Abubakar, Syafriyudin. "Pelatihan Penyambungan Kabel Tegangan Menengah 20 KV." Journal of Approriate Technology for Community Services 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/jattec.vol2.iss1.art2.

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A reliable electric power system is needed in distributing electrical energy to customers, in the process of distributing electrical energy, interference in its distribution cannot be avoided, in general, electrical disturbances occur in underground channels, disturbance areas that are prone to and often occur usually at cable connections (Jointing). On cables that are insulated, the emergence of heat is something that must be considered. The current capacity of a cable is influenced by the characteristics of the cable components. Overheating will damage the insulation material and reduce the service life of the cable. The connection process must use the right and correct equipment and materials, to avoid insulation failure in the connection due to excessive heating on the connection which will result in a short circuit which will result in a shutdown of the electrical system. Increasing the skills of workers in the electricity sector is needed to reduce the risk of failure in the electrical system. Key words: cable jointing, insulation failure, skills

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14

Mondal, Rajarshi, Sourav De, Sangram Keshari Mohanty, and Soumya Gangopadhyay. "Thermal Energy Distribution and Optimization of Process Parameters during Electrical Discharge Machining Of AISI D2 Steel." Materials Today: Proceedings 2, no. 4-5 (2015): 2064–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.194.

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15

Park, Beomguk, Eunju Cho, Younggyu Son, and Jeehyeong Khim. "Distribution of electrical energy consumption for the efficient degradation control of THMs mixture in sonophotolytic process." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 21, no. 6 (November 2014): 1982–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.03.035.

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16

Muthuramalingam, T., B. Mohan, and D. Saravanakumar. "Evaluation of Surface Finish of Electrical Discharge Machined AISI 304 Stainless Steel with Various Pulse Generators." Applied Mechanics and Materials 772 (July 2015): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.772.279.

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The performance improvement in Electrical Discharge Machining process is a tedious one in materials and manufacturing processes especially in making of complex die and moulds. Due to non linear nature of this process, conventional pulse generators such as RC pulse generator and transistor pulse train generator cannot produce uniform energy distribution. Since RC pulse generator can produce smaller crater volume, it can make better surface finish than transistor pulse train generator crater size is influenced by the discharge current produced during the machining process. Due to its stochastic behavior, the discharge current is varied for every spark. The modified iso current pulse generator can produce uniform energy distribution with smaller crater size. In this study, EDM drilling experiments have been conducted on AISI 304 stainless steel with the RC pulse generator, Transistor pulse generator and iso energy pulse generator in electrical erosion process. The effects of these pulse generators on surface characterization have been evaluated and analyzed. From the evaluation results, it has been detected that the iso energy pulse generator has produced better surface structure than conventional pulse generators.

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17

Jaiad, Ahmad T., and Dr Seyed Vahab AL-Din Makki. "Implementation of SCADA System for Data Transmission 33/11 Kv Substation." Webology 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 1474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19098.

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At a time when the world is looking to reduce the levels of electrical energy expenditure and control losses, in this research we will transfer the data of the 33/11 Kv distribution station using the SCADA system and by linking an optical cable instead of the previous wireless methods between the distribution station and the control center, and measure The speed of data transfer and comparison of the two cases, as well as analysis of the data sent to calculate the amount of increased energy and future electrical energy loading, calculate the amount of electrical energy consumption spent by the consumer and compare it with production quantities to know the value of the losses resulting from the process of transferring electrical energy from the source to the consumer.

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18

Llamas-Rivas, Mario, Alejandro Pizano-Martínez, Claudio R. Fuerte-Esquivel, Luis R. Merchan-Villalba, José M. Lozano-García, Enrique A. Zamora-Cárdenas, and Víctor J. Gutiérrez-Martínez. "Pressure Retarded Osmosis Power Units Modelling for Power Flow Analysis of Electric Distribution Networks." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 6649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206649.

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Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) power units, which produce electrical energy from salinity gradient sources located at coastlines, are a technology still in the process of maturation; however, there is an expectation that this technology will need to be integrated into electrical distribution networks. Such integration will drive changes in the electric response of the distribution systems which may lead to harmful operating conditions. Power flow analysis is a tool used to reveal the steady-state operating condition of distribution systems and which could be extended to study and address the integration of PRO power units. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, such extension of power flow analysis has not yet been addressed in the literature. Accordingly, this paper comprehensively provides a model to evaluate the electric current and complex power produced by PRO power units. This model is directly embedded in the forward-backward sweep (FBS) method, extending the power flow analysis of electric distribution systems in this way so as to consider the integration of PRO power units. The resulting approach permits revealing of the steady-state operating response of distribution systems and the effects that may be driven by the integration of PRO power units, as corroborated through numerical results on a 14-node test distribution system.

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19

Llamas-Rivas, Mario, Alejandro Pizano-Martínez, Claudio R. Fuerte-Esquivel, Luis R. Merchan-Villalba, José M. Lozano-García, Enrique A. Zamora-Cárdenas, and Víctor J. Gutiérrez-Martínez. "Pressure Retarded Osmosis Power Units Modelling for Power Flow Analysis of Electric Distribution Networks." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 6649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206649.

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Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) power units, which produce electrical energy from salinity gradient sources located at coastlines, are a technology still in the process of maturation; however, there is an expectation that this technology will need to be integrated into electrical distribution networks. Such integration will drive changes in the electric response of the distribution systems which may lead to harmful operating conditions. Power flow analysis is a tool used to reveal the steady-state operating condition of distribution systems and which could be extended to study and address the integration of PRO power units. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, such extension of power flow analysis has not yet been addressed in the literature. Accordingly, this paper comprehensively provides a model to evaluate the electric current and complex power produced by PRO power units. This model is directly embedded in the forward-backward sweep (FBS) method, extending the power flow analysis of electric distribution systems in this way so as to consider the integration of PRO power units. The resulting approach permits revealing of the steady-state operating response of distribution systems and the effects that may be driven by the integration of PRO power units, as corroborated through numerical results on a 14-node test distribution system.

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20

Suproniuk, Marek, and Jacek Paś. "Analysis of electrical energy consumption on the example of a selected building." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 68, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1478.

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In Poland, approx. 95% of electrical energy is generated in a coal combustion process. Saving electrical energy gives economic effects related to the smaller fees and contributes to protection of the natural environment. Additionally, saving electrical energy should translate into our health, lesser degradation of the natural environment, or less consumption of natural deposits of energy. The paper has presented the issues related to analysis of energy consumption in a selected building object. The analyse includes the following issues − document analysis related to the building’s power, energy distribution, and power consumption of individual load and time regimes of work of receivers in the object and analysis of electrical energy which has been measured in a building. Keywords: electricity quality parameters measurement, higher harmonics of current/voltage.

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21

Bremer, Jörg, and Sebastian Lehnhoff. "Phase-space exploration of unit ensembles in energy management." at - Automatisierungstechnik 68, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2019-0106.

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AbstractCurrently, a transition of the electrical power system occurs that results in replacing large-scale thermal power plants at transmission grid level by small generation units mainly installed in the distribution grid. A shift from the transmission to the distribution grid level and an increase in ancillary service demand is a direct result of this transition, demanding delegation of liabilities to distributed, small energy resources. Decoder-based methods currently are not able to cope with ensembles of individually acting energy resources. Aggregating flexibilities results in folded distributions with unfavorable properties for machine learning decoders. Nevertheless, a combined training set is needed to integrate e. g., a hotel, a small business, or similar with an ensemble of co-generation, heat pump, solar power, or controllable consumers to a single flexibility model. Thus, we improved the training process and use evolution strategies for sampling ensembles.

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22

Pazderin, Andrey V., and Andrey A. Pazderin. "Representation of the Electric Energy Distribution Process in an Electric Network by Directed Energy and Cost Flows." Electrotechnical Systems and Complexes, no. 1(34) (March 25, 2017): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18503/2311-8318-2017-1(34)-31-36.

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23

Pintér, Gábor, András Vincze, Nóra Hegedűsné Baranyai, and Henrik Zsiborács. "Boat-to-Grid Electrical Energy Storage Potentials around the Largest Lake in Central Europe." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 7178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167178.

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With the dynamic growth in both the global hunger for electrical energy and the share of variable renewable energy sources in the energy mix, distribution networks are facing new challenges where conventional solutions may not be the best ones. The increase in load in distribution grids is routinely countered by network development and expansion, in a great part to supply for on-peak load demand, which could also be done by utilizing supplementary technologies to lessen the need for or defer such expansion. Vehicle-to-grid technology could efficiently contribute to handling this issue, as electric vehicles can potentially function as storage capacities to mitigate the fluctuations of power generation. The battery energy storage systems of hybrid or completely electric watercraft, which are becoming increasingly popular, are no exception, either. These vehicles represent a considerable potential to create more complex vehicle-to-grid solutions for countries with significant inland or seaport networks, for example, Hungary, with the largest lake of Central Europe. Since there is only deficient information on the topic, the main goal of this study was to explore the energy storage capacities of small electric boats in the context of Lake Balaton, Hungary. By this example, the paper presents the potential utilization of Europe’s significant network of sea and inland recreational ports for the purpose of energy storage. Similarly to other European countries, Hungary’s energy strategy for 2030 also includes the promotion of virtual production integration, local energy communities and micro-grid solutions. At the beginning of 2021, the small electric boats in the sailing marinas of Lake Balaton represented a cumulative energy storage capacity of 4.8 MWh, which may reach even 15.6 MWh by 2030, by the promotion of micro-grid solutions. The innovative novelty of this study is that it regards small fully electric boats not just as vehicles, but also explores their energy storage potentials. The novel goal of these examinations is to explore the volume of the energy storage potentials of the small fully electric boats around Lake Balaton, the knowledge of which may facilitate the creation of new types of flexibility services related to energy storage.

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24

Hoffmann, Alexander, and Bernd Ponick. "Method to Predict the Non-Uniform Potential Distribution in Random Electrical Machine Windings under Pulse Voltage Stress." Energies 15, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010358.

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This article describes a practical method for predicting the distribution of electric potential inside an electrical machine’s winding based on design data. It broadens the understanding of winding impedance in terms of inter-winding behavior and allows to properly design an electrical machine’s insulation system during the development phase. The predictions are made based on an frequency-dependent equivalent circuit of the electrical machine which is validated by measurements in the time domain and the frequency domain. Element parameters for the equivalent circuit are derived from two-dimensional field simulations. The results demonstrate a non-uniform potential distribution and demonstrate that the potential difference between individual turns and between turns and the stator core exceeds the expected values. The findings also show a link between winding impedance and potential oscillations inside the winding. Additionally, the article provides an overview of the chronological progression of turn-based models and shows how asynchronous multiprocessing is used to accelerate the solution process of the equivalent circuit.

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25

Szkutnik, Jerzy. "BENCHMARKING AS MAIN TOOL FOR MANAGEMENT IN PROCESS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN DYSTRIBUTION COMPANIES." Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej Zarządzanie 27, no. 2 (December 2017): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17512/znpcz.2017.3.2.17.

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26

Gao, Hui, Lutong Yang, and Haowei Duan. "The Local Ordered Charging Strategy of Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Routers under Three-Phase Balance of Residential Fields." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010063.

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With the popularization of electric private cars and the increase of charging facilities in residential areas, disorderly charging will affect the power supply efficiency of their distribution transformers and the quality of electricity used by users in residential areas. In severe cases, it may even cause vibration of the power grid, causing serious three-phase imbalance problems such as single-phase burnout of transformers or insulation breakdown of household appliances. This paper analyzes the influencing factors of the unbalanced operation of each phase of the distribution transformer and the electrical load characteristics of typical residential areas. Based on the photovoltaic output of the station area, the charging and discharging capacity of the energy storage system, and the orderly charging plan of residential electric vehicles, a local orderly charging strategy for electric vehicles based on energy routers under the three-phase balance of the residential area is proposed. This strategy can realize the three-phase balance control of the distribution transformer. The effectiveness of the method is verified by a typical scenario example. The control method is changed to minimize the three-phase imbalance in residential areas and improve the low utilization rate of the distribution network and the comprehensive utilization efficiency of adjustable resources in residential areas.

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27

Fukushima, Kyosuke, Mahmudul Kabir, Kensuke Kanda, Naoko Obara, Mayuko Fukuyama, and Akira Otsuki. "Simulation of Electrical and Thermal Properties of Granite under the Application of Electrical Pulses Using Equivalent Circuit Models." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031039.

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Since energy efficiency in comminution of ores is as small as 1% using a mechanical crushing process, it is highly demanded to improve its efficiency. Using electrical impulses to selectively liberate valuable minerals from ores can be a solution of this problem. In this work, we developed a simulation method using equivalent circuits of granite to better understand the crushing process with high-voltage (HV) electrical pulses. From our simulation works, we calculated the electric field distributions in granite when an electrical pulse was applied. We also calculated other associated electrical phenomena such as produced heat and temperature changes from the simulation results. A decrease in the electric field was observed in the plagioclase with high electrical conductivity and void space. This suggests that the void volume in each mineral is important in calculating the electrical properties. Our equivalent circuit models considering both the electrical conductivity and dielectric constant of a granite can more accurately represent the electrical properties of granite under HV electric pulse application. These results will help us better understand the liberation of minerals from granite by electric pulse application.

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Jiang, Chao, Chen Guang Zhang, and Xu Zhang. "Standardized Design of Warehouse Management for Electric Energy Measuring Center." Advanced Materials Research 749 (August 2013): 634–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.749.634.

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Warehouse management is an important content in the electric energy measuring center standardization construction and a very important part in the full life cycle management of electrical energy measuring instruments. By introducing intelligent warehousing technology, a kind of standardized work flows was proposed based on the production characteristics of the instruments. It combines with the advantages which are high degree of automation and highly integrated. The work flow specificities the new share energy meter storage process, energy meter of storage processes for Verification, as well as distribution warehousing processes. The overall architecture of Energy Metering Centre production scheduling platform was proposed which divided into field equipment layer, monitoring and management layer, production scheduling layer. The design of the layers were introduced.

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29

Bautista, Rafael, Henryk Gzyl, Enrique ter Horst, and Germán Molina. "Electrical Power Diversification: An Approach Based on the Method of Maximum Entropy in the Mean." Entropy 23, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23030281.

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Electrical energy is generated in different ways, each located at some specific geographical area, and with different impact on the environment. Different sectors require heterogeneous rates of energy delivery, due to economic requirements. An important problem to solve is to determine how much energy must be sent from each supplier to satisfy each demand. Besides, the energy distribution process may have to satisfy ecological, technological, or economic cost constraints.

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30

Cheng, Sihan, Zhe Tian, Xia Wu, and Jide Niu. "Bottom-Up Model of Random Daily Electrical Load Curve for Office Building." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 8, 2021): 10471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110471.

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In the design stage of energy systems in buildings, accurate load boundary conditions are the key to achieving energy supply and demand balance. Compared with the building cold and heat load, the generation of building electrical load has stronger randomness, and the current standard electrical load calculation method cannot reflect this feature. Therefore, this paper proposes a bottom-up high time resolution power load generation method for office buildings. Firstly, the non-homogeneous Markov chain is used to establish the random mobility model of personnel in office buildings, and the building electrical appliances are divided into four categories according to the different driving modes of personnel to electrical appliances in office buildings. Then, based on the personnel mobility model, the correlation between the use of electrical appliances in office buildings and the personnel in the room is established to construct the random power simulation model of different types of electrical appliances. Finally, the electric load of different types of electrical appliances is superimposed hourly to generate a random daily load curve. In order to verify the validity of the model, an office building is simulated and compared with the measured electrical load value. The verification results show that the model well reflects the daily distribution characteristics of electric load. The simulation value and the measured value are used for statistical analysis. The evaluation results show that the correlation between the simulation value and the measured value is high, which further illustrates the validity and accuracy of the model.

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31

Cazacu, Emil, Lucian Petrescu, and Maria-Cătălina Petrescu. "THE MAJOR PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE ACTIONS OF THE ELECTRIC EQUIPMENTS IN THE INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES." Scientific Bulletin of Electrical Engineering Faculty 18, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sbeef-2017-0018.

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Abstract In modern low-voltage electrical installations, the predictive maintenance of the major electrical equipments involved in the power delivery process (transformers) or in the conversion of the electrical energy (especially electric motors) becomes mandatory. Thus, a high level of reliability and safety is assured for both the electric facility and operators. The proactive maintenance is to be non-invasively performed and mainly requires an infrared (IR) thermographic inspection and power quality analysis of the installation loads. A vibration investigation is also necessary for the motor drive systems. The paper critically studies the first two main maintenance procedures revealing their main characteristics, performances and limits. A case-study presents a 1000 kVA distribution transformer that supplies a bakery facility that comprised mainly heaters and inductions motors as loads.

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32

Sun, Wen, Yang Chen, Junnian Wang, Xiangyu Wang, and Lili Liu. "Research on TVD Control of Cornering Energy Consumption for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles Based on PMP." Energies 15, no. 7 (April 4, 2022): 2641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072641.

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This paper aims to study the torque optimization control of distributed drive electric vehicles in the cornering process and reduce the cornering energy consumption. The main energy consumption of the vehicle in the cornering process is analyzed clearly based on the 7-DOF vehicle dynamics model. The torque vectoring distribution (TVD) of a distributed drive electric vehicle in the process of turning was studied on the basis of the Pontryagin Minimum Principle (PMP). The Beetle Antenna Search–Particle Swarm Optimization (BAS-PSO) algorithm was used to optimize the torque distribution coefficient offline, and the algorithm was improved to improve the operation speed. Based on the vehicle dynamics characteristics, the table of torque distribution coefficient of minimum turning energy consumption and the optimal energy-saving degree of TVD control in different bending conditions were worked out.

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33

Fernández-Bustamante, Pablo, Oscar Barambones, Isidro Calvo, Cristian Napole, and Mohamed Derbeli. "Provision of Frequency Response from Wind Farms: A Review." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 15, 2021): 6689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206689.

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Renewable sources of energy play a key role in the process of decarbonizing modern electric power systems. However, some renewable sources of energy operate in an intermittent, non-dispatchable way, which may affect the balance of the electrical grid. In this scenario, wind turbine generators must participate in the system frequency control to avoid jeopardizing the transmission and distribution systems. For that reason, additional control strategies are needed to ensure the frequency response of variable-speed wind turbines. This review article analyzes diverse control strategies at different levels which are aimed at contributing to power balancing and system frequency control, including energy storage systems.

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34

Gord, Ehsan, Rahman Dashti, Mojtaba Najafi, and Hamid Reza Shaker. "Real Fault Section Estimation in Electrical Distribution Networks Based on the Fault Frequency Component Analysis." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 24, 2019): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061145.

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: Fault location in electrical energy distribution networks is an important task, as faults in distribution grids are among the main causes of electricity supply disruption. Fault location in the distribution systems, however, is a challenging task because of the topology of the distribution networks, as well as the main and side branches. Therefore, it is necessary to address these challenges through an intelligent approach to fault location. In this paper, fault location in electric energy distribution networks is addressed considering the changes in fault distance and fault resistance in the presence of different fault types. A new method for fault location is developed for conditions where the minimum information is available and only information at the beginning of the feeder is used. This facilitates wide adoption of the technique as it does not require significant investments in instrumentation and measurement. The proposed intelligent method is based on the impedance and transient state estimation. This technique employs a specific impedance analysis for determining possible fault locations considering the unbalanced performance of distribution systems, distances, and different fault resistances. To determine the real faulty section, real fault frequency component analysis and the simulated faults at possible fault locations are used. At this stage of the process, it is possible to eliminate multiple estimations with the help of comparison and identification of the similarities. Therefore, a real faulty section is determined. It is observed that some conditions of electric energy distribution networks affect the accuracy and performance of the proposed method significantly; thus, a detailed investigation is conducted to neutralize these conditions. Simulation results and calculations based on MATLAB along with a practical test of the proposed method in power network simulator confirm a satisfactory performance.

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35

Huang, Jing Yao, Chao Zhang, Ming Chuan He, Shuang Yang, and Hui Jie Zhao. "The Development of Modular Electrical Fittings for Transmission Lines in Intelligent Distribution Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.615.

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Spacers, for example, this paper introduces the developing process of energy efficient transmission line modular electrical fittings in distribution network. It uses glass fiber composite materials and non-magnetic as the main material which does not produce or produce very little hysteresis and eddy current losses. It has no corona and its energy saving effect is obvious; anti-dancing, high mechanical strength. Refer to the knowledge of aerodynamics to design the structure, not only effectively prevent the connection joint of different materials connected to the wear and tear, and can effectively reduce wind noise, thus reducing friction and shock losses .It not only replaces the expensive and rare metal materials such gold, and provide simple and economical solution for upgrading the distribution network. It meets the transmission line spacers technical indicators, economic and social benefits significantly.

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36

Zhezhelenko, I. V. "THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF PRODUCTION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 61, no. 1 (January 23, 2018): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2018-61-1-28-35.

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The main directions of increase of efficiency of production, transmission and distribution of electric energy have been formulated. The relation between the values of electricity losses during transmission via power grids of different countries and the level of the economies of these countries characterized by the value of gross domestic product at purchasing power parity per capita has been established. In the countries with a gross domestic product at purchasing power parity per capita less than 20 thousand US dollars electricity losses during its transmission via power grids are 1.5–2.5 times more than the ones transmitted via power grids of the industrialized countries where the specified purchasing power parity is in the range of 30.4–54.5 thousand US dollars. In the countries with more developed economies the technical culture of production, transmission and distribution of electricity is higher; the modern control systems of operation modes of electrical networks are used as well as of monitoring and accounting of electricity; also there are solvent and disciplined consumers in such countries as well as clear regulatory framework and tariff regulation system. However, the process of transmission and distribution of electricity is effective if not only low relative losses take place, but the normal (contractual) requirements for carrying capacity, quality and reliability of electricity supply are provided. The possibility of analytical determination of the optimum value of reserve capacity of power plants providing the required level of reliability of the power system has been considered.

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37

Fisher, T. S., and D. G. Walker. "Thermal and Electrical Energy Transport and Conversion in Nanoscale Electron Field Emission Processes." Journal of Heat Transfer 124, no. 5 (September 11, 2002): 954–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1494091.

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This paper considers the theory of electron field emission from nanoscale emitters with particular focus on thermal and electrical energy transport. The foundational theory of field emission is explored, and a model is presented that accounts explicitly for the energy band curvature produced by nanoscale tip emitters. The results indicate that the inclusion of band curvature strongly influences the energetic distribution of electrons for emitter radii less than 50 nm. The energy exchange process between emitted and replacement electrons is shown to allow high local energy transfer rates that can be exploited in direct thermal-to-electrical energy conversion processes. The dependence of energy conversion rates on material and operational parameters is demonstrated. Throughout the paper, opportunities for further research involving nanoscale heat transfer, materials development, and modeling are highlighted.

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38

Muthuramalingam, T., and B. Mohan. "Enhancing the Surface Quality by Iso Pulse Generator in EDM Process." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 380–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.380.

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In automobile and aeronautical industries, complex moulds and dies is produced by Electrical Discharge Machining process. The surface finish is determined by the crater volume in EDM process. The amount of crater volume is influenced by the amount and distribution of discharge energy. The discharge energy is directly proportional to the average discharge current. This amount of current is determined by the duration of discharging effect. This study deals about evaluating the performance of iso current pulse generator on machining characteristics in EDM. Due to its ability of reducing stochastic nature in EDM process, iso pulse generator could produce better surface finish than conventional transistor pulse train generator with higher material removal rate.

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39

Trull, Oscar, Juan Carlos García-Díaz, and Angel Peiró-Signes. "Forecasting Irregular Seasonal Power Consumption. An Application to a Hot-Dip Galvanizing Process." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010075.

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Distribution companies use time series to predict electricity consumption. Forecasting techniques based on statistical models or artificial intelligence are used. Reliable forecasts are required for efficient grid management in terms of both supply and capacity. One common underlying feature of most demand–related time series is a strong seasonality component. However, in some cases, the electricity demanded by a process presents an irregular seasonal component, which prevents any type of forecast. In this article, we evaluated forecasting methods based on the use of multiple seasonal models: ARIMA, Holt-Winters models with discrete interval moving seasonality, and neural networks. The models are explained and applied to a real situation, for a node that feeds a galvanizing factory. The zinc hot-dip galvanizing process is widely used in the automotive sector for the protection of steel against corrosion. It requires enormous energy consumption, and this has a direct impact on companies’ income statements. In addition, it significantly affects energy distribution companies, as these companies must provide for instant consumption in their supply lines to ensure sufficient energy is distributed both for the process and for all the other consumers. The results show a substantial increase in the accuracy of predictions, which contributes to a better management of the electrical distribution.

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40

O'Connell, Alison, Jason Taylor, Jeff Smith, and Lindsey Rogers. "Distributed Energy Resources Takes Center Stage: A Renewed Spotlight on the Distribution Planning Process." IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 16, no. 6 (November 2018): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpe.2018.2862439.

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41

Malik, A. S., and C. U. Sumaoy. "Analytic hierarchy process approach in distribution utility local IRP." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 25, no. 8 (October 2003): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-0615(02)00141-2.

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42

HORODEŃSKI, Andrzej W., and Cezary POCHRYBNIAK. "A Digital Model of the Electrodynamic Acceleration Process in a Coil Gun Devic." Problems of Mechatronics Armament Aviation Safety Engineering 9, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7337.

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The subject of this paper is an analysis of the process of applying kinetic energy to a projectile made from a non-magnetic, electrically conductive material and placed inside of an inductance coil live with alternating current. A digital model of an acceleration system was built, comprising a high-current coil and a cylindrical projectile located inside of the coil. Analytical formulas of the three-dimensional distribution of the axial and radial components of the magnetic field generated by the coil were applied [5]. The mathematical model described herein included the projectile and coil three-dimensional system (with the dimensions and distribution of the coil turns), the parameters of the power supply system and their variations, caused by the energy input to the projectile (and including the variation of: coupling coefficient, pulsation, coefficient of attenuation, inductance, and resistance), and the balance of momentum of the projectile and coil system. A system of equations which depicted the projectile and coil system (the law of electromagnetic induction, the Biot-Savart law, electric-to-kinetic energy transfer, and the balance of momentum of the projectile and coil system) was solved with numerical methods.

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43

Wu, Zhouquan, and Bo Chen. "Distributed Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling with Transactive Energy Management." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010163.

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A distributed electric vehicle (EV) charging scheduling strategy with transactive energy (TE) management is presented in this paper to deal with technical issues in distribution network operation and discuss the economic benefits of EV charging. At an individual EV level, EV owners propose bids to actively participate in the distribution system operation. At the node level, an electric vehicle aggregator (EVA) optimally allocates the available charging power to meet EV charging requirements and cost benefits. At the distribution network level, a distribution system operator (DSO) integrates an electricity price market clearing mechanism with the optimal power flow (OPF) technique to ensure the reliability of the distribution network. Moreover, a distributed algorithm is discussed for solving the EV charging problem with transactive energy management (TEM). The clearing electricity price is achieved through a negotiation process between the DSO and EVAs using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The presented EV charging scheduling with TEM is tested on a modified IEEE 33-bus distribution network scenario with 230 EV charging loads. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the TE-based EV charging scheduling system.

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44

Landowski, Bogdan, Daniel Perczyński, and Łukasz Muślewski. "Application of Markov Model for Determination of Average Lifetime of a Transformer Distribution System." Journal of KONBiN 50, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 151–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2020-0055.

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AbstractThe study presents an analysis of the operation process of elements of a system for electrical energy transformation in natural conditions of their usage. The research object is a system of HV and MV distribution transformer operation. The method of construction and an example of the Markov operation process have been presented for the analyzed technical objects. The model of the operation process was built on the basis of analysis of spatial states and events involved in operation of the analyzed technical objects. An average lifetime of the analyzed technical system was determined for assumptions accepted for a stochastic process which is a mathematical model of the distribution transformer operation process.

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45

Widl, Edmund, Benedikt Leitner, Daniele Basciotti, Sawsan Henein, Tarik Ferhatbegovic, and René Hofmann. "Combined Optimal Design and Control of Hybrid Thermal-Electrical Distribution Grids Using Co-Simulation." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 15, 2020): 1945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081945.

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Innovations in today’s energy grids are mainly driven by the need to reduce carbon emissions and the necessary integration of decentralized renewable energy sources. In this context, a transition towards hybrid distribution systems, which effectively couple thermal and electrical networks, promises to exploit hitherto unused synergies for increasing efficiency and flexibility. However, this transition poses practical challenges, starting already in the design phase where established design optimization approaches struggle to capture the technical details of control and operation of such systems. This work addresses these obstacles by introducing a design approach that enables the analysis and optimization of hybrid thermal-electrical distribution systems with explicit consideration of control. Based on a set of key prerequisites and modeling requirements, co-simulation is identified as the most appropriate method to facilitate the detailed analysis of such systems. Furthermore, a methodology is presented that links the design process with the implementation of different operational strategies. The approach is then successfully applied to two real-world applications, proving its suitability for design optimization under realistic conditions. This provides a significant extension of established tools for the design optimization of multi-energy systems.

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46

Kim, Ju-Yeon, Kyeong-Min Yu, So-Hyeon Jeong, Eui-Jung Yun, and Byung Seong Bae. "Photocurrent analysis of In–Ga–Zn–O (IGZO) film." Canadian Journal of Physics 92, no. 7/8 (July 2014): 611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2013-0622.

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We investigated the electrical properties of the In–Ga–Zn–O (IGZO) film under light illumination. We measured the photoconductivity of a-IGZO thin film under light illumination with various intensities. We extracted the photoexcitation activation energy and dark relaxation activation energy through extended stretched exponential analysis. Dark relaxation characteristics, which are related to the recombination process, show longer time constant, τ, larger effective activation energy Eac, and lower stretching exponent, β, with wider activation energy bandwidth, Δac, than those corresponding to those of photoexcitation. These indicate that recombination takes place more slowly and through more deeply bound activation processes with the broader distribution of activation energies than those corresponding to photogeneration process. The wider distribution for the dark relaxation energy for the higher light intensity suggests that the metastable state distribution is related to the distribution of the oxygen vacancy state, Vo. We also concluded that the usage of the right value of the attempt-to-escape frequency is important to estimate the exact value of Eac.

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47

Zhang, Yu, Kai Li, Shumei Cui, and Yutian Sun. "Power Distribution Strategy for an Electric Bus with a Hybrid Energy Storage System." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 3 (September 13, 2021): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030154.

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To address the power distribution problem that occurs in hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) in electric vehicles, a fuzzy control distribution method is proposed in this paper, taking the vehicle demand power; supercapacitor power, PSC;; and lithium battery power, Pbat, as the inputs and the power distribution factor of the supercapacitor as the output to control the power distribution of the composite energy storage system, in addition to dividing the whole working condition into three time scales, namely, long, medium and short. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis and comparison with typical control methods regarding the energy storage element output power, battery state of charge (SOC) change, energy flow diagram and power frequency. The simulation experiment results show that the proposed strategy is more effective in reducing the peak output power of the power battery, improving the effective power utilization rate of HESS and the effective energy utilization rate. In order to further verify the effectiveness of the control strategy, a pure electric bus power system test bench was built based on similar principles, and a representative time period under the driving conditions of the China city bus (CHTC-B) was selected, involving an acceleration process from 30 to 48 s (process 1), a uniform speed process from 636 to 671 s (process 2) and a regenerative braking process from 1290 to 1304 s (process 3), further verifying the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control strategy.

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48

Peixoto, Joana, Anabela Tereso, Gabriela Fernandes, and Rui Almeida. "A Project Risk Management Methodology Developed for an Electrical Portuguese Organization." International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals 7, no. 1 (January 2016): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijhcitp.2016010101.

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This paper resulted from an action-research undertaken on a Portuguese electric energy organization – EDP Distribution. The research aimed to develop, propose and implement a risk management methodology to integrate in the project management (PM) practices of an ongoing project. The methodology implemented allowed the project team to initiate systematized risk management practices through a simple structure, easy to apply, and with a degree of complexity compatible with the effort that the PM team could initially engage. It is expected that the proposed methodology signaled the initiation of the project risk management (PRM) process standardization in the EDP Distribution organization.

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49

Priyadi, Irnanda, Junas Haidi, and Candra Sihotang. "Analisis Pengaruh Penambahan Penyulang Dan Pemisahan Beban Terhadap Susut Daya Menggunakan Metode Simple Branch Exchange (Studi Kasus PT PLN ULP Lima Puluh, Sumatera Utara)." JURNAL AMPLIFIER : JURNAL ILMIAH BIDANG TEKNIK ELEKTRO DAN KOMPUTER 11, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/jamplifier.v11i2.18579.

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AbstractDuring the distribution process there will be a loss of some of the energy that is channeled. This phenomenon is known as losses. This is caused by technical and non-technical factors. In the State Electricity Service (PLN) system, distribution losses or energy losses is calculated by measuring the difference between kWh produced and kWh sell. This kWh difference is the electrical energy lost during the starting process from the generation or secondary side of the Substation to customers’ APP. Cumulatively, the amount of kWh at all base sources is 73,769.524 kWh while the distribution loss that occurs in JTM is 5,835.008 or 7.91%. One way to overcome and minimize distribution losses in the 20 kV Procurement Service Unit (ULP) of Lima Puluh distribution system is to analyze the distribution network system, add new feeders and break the load on the electrical system. The simple branch exchange method is used to separate the network load, which is done by adding a switch by turning the on or off channel and searching for the configuration that produces the smallest power loss and calculating the power loss based on the network load. Based on the simulation results using the ETAP 12.6 software, the results of the energy loss of Procurement Service Unit (ULP) of Lima Puluh is 5,864,112 kWh then decreased after load separation of 4,341,348 kWh. The value of power loss before load separation is 1,955 kW and a decrease in power loss after load separation is 1,484.5 kW. The investment cost incurred for the construction of a new feeder is RP. 22,000,000,000,- with a payback of 9.9 years. Keywords: Feeder, Power Loss, Energy Loss, ETAP 12.6.

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50

Yu, Qihao, Erik Lemmen, Bas Vermulst, Adriaan J. M. Mackus, Wilhelmus M. M. (Erwin) Kessels, and Korneel Wijnands. "Equivalent electric circuit model of accurate ion energy control with tailored waveform biasing." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 31, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/ac4c27.

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Abstract For atomic scale plasma processing involving precise, (an)isotropic and selective etching and deposition, it is required to precisely control the energy of the plasma ions. Tailored waveforms have been employed to bias the substrate table to accurately control this ion energy. Recent research has shown that switched-mode power converters can be used to generate this kind of waveform, with the benefit of increased energy efficiency and flexibility compared to the traditionally used linear amplifiers. In this article, an improved equivalent electric circuit model of the plasma reactor is proposed to allow simulation and bias waveform optimization. The equivalent electric circuit is analysed for different process phases, including the charge, discharge, and post-discharge phase. The proposed model is suitable for electric circuit simulation and can be used for predicting the electric waveforms and ion energy distributions. Plasma parameters are required as input for the model, thus an empirical parameter identification method based on the electrical measurements of the bias voltage and output current waveforms is introduced. Since these electrical measurements do not interact with the plasma process, the proposed parameter identification method is nonintrusive. Experiments have been carried out, which demonstrate that the proposed model and parameter identification method provide the expected accuracy.

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