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Guilhoto, João Vitor de Araújo 1983. "Representação trifásica de desequilíbrios estruturais e operacionais em sistema de média tensão de distribuição." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/260676.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orientador: Anésio dos Santos JúniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
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Resumo: A complexidade crescente dos estudos em sistemas de distribuição demanda uma formulação e modelagem capazes de agregar os desequilíbrios estruturais e operacionais dos sistemas elétricos de distribuição aos resultados das condições operacionais em regime permanente. Neste trabalho, aborda-se a representação trifásica em sistemas elétricos de média tensão de distribuição, considerando as particularidades dos sistemas trifásicos, bifásicos e monofásicos (MRT); e desenvolvendo os modelos dos circuitos, cargas, bancos de capacitores, transformadores e bancos de reguladores de tensão. Visando estabelecer o futuro vínculo dos modelos desenvolvidos com as sistemáticas existentes de determinação das condições operacionais dos sistemas elétricos de média tensão de distribuição, adota-se formulação matricial generalizada de correlação das correntes e tensões nodais. Tal formulação torna possível explorar e analisar os desequilíbrios estruturais e operacionais
Abstract: The increase complexity of power distribution analysis demands formulation and modeling that are capable to integrate structural and operational unbalance to steady state operational conditions. In this work the three-phase representation on distribution systems is addressed taking in account three-phase, two-phase and single-phase systems particularities; and developing the models for lines, loads, capacitor banks, transformers and step-voltage regulators. To achieve the future link between the models and existing techniques to determine the distribution systems operational conditions, it's chosen the formulation based on generalized matrices that establish the correlation of currents and nodal voltages. This formulation makes possible to explore and analyze the structural and operational unbalances
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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Мирошник, Александр Александрович. "Модели и методы поддержки принятия решений в системе управления качеством процесса распределения электрической энергии". Thesis, Харьковский национальный технический университет сельского хозяйства им. Петра Василенко, 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/19107.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора технических наук по специальности 05.13.03 – системы и процессы управления. – Харьковский национальный технический университет сельського хозяйства имени Петра Василенка. – Харьков, 2015.
Диссертация посвящена решению проблемы поддержки принятия решений и оценки их эффективности в системе управления качеством процесса распределения электрической энергии при неоднородных режимах работы в условиях неопределенности. Проведенный анализ литературных источников показал, что в системах управления распределением электрической энергии (СУРЭ) имеют место неоднородные режимы вследствие несимметрии и несинусоидальности токов и напряжений, обусловленные неравномерным распределением электроприемников между фазами и наличием электроприемников с нелинейными вольт-амперными характеристиками, что в свою очередь негативно сказывается на работе электрооборудования объектов электроснабжения и сроке его службы, а также приводит к увеличению дополнительных потерь электрической энергии. Исследована работа СУРЭ в условиях неоднородности режимов вследствие несимметрии и несинусоидальности напряжения. Разработан метод оценки качества электрической энергии в СУРЭ с однофазными нагрузками, который позволяет определять уровни напряжений у потребителей и потери при любой ее конфигурации, несиметрии токов и напряжений. Разработан метод определения потерь электрической энергии в СУРЭ при неоднородных режимах вследствие несимметрии напряжений, который позволяет производить вычисления по величинам напряжений в начале и в конце линии и ее средним электрическим параметрам. Разработан комплекс технических средств, которые позволяют выполнять как мониторинг, так и осуществлять корректирующее воздействие на параметры неоднородных режимов СУРЭ и показатели качества электрической энергии, а также снижать дополнительные потери от неоднородных режимов.Dissertation for scientific degree of doctor of technical sciences on specialty 05.13.03 – management of systems and processes. – Kharkiv Petro Vasylenko National Technical University of Agriculture. – Kharkiv, 2015. The thesis is devoted to the problem solving of decision-making supporting and valuing their effectiveness in the system of quality management process of distribution of electric power in heterogeneous modes under uncertainty. It was developed valuation methods heterogeneous operating mode of SOED, taking into account unsymmetric with stochastic or deterministic nature, in order to raise the effectiveness of process control of electrical energy distribution. With the purpose of identification of heterogeneous regimes as result of non-sinusoidal voltage distortion in SOED a method based on the wavelet analysis and neural network developed and it allows you to recognize a distorted image signal voltage. It was investigated that wavelet Paul can provide various voltage distortion and gain frequency components and their positions at the time axis simultaneously.It was worked out a method for decision support with a equal distribution of SOED using genetic algorithms, which allows you select the Pareto-optimal solutions in terms of reduction of losses and the quantitative re-strapping. Also, it was developed the method of decision-making in SOED by equal distribution of electro-based neural network that uses voltage average of distribution at the maximum loading per the season, thus reducing the additional losses of electricity.In order to assess the quality of the control system functioning of electricity distribution quality in terms of uncertainty it was developed the method, which evaluates a fuzzy extent accordance to standards and quality indicators to track change of electricity quality even if the major parameters do not exceed permissible values.
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Мірошник, Олександр Олександрович. "Моделі та методи підтримки прийняття рішень в системі керування якістю процесу розподілу електричної енергії". Thesis, ФОП Червяк В. Є, 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/19104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.13.03 – системи та процеси керування. – Харківський національний технічний університет сільського господарства імені Петра Василенка. – Харків, 2015.
Дисертацію присвячено вирішенню проблеми підтримки прийняття рішень і оцінки їх ефективності в системі керування якістю процесу розподілу електричної енергії при неоднорідних режимах роботи в умовах невизначеності. Для підвищення ефективності керування процесом розподілу електричної енергії розроблено методи оцінки неоднорідних режимів роботи СКРЕ з урахуванням несиметрії, що носить стохастичний або детермінований характер. З метою ідентифікації неоднорідних режимів внаслідок несинусоїдальних спотворень напруги в СКРЕ розроблено метод, що базується на використанні вейвлет-аналізу та нейронної мережі, і дозволяє розпізнати образ спотвореного сигналу напруги. Досліджено, що вейвлет Paul дозволяє виділити різні спотворення напруги та отримати частотні компоненти і їх положення на часовій осі одночасно. Розроблено метод підтримки прийняття рішення з рівномірного розподілу електроприймачів в СКРЕ з використанням генетичних алгоритмів, який дозволяє вибрати Парето-оптимальні рішення за рівнем зниження втрат і кількості перекомутацій. Також розроблено метод прийняття рішень в СКРЕ по рівномірному розподілу електроприймачів на базі нейронної мережі, який використовує математичні сподівання струмів в максимум навантаження за сезон, що дозволяє знизити додаткові втрати електричної енергії. З метою оцінки функціонування системи керування якості процесу розподілу електричної енергії в умовах невизначеності розроблено метод, який в нечіткому вигляді оцінює ступінь відповідності показників якості нормам та дозволяє відслідковувати зміну якості електричної енергії навіть, якщо основні показники не виходять за межі допустимих значень.Dissertation for scientific degree of doctor of technical sciences on specialty 05.13.03 – management of systems and processes. – Kharkiv Petro Vasylenko National Technical University of Agriculture. – Kharkiv, 2015. The thesis is devoted to the problem solving of decision-making supporting and valuing their effectiveness in the system of quality management process of distribution of electric power in heterogeneous modes under uncertainty. It was developed valuation methods heterogeneous operating mode of SOED, taking into account unsymmetric with stochastic or deterministic nature, in order to raise the effectiveness of process control of electrical energy distribution. With the purpose of identification of heterogeneous regimes as result of non-sinusoidal voltage distortion in SOED a method based on the wavelet analysis and neural network developed and it allows you to recognize a distorted image signal voltage. It was investigated that wavelet Paul can provide various voltage distortion and gain frequency components and their positions at the time axis simultaneously.It was worked out a method for decision support with a equal distribution of SOED using genetic algorithms, which allows you select the Pareto-optimal solutions in terms of reduction of losses and the quantitative re-strapping. Also, it was developed the method of decision-making in SOED by equal distribution of electro-based neural network that uses voltage average of distribution at the maximum loading per the season, thus reducing the additional losses of electricity.In order to assess the quality of the control system functioning of electricity distribution quality in terms of uncertainty it was developed the method, which evaluates a fuzzy extent accordance to standards and quality indicators to track change of electricity quality even if the major parameters do not exceed permissible values.
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Zhang, Chenghua. "Peer-to-peer energy trading in electrical distribution networks." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/109074/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In response to the challenges posed by the increasing penetration of distributed generation from renewable energy sources and the increasing electricity retail prices with decreasing Feed-In Tariff rates, a new energy trading arrangement, “peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading” has been proposed. It refers to the direct energy trading among consumers and prosumers in distribution networks, which is developed based on the “P2P economy” concept (also known as sharing economy). A hierarchical system architecture model has been proposed in order to identify and categorise the key elements and technologies involved in P2P energy trading. A P2P energy trading platform called “Elecbay” is designed. The P2P bidding is simulated using game theory. Test results in a grid-connected LV Microgrid with distributed generators and flexible demands show that P2P energy trading is able to improve the local balance of energy generation and consumption, and the enhanced variety of peers is able to further facilitate the balance. Two necessary control systems are proposed for the Microgrid with “Elecbay”. A voltage control system which combines droop control and on-load-tap-changer (OLTC) control is designed and simulated. Simulation results show that the proposed voltage control system is sufficient for supporting the P2P energy trading in the Microgrid. The total number of operation times of the OLTC is reduced with P2P energy trading compared to the reference scenario. The information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructures for the P2P bidding platform and the voltage control system are investigated. The information exchange among peers and other parties (Elecbay, distribution system operators, etc.) is designed based on TCP/IP protocol. Existing and private communication networks with different communication medium, bandwidths, etc., are modelled. Simulation results show that the existing ICT infrastructures are sufficient for supporting both the P2P energy trading platform and the voltage control system. Therefore, no large amount of additional investments are required.
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Farahat, Sameer Ismail. "Electron energy distribution functions in radio-frequency discharges." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361940.
Повний текст джерела
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CALILI, RODRIGO FLORA. "SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TO DETECT COMMERCIAL LOSSES IN ELECTRICAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7629@1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOROs modelos matemáticos comumente usados na identificação de irregularidades na medição se baseiam na análise da redução percentual do consumo do mês (normalmente de 20% a 30%) em relação aos meses anteriores. Este método tem gerado resultados imprecisos uma vez que considera o valor do consumo como um valor rígido e, portanto, não incorpora o efeito da sazonalidade na tipologia das cargas das unidades consumidoras. Este trabalho tem o intuito de melhorar a identificação de clientes fraudulentos utilizando métodos de inteligência artificial, tais como Redes Neurais e Lógica Fuzzy, implementados a um banco de dados de cadastro da Distribuidora de Energia ELEKTRO e a uma Pesquisa de Posses e Hábitos de Consumo (PPH) feita nesta mesma empresa. Nesta dissertação, o objetivo foi classificar um grupo de consumidores como normal (adimplente), inadimplente e fraudulento. Para tanto, foi feita inicialmente uma clusterização utilizando uma Rede Neural, mais especificamente uma Rede de Kohonen, para o banco de dados de cadastro disponibilizado pela distribuidora. Tomando os grupos desta classificação prévia feita pela Rede identificaram-se quais e quantos destes tiveram PPH´s realizadas. Para se ter a classificação de um grupo quanto a incidência de consumidores normais, inadimplentes e fraudulentos utilizou-se um processo de Análise Fuzzy, o qual identifica os clusters com os consumidores de cada um dos segmentos. É feita uma análise de desempenho do modelo proposto com dados reais fornecidos pela empresa, na qual os resultados apontaram para uma robustez do método.
Mathematical models commonly used to identify irregularities in measurement are based on percentile reduction analysis of the monthly consumption (normally from 20% to 30%) in relation to the previous months. This method tends to generate imprecise results, since it considers the value of the consumption as a rigid value and, therefore, it does not incorporate the seasonal effect in the loads topology of the consumer units. This work has intention to improve the identification of fraudulent customers using artificial intelligence methods, such as Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic, implemented to a database of consumers of ELEKTRO a distributing utility of São Paulo State, Brazil. It also uses information on appliances ownership obtained via market research in ELEKTRO area, named PPH (Portuguese for this particular type of market research). In this dissertation, the main objective was to classify a group of consumers as solvent, insolvent and fraudulent. In order to achieve this task, a clustering was initially made using a Neural Network framework, more specifically a Kohonen Network, for the database available. It was then checked which of the groups had a minimum number of clients interviewed in the PPH. In order to have the classification of the clients in the three categories it was used Fuzzy Analysis. Selected data is also presented, considering the available database of the Company as well as the research environment, which had been taken from the PPH. Finally, it was checked the performance of the method against real data obtained from the utility and the results were very satisfactory.
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Venkatramanan, Adithya. "Design of control electronics for the Ram Energy Distribution Detector." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56594.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The bulk motion of the neutral gas at altitudes between about 200 and 600 km is an important factor in predicting the onset of plasma instabilities that are known to distort and/or disrupt high frequency radio communications. A ram wind sensor is a space science instrument that, when mounted on a satellite in low-Earth orbit, makes in-situ measurements of the component of the neutral gas velocity that lies along the orbit track of the satellite. The instrument works by changing the voltage on one of a set of grids and measuring a corresponding electron current generated by ions flowing through the grid stack and detected by the microchannel plate, generating a function of current vs. voltage called an I-V curve. Traditionally, the size and power requirements of ram wind sensors has limited their use to larger satellites. In this thesis, the electrical design and basic testing of a cubesat compatible RWS known as the ram energy distribution detector (REDD) are described.
The mechanical design of the REDD sensor is first described, and the requirements of the electrical design are presented. The electrical requirements are based on both the characteristics of the ionosphereic flight environment, and on the size and power requirements typical of the small cubesat platforms for which the instrument is intended.
The electrical hardware is then described in detail. The microcontroller design is reviewed as well, including the instrument's operating mode, and timing scheme.
Test data showing the basic functionality of the instrument are then presented. Bench tests validate the design by confirming its ability to control voltages and measure small electron currents. End-to-end tests were also performed in a vacuum chamber to mimic the ionospheric environment. These data are presented to show the ability of the REDD sensor to meet or exceed its design specifications.Master of Science
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Nouri, Hassan. "Erosion and electrode energy distribution in switches with silver-cadmium-oxide contacts." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2391.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The cathode and the anode fall of the DC arcs are measured by fast oscilloscope for Ag-CdO contacts over a range of gap-lengths from 0.05 mm to 1 mm, and currents of 4-10 Amps at atmospheric pressure, with a known electrode closing speed, using the Moving Electrode Method. It was observed that the anode fall can occur in a few places within the arc voltage waveform, and is dependent of the electrodes' surface condition. Both cathode and anode falls increase with gap-length and decrease with current. It was found that when arc length is shorter than electrode separation, discontinuity within the arc voltage waveform during closure is caused, in many cases, by vapourisation of the first point of contact or by a high electric field set up between the two electrodes. These discontinuities are named as Voltage Step Phenomena. These voltage steps are related to the cathode and anode fall voltages, and their regular occurrences are a function of surface roughness. The fluctuations in the arc voltage waveform are thought to originate mainly from the cathode. A technique has been developed to measure the temperature of the electrodes accurately by using a T-type thermocouple, 0.075 mm diameter, in conjunction with a DC amplifier with a gain of 247. The thermocouple is placed as close as possible under the electrode surface (200 µm). This enables the temperature of the contact to be measured, after breaking contact, for an arc-duration even as short as 1ms. The time-constant of the probe (contact containing the thermocouple) is measured to be approximately 18ms. With this technique the temperature of the electrodes are measured for currents and gap-lengths ranging 4-10 Amps and 0.05-1 mm respectively. The effect of contacts being new and change of polarity have been investigated. From these results it is concluded that the co-existence of layers of foreign material on one, or both, surfaces causes the temperature of the electrodes to be high for the first 50-100 operations, before reaching to steady-state conditions. Change of polarity suggests that the moving electrode, either anode or cathode, due to the effect of air movement over its surface, is cooled relative to when fixed. The power transfer to the electrodes is calculated for various currents and gap-length using thermal analogue formulae derived from the transient response of an RC circuit to a d.c. pulse. The results show that below 0.2 mm the sum of the anode and cathode power is approximately equal to the arc power, and hence losses are negligible. At around 0.125 mm, for currents of about 6A and 12A, they both receive an equal amount of power from the arc. This has been related to the thermal energy of the electrons being negligible, at such separation, at the anode end of the plasma column. The power balance equations are solved to calculate the positive ion current to the cathode, and the thermal energy of the electrons in the plasma column, under various test conditions. In the investigation of erosion, the S.E.M. studies show that most of the power dissipated on the surface of the electrodes is used in melting and evaporation. The x-ray analysis shows that the melted metal is composed mostly of Silver. To operate the test rig and collect the generated data automatically, a computerised test system, with a mini data acquisition system, has been designed and constructed here.
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Ten, Chui Fen. "Loss of mains detection and amelioration on electrical distribution networks." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/loss-of-mains-detection-and-amelioration-on-electrical-distribution-networks(b7680a62-7caa-4fd3-89d4-d45e649f8ef9).html.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Power system islanding is gaining increasing interest as a way to maintain power supply continuity. However, before this operation become viable, the technical challenges associated with its operation must first be addressed. A possible solution to one of these challenges, out-of synchronism reclosure, is by running the islanded system in synchronism with the mains whilst not being electrically connected. This concept, known as 'synchronous islanded operation' avoids the danger of out-of-synchronism reclosure of the islanded system onto the mains. The research in this thesis was based on the concepts presented in [1-3] and specifically applied to multiple-DG island scenarios. The additional control challenges associated with this scenario are identified and an appropriate control scheme, more suited for the operation of multiple-DG synchronous islands, is proposed. The results suggest that multiple-DG synchronous islanded operation is feasible, but a supervisory controller is necessary to facilitate the information exchange within the islanded system and enable stable operation.For maximum flexibility, the synchronous island must be capable of operating with a diversity of generation. The difficulties become further complicated when some or all of the generation consists of intermittent sources. The performance of the proposed control scheme in the presence of a significant contribution of renewable sources within the island is investigated. Two types of wind technologies were developed in PSCAD/EMTDC for this purpose, they are a fixed speed induction generator (FSIG) based wind farm and a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind farm. The results show that although synchronous islanded operation is still achievable, the intermittent output has an adverse effect on the control performance, and in particular limits the magnitude of disturbances that can happen in the island without going beyond the relaxed synchronisation limits of ±60o.Energy storage is proposed as a way to reduce the wind farm power variation and improve phase controller response. A supplementary control is also proposed such that DFIG contributes to the inertial response. The potential of the proposed scheme (energy storage + supplementary control) is evaluated using case studies. The results show massive improvement to the load acceptance limits, even beyond the case where no wind farm is connected. The benefit of the proposed scheme is even more apparent as the share of wind generated energy in the island grows.
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Ding, Fei. "Smart Distribution System Automation: Network Reconfiguration and Energy Management." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1417291114.
Повний текст джерела
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Negumbo, Rosalia. "Analysis for electrical energy and overall efficiency in distribution networks with harmonic distortion." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009Traditionally, harmonics are ignored in overall efficiency and energy usage studies. However, in the modern era, power systems contain levels of harmonics which can no longer be ignored by engineers, planners, energy conservationists and economists. The directions of power flows have to be considered when harmonics are present in the power network. A methodology and new formulae for individual and overall efficiency and energy usage is developed at each frequency (f1, h and H) and forms the main contribution to research in this field. Two case studies were conducted; a measurement based laboratory experiment set-up and a simulated case study. In the set-up, measurements of current, voltage and power at different points in the network for the 1st, 5th and 7th frequencies were taken. Current and voltage results were used for hand calculations to prove the measured power flows and directions. The measurements were taken with a Fluke 345 three-phase harmonic power quality analyzer. For the simulated case study, a network was investigated using the DIgSILENT and SuperHarm software packages. Their results were compared and it was found that DIgSILENT is the preferred package for power results. It was found that the total harmonic distortion limit for voltage in the simulated network exceeded an acceptable level. The harmonic mitigation solution chosen was to design a passive filter to decrease the distortion by shifting the resonance point of the network. The method to design the passive filter and its impact on efficiency and energy usage is included in the thesis. Unique power flow direction diagrams are developed as part of the methodology and form an essential step in the derivation of the new formulae. Efficiencies, power losses and energy usage at individual and combined frequencies were determined. Results showed the negative effects of harmonics on overall efficiency, energy usage and power losses of the system. The methodology and new formulae developed was found to be effective and their application is recommended for use by industry.
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Margolis, Robert M. (Robert Mark). "Using energy-economic-environmental models in the climate change policy process." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12764.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1992.Includes bibliographical references (p. 143-149).
by Robert M. Margolis.
M.S.
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Weerasinghe, Handuwala Dewage Dulan Jayanatha. "Planning optimal load distribution and maximum renewable energy from wind power on a radial distribution system." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/28714.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Doctor of PhilosophyElectrical and Computer Engineering
Ruth D. Miller
Optimizing renewable distributed generation in distribution systems has gained popularity with changes in federal energy policies. Various studies have been reported in this regard and most of the studies are based on optimum wind and/or solar generation planning in distribution system using various optimization techniques such as analytical, numerical, and heuristic. However, characteristics such as high energy density, relatively lower footprint of land, availability, and local reactive power compensation ability, have gained increased popularity for optimizing distributed wind generation (DWG) in distribution systems. This research investigated optimum distributed generation planning (ODGP) using two primary optimization techniques: analytical and heuristic. In first part of the research, an analytical optimization method called “Combined Electrical Topology (CET)” was proposed in order to minimize the impact of intentional structural changes in distribution system topology, in distributed generation/ DWG placement. Even though it is still rare, DWG could be maximized to supply base power demand of three-phase unbalanced radial distribution system, combined with distributed battery energy storage systems (BESS). In second part of this research the usage of DWG/BESS as base power generation, and to extend the ability to sustain the system in a power grid failure for a maximum of 1.5 hours was studied. IEEE 37-node, three-phase unbalanced radial distribution system was used as the test system to optimize wind turbines and sodium sulfide (NaS) battery units with respect to network real power losses, system voltage profile, DWG/BESS availability and present value of cost savings. In addition, DWG’s ability to supply local reactive power in distribution system was also investigated. Model results suggested that DWG/NaS could supply base power demand of a threephase unbalanced radial distribution system. In addition, DWG/NaS were able to sustain power demand of a three-phase unbalanced distribution system for 1.5 hours in the event of a power grid failure.
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Akinyemi, Ayodeji Stephen. "Assesment of renewable energy resources and the impact of DG on power quality in distribution network." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13563.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Includes bibliography.For many years, power systems were vertically operated; large power generation plants produced all of the electrical power. This kind of generation is often related to adequate geographical placement such as water sources, coal sources etc. The power is then transmitted towards large consumption centres over long distances using different high-voltage transmission levels. This operating structure was built on the basis of economy, security, and quality of supply. This very centralized structure is operated by hierarchical control centres and allows the system to be monitored and controlled continuously. The generation is instantly adjusted to match consumption by monitoring the frequency, on the basis of very elaborate load forecasting models. The voltage is also controlled to be within specific limits by means of appropriate coordination of devices such as, generators, online taps changers, and reactive compensation devices. The power system operation is changing due to the restructuring and continuous growth in the demand however, due to major changes in the legislative framework for the power sector and the fast movement towards liberalization of the electricity markets, renewable energy sources were introduced to distribution systems. These units are of limited size (2MVA or less) and can be connected directly to the distribution network or on the customer side of the meter. Efforts to reduce CO2 emissions related to electricity generation, and to reduce fuel imports, have led to a significant increase in the deployment of renewable energy generation technology. Renewable energy sources (RES) are predicted to play a key role in the power distribution systems; they are the key to a sustainable energy supply infrastructure because of their inexhaustible and none polluting nature. However, the integration of renewable energy resources create special technical and economical challenges that have to be comprehensively investigated in order to facilitate the deployment of these renewable energy sources units in the distribution system. This dissertation investigates the renewable energy resources, types, advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy resources, the prospects of renewable energy resources in South Africa and Nigeria, challenges facing the integration of renewable energy resources into the distribution network.
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Alasmari, Khalid R. "Novel methods for Reduced Energy and Time Consumption for Mobile Devices using Markov Decision Process." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1587906971444328.
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Haj-ahmed, Mohammed A. "Protection and Automation of Microgrids for Flexible Distribution of Energy and Storage Resources." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1430694499.
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Arnold, Althea Gayle. "Development of a method for recording energy costs and uses during the construction process." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2648.
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Hansen, Steven Richard. "Vaporizing Foil Actuator Process Parameters: Input Characteristics, Energy Deposition, and Pressure Output." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1514997723443633.
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Andersson, Sebastian. "Centralised Distribution Grid Energy Storage Systems : Placement and Utilisation for Grid Expansion Deferment." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149074.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Following an ongoing change towards an increasingly renewable power generation system Swedish grid operators are facing several challenges in coming years. As authorities plan for the decommissioning of nuclear power an increased reliance on de-centralised energy sources such as photo-voltaic distributed generation (PVDG) is expected. A technology observed in some cases to accompany local power quality issues severe enough to impose grid expansion measures from distribution system operators (DSOs). Considering a combination of an indicative utilisation inefficiency of classical grid expansion measures and a recent year maturing of various energy storage technologies, this report sets out to evaluate the possibility of utilising centralised energy storage systems (ESSs) for deferment of classical grid expansion measures. For the purpose of identifying the most prominent problem scenarios of modern production- and consumption behaviours as well as the possible solutions offered by centralised ESSs, a literature review of journal articles and technical reports was conducted in combination with a case-study of an existing urban grid operated by Umeå Energi Elnät AB (UEEN). The work regarding ESSs is directed with specific focus towards evaluating which ESS services can potentially facilitate grid expansion deferment and what ESS placement is advisable for efficient utilisation. Assessing possible grid safety implications, potential for peak load shaving and the presently most suitable energy storage technology was also within the scope of the study. The literature review reveals PVDG induced feeder line over-voltage and transformer overload the most likely and previously observed implications imposing grid expansion measures. The former more prominent in elongated, typically rural, grids and the latter in more densely populated urban grids. For deferment of over-voltage related grid expansion measures a centralised ESS can be utilised for voltage support provided placement is made close to the affected grid section, presumably far out the affected feeder line. This result is coherent throughout the reviewed literature and is supported by the results of the case-study. Distribution transformer overload and its imposed grid expansion measures can be deferred through load re-allocation and peak load shaving, two services proven achievable by centralised ESSs and the capacity for which increases if ESS placement is made closer the distribution transformer. Provided present regulatory and standards are adhered to upon installation, significant negative impact of centralised ESSs on distribution grid safety can be avoided. Most energy storage technologies, including battery based energy storage technologies indicated from the literature review providing the most suitable characteristics for use in centralised distribution grid ESSs, utilise well established systems for grid connection hence no presently unsolvable grid safety implications are identified. Technical reports of real applications of centralised ESSs reinforce this argument as successful implementation without ESS caused grid safety implications have been achieved in the Swedish distribution grid in the past.
20
Bharatkumar, Ashwini. "Distribution network use-of-system charges under high penetration of distributed energy resources." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/97942.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2015.Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2015.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 66-69).
Growing integration of distributed energy resources (DER) presents the electric power sector with the potential for signicant changes to technical operations, business models, and industry structure. New physical components, control and information architecture, markets, and policies are required as the power system transitions from one of centralized generation and passive load to a network of increasingly decentralized generation and diverse system users. Price signals will play a crucial role in shaping the interactions between the physical components and users of the electric power system. Distribution network use-of-system (DNUoS) charges signal to network users how their utilization of the distribution system impacts system costs and each user's share of those costs. Distribution utilities cover network operation and maintenance costs and recover infrastructure in- vestments through DNUoS charges applied to network users. This thesis develops a framework for the design of DNUoS charges that addresses the challenge of distribution network cost allocation under growing penetration of DER. The proposed framework is comprised of 1) the use of a reference network model (RNM) to identify the key drivers of distribution system costs and their relative shares of total costs, and 2) the allocation of those costs according to network utilization profiles that capture each network user's contribution to and share of total system costs. The resulting DNUoS charges are highly differentiated for network users according to the impact that network use behaviors have on system costs. This is a substantial departure from existing methods of distribution network cost allocation and thus presents implementation challenges and implications that may be addressed in a range of ways to achieve varying regulatory objectives.
by Ashwini Bharatkumar.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.
21
REIS, CLAUDIA ZUCCOLOTTO. "EFFECTIVENESS OF A TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTION FOR REDUCING ELECTRICAL ENERGY PILFERAGE IN DISTRIBUTION COMPANIES: A CASE STUDY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7844@1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORAs perdas de energia elétrica, particularmente as comerciais, constituem problema importante e complexo para as empresas distribuidoras. O problema só se apresenta de forma aguda nos países em desenvolvimento, onde o percentual de perdas por furto é elevado e adquire importantes conotações sociais, políticas e culturais. Isso explica o fato de empresas brasileiras de distribuição de energia elétrica investirem recursos apreciáveis para mitigar esse problema e ressalta a importância de um tema ainda pouco explorado na literatura técnico-científica. Esta dissertação, de caráter exploratório, tem como objetivo estudar o problema de perda de energia por desvio e a eficácia de soluções tecnológicas investigando o caso de uma empresa e os resultados obtidos em projeto recente. Ao tempo do estudo, a empresa implantava uma tecnologia cujo objetivo principal era identificar os clientes que desviam energia elétrica e, posteriormente, tornar o processo de faturamento automatizado. O estudo partiu de algumas questões julgadas mais relevantes, incluindo: Quanto a empresa ganhou com a instalação desta tecnologia? Como se comporta o consumo dos clientes antes e depois da instalação da tecnologia? Há correlação entre o ganho da empresa e o poder aquisitivo da população da área? Há efeito demonstração de uma área sobre suas vizinhas? A partir destas questões foram analisadas séries de dados referentes ao consumo medido antes e após a instalação da nova tecnologia. Os resultados indicam a viabilidade da tecnologia como eficaz paliativo de curto-prazo para o problema cuja solução definitiva envolve tratamento concomitante dos aspectos sociais, políticos e culturais.
Electrical energy losses, chiefly, commercial losses, constitute an important and complex problem for energy distribution companies worldwide. However, only in developing countries the problem becomes acute because theft losses are large, and coupled with social, legal, political and cultural issues. This explains why Brazilian energy distribution companies dedicate sizable investments for mitigating the problem, and stresses the importance of a theme still largely unexplored in the technical-scientific literature. This thesis, of exploratory nature, addresses the problem and assesses the effectiveness of technological solutions by investigating the case of a recent project developed in a Brazilian company. At the time of the research, the company was implementing a new and original technology, whose main objective was to identify pilfering clients, and later on, to make the billing process more automated. The study started with some questions judged more relevant, including: How large was the gain yielded by the new technology? How does the energy consumption behave after the technological change? Is there a correlation between the gain obtained and the areas of lesser purchasing power? Is there a demonstration effect upon neighboring areas? Starting from these questions, series of historical data on measured consumption before and after the new technology were analyzed. The results indicate the feasibility of the technology as an effective shortterm palliative for the problem whose ultimate solution involves the concurrent treatment of the social, legal, political e cultural aspects.
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Espindle, L. P. (Leo P. ). "Process management principles for increasing the energy efficiency of manufacturing operations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66070.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-84).
Energy usage is a significant operating cost for manufacturing facilities in the United States, and interest in energy management has been rising of late, 2, 3]. One approach, recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is to piggyback off of an existing lean program to reduce energy waste in manufacturing processes(4]. Just such a pilot program has recently been launched in a major manufacturing facility at Raytheon, where approximately 48% of the facilities' total energy is used on manufacturing processes. The program focuses on proven process management approaches and rides the coattails of the existing lean program at a major manufacturing facility by creating a pull for continuous improvement ideas[1]. The goal this thesis was to increase the efficacy of the existing program, and to develop a practical roadmap to guide energy managers seeking to execute such programs in manufacturing on the shop floor. We investigated three methods to enhance the program. One was to apply the Design, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control (DMAIC) method, made popular in Six Sigma literature, to the energy waste reduction efforts of a manufacturing area. By shifting focus to more energy intensive equipment, the area quadrupled the amount of energy savings per improvement, and is in line to achieve a 10% reduction in electricity usage(5, 4]. The second method was to provide real-time feedback on electricity usage of energy intensive equipment to workers in a manufacturing cell. During an experimental period, we found that feedback ultimately engaged area operations managers who instituted an auditing program that reduced waste by 43% (or a 26% total reduction in usage) over a short period of time[6, 7, 8, 9]. The third method was to right-size equipment based on customer demand. An analysis of this approach based on field experience revealed that major savings (50% or more reduction in electricity usage) on targeted systems can be expected as companies remove "monument" equipment in supporting smaller and more responsive process flows such as true cellular manufacturing[3, 4]. In summary, we found that application of continuous improvement principles can positively impact energy efficiency programs at manufacturing facilities. In addition the three methods are different in cost and longevity, with the DMAIC and feedback at low cost and immediate impact (but potentially fading effectiveness), and right-sizing at higher cost, but producing longer term and potentially more durable savings.
by Leo P. Espindle.
S.M.
M.B.A.
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Elsayed, Ahmed T. "Optimum Distribution System Architectures for Efficient Operation of Hybrid AC/DC Power Systems Involving Energy Storage and Pulsed Loads." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
After more than a century of the ultimate dominance of AC in distribution systems, DC distribution is being re-considered. However, the advantages of AC systems cannot be omitted. This is mainly due to the cheap and efficient means of generation provided by the synchronous AC machines and voltage stepping up/down allowed by the AC transformers. As an intermediate solution, hybrid AC/DC distribution systems or microgrids are proposed. This hybridization of distribution systems, incorporation of heterogeneous mix of energy sources, and introducing Pulsed Power Loads (PPL) together add more complications and challenges to the design problem of distribution systems. In this dissertation, a comprehensive multi-objective optimization approach is presented to determine the optimal design of the AC/DC distribution system architecture. The mathematical formulation of a multi-objective optimal power flow problem based on the sequential power flow method and the Pareto concept is developed and discussed. The outcome of this approach is to answer the following questions: 1) the optimal size and location of energy storage (ES) in the AC/DC distribution system, 2) optimal location of the PPLs, 3) optimal point of common coupling (PCC) between the AC and DC sides of the network, and 4) optimal network connectivity. These parameters are to be optimized to design a distribution architecture that supplies the PPLs, while fulfilling the safe operation constraints and the related standard limitations. The optimization problem is NP-hard, mixed integer and combinatorial with nonlinear constraints. Four objectives are involved in the problem: minimizing the voltage deviation (ΔV), minimizing frequency deviation (Δf), minimizing the active power losses in the distribution system and minimizing the energy storage weight. The last objective is considered in the context of ship power systems, where the equipment’s weight and size are restricted.
The utilization of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS) in PPL applications is investigated. The design, hardware implementation and performance evaluation of an advanced – low cost Modular Energy Storage regulator (MESR) to efficiently integrate ES to the DC bus are depicted. MESR provides a set of unique features: 1) It is capable of controlling each individual unit within a series/parallel array (i.e. each single unit can be treated, controlled and monitored separately from the others), 2) It is able to charge some units within an ES array while other units continue to serve the load, 3) Balance the SoC without the need for power electronic converters, and 4) It is able to electrically disconnect a unit and allow the operator to perform the required maintenance or replacement without affecting the performance of the whole array.
A low speed flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) is designed and implemented to be used as an energy reservoir in PPL applications. The system was based on a separately excited DC machine and a bi-directional Buck-Boost converter as the driver to control the charging/discharging of the flywheel. Stable control loops were designed to charge the FESS off the pulse and discharge on the pulse. All the developments in this dissertation were experimentally verified at the Smart Grid Testbed.
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Luta, Doudou Nanitamo. "Modelling of hybrid solar wind integrated generation systems in an electrical distribution network." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1177.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Electrical Engineering
in the Faculty of Engineering
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
2014The research in this thesis deals with the application of Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) practices in the modelling of power systems. More particularly, we have presented the modelling hybrid photovoltaic wind integrated in an electrical distribution network using SysML (System Modelling Language) which is a modelling language in support of MBSE. MBSE refers to a formalised practice of systems development through the application of modelling principles, methods, languages and tools to the entire lifecycle of a system. Generally speaking, the modelling of power systems is performed using software such as Matlab Simulink, DigSilent, PowerWorld etc. These software programs allow modelling of a system considering only a specific viewpoint, depending on the objective that is to be assessed. The advantage of the SysML over the above mentioned modelling languages lies from the fact that SysML includes different viewpoints of a system. These views are known as the Four Pillars of SysML. Pillar One refers to the requirements of a system and includes all the functional and non-functional requirements. Pillar Two deals with the structure representation of a system by considering all its subsystems and their different connections. Pillar Three considers the behaviour of a system and includes its activities, sequences and different states. The last Pillar includes the detailed characteristics, physical laws and constraints on the system. The main objectives of this research are the development of models which will include: the system’s requirements; the system’s structure representation in term of different entities involved and the relationship between them; the system’s behaviours in terms of activities in different cases considered and transitions from one state to another as well as the interaction between the system and all the stakeholders. Keywords: Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), System Modelling Language (SysML), Renewable Energy systems, Hybrid power systems, photovoltaic systems, wind power systems.
25
Yuan, Chen. "RESILIENT DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS WITH COMMUNITY MICROGRIDS." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1480478081556766.
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Gong, Qiuming. "PEV Charging Control Considering the Distribution Transformer Life." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354550558.
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Rodriguez, Duncan. "DEVELOPMENT OF A STANDARD FORM FORCREATION OF AND CONVERSION TO GRIDLAB-DMODELS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1530611822581893.
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Samir, Karmacharya. "Modelling and control of micro-combined heat and power (CHP) to optimise energy conversion and support power distribution networks." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2013. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/21424/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Climate change and continuously increasing energy prices have driven the need for low carbon and renewable energy technologies from different sectors, including the domestic sector, by installing higher energy efficiency technologies. One of these technologies is the Stirling engine based micro-combined heat and power (CHP) which has the potential to achieve lower overall carbon emissions by generating both heat and electricity locally. Its successful implementation to meet the energy demands (thermal and electrical) throughout the year depends on several factors such as the size and type of building and demand profiles. In addition, the deployment of large number of micro-CHPs may have significant impact on the performance of the power distribution networks.
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Mohamed, Samy. "Control and Optimization of Energy Storage in AC and DC Power Grids." FIU Digital Commons, 2019. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3967.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Energy storage attracts attention nowadays due to the critical role it will play in the power generation and transportation sectors. Electric vehicles, as moving energy storage, are going to play a key role in the terrestrial transportation sector and help reduce greenhouse emissions. Bulk hybrid energy storage will play another critical role for feeding the new types of pulsed loads on ship power systems. However, to ensure the successful adoption of energy storage, there is a need to control and optimize the charging/discharging process, taking into consideration the customer preferences and the technical aspects. In this dissertation, novel control and optimization algorithms are developed and presented to address the various challenges that arise with the adoption of energy storage in the electricity and transportation sectors.
Different decentralized control algorithms are proposed to manage the charging of a mass number of electric vehicles connected to different points of charging in the power distribution system. The different algorithms successfully satisfy the preferences of the customers without negatively impacting the technical constraints of the power grid. The developed algorithms were experimentally verified at the Energy Systems Research Laboratory at FIU. In addition to the charge control of electric vehicles, the optimal allocation and sizing of commercial parking lots are considered. A bi-layer Pareto multi-objective optimization problem is formulated to optimally allocate and size a commercial parking lot. The optimization formulation tries to maximize the profits of the parking lot investor, as well as minimize the losses and voltage deviations for the distribution system operator. Sensitivity analysis to show the effect of the different objectives on the selection of the optimal size and location is also performed. Furthermore, in this dissertation, energy management strategies of the onboard hybrid energy storage for a medium voltage direct current (MVDC) ship power system are developed. The objectives of the management strategies were to maintain the voltage of the MVDC bus, ensure proper power sharing, and ensure proper use of resources, where supercapacitors are used during the transient periods and batteries are used during the steady state periods. The management strategies were successfully validated through hardware in the loop simulation.
30
Vangal, Sriram. "Performance and Energy Efficient Network-on-Chip Architectures." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för systemteknik, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11439.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The scaling of MOS transistors into the nanometer regime opens the possibility for creating large Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures containing hundreds of integrated processing elements with on-chip communication. NoC architectures, with structured on-chip networks are emerging as a scalable and modular solution to global communications within large systems-on-chip. NoCs mitigate the emerging wire-delay problem and addresses the need for substantial interconnect bandwidth by replacing today’s shared buses with packet-switched router networks. With on-chip communication consuming a significant portion of the chip power and area budgets, there is a compelling need for compact, low power routers. While applications dictate the choice of the compute core, the advent of multimedia applications, such as three-dimensional (3D) graphics and signal processing, places stronger demands for self-contained, low-latency floating-point processors with increased throughput. This work demonstrates that a computational fabric built using optimized building blocks can provide high levels of performance in an energy efficient manner. The thesis details an integrated 80- Tile NoC architecture implemented in a 65-nm process technology. The prototype is designed to deliver over 1.0TFLOPS of performance while dissipating less than 100W. This thesis first presents a six-port four-lane 57 GB/s non-blocking router core based on wormhole switching. The router features double-pumped crossbar channels and destinationaware channel drivers that dynamically configure based on the current packet destination. This enables 45% reduction in crossbar channel area, 23% overall router area, up to 3.8X reduction in peak channel power, and 7.2% improvement in average channel power. In a 150-nm sixmetal CMOS process, the 12.2 mm2 router contains 1.9-million transistors and operates at 1 GHz at 1.2 V supply. We next describe a new pipelined single-precision floating-point multiply accumulator core (FPMAC) featuring a single-cycle accumulation loop using base 32 and internal carry-save arithmetic, with delayed addition techniques. A combination of algorithmic, logic and circuit techniques enable multiply-accumulate operations at speeds exceeding 3GHz, with singlecycle throughput. This approach reduces the latency of dependent FPMAC instructions and enables a sustained multiply-add result (2FLOPS) every cycle. The optimizations allow removal of the costly normalization step from the critical accumulation loop and conditionally powered down using dynamic sleep transistors on long accumulate operations, saving active and leakage power. In a 90-nm seven-metal dual-VT CMOS process, the 2 mm2 custom design contains 230-K transistors. Silicon achieves 6.2-GFLOPS of performance while dissipating 1.2 W at 3.1 GHz, 1.3 V supply. We finally present the industry's first single-chip programmable teraFLOPS processor. The NoC architecture contains 80 tiles arranged as an 8×10 2D array of floating-point cores and packet-switched routers, both designed to operate at 4 GHz. Each tile has two pipelined singleprecision FPMAC units which feature a single-cycle accumulation loop for high throughput. The five-port router combines 100 GB/s of raw bandwidth with low fall-through latency under 1ns. The on-chip 2D mesh network provides a bisection bandwidth of 2 Tera-bits/s. The 15-FO4 design employs mesochronous clocking, fine-grained clock gating, dynamic sleep transistors, and body-bias techniques. In a 65-nm eight-metal CMOS process, the 275 mm2 custom design contains 100-M transistors. The fully functional first silicon achieves over 1.0TFLOPS of performance on a range of benchmarks while dissipating 97 W at 4.27 GHz and 1.07-V supply. It is clear that realization of successful NoC designs require well balanced decisions at all levels: architecture, logic, circuit and physical design. Our results demonstrate that the NoC architecture successfully delivers on its promise of greater integration, high performance, good scalability and high energy efficiency.
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Clarke, Anne E. "Electric Water Heater Modeling for Distributed Energy Resource Aggregation and Control." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4449.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Today's utilities face new challenges due to the continually increasing penetration of residential solar and other distributed, stochastic generation sources. In order to maintain balance and stability in the grid without building costly, large-scale generation plants, utilities are turning to distributed energy resources for use in demand response programs. Demand response is a cost-efficient way to balance grid load/generation without the need for increased capital investment in traditional generation resources. Demand response programs are excellent exploiters of end-user devices that otherwise further accentuate the daily load curve and thus, add to the difficulties created by daily load peaks.
Electric water heaters are excellent candidates for use in demand response programs for a variety of reason. One, electric water heaters represent a large portion of daily household loads due to their high nominal power ratings (1.5 kW - 5.5kW), and frequent use estimated to account for approximately one third of all daily residential power demand. Two, they are composed of strictly resistive elements, which greatly simplifies modeling, aggregation and control. And third, they can be used for load "shedding" during periods of high electrical demand as well as load "absorbing" during periods of excess generation due to their thermal storage capabilities.
With improved access and control, electric water heaters could become a major distributed energy resource for utilities. In order to properly control and use a distributed energy resource, it is important to know how these resources operate and their patterns of behavior in different environments. This thesis presents a single-element, single mass electric water heater model for analyzing the effectiveness of using electric water heaters as distributed energy resources and for participation in demand response programs. The CTA-2045 communication protocol was used for testing demand response signals. The electric water heater is modeled in Python and the communication pathway was built in C++ and Python.
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Li, Zhiao. "A New Design of DC-DC Converter For Capacitive Deionization Process." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/60.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The shortage of clean water has become a significant global problem, and capacitive deionization (CDI) is a technology that can be used to help relieve the problem. A Ćuk converter system that can recover energy from CDI cells is described. This converter transfers energy between two CDI cells when a cell is in its desorption period, allowing energy that would otherwise be lost to be recovered and improving overall system efficiency. In order to control the states of the MOSFET switches in the converter, a self boost charge pump is used. In this way, the microcontroller can control system duty cycle and optimize energy efficiency. A design method of reducing ripple losses caused by passive elements is presented. Several sensor circuits and their design methods that can minimize power losses are shown. The influence of initial voltage drop and voltage ramp time is also examined. This Ćuk converter system is tested using a dummy cell and a real CDI cell. The converter system shows promising performance experimentally.
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Constante, Flores Gonzalo Esteban. "Conservation Voltage Reduction of Active Distribution Systems with Networked Microgrids." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1531861356445195.
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Donadon, Antonio Roberto. "Proposta de norma de conexão de fontes de geração distribuída à rede de baixa tensão da concessionária." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264969.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orientadores: João Carlos Camargo, Ennio Peres da SilvaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi propor uma minuta de norma de conexão de geradores ou pequenos sistemas de geração distribuída em baixa tensão (GDBT) com potência menor ou igual a 75 kW monofásico ou trifásico com conversão estática em paralelo com a rede de distribuição secundária da concessionária local. Para atingir esse objetivo realizou-se um levantamento do estado da arte em matéria de normas de conexão em países onde esse assunto já se encontra em situação mais avançada bem como da incipiente legislação brasileira sobre o assunto. Baseado nisso e nos os dados obtidos dos testes de operação das fontes estudadas no projeto de pesquisa Implantação de Geração Distribuída Junto à Rede de Distribuição relacionados aos aspectos de qualidade de energia e segurança chegou-se a um elenco de tópicos relevantes para a construção de uma norma. O trabalho concluiu também que fontes de GDBT que possuam conversores estáticos que atendam aos requisitos de segurança e qualidade de energia da norma internacional IEEE 1547 poderiam ser conectadas à rede de distribuição da concessionária
Abstract: The objective was to propose a draft standard for connecting small single-phase or three phase generators with rated power lower than or equal to 75 kW with static converter in parallel with low voltage utility grid (GDBT). To reach this goal it was carried out a survey of the state of the art in connection standards in countries where this matter is already more advanced state as well as the incipient Brazilian legislation on this matter. Based on this survey and the data obtained from operation tests of power sources studied in the R&D project Implementation of Distributed Generation in the Utility Grid related to safety and power quality was possible to obtain a range of relevant topics to build a connection standard. The study also concluded that GDBT power sources equipped with static converters that meet the international standard IEEE 1547 safety and power quality requirements could be connected to the utility grid
Mestrado
Engenharia Mecanica
Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
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Nanewortor, Xoese Kobla [Verfasser], Harald [Akademischer Betreuer] Schwarz, and Przemyslaw [Akademischer Betreuer] Janik. "A concept of renewable energy plant-storage capacity sizing for integration into electrical distribution network / Xoese Kobla Nanewortor ; Harald Schwarz, Przemyslaw Janik." Cottbus : BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1114666890/34.
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Slay, Tylor. "Adoption of an Internet of Things Framework for Distributed Energy Resource Coordination and Control." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4464.
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Increasing penetration of non-dispatchable renewable energy resources and greater peak power demand present growing challenges to Bulk Power System (BPS) reliability and resilience. This research investigates the use of an Internet of Things (IoT) framework for large scale Distributed Energy Resource (DER) aggregation and control to reduce energy imbalance caused by stochastic renewable generation. The aggregator developed for this research is Distributed Energy Resource Aggregation System (DERAS). DERAS comprises two AllJoyn applications written in C++. The first application is the Energy Management System (EMS), which aggregates, emulates, and controls connected DERs. The second application is the Distributed Management System (DMS), which is the interface between AllJoyn and the physical DER. The EMS runs on a cloud-based server with an allocated 8 GB of memory and an 8 thread, 2 GHz processor. Raspberry Pis host the simulated Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) or electric water heater (EWH) DMSs. Five Raspberry Pis were used to simulate 250 DMSs.
The EMS used PJM's regulation control signals, RegA and RegD, to determine DERAS performance metrics. PJM is a regional transmission organization (RTO). Their regulation control signals direct power resources to negate load and generation imbalances within the BPS.
DERAS's performance was measured by the EMS server resource usage, network data transfer, and signal delay. The regulation capability of aggregated DER was measured using PJM's resource performance assessment criteria. We found the use of an IoT framework for DER aggregation and control to be inadequate in the current network implementation. However, the emulated modes and aggregation response to the regulated control signal demonstrates an excellent opportunity for DER to benefit the BPS.
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Steen, Evelina, and Malin Torestam. "Compressed air energy storage : Process review and case study of small scale compressed air energy storage aimed at residential buildings." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-228385.
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The potential for electrical energy storage to both provide services to the electrical grid and help to better integrate renewable energies in the electrical system is promising. This report investigates one type of storage, compressed air energy storage (CAES), where energy is stored by compressing air during hours of low electricity demand and later expanding the air to generate electricity during high demand hours. To this day it exists two large plants, but small facilities have yet to be implemented, raising the question whether it could be viable to use CAES on a smaller scale as well. By creating a model of a CAES system based on the principles of thermodynamics and applying it to a hypothetical group of residences, its ability to balance daily fluctuations in electricity demand is explored. The result show that the system is able to cover some of the demand but there is no economic profit to be gained. The results of this report suggest that a CAES system of this size is not a viable option during current price market for electricity in Sweden but during other circumstances it could be relevant.Dagens energisystem kräver vissa tjänster för att kunna behålla stabilitet och tillgodose energibehovet. Energilagring är ett sätt att förse systemet med dessa tjänster samtidigt som det också skapar möjlighet att bättre utnyttja förnyelsebara energiresurser, som vind och sol, som annars kan vara för oförutsägbara för att kunna utnyttjas maximalt. I denna studie undersöks komprimerad luft som energilagring (CAES). Sammanfattningsvis används billig elektricitet under timmar då elförbrukningen är låg för att komprimera luft och lagra denna för att sedan expandera luften igen och på så vis generera elektricitet vid behov eller då det finns ekonomisk vinstmöjlighet. CAES systemet kan vara uppbyggt och dimensionerat på flera olika sätt vilket undersöks samt beskrivs i närmare detalj. Möjligheten att använda CAES i liten skala för att tillgodose ett dagligen varierande energibehov undersöks och det utrönas ifall detta är ekonomiskt gynnsamt eller inte. Detta undersöks genom att skapa en modell över ett CAES-system som appliceras på energibehovet för en grupp bostäder. Resultatet visar att systemet kan täcka en del av energibehovet men ekonomisk vinning är inte möjligt. Utifrån dessa resultat konstateras att CAES i liten skala inte är ett ekonomiskt försvarbart alternativ för att täcka toppar i ett varierande energibehov vid det rådande energipriset i Sverige men under andra omständigheter skulle det kunna vara möjligt.
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Lindstens, Jonas. "Study of a battery energy storagesystem in a weak distributiongrid." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325071.
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The awareness of the problems with fossil energy sources have increased the past decades. To decrease the effects of the fossil fuels on the climate and the environment, the use of intermittent energy sources such as solar- and wind power are increasing. Intermittent generation creates instability in the power grid, which cause fluctuations in the voltage and the frequency of the power grid. To be able to handle these fluctuations, regulating capacity such as for example pumped storage or batteries are needed. This thesis has investigated how the placement and the power capacity of a battery energy storage system affects the possibility for frequency and voltage regulation in a weak distribution grid. The investigation was made in MATLAB Simulink by creating a weak radial distribution grid with a high penetration of solar power. The distribution grid had variable loads with different power consumption at each bus, creating instability in the distribution grid. The optimal placement of a battery energy storage system is firstly at the largest load and secondly as far away from the other power generation units as possible. A battery storage with a power capacity that can handle all consumption is optimal. It is possible to have a smaller power capacity if the grid is stable enough to withstand the appearing fluctuation of frequency or voltage. The frequency variations are more dependent on the power capacity and the voltage variations are more dependent on the placement of the battery energy storage system. ISSN:
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Li, Yizhe. "A FAULT LOCATION ALGORITHM FOR UNBALANCED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM WITHOUT FAULT TYPE INFORMATION." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/112.
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Power system faults normally result in system damage, profit loss and consumer dissatisfaction. Consequently, there is a strong demand on precise and fast fault location estimation for power system to minimize the system restoration time.
This paper examines a method to locate short-circuit faults on a distribution system with unbalanced loads without fault type information. Bus impedance matrix technique was harnessed in the fault location estimation algorithm. The system data including line impedances, source impedance and distribution system layout was assumed to be known factors, hence pre-fault bus impedance can be calculated and implemented into the algorithm. Corresponding methods to derive system matrix information were discussed. Case studies were performed to evaluate the accuracy of the fault location algorithm and illustrate the robust performance under measurements errors influences, load variation impacts and load compensation implementations.
Traditional fault location methods involve current and voltage measurements mandatorily locating at each ends of faulted section to locate the fault. The method examined finds fault location for distribution system utilizing impedance matrix accompanied with sparse measurements in the power network. This method fully considers the unbalance of distribution system.
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Ureh, Henry Chigozie. "IMPACTS OF PLUG-IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE ON RESIDENTIAL ELECTRIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING STOCHASTIC AND SENSITIVITY APPROACH." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/642.
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Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) are projected to become a viable means of transportation due to advances in technology and advocates for green and eco-friendly energy solutions. These vehicles are powered partially, or in some cases, solely by the energy stored in their battery packs. The large sizes of these battery packs require large amount of energy to charge, and as the demand for PEV increases, the increase in energy demand needed to recharge these PEV batteries could pose problems to the present electric distribution system. This study examines the potential impacts of PEV on a residential electric distribution system at various penetration levels.
An existing residential distribution network is modeled up to each household service point and various sensitivity scenarios and stochastic patterns of PEV loads are simulated. Impact studies that include voltage drop, service transformers overload, energy loss, and transformer thermal loss-of-life expectancy are analyzed. Results from the study are reported and recommendations to mitigate the impacts are presented.
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Geen, David Charles. "Hybrid mode feed horns for reflector antennas operating at 20/30GHz." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2005. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/1106/.
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This thesis presents the findings of an investigation into hybrid mode feed horns for use in the next generation of reflector antennas for satellite communications at Ka- band. Within the thesis, general field theory is developed and subsequently applied to specific horn-types in an effort to understand and explore the limits of the bandwidth over which they can offer suitable radiation characteristics. Studies into the use of both corrugated and dielectric-loaded horns identify a shortfall in their performance, particularly in the context as feeds for elliptical reflector antennas at Ka-band, as a consequence of the sizeable frequency separation between the Transmit and Receive functions. The need to operate at two widely separated bands, with little concern for the performance at all frequencies in between, affords the opportunity to take advantage of two exclusive mechanisms to independently optimise the performance at two sub- bands, corresponding to the Transmit and Receive functions. The 'dual-band' concept is explored by extending the field theory developed earlier in the thesis, this being applied to a corrugated structure with secondary mechanism that takes effect once the performance as a consequence of the corrugations themselves begins to degrade. The theory is tested by way of a practical investigation comparing the measured performance of different horn types, including a novel horn borne out of the dual- band concept described above. This led to the need to develop, construct and evaluate a suitable anechoic chamber, the work associated with this also being included in the thesis as an appendix. The results are reviewed in the context of the Ka-band application against both RF and practical design goals with the conclusion that the novel dual-band horn offers superior performance with respect to the state-of-the-art.
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Wang, Hongjie. "Design and Control of Series Resonant Converters for DC Current Power Distribution Applications." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7160.
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With the growth of renewable energy usage and energy storage adoption in recent decades, people have started to reevaluate the possible roles of dc systems in current and future electrical systems. The dc voltage distribution has been applied in various applications, such as data centers and aircraft industry, for high efficiency and power density. However, for some applications such as subsea gas and oil fields, and ocean observatory systems, the dc current distribution is preferred over dc voltage distribution for its low cost and robustness against cable faults. Design and control of dc power distribution systems for different applications is an emerging research area with complex technical challenges. This dissertation solves the technical challenges in analysis, design, modeling, control and protection of series resonant converters (SRCs) for dc current distribution applications. An optimum design that has high efficiency, high reliability, and minimum required control efforts for the SRC with constant input current has been achieved and demonstrated by applying the analysis and design procedures developed in this dissertation. The modeling and analysis presented in this dissertation represents an operating condition that has not been studied in the literature and could be easily extended to other resonant converter topologies. Explicit analytical expressions have been provided for all key transfer functions, including input impedance and control-to-output, offering valuable resources to design feed-back regulation and to evaluate system stability. Based on the control strategies and control design presented in this dissertation, stable and reliable operation of dc current distribution systems with long distance cable has been achieved and demonstrated. The proposed analysis, design procedure, stability evaluation, control strategy and protection techniques in this dissertation can be applied to a wide range of similar scenarios as well, which greatly increases their value.
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Webb, Victor-Juan Eli. "Design of a 380 V/24 V DC Micro-Grid for Residential DC Distribution." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1355247158.
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Isik, Mehmet. "Thermally Stimulated Current Study Of Traps Distribution In Beta-tlins2 Layered Crystals." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609667/index.pdf.
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Trapping centres in as-grown TlInS2 layered single crystals have been studied by using a thermally stimulated current (TSC) technique. TSC measurements have been performed in the temperature range of 10-300 K with various heating rates. Experimental evidence has been found for the presence of five trapping centres with activation energies 12, 14, 400, 570 and 650 meV. Their capture cross-sections and concentrations were also determined. It is concluded that in these centres retrapping is negligible as confirmed by the good agreement between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions of the model that assumes slow retrapping. An exponential distribution of traps was revealed from the analysis of the TSC data obtained at different light excitation temperatures.
The transmission and reflection spectra of TlInS2 crystals were measured over the spectral region of 400-1100 nm to determine the absorption coefficient and refractive index. The analysis of the room temperature absorption data revealed the coexistence of the indirect and direct transitions. The absorption edge was observed to shift toward the lower energy values as temperature increases from 10 to 300 K. The oscillator and the dispersion energies, and the zero-frequency refractive index were also reported. Furthermore, the chemical composition of TlInS2 crystals was determined from energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis. The parameters of monoclinic unit cell were found by studying the x-ray powder diffraction.
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Pulcherio, Mariana Costa. "ROBUST STABILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR MICROGRID SYSTEMS." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1531727664229489.
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Liu, Xiao. "Power control of single-stage PV inverter for distribution system volt-var optimization." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/36.
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The output power variability of intermittent renewable sources can cause significant fluctuations in distribution system voltages. A local linear controller that exploits the capability of a photovoltaic inverter to provide both real and reactive power is described. This controller substitutes reactive power for real power when fluctuations in the output of the photovoltaic source are experienced. In this way, the inverter can help mitigate distribution system voltage fluctuations. In order to provide real and reactive to the grid, a three-phase grid-connected single-stage photovoltaic system with maximum power point tracking and power control is described. A method of reducing the current harmonic caused by resonance of the LC filter and transformer is presented. The local linear controller is examined using an example distribution system, and it is found that the controller is effective at mitigating voltage violations. The photovoltaic control system is examined using three-phase single-stage PV inverter system. The power control and damping system show good performance and stability under rapid change of irradiance.
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Glöckner, Reinhard Jörg. "Power transfer optimised automatic matching networks." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2009. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/1622/.
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Matching networks are widely used to enhance active power transfer when radio frequency generators drive complex loads. The tuning of the network for varying loads typically involves searching for optimum matching conditions. However, improving the matching condition of the network does not necessarily indicate an increase in active power transfer. As an example, a 71 network with three adjustable elements may achieve comparable matches for a variety of elements' settings, each matching triple exhibiting a different transferred active power. Furthermore, the influence of the transmission lines used to connect the matching network to its source and load is rarely taken into account. The purpose of the work is to optimise the power gain of a narrowband matching sys-tem in the frequency range of 1.8 — 30 MHz. The system consists of a source, a match-ing network, a load and two interconnecting lines whose characteristic impedance is complex. The optimisation process involves optimum choice of the transmission lines' lengths and development of a matching strategy. Its objective is to ensure automatic and continuous adjustment of the matching network for optimum ac¬tive power transfer to its load while matching the network's input impedance to a resistive source. The network topologies employed are limited to the most common 71 and T networks consisting of two variable capacitors and one central inductor. Losses are assumed to be mainly caused by the inductor. An appropriate simple and synthetic model of the losses is proposed which is suitable for active power transfer optimisation. The model is validated against losses of inductors derived by different works. After choosing a proper network parametrisation and exact inclusion of the losses during network design, the losses of a network terminated by a resistance and de¬signed to match (exactly) a source resistance at its input are derived. Then its power gain is optimised by a proper choice of the network's parameter and the impact of changing the purely resistive termination to impedances exhibiting capacitive or in¬ductive imaginary parts is considered. An explicit solution is calculated for networks with a constant Q factor central inductor, its differences from the approximate solu¬tion (network elements designed as if the network would be lossless) are considered. Example diagrams are given illustrating those differences and power gain contour Smith charts are drawn for typical ranges of the L, iv, and T networks' elements. Combining the results of the different approaches yields an optimum matching strat¬egy. The losses of transmission lines connecting source and network of load and network are determined, where the lines' complex characteristic impedance is taken into account. Those losses are included in a power gain optimisation of the complete matching system. Finally, an experimental setup is designed under which the matching strategy of the network is tested and validated.
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Marinho, Gisele Souza Parmezzani [UNESP]. "Apresentação de uma indústria sucroalcooleira sob os conceitos de microrrede de energia elétrica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87162.
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marinho_gsp_me_ilha.pdf: 1619719 bytes, checksum: 5c730f6b0eeb54a1540528e6af35faaa (MD5)No mundo de hoje, conforme aumenta o interesse sobre fontes renováveis de energia, muitas pesquisas envolvem a busca de uma configuração eficiente para melhorar a distribuição desta energia e locá-las de uma maneira otimizada. A microrrede apresenta-se como uma alternativa para isto já que consiste em um sistema de energia de pequeno porte contendo vários consumidores e unidades geradoras distribuídas, possivelmente utilizando-se de diferentes fontes de energia, podendo ser considerada como um sistema independente operado através da interligação com o sistema principal de energia e que pode ser desconectada deste sistema sem maiores impactos, de acordo com a situação. Diante desta descrição as indústrias sucroalcooleiras também podem ser inseridas como um exemplo típico de microrrede permitindo assim uma diferente visão sobre como estas indústrias são afetadas pelo sistema principal de energia, mas, principalmente, como elas o afeta. Neste trabalho será visto alguns conceitos pertencentes à microrrede e alguns estudos que estão sendo realizados nesta área apresentando ferramentas que poderão comprovar que a indústria sucroalcooleira pode ser definida como uma microrrede
Nowadays, with the interest increasing about sources that use renewable energy, many researches involve the search for an efficient configuration to improve the distribution of this energy and locate them with an optimized way. The microgrid is small power system that consists of several consumer’s loads and small size distributed generation resources, possibly using different energy sources, and can be considered an independent system operated by interconnecting to the power distribution system and could be disconnected from this system without major impacts according to situation. In view of this description, the sugar-ethanol industries can also be inserted as a typical example of microgrid allowing a different view of how these industries are affected by the main system power, but especially how they affects it. In this study will be seen some concepts belonging to microgrid and some studies that are being done in this area, presenting tools that can demonstrate that the sugar-ethanol industry can be defined as a microgrid
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Vinot, Benoît. "Conception d'un système d'information distribué pour la conduite des flexibilités dans un réseau de distribution électrique : modélisation, simulation et implémentation." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAM043/document.
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Le secteur industriel de l'énergie, et les réseaux électriques en particulier, rendent à nos sociétés modernes d'immenses services dont nous ne pouvons plus nous passer. Ils présentent aussi, hélas, un certain nombre de graves inconvénients, notamment en matière d'impact environnemental. Ces inconvénients apparaissent aujourd'hui comme inacceptables; le secteur de l'énergie s'efforce donc actuellement de les amoindrir autant que possible, dans le cadre de ce qu'on appelle la transition énergétique.Outre d'indispensables efforts en matière de sobriété et d'efficacité énergétique, deux grands axes d'amélioration se dessinent: d'une part, le remplacement progressif de certains moyens de production d'électricité conventionnels par des moyens de production renouvelables; et d'autre part, le transfert de certains usages aujourd'hui non-électriques vers l'électricité --- en particulier en matière de mobilité.L'intégration au réseau électrique de ces nouveaux types de dispositifs pose cependant des difficultés techniques considérables, qui motivent depuis le début des années 2000 de nombreux travaux sur le thème de ce que l'on appelle aujourd'hui les "smart grids": des réseaux électriques compatibles avec les exigences de la transition énergétique, c'est-à-dire capables d'accueillir massivement les nouveaux types d'usages comme la production photovoltaïque et les bornes de recharge des véhicules électriques, ceci notamment grâce à l'utilisation accrue des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication. Parmi les difficultés susmentionnées, qui limitent la capacité d'accueil du réseau, figurent les congestions, c'est-à-dire les limites physiques à la puissance que l'on peut faire transiter d'un point à un autre sur une infrastructure donnée. C'est à la gestion des congestions que nos travaux sont consacrés. À ce sujet, la question fondamentale est de déterminer par quel enchaînement de mesures, de calcul, de communications et in fine d'actions, on peut passer d'une situation de contrainte sur un réseau de distribution d'électricité, à une situation où cette contrainte a été éliminée par l'action des flexibilités environnantes; autrement dit, en augmentant ou en réduisant judicieusement la production et/ou la consommation locales, et éventuellement en jouant sur d'autres types de leviers.L'objet de cette thèse est de participer à l'élaboration des outils conceptuels et informatiques qui nous permettront de répondre à la question fondamentale ci-dessus. Nos travaux portent ainsi sur la question de la modélisation des réseaux de distribution d'électricité "flexibles", et sur l'implémentation concrète des modèles retenus sous forme d'un logiciel de simulation ad hoc, parfaitement adapté à l'étude de ce type de réseauxThe energy sector and the electrical networks in particular, provide great and indispensable services to our modern societies. Unfortunately, they also bring some serious drawbacks, especially with regard to the environment. These drawbacks are becoming more and more unacceptable; that is why the energy sector is trying to reduce them as much as possible, in the framework of the so-called energy transition.In addition to mandatory efforts in terms of energy efficiency and sobriety, two major directions of improvement have been identified: on the one hand, the progressive replacement of some conventional power plants with renewable production units; and on the other hand, the transfer of several non-electrical usages towards electricity --- in particular in the area of mobility.The integration of these new devices into electrical networks raise new technical challenges which, since the early 2000s, have been driving a lot of work about so-called "smart grids": electrical networks compatible with the requirements of the energy transition, ie. able to host new devices like photovoltaic solar panels and charging stations for electric vehicles, notably through the increasing usage of new information and communications technologies.Among the difficulties mentioned above, which limit the hosting capacity of the network, there are congestions ie. physical constraints limiting the amount of power that may be transmitted through a given infrastructure. Our work is devoted to the management of congestions. The fundamental issue thereon is to define a sequence of decisions, computations, communications and in fine actionsthat allows to move from a constrained situation on the electrical distribution network, to a situation in which the action of local flexibilities has lifted the constraint; in other words, to a situation where increasing or decreasing local generation and/or consumption, or taking some other control action, relieved the network.The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the development of conceptual and computing tools that will allow us to answer the fundamental aforementioned issue. Our work thus deals with the modelling of flexible electrical distribution networks, and with the tangible implementation of selected models in the form of ad hoc simulation software, specifically designed for the study of such networks
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Clarke, Thomas Leighton. "Aggregation of Electric Water Heaters for Peak Shifting and Frequency Response Services." PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5033.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increased penetration of renewable energy sources poses new challenges for grid stability. The stochastic and uncontrollable generation of solar and wind power cannot be adjusted to match the load profile, and the transition away from traditional synchronous generators is reducing the grid capacity to arrest and recover from frequency disturbances.
Additionally, the distributed nature of many renewable energy sources makes centralized control of generation more complicated. The traditional power system paradigm balances the supply and demand of electricity on the grid by regulating generation. As this becomes more difficult, one alternative is to adjust the load instead. This is not entirely novel, and utilities have incentivized large industrial customers to reduce consumption during peak hours for years. However, the residential sector, which constitutes 37% of electricity consumption in the U.S., currently has very little capacity for load control.
Smart electric water heaters provide utilities with an appliance that can be remotely controlled and serves as a form of energy storage. They have very fast response times and make up a large amount of residential energy consumption, making them useful for load peak shifting as well as other ancillary grid services. As smart appliances become increasingly widespread, more and more devices can be brought into the utility's control network and aggregated into a flexible resource on a megawatt scale.
This work demonstrates the usefulness of aggregated electric water heaters for peak shifting and frequency response. Because a large number of assets are required, emulators are developed based on observations of real devices. Emulated water heaters are then connected to an energy resource aggregator using an internet-of-things network. The aggregator successfully uses these assets to shift consumption away from peak hours. An algorithm was developed for detecting upward frequency disturbances in real-time. The aggregator uses this algorithm to show that an aggregation of water heaters is well-suited to respond to these frequency disturbances by quickly adding a large amount of load to the grid.