Статті в журналах: "Problem of grounding"

1

Harnad, Stevan. "Symbol grounding problem." Scholarpedia 2, no. 7 (2007): 2373. http://dx.doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.2373.

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2

Saenz, Noël B. "A grounding solution to the grounding problem." Philosophical Studies 172, no. 8 (November 1, 2014): 2193–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-014-0405-x.

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3

Harnad, Stevan. "The symbol grounding problem." Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 42, no. 1-3 (June 1990): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2789(90)90087-6.

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4

Vogt, Paul. "The physical symbol grounding problem." Cognitive Systems Research 3, no. 3 (September 2002): 429–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1389-0417(02)00051-7.

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5

deRosset, Louis. "What is the Grounding Problem?" Philosophical Studies 156, no. 2 (July 13, 2010): 173–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-010-9590-4.

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6

Petersen, Thorben. "The grounding problem for eternalism." Philosophical Studies 173, no. 7 (October 17, 2015): 1819–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-015-0580-4.

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7

Hommel, Bernhard. "Taking the grounding problem seriously." European Journal of Social Psychology 39, no. 7 (December 2009): 1191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.682.

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8

Kang, Seok Man. "Hylomorphism and the Grounding Problem." Journal of The Society of philosophical studies 139 (December 31, 2022): 253–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.23908/jsps.2022.12.139.253.

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9

Bringsjord, Selmer. "The symbol grounding problem … remains unsolved." Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 27, no. 1 (October 2014): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0952813x.2014.940139.

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10

Forrai, Gábor. "Grounding Concepts: The Problem of Composition." Philosophia 39, no. 4 (March 4, 2011): 721–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11406-011-9307-8.

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11

Torrengo, Giuliano. "The grounding problem and presentist explanations." Synthese 190, no. 12 (May 22, 2011): 2047–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-011-9955-z.

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12

Chen, Yan Yan, and Jian Cheng Zhang. "Experimental Study of Anti-Jamming Problem for Frequency Control System." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.156.

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This article studies about anti-jamming problem for frequency control system with three experimental methods which are magnetic shielding, grounding and filtering. The results demonstrate that filtering is the most evident anti-interference. the interference of frequency converter is independent with the signal; Shielding on both ends of the grounding is better than single ended grounding. All of the conclusions will be used for reference.

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13

Cangelosi, Angelo. "Solutions and Open Challenges for the Symbol Grounding Problem." International Journal of Signs and Semiotic Systems 1, no. 1 (January 2011): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsss.2011010104.

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This article discusses the current progress and solutions to the symbol grounding problem and specifically identifies which aspects of the problem have been addressed and issues and scientific challenges that still require investigation. In particular, the paper suggests that of the various aspects of the symbol grounding problem, the transition from indexical representations to symbol-symbol relationships requires the most research. This analysis initiated a debate and solicited commentaries from experts in the field to gather consensus on progress and achievements and identify the challenges still open in the symbol grounding problem.

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14

Behnke, Gregor, Daniel Höller, Alexander Schmid, Pascal Bercher, and Susanne Biundo. "On Succinct Groundings of HTN Planning Problems." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 06 (April 3, 2020): 9775–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i06.6529.

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Both search-based and translation-based planning systems usually operate on grounded representations of the problem. Planning models, however, are commonly defined using lifted description languages. Thus, planning systems usually generate a grounded representation of the lifted model as a preprocessing step. For HTN planning models, only one method to ground lifted models has been published so far. In this paper we present a new approach for grounding HTN planning problems that produces smaller groundings in a shorter timespan than the previously published method.

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15

Bennett, Karen. "Spatio-Temporal Coincidence and the Grounding Problem." Philosophical Studies 118, no. 3 (April 2004): 339–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:phil.0000026471.20355.54.

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16

Campdelacreu, Marta. "Constitutionalism, Cheap Indeterminism and the Grounding Problem." Metaphysica 19, no. 1 (March 26, 2018): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mp-2018-0001.

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Abstract Thomas Sattig has argued recently that constitutionalism renders determinism about the actual world false, just in virtue of ordinary facts about ordinary middle-sized material objects. However, it seems that, if determinism about the actual world is false, this should be so for reasons of physics rather than in virtue of ordinary facts about ordinary objects. This is the problem of cheap indeterminism. Sattig also claims, however, that constitutionalists can solve this problem if they abandon an attractive and promising solution to the classical grounding problem affecting their view. In this paper I argue that, against his claims, constitutionalists can solve the problem of cheap indeterminism and the grounding problem simultaneously.

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17

Khudairi, Hasen. "Grounding, conceivability, and the mind-body problem." Synthese 195, no. 2 (November 8, 2016): 919–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-016-1254-2.

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18

O'Conaill, Donnchadh. "Grounding, Essential Properties and the Unity Problem." Dialectica 74, no. 1 (November 18, 2022): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.48106/dial.v74.i1.05.

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A common conception of facts is as worldly entities, complexes made upof non-factual constituents such as properties, relations andproperty-bearers. Understood in this way facts face the unityproblem, the problem of explaining why various constituents arecombined to form a fact. In many cases the constituents could haveexisted without being unified in the fact---so in virtue of what arethey so unified? I shall present a new approach to the unity problem.First, facts which are grounded are unified by the obtaining of theirgrounds. Second, many ungrounded facts are such that they must obtainif their non-factual constituents exist (e.g. if the property $F$nessis essential to a particular, $a$, then if $a$ exists the fact that$a$ is $F$ must obtain). In this way the obtaining of these facts isexplained by the essence of some of their constituents. I alsoaddress the possibility of facts which are brutely unified(i.e. neither grounded nor essentially unified), and compare theaccount I offer with some of the main alternatives.

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19

Dąbek, Dariusz. "Basic Problems of the Classical Concept of Artificial Intelligence – the Frame Problem, the Grounding Problem, the Problem of Lack of Embodiment and Situating. Part 2." Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Filozofia 12 (2015): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/fil.2015.12.06.

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20

Yue, Yun kai, and Tian bo Wu. "Analysis of abnormal heating of 66kV dry-type air-core reactor grounding device." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2237, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2237/1/012014.

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Abstract When dry-type air-core reactors are in operation, the surrounding grounding devices, fences and other closed structural parts are abnormally hot. Because there is no effective analysis and detection methods for concealed projects such as grounding devices, it brings great difficulties to on-site analysis of problems; this article is based on the site conditions Theoretical analysis and the use of ground penetrating radar detection technology to study a 66kV dry-type reactor grounding device abnormal heating problem, through the analysis of the detection results, it is found that the reason for the heating of the dry anti-grounding device is that the grounding device has a circulating current in the alternating field; The design and construction of grounding devices of dry-type air-core reactors in new projects will provide certain reference significance.

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21

Chen, Zhong Ren, and Zhan Qi Li. "Analysis and Application of the Neutral Voltage in Resonant Grounding Grid." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 1850–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.1850.

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There are often some problems during operation of the resonant grounding grid, such as tracking failure, excessive tuning, and oversize residual current caused by compensation not matching grounding fault. A new idea is proposed to solve the problems about using of the neutral voltage detection, analysis and calculation. Firstly, neutral voltage characteristics are analyzed. Secondly, neutral voltage is applied to the calculation of tracking sensitivity, and the problems of tracking failure and excessive tuning are effectively solved. Thirdly, change of operation mode and grid disturbance are distinguished by using characteristics of neutral voltage variation. Lastly, the formulas of neutral voltage ranges are derived, which can distinguish high-resistance grounding fault from low-resistance grounding fault and achieve a smart compensation. This solves the problem of excessive residual current. Simulations verified the above conclusions and the results are satisfied.

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22

Aleksic, Slavoljub, Zlata Cvetkovic, and Bojana Nikolic. "Shallow-buried ring grounding electrodes." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 19, no. 2 (2006): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee0602181a.

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The problem of two shallow-buried ring grounding electrodes of low frequencies is analyzed in this paper. In solving this problem, the ground is assumed as linear, homogeneous and isotropic medium. The equivalent electrodes method, which is very simple numerical method of adequate accuracy of obtained results, is used for calculations. Numerical results are presented both in tables and figures.

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23

Nedeljković, Mitar. "The problem of justifying inductive reasoning." Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 51, no. 2 (2021): 387–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp51-30620.

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In this paper, the author considers the classical strategies of defense from Hume's argument against induction, and assesses the extent to which they were found to be successful. Synthetic, linguistic, a priori, pragmatic, and inductive strategies of defending induction are considered, as well as the question of the extent to which the justification of induction is a problem for grounding scientific knowledge. A new argument is introduced for the a priori justification of induction, as well as a critique of the synthetic and inductive defenses of induction by Black and Jacquette.

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24

SAKON, Takeshi. "Truths about Socrates : Presentism and the Grounding Problem." Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science 41, no. 1 (2013): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4288/kisoron.41.1_37.

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25

Yi, Sae-Seong. "Demonstration Problem of the Transcendental · Objective Final Grounding." Journal of the New Korean Philosophical Association 89 (July 31, 2017): 247–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20433/jnkpa.2017.07.89.247.

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26

Einheuser, Iris. "Toward a Conceptualist Solution of the Grounding Problem." Noûs 45, no. 2 (August 20, 2010): 300–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0068.2010.00765.x.

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27

Bielecka, Krystyna. "Symbol Grounding Problem and causal theory of reference." New Ideas in Psychology 40 (January 2016): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2015.01.006.

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28

Koslicki, Kathrin. "Towards a Hylomorphic Solution to the Grounding Problem." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 82 (July 2018): 333–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246118000127.

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AbstractConcrete particular objects (e.g. living organisms) figure saliently in our everyday experience as well as our in our scientific theorizing about the world. Ahylomorphicanalysis of concrete particular objects holds that these entities are, in some sense, compounds of matter (hūlē) and form (morphēoreidos). TheGrounding Problemasks why an object and its matter (e.g. a statue and the clay that constitutes it) can apparently differ with respect to certain of their properties (e.g. the clay's ability to survive being squashed, as compared to the statue's inability to do so), even though they are otherwise so much alike. In this paper, I argue that a hylomorphic analysis of concrete particular objects, in conjunction with a non-modal conception of essence of the type encountered for example in the works of Aristotle and Kit Fine, has the resources to yield a solution to the Grounding Problem.

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29

Taddeo, Mariarosaria, and Luciano Floridi. "A Praxical Solution of the Symbol Grounding Problem." Minds and Machines 17, no. 4 (October 2, 2007): 369–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11023-007-9081-3.

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30

MacDorman, Karl F. "Feature learning, multiresolution analysis, and symbol grounding." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 1 (February 1998): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98420107.

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Cognitive theories based on a fixed feature set suffer from frame and symbol grounding problems. Flexible features and other empirically acquired constraints (e.g., analog-to-analog mappings) provide a framework for letting extrinsic relations influence symbol manipulation. By offering a biologically plausible basis for feature learning, nonorthogonal multiresolution analysis and dimensionality reduction, informed by functional constraints, may contribute to a solution to the symbol grounding problem.

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31

Dan, Yihua, Zhanlong Zhang, Yiqiao Li, Jun Deng, and Jing Zou. "Novel Grounding Electrode Model with Axial Construction Space Consideration." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 4765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244765.

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Grounding electrodes are used to ensure safe operation of electrical apparatus. The limited axial construction space for grounding electrodes is a significant constraining factor. Grounding performance will attenuate rapidly under the influence of the reduced length of horizontal or vertical grounding electrodes. However, if additional resistance-reducing measures are adopted, the operation and maintenance cost of grounding electrodes will considerably increase. To solve above problem, this study proposed a novel grounding model that uses a helical grounding electrode to improve grounding performance within limited axial construction space. Firstly, a calculation model of finite element methods (FEM) is built based on the concept of increasing the contact area between the grounding electrodes and the soil. Grounding performance parameters of helical grounding electrodes, grounding resistance, electrical potential rise (EPR) distribution and maximum touch voltage, are analyzed. At the same time, structural parameters and buried depth for the helical grounding electrodes are studied and the optimal design criteria for the parameters are given. Results show that the helical grounding electrode exhibits better grounding performance in a limited axial construction area.

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32

Campdelacreu, Marta. "Sutton’s Solution to The Grounding Problem and Intrinsically Composed Colocated Objects." Crítica (México D. F. En línea) 48, no. 143 (October 31, 2016): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2016.223.

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In Sutton 2012, Catherine Sutton offers a new and very interesting solution to the most challenging problem facing colocationism: the grounding problem. However, if I am right in rejecting her thesis that lumps or pieces of matter are extrinsically composed, then her proposal is no longer a complete answer to the grounding problem, and it is difficult to see how it might be supplemented.

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33

Yip, Jack. "Truthmaking as an Account of How Grounding Facts Hold." KRITERION – Journal of Philosophy 29, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/krt-2015-290203.

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Abstract Grounding, as a way to articulate ontological dependence, faces the problem of what grounds grounding facts themselves (such as the fact that the singleton of Socrates is grounded in Socrates). This problem stems from the need to account for the holding of grounding facts, which generates the hierarchical structure of ontological dependence. Within the grounding framework, grounding facts are either ungrounded or grounded. I will first argue that neither option can provide us with a satisfactory account. The main reason is that non-fundamental entities have to be counted as fundamental or involved in the essences of fundamental entities in order for either of the two options to work-the non-fundamental is being smuggled into the fundamental. My suggestion is to appeal to the notion of truthmaking and tackle the problem about the holding of grounding facts outside the grounding framework|-instead of asking what grounds grounding facts, I ask what makes grounding claims true. Truthmaking is a prima facie relation holding between the representational and the non-representational such that the latter makes the former true. With the principle 'if hpi is true, then it is a fact that p,' we can account for the holding of grounding facts in a derivative sense. As a proposition contains the information about its truthmaker, the nature of grounding claims will tell us how grounding facts hold. I accept a realm of concepts which make up propositions (which might be needed already if there are propositions and propositions are compositional). These concepts will act as part of the truthmaker for grounding claims (in addition to the non-conceptual fundamental entities)-the concept of the ground must figure in the concept of the grounded. For a concept to figure in another, it is to be involved in the constitutive essence of the latter (analogous to Kit Fine's idea that the ground of a grounded entity figures in the essence of the grounded entity). This account will not smuggle anything non-fundamental into the fundamental realm. The implication is that ontological dependence stems from our different kinds of conceptualisations (perhaps of the same stuff, as in the concepts of water and H2O), which justifies metaphysicians' armchair method.

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34

Yu, Meng, Huan Lian, and Pei Ming Pan. "Study on Detection of Grounding Capacitive Current in Resonance Grounding System." Advanced Materials Research 823 (October 2013): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.823.546.

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Nowadays, an increasing number of grid is adopting resonant grounding method. Only accurately detecting the capacitive current, could we play the advantages of resonant grounding. The most popular method in the field is the tuning method, which includes two-point method and three-point method. This paper analyzes the principle of two-point method and identifies a major problem in the application of two-point method. A stall of two-point method stays in the state of overcompensation while another stall stays in the state of under compensation, which has not been taken into account. Finally, the paper verifies the effect of proposed improvements using MATLAB simulation.

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35

Kostić, Vojin. "An overview of methods for eliminating the effects of interference in an active high-voltage power facility." Tehnika 76, no. 4 (2021): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2104467k.

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In this paper, practical and conceptual problems related to the way of suppressing or eliminating the influence of interference (at a frequency of 50 Hz) in an active high-voltage power facility are discussed. The problem is relevant in the context of measuring the safety characteristics of the grounding system: grounding system impedance, touch voltage and step voltage. The paper gives an evolutionary overview of title methods. The review focuses on the characteristic problems and shortcomings of individual methods. Also, the basic characteristics of the author's FSM (Frequency Shift Method) method, which guarantees precise control of interference, are elaborated. In this sense, the FSM method is the basis for accurate and economical measurement of the safety characteristics of the grounding system.

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36

Viger, Christopher. "The acquired language of thought hypothesis." Interaction Studies 8, no. 1 (June 13, 2007): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.8.1.08vig.

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I present the symbol grounding problem in the larger context of a materialist theory of content and then present two problems for causal, teleo-functional accounts of content. This leads to a distinction between two kinds of mental representations: presentations and symbols; only the latter are cognitive. Based on Milner and Goodale’s dual route model of vision, I posit the existence of precise interfaces between cognitive systems that are activated during object recognition. Interfaces are constructed as a child learns, and is taught, how to interact with its environment; hence, interface structure has a social determinant essential for symbol grounding. Symbols are encoded in the brain to exploit these interfaces, by having projections to the interfaces that are activated by what they symbolise. I conclude by situating my proposal in the context of Harnad’s (1990) solution to the symbol grounding problem and responding to three standard objections.

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37

Xinzheng, Jiang, and Jiang Nan. "Research and Analysis of Small Current Grounding Line Selection System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2320, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2320/1/012003.

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Abstract In the small current grounding system, because the short-circuit fault of single-phase grounding accounts for more than 80% of the total short-circuit fault, the selection of single-phase grounding fault line is still the main problem in electrical engineering. This paper studies the principles, advantages and disadvantages of various line selection technical methods in case of single-phase grounding fault, and puts forward the improved method of comprehensive line selection for the problem of misjudgment of fault line selection. On this basis, it puts forward the improved method of comprehensive line selection, verifies the line selection device of 10kV transmission line through the relevant data obtained from design calculation and simulation experiment, and puts forward a more reasonable design scheme for the hardware circuit and software circuit of the line selection device, The fault tolerance and accuracy of small current grounding line selection system are improved.

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38

Ramoul, Abdeldjalil, Damien Pellier, Humbert Fiorino, and Sylvie Pesty. "Grounding of HTN Planning Domain." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 26, no. 05 (October 2017): 1760021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213017600211.

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Many Artificial Intelligence techniques have been developed for intelligent and autonomous systems to act and make rational decisions based on perceptions of the world state. Among these techniques, HTN (Hierarchical Task Network) planning is one of the most used in practice. HTN planning is based on expressive languages allowing to specify complex expert knowledge for real world domains. At the same time, many preprocessing techniques for classical planning were proposed to speed up the search. One of these technique, named grounding, consists in enumerating and instantiating all the possible actions from the planning problem descriptions. This technique has proven its effectiveness. Therefore, combining the expressiveness of HTN planning with the efficiency of the grounding preprocessing techniques used in classical planning is a very challenging issue. In this paper, we propose a generic algorithm to ground the domain representation for HTN planning. We show experimentally that grounding process improves the performances of state of the art HTN planners on a range of planning problems from the International Planning Competition (IPC).

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39

Tellex, Stefanie, Thomas Kollar, Steven Dickerson, Matthew R. Walter, Ashis Gopal Banerjee, Seth Teller, and Nicholas Roy. "Approaching the Symbol Grounding Problem with Probabilistic Graphical Models." AI Magazine 32, no. 4 (December 16, 2011): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v32i4.2384.

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n order for robots to engage in dialog with human teammates, they must have the ability to map between words in the language and aspects of the external world. A solution to this symbol grounding problem (Harnad, 1990) would enable a robot to interpret commands such as “Drive over to receiving and pick up the tire pallet.” In this article we describe several of our results that use probabilistic inference to address the symbol grounding problem. Our speciﬁc approach is to develop models that factor according to the linguistic structure of a command. We ﬁrst describe an early result, a generative model that factors according to the sequential structure of language, and then discuss our new framework, generalized grounding graphs (G3). The G3 framework dynamically instantiates a probabilistic graphical model for a natural language input, enabling a mapping between words in language and concrete objects, places, paths and events in the external world. We report on corpus-based experiments where the robot is able to learn and use word meanings in three real-world tasks: indoor navigation, spatial language video retrieval, and mobile manipulation.

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40

TROGDON, KELLY, and D. GENE WITMER. "Full and Partial Grounding." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 7, no. 2 (2021): 252–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2020.26.

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AbstractWhile controversy about the nature of grounding abounds, our focus is on a question for which a particular answer has attracted something like a consensus. The question concerns the relation between partial grounding and full grounding. The apparent consensus is that the former is to be defined in terms of the latter. In this article, we argue that the standard way of doing this faces a significant problem and that we ought to pursue the reverse project of defining full grounding in terms of partial grounding. The guiding idea behind the definition we propose is that full grounding is what happens when partial grounding works in a way that ensures that the grounded is nothing over and above the grounds. We ultimately understand this idea in terms of iterated ‘nothing over and above’ claims.

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41

Han, Ping Ping. "Study of Electric Power System Neutral Point Grounding Using PSCAD/EMTDC." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 866–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.866.

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Neutral point grounding which is related to voltage level, network structure, insulation, communication and relay protection is very important problem to power system. Nowadays, the choice of neutral point grounding mode mainly relies on operation experiences or theoretical analysis which could not give a direct view of the dynamics of electric power system during disturbances. Therefore, this paper has established the simulation model of electric power system neutral point grounding with PSCAD/EMTDC to show the dynamics of neutral point grounding when disturbed by single-phase grounding in transmission lines, and the application of each neutral point grounding mode has been analyzed according to simulation results. The dynamic model of neutral point grounding in this paper is meaningful to the analysis of high-order, non-linear transients of power system as well.

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Permal, Navinesshani, Miszaina Osman, Azrul Mohd Ariffin, Navaamsini Boopalan, and Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir. "Optimization of substation grounding grid design for horizontal and vertical multilayer and uniform soil condition using Simulated Annealing method." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): e0256298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256298.

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Grounding systems are critical in safeguarding people and equipment from power system failures. A grounding system’s principal goal is to offer the lowest impedance path for undesired fault current. Optimization of the grounding grid designs is important in satisfying the minimum cost of the grounding system and safeguarding those people who work in the surrounding area of the grounded installations. Currently, there is no systematic guidance or standard for grounding grid designs that include two-layer soil and its effects on grounding grid systems, particularly vertically layered soil. Furthermore, while numerous studies have been conducted on optimization, relatively limited study has been done on the problem of optimizing the grounding grid in two-layer soil, particularly in vertical soil structures. This paper presents the results of optimization for substation grounding systems using the Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm in different soil conditions which conforms to the safety requirements of the grounding system. Practical features of grounding grids in various soil conditions discussed in this paper (uniform soil, two-layer horizontal soil, and two-layer vertical soil) are considered during problem formulation and solution algorithm. The proposed algorithm’s results show that the number of grid conductors in the X and Y directions (Nx and Ny), as well as vertical rods (Nr), can be optimized from initial numbers of 35% for uniform soil, 57% for horizontal two-layer soil for ρ1> ρ2, and 33% for horizontal two-layer soil for ρ1< ρ2, and 29% for vertical two-layer soil structure. In other words, the proposed technique would be able to utilize square and rectangle-shaped grounding grids with a number of grid conductors and vertical rods to be implemented in uniform, two-layer horizontal and vertical soil structure, depending on the resistivity of the soil layer.

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Raffone, Antonino, and Cees van Leeuwen. "Chaos and neural coding: Is the binding problem a pseudo-problem?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 5 (October 2001): 826–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0139009x.

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Tsuda's article suggests several plausible concepts of neurodynamic representation and processing, with a thoughtful discussion of their neurobiological grounding and formal properties. However, Tsuda's theory leads to a holistic view of brain functions and to the controversial conclusion that the “binding problem” is a pseudo-problem. By contrast, we stress the role of chaotic patterns in solving the binding problem, in terms of flexible temporal coding of visual scenes through graded and intermittent synchrony.

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Li, Jianhui, and Haohao Mao. "The Difficulties in Symbol Grounding Problem and the Direction for Solving It." Philosophies 7, no. 5 (September 27, 2022): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies7050108.

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The symbol grounding problem (SGP) proposed by Stevan Harnad in 1990, originates from Searle’s “Chinese Room Argument” and refers to the problem of how a pure symbolic system acquires its meaning. While many solutions to this problem have been proposed, all of them have encountered inconsistencies to different extents. A recent approach for resolving the problem is to divide the SGP into hard and easy problems echoing the distinction between hard and easy problems for resolving the enigma of consciousness. This however turns out not to be an ideal strategy: Everything related to consciousness that cannot be well-explained by present theories can be categorized as a hard problem which as a consequence would doom the SGP to irresolvability. We therefore argue that the SGP can be regarded as a general problem of how an AI system can have intentionality, and develop a theoretical direction for its solution.

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Yang, Hu Ping, Yao Xing Zhong, and Wei Ling Wu. "The Analysis of the Application of Copper Plated Steel Material in Substation Grounding Project." Advanced Materials Research 443-444 (January 2012): 688–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.443-444.688.

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With the increase of power capacity and short-circuit current, the problem such as big current of short-circuit burn the grounding equipment or over-voltage damage the equipment is becoming more and more common. Based on the problems arising in the design, construction and operation of the grounding equipment, this paper will give an analysis of the corrosion resistance, economics, chemical exothermic welding chemistry characteristics of the copper plated steel. And discussed by combined with engineering examples of 110 Kv jinshan substations。

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Jiang, Hua, Xinglai Shen, and Bing Ma. "A Protection Method for DC Distribution Network with Single Pole Grounding Based on Integrative Two-terminal MMC." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2066, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2066/1/012104.

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Abstract Based on the analysis model of unipolar grounding fault occurred in two-terminal MMC DC distribution network, the characteristics of unipolar grounding fault are studied. The similarity characteristics of transient currents between the fault line and the non-fault line are analyzed when the fault is located in the feeder, tie line and bus respectively. According to the characteristics of single-pole grounding fault and the similarity principle, a new single-pole grounding protection method for DC distribution network based on two-terminal MMC is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed single-pole grounding protection method can accurately determine the single-pole grounding fault at any position of the DC distribution network. The research results can effectively solve the problem of single-pole grounding protection in DC distribution network, and effectively improve the security and reliability of DC distribution network.

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Morton, Justin. "Grounding the normative: a problem for structured non-naturalism." Philosophical Studies 177, no. 1 (October 19, 2018): 173–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-018-1184-6.

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Müller, Vincent C. "Which symbol grounding problem should we try to solve?" Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 27, no. 1 (September 2, 2014): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0952813x.2014.940143.

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Wehrle, Thomas. "THE GROUNDING PROBLEM OF MODELING EMOTIONS IN ADAPTIVE ARTIFACTS." Cybernetics and Systems 32, no. 5 (July 2001): 561–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01969720118098.

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Wehrle, Thomas. "THE GROUNDING PROBLEM OF MODELING EMOTIONS IN ADAPTIVE ARTIFACTS." Cybernetics and Systems 32, no. 5 (July 1, 2001): 561–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/019697201750257775.

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