Статті в журналах: "Prisons South Australia History"

1

Aldous, David E. "Perspectives on Horticultural Therapy in Australia." HortTechnology 10, no. 1 (January 2000): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.1.18.

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Human awareness of plants in Australia goes back 50,000 years when the aboriginal first began using plants to treat, clothe and feed themselves. The European influence came in 1778 with the First Fleet landing in New South Wales. Australia's earliest records of using horticulture for therapy and rehabilitation were in institutions for people with intellectual disabilities or who were incarcerated. Eventually, legislation created greater awareness in the government and community for the needs of persons with disabilities, and many worthwhile projects, programs and organizations were established or gained greater recognition. Horticultural therapy programs may be found in nursing homes, rehabilitation centers, adult training support services, hospitals, day centers, community centers and gardens, educational institutions, supported employment, and the prisons system. This article reviews the history and development of Australian horticulture as a therapy in the treatment of disabilities and social disadvantaged groups, and includes an overview of programs offered for special populations and of Australia's horticultural therapy associations. It also discusses opportunities for research, teaching and extension for horticultural therapy in Australia.

2

McCausland, Ruth, and Eileen Baldry. "‘I feel like I failed him by ringing the police’: Criminalising disability in Australia." Punishment & Society 19, no. 3 (March 3, 2017): 290–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474517696126.

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The stigmatisation, control, criminalisation and incarceration of people with disability have a long history. While in recent decades there has been increasing commitment to the rights of people with disabilities by governments in western nations, the over-representation of people with mental and cognitive disability in criminal justice systems has continued. Although there are similarities amongst Western jurisdictions in regard to the treatment of people with disability in justice systems, there are particularities in Australia that will be drawn out in this article. We argue that disadvantaged people with mental and cognitive disability are being managed by and entrenched in criminal justice systems across Australia’s six states and two territories, including so-called diversionary and therapeutic measures that appear to accommodate their disability. In the absence of early and appropriate diagnosis, intervention and support in the community, some disadvantaged and poor persons with mental and cognitive disability, in particular Indigenous Australians, are being systematically criminalised. Criminal justice agencies and especially youth and adult prisons have become normalised as places of disability management and control. Drawing on research that focuses in detail on the jurisdictions of the Northern Territory and New South Wales, we argue for a reconstruction of the understanding of and response to people with these disabilities in the criminal justice system.

3

Hall, Robert A. "War's End: How did the war affect Aborigines and Islanders?" Queensland Review 3, no. 1 (April 1996): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600000660.

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In the 20 years before the Second World War the frontier war dragged to a close in remote parts of north Australia with the 1926 Daly River massacre and the 1928 Coniston massacre. There was a rapid decline in the Aboriginal population, giving rise to the idea of the ‘dying race’ which had found policy expression in the State ‘Protection’ Acts. Aboriginal and Islander labour was exploited under scandalous rates of pay and conditions in the struggling north Australian beef industry and the pearling industry. In south east Australia, Aborigines endured repressive white control on government reserves and mission stations described by some historians as being little better than prison farms. A largely ineffectual Aboriginal political movement with a myriad of organisations, none of which had a pan-Aboriginal identity, struggled to make headway against white prejudice. Finally, in 1939, John McEwen's ‘assimilation policy’ was introduced and, though doomed to failure, it at least recognised that Aborigines had a place in Australia in the long term.

4

Absalom, Roger. "Hiding history: the Allies, the Resistance and the others in Occupied Italy 1943–1945." Historical Journal 38, no. 1 (March 1995): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00016307.

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ABSTRACTOf the almost 80,000 prisoners-of-war held by Italy at the time of the Armistice with the Allies of 8 September 1943, more than half succeeded in escaping and almost 18,000 were not recaptured, largely due to the help offered spontaneously by Italian civilians. The records of the Allied Screening Commission preserved in Washington, and other official papers available in England, South Africa and Australia, complemented by oral history fieldwork among former escapers and their Italian helpers, reveal an Anglo-Italian epic of anti-heroism, whose protagonists nevertheless displayed great courage, ingenuity, perseverance and humanity.Exploration of this neglected but critical dimension of the secret history of the years of occupation and resistance between 1943 and 1945 throws new light upon the characteristics and the long-term potential of a submerged nation of peasants, charcoal-burners and shepherds. The article is an attempt to historicise their expression of an often overlooked but universal peasant culture of survival, far deeper at the time than political commitment, but not without ultimate political importance.

5

Butler, Tony, Peter Robertson, John Kaldor, and Basil Donovan. "Syphilis in New South Wales (Australia) prisons." International Journal of STD & AIDS 12, no. 6 (June 2001): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462011923318.

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6

Forrest, Garry, Leng Boonwaat, Jenny Douglas, and Niyi Awofeso. "Enhanced chlamydia surveillance in New South Wales (Australia) prisons, 2005‐2007." International Journal of Prisoner Health 5, no. 4 (April 2009): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449200903343274.

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7

Dolan, Kate, David Lowe, and James Shearer. "Evaluation of the Condom Distribution Program in New South Wales Prisons, Australia." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, no. 1 (2004): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00457.x.

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Male to male unprotected anal sex is the main route of HIV transmission in Australia. The Australian Study of Health and Relationships, a large, representative population survey of sexual health behaviors, found that six percent of males in the general population have engaged in homosexual activity. These findings were consistent with studies in Europeand North America. Condoms have been shown to reduce the transmission of HIV in the community. Barriers to the use of condoms include access,stigma,and cost? Nevertheless, increased condom use has been reported among homosexual males, sex workers and injecting drug users although recent declines in condom use among homosexuals has presented new challenges in HIV prevention.The prevalence of male to male sexual activity may be higher in prison than in the general population. Sexual activity in prison can be consensual and non-consensual involving both homosexual / bisexual and heterosexual men.

8

Sullivan, Elizabeth, Stephen Ward, Reem Zeki, Sarah Wayland, Juanita Sherwood, Alex Wang, Faye Worner, Sacha Kendall, James Brown, and Sungwon Chang. "Recidivism, health and social functioning following release to the community of NSW prisoners with problematic drug use: study protocol of the population-based retrospective cohort study on the evaluation of the Connections Program." BMJ Open 9, no. 7 (July 2019): e030546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030546.

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IntroductionThe rising rate of incarceration in Australia, driven by high reoffending, is a major public health problem. Problematic drug use is associated with increasing rates of reoffending and return to custody of individuals. Throughcare provides support to individuals during imprisonment through to post-release, improving both the transition to community and health outcomes post-incarceration. The aim of this study is to evaluate the Connections Programme (CP) that utilises a throughcare approach for release planning of people in prison with a history of problematic drug use. The study protocol is described.Methods and analysisPopulation-based retrospective cohort study. The study will use record linkage of the Connections dataset with 10 other New South Wales (NSW) population datasets on offending, health service utilisation, opioid substitution therapy, pregnancy, birth and mortality. The study includes all patients who were eligible to participate in the CP between January 2008 and December 2015 stratified by patients who were offered CP and eligible patients who were not offered the programme (non-CP (NCP)). Propensity-score matching will be used to appropriately adjust for the observable differences between CP and NCP. The differences between two groups will be examined using appropriate univariate and multivariate analyses. A generalised estimating equation approach, which can deal with repeat outcomes for individuals will be used to examine recidivism, mortality and other health outcomes, including perinatal and infant outcomes. Survival analysis techniques will be used to examine the effect of the CP by sex and Indigenous status on the ‘time-to’ health-related outcomes after adjusting for potential confounders.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was received from the NSW Population and Health Services Research Ethics Committee, the Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network Human Research Ethics Committee, the Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council Ethics Committee, the Corrective Services NSW Ethics Committee and the University of Technology Sydney Human Research Ethics Committee.

9

Manning, Haydon. "South Australia." Australian Journal of Politics & History 50, no. 2 (June 2004): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.2004.247_6.x.

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10

Jaensch, Dean. "South Australia." Australian Cultural History 27, no. 2 (October 2009): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07288430903164850.

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11

Yogesan, K., C. Henderson, C. J. Barry, and I. J. Constable. "Online eye care in prisons in Western Australia." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 7, no. 2_suppl (December 2001): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633011937173.

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In prisons, prison medical officers provide general medical care. However, if specialist care is needed then the prisoner is transported to a specialist medical centre. This is a costly procedure and prison escapes occur during transportation. We have tested our Internet-based eye care system in prisons in Western Australia. Medical and ophthalmic history, visual acuity and intraocular pressure were stored in a browser-based multimedia database. Digital images of the retina and the external eye were recorded and transmitted to a central server. Based on the medical data and the digital images, the specialist ophthalmologist could provide a diagnosis within 24 h. Eleven patients (mean age 48, range 30–82 years) were reviewed during two separate visits to a maximum-security prison in Western Australia. Our main aim was to train prison medical officers and nurses to operate the portable ophthalmic imaging instruments and to use the Internet-based eye care system. The outcome of the pilot study indicated that considerable savings could be made in transport costs and the security risk could be reduced. The Ministry of Justice in Western Australia has decided to implement telemedicine services to provide regular ophthalmic consultation to its prisons.

12

Mackinnon, Alison. "A History of South Australia / Foundational Fictions in South Australian History." Australian Historical Studies 50, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 383–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2019.1633038.

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13

Mokoena, Untalimile Crystal Amenda, and Emma Charlene Lubaale. "Decolonising prisons in South Africa: The need for effective bail affordability inquiries." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 66 (April 18, 2019): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2018/v0n66a5634.

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Prisons have been a major player in all countries with a history of tyrannical regimes, as people who attempted to resist repression frequently found themselves detained in prisons. Many countries have adopted democratic government, underscored by equality of all people before the law. Many states – South Africa among them – continue to make reforms to address these past injustices, and, as part of this shift, prisons across continents are attempting to decolonise. This article questions whether South Africa can decolonise its prisons, given that the country’s poor are at a higher risk of detention because they are not able to afford bail. The article focuses on the concept of cashless bail and argues that, given South Africa’s history of marginalisation and income inequality, this model can be one mechanism through which to address past injustices with a view to decolonising the country’s prisons. The article makes a strong case for the effective implementation of provisions on inquiry on affordability of cash bail as one of the means to achieve this end.

14

DICKEY, BRIAN. "Christianity in South Australia." Journal of Religious History 16, no. 3 (June 1991): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.1991.tb00676.x.

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15

Young, Linda. "Material Life in South Australia." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25, no. 1 (1994): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/206112.

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16

Shanahan, Martin P. "Personal Wealth in South Australia." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 32, no. 1 (July 2001): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/00221950152103900.

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Probate and succession-duty records are a rich source of information about the living standards and material wealth of past communities. According to these records, the small, mainly rural, and comparatively egalitarian population of South Australia held a diverse array of personal assets at the beginning of the twentieth century. Despite the strong British influence on the former colony's culture, however, South Australia's distribution of wealth before World War I was more similar to that of the United States fifty years earlier than to that of contemporary Great Britain.

17

Williams, Michael. "Atlas of South Australia." Journal of Historical Geography 16, no. 2 (April 1990): 271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-7488(90)90121-q.

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18

Martin, William G. "Privatizing Prisons from the United States to South Africa." Safundi 3, no. 1 (February 2002): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17533170201103111.

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19

Taylor, Greg. "The Grand Jury of South Australia." American Journal of Legal History 45, no. 4 (October 2001): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3185314.

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20

Mina, Michael. "Blood-Borne Viruses in New South Wales Prisons: Results from a Multi-Centre Study in Australia." Journal of Infection 63, no. 6 (December 2011): e3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2011.04.021.

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21

Batey, R. G., T. Jones, and C. McAllister. "Prisons and HCV: a review and a report on an experience in New South Wales Australia." International Journal of Prisoner Health 4, no. 3 (March 2008): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449200802264712.

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22

Bartlett, Tess S., and Christopher J. Trotter. "Did We Forget Something? Fathering Supports and Programs in Prisons in Victoria, Australia." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 63, no. 8 (February 6, 2019): 1465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x19828575.

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This article draws from data gathered for an Australian Research Council–funded study conducted in Victoria and New South Wales between 2011 and 2015, which examined how dependent children are responded to when their primary carer is imprisoned. In particular, this article specifically addresses a gap in knowledge by examining the current state of fathering programs in prison in Victoria. To do so, the views of 39 primary carer fathers incarcerated in Victoria are analysed. We argue that there is a distinct lack of support for fathers in prison, acting as a barrier towards maintaining father–child relationships. Findings indicate that 79% of the fathers in this study were never offered any parenting support services or programs. By clearly highlighting the state of fathering programs in prisons in Victoria, this article offers suggestions as to how best to facilitate the connection between incarcerated fathers and their children.

23

Perera, Suvendrini. "Australianama: The South Asian Odyssey in Australia." Australian Historical Studies 52, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2021.1861689.

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24

Allnutt, Stephen, Lucinda Wedgwood, Kay Wilhelm, and Tony Butler. "Temperament, Substance Use and Psychopathology in a Prisoner Population: Implications for Treatment." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 11 (January 1, 2008): 969–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670802415350.

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Objective: The association between temperament and drug use or temperament and psychopathology has previously been restricted to community clinical or non-clinical samples. The aim of the present study was therefore to examine these associations in a large cohort of Australian offenders using Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Methods: A total of 1322 prisoners from New South Wales (NSW) who completed all dimensions of the TCI and were screened for mental illness using the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing were included in the study. Results: A total of 15% of the sample fulfilled the criteria for a diagnosis for depression, 36% for anxiety disorders and 54% for a substance abuse disorder. Using logistic regression analysis, the TCI dimensions of harm-avoidance and low self-direction predicted depression. Being female, a poly-substance user and having high harm-avoidance, persistence, self-direction and self-transcendence predicted anxiety disorders. Significant stepped trends across age, gender, and type of drug use were found for all TCI dimensions. Conclusions: The TCI is useful in identifying prisoners with a history of psychopathology and substance misuse. This tool also provides clinically relevant information about at-risk individuals and has the potential to guide the development of intervention programmes for inmates.

25

Jarldorn, Michele. "Radically Rethinking Social Work in the Criminal (in)Justice System in Australia." Affilia 35, no. 3 (December 11, 2019): 327–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109919866160.

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Historically, research on prisons and prisoners privileges an individualizing framework, when in fact the prison experience is strongly tied to social stratification and collective identities. Informed by the data created for a Photovoice project with former prisoners in South Australia, I contend that contemporary “criminological” knowledge tends to individualize crime through its own privileged view of the world. This individualizing approach seeps into the ways in which criminalized women experience release into the community after a prison sentence, confirming that society does not believe that imprisonment furnishes any form of “rehabilitation.” There can be no separation between capitalism, the prison industrial complex (PIC), and the violence present in carceral settings. This violence, although to a lesser extent than prisoners, is experienced by social workers selling their labor power within the PIC who are co-opted into believing that they can “make a difference.” Yet, social workers, whose codes of ethics are grounded in a framework of human rights, are witness to abuses of human rights on a daily basis within the PIC. Instead of making a difference, they are coerced into silence and roles of social control. The argument proposed here suggests that social workers must radically rethink the place and purpose of prisons by considering them as a violent response by the state to structural social problems that are experienced as politically perpetrated misery and oppression.

26

Bailey, Victor. "English Prisons, Penal Culture, and the Abatement of Imprisonment, 1895–1922." Journal of British Studies 36, no. 3 (July 1997): 285–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386138.

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The prison method is callous, regular and monotonous and produces great mental and physical strain. The deprivation of liberty is extremely cruel and if it is attended with treatment that deadens the spiritual nature and fails to offer any stimulus to the imagination, that coarsens and humiliates, then it stands condemned. (Arthur Creech Jones, conscientious objector, Wandsworth Prison, 1916–19)The nineteenth century was the century of the penitentiary. Public and physical punishments (from whipping to the death penalty) were gradually replaced by the less visible, less corporal sanction of imprisonment. By the start of the Victorian era, imprisonment was the predominant penalty in the system of judicial punishments. For every 1,000 offenders sentenced at higher and summary courts in 1836 for serious (or indictable) offenses, 685 were punished by imprisonment in local prisons. By midcentury, moreover, sentences of penal servitude in convict prisons were plugging the gap left by the end of transportation to Australia. The three hundred or so local prisons in the 1830s, to which offenders were sent for anywhere between one day and two years (though typically for terms of less than three months), were locally controlled until 1877 and were less than uniform in regime. The separate system of prison discipline (or cellular isolation) increasingly prevailed over the silent system (or associated, silent labor), but it was subject to considerable local modification. Convict prisons were run by central government with less variability.

27

Parkin, Andrew. "South Australia January to June 2019." Australian Journal of Politics & History 65, no. 4 (December 2019): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12631.

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28

Manwaring, Rob. "South Australia July to December 2019." Australian Journal of Politics & History 66, no. 2 (June 2020): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12691.

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Parkin, Andrew. "South Australia January to June 2020." Australian Journal of Politics & History 66, no. 4 (December 2020): 693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12714.

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Manwaring, Rob. "South Australia July to December 2018." Australian Journal of Politics & History 65, no. 2 (June 2019): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12581.

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31

Parkin, Andrew. "South Australia. July to December 2004." Australian Journal of Politics and History 51, no. 2 (June 2005): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.2005.374_6.x.

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32

Parkin, Andrew. "South Australia July to December 1997." Australian Journal of Politics and History 44, no. 2 (June 1998): 286–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8497.00019.

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Marshall, Vern. "South Australia January to June 1998." Australian Journal of Politics and History 44, no. 4 (December 1998): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8497.00042.

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34

Lambeck, Kurt, and Randell Stephenson. "The post‐Palaeozoic uplift history of south‐eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, no. 2 (June 1986): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120098608729363.

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35

Moussavi-Harami, R., and D. I. Gravestock. "BURIAL HISTORY OF THE EASTERN OFFICER BASIN, SOUTH AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 35, no. 1 (1995): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj94019.

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The intracratonic Officer Basin of central Australia was formed during the Neoproterozoic, approximately 820 m.y. ago. The eastern third of the Officer Basin is in South Australia and contains nine unconformity-bounded sequence sets (super-sequences), from Neoproterozoic to Tertiary in age. Burial history is interpreted from a series of diagrams generated from well data in structurally diverse settings. These enable comparison between the stable shelf and co-existing deep troughs. During the Neoproterozoic, subsidence in the north (Munyarai Trough) was much higher than in either the south (Giles area) or northeast (Manya Trough). This subsidence was related to tectonic as well as sediment loading. During the Cambrian, subsidence was much higher in the northeast and was probably due to tectonic and sediment loading (carbonates over siliciclastics). During the Early Ordovician, subsidence in the north created more accommodation space for the last marine transgression from the northeast. The high subsidence rate of Late Devonian rocks in the Munyarai Trough was probably related to rapid deposition of fine-grained siliciclastic sediments prior to the Alice Springs Orogeny. Rates of subsidence were very low during the Early Permian and Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, probably due to sediment loading rather than tectonic sinking. Potential Neoproterozoic source rocks were buried enough to reach initial maturity at the time of the terminal Proterozoic Petermann Ranges Orogeny. Early Cambrian potential source rocks in the Manya Trough were initially mature prior to the Delamerian Orogeny (Middle Cambrian) and fully mature on the Murnaroo Platform at the culmination of the Alice Springs Orogeny (Devonian).

36

Barnett, Elizabeth J. "A Holocene paleoenvironmental history of Lake Alexandria, South Australia." Journal of Paleolimnology 12, no. 3 (December 1994): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00678024.

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37

Pickett, Bronte, and Scott Polley. "Investigating The History Of Outdoor Education In South Australia." Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education 5, no. 2 (April 2001): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03400734.

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Hajarizadeh, B., J. Grebely, M. Byrne, P. Marks, J. Amin, T. Butler, P. Vickerman, et al. "Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in four prisons in New South Wales, Australia: The SToP-C study." Journal of Hepatology 68 (April 2018): S187—S188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(18)30587-7.

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Yap, Lorraine, Juliet Richters, Tony Butler, Karen Schneider, Kristie Kirkwood, and Basil Donovan. "Sexual practices and dental dam use among women prisoners - a mixed methods study." Sexual Health 7, no. 2 (2010): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09138.

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Background: Dental dams have been distributed to women prisoners for protection against HIV and other sexually transmissible infections (STIs) in some Canadian and Australian prisons for over a decade. However, we do not know whether they serve any useful public health purpose. Objective: To determine how dental dams are used in women’s prisons in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Method: Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we investigated women’s sexual practices with a focus on how dental dams are used in NSW prisons. Results: Although 71 of the 199 (36%) women reported having had sex with another inmate, with oral sex involved in most encounters, only eight (4%) had ever used a dental dam. The main sources of STI transmission risk among women prisoners were oral sex, manual sex and sharing dildos. Furthermore, sharing razors could also allow the transmission of blood-borne viruses, which could occur during sex in the presence of cuts or menstrual fluid. The high rates of hepatitis B and C among incarcerated women compound this risk. Conclusion: Dental dams are not widely used by women prisoners and we question their utility in women’s prisons. Oral sex is an important risk factor for acquisition of herpes simplex virus type 1, but most women in NSW prisons (89%) are already infected. Condoms and latex gloves may have more use. Condoms could be used as a barrier on shared dildos and sex toys, while latex gloves could be used to protect cut and grazed hands from vaginal and menstrual fluids.

40

Robinson, Geoffrey. "The All For Australia League in New South Wales." Australian Historical Studies 39, no. 1 (March 2008): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10314610701837227.

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41

Jordan, Matthew. "Quality control in South Australia." Journal of Australian Studies 16, no. 34 (September 1992): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443059209387108.

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SCHUMANN, RUTH. "The Catholic Priesthood of South Australia, 1844-1915." Journal of Religious History 16, no. 1 (June 1990): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.1990.tb00649.x.

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43

Larney, Sarah, Deborah Zador, Natasha Sindicich, and Kate Dolan. "A qualitative study of reasons for seeking and ceasing opioid substitution treatment in prisons in New South Wales, Australia." Drug and Alcohol Review 36, no. 3 (June 21, 2016): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dar.12442.

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44

Muntingh, Lukas M. "Africa, Prisons and COVID-19." Journal of Human Rights Practice 12, no. 2 (July 2020): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huaa031.

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Анотація:

Abstract Africa’s prisons are a long-standing concern for rights defenders given the prevalence of rights abuses, overcrowding, poor conditions of detention and the extent to which the criminal justice system is used to target the poor. The paper surveys 24 southern and east African countries within the context of COVID-19. Between 5 March and 15 April 2020 COVID-19 had spread to 23 southern and east African countries, except Lesotho. The overwhelming majority of these countries imposed general restrictions on their populations from March 2020 and nearly all restricted visits to prisons to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. The pandemic and government responses demonstrated the importance of reliable and up to date data on the prison population, and any confined population, as it became evident that such information is sorely lacking. The World Health Organization recommended the release of prisoners to ease congestion, a step supported by the UN Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture. However, the lack of data and the particular African context pose some questions about the desirability of such a move. The curtailment of prison visits by external persons also did away with independent oversight even in states parties to the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture (OPCAT). In the case of South Africa, prison monitors were not listed in the ensuing legislation as part of essential services and thus were excluded from access to prisons. In the case of Mozambique, it was funding being placed on hold by the donor community that prevented the Human Rights Commission from visiting prisons. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted long-standing systemic problems in Africa’s prisons. Yet African states have remained remarkably reluctant to engage in prison reform, despite the fact that poorly managed prisons pose a significant threat to general public health care.

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Rodger, Iain. "THE VOYAGE OF AN EARLY SETTLER TO SOUTH AUSTRALIA." Mariner's Mirror 96, no. 2 (January 2010): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2010.10657135.

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46

Trethewey, Lynne. "Lucy Spence Morice: ‘mother of kindergartens’ in South Australia." History of Education Review 37, no. 2 (October 14, 2008): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08198691200800007.

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47

Whitehead, Kay. "German Schools and Teachers in Nineteenth‐Century South Australia." Paedagogica Historica 37, no. 1 (January 2001): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0030923010370104.

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48

Smith, Laurajane. "A history of Aboriginal heritage legislation in south-eastern Australia." Australian Archaeology 50, no. 1 (January 2000): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03122417.2000.11681673.

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Morgan, G. W., K. G. Tolhurst, M. W. Poynter, N. Cooper, T. McGuffog, R. Ryan, M. A. Wouters, et al. "Prescribed burning in south-eastern Australia: history and future directions." Australian Forestry 83, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 4–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1739883.

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50

Broome, Richard. "Colonialism and Its Aftermath: A History of Aboriginal South Australia." Australian Historical Studies 49, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2018.1454268.

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