Статті в журналах: "Prisoners of war – France – Normandy"

1

Reshetnikov, S. V. "Repatriation of Soviet Сitizens and Soviet Partisans of the French Resistance from France to the USSR". Modern History of Russia 13, № 3 (2023): 745–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.313.

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The article is devoted to aspects of the repatriation of citizens and Soviet partisans of the French Resistance from France to the USSR. For the Soviet Union the first facts of the mass presence of its citizens on French territory began to appear even before the allied landings in Normandy, in 1944. After the liberation of most of French territory, in October 1944, the allies handed over to the USSR information about the presence in their zone of occupation of about 30.000 soviet citizens who became prisoners of war. The repatriation of Soviet citizens from France was one of the earliest repatriation activities for the USSR during the war years. The activity of the Soviet department for the repatriation of Soviet citizens began on 10 November, 1944 even before the signing of an agreement with the allies on the mutual return of their citizens. The publication examines the categories of Soviet citizens in France, the course of the organization of repatriation, as well as the problems that the Soviet mission has faced. The position of Soviet citizens at the time of their liberation on French territory, the attitude of Soviet citizens to their return to the USSR and their post-war fate are considered. It is noted that the factor of the presence among the repatriated “false partisans” and former soldiers of the ost-troops of the Wehrmacht for the worse affected the fate of some of the true heroes of the Resistance. The result of the study shows that most of the Soviet participants in the Resistance after the war were discriminated throughout their lives and were deprived of their rights, despite their contribution to the defeat of the enemy in a foreign land.

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Schneider, Valentin. "Burying Friend and Foe: The Employment of German Prisoners of War in the Construction of Military Cemeteries in Normandy after 6 June 1944." International Journal of Military History and Historiography 38, no. 2 (October 20, 2018): 196–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-03802004.

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The history of the German prisoners of war of World War II held by British and American authorities in Europe remains a field of study that is largely ignored by historiography. Although the Allies made an extended use of this prisoner manpower for labour purposes, employing hundreds of thousands of captive German soldiers for all kinds of tasks, all but a few material traces of the prisoners’ life and activities in liberated Europe have vanished. An exception to this are several British, American, and German military cemeteries, especially in Normandy, many of which had been built during or immediately after the battle using the workforce of thousands of German soldiers that had been captured in the region during the summer of 1944. This article examines the general organization of the Allied labour service for German prisoners in Normandy and focuses especially on their work on the military cemeteries, before addressing the question of the memory – or rather the absence of memory – of this process, not only in Normandy itself (and in the United States and Great Britain), but also in German society.

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Nazirah, Nazirah, and Asep Iwa Seomantri. "Naval Strategy in the Normandy Invasion." Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Technology 2, no. 4 (April 29, 2024): 465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/marcopolo.v2i4.8858.

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The Normandy invasion, also known as Operation Overlord, was one of the most monumental events in the history of World War II. On June 6, 1944, nearly three million Allied troops crossed the English Channel from England into France occupied by Nazi Germany. The invasion of Normandy opened the way to the liberation of Europe and finally ended World War II. Naval strategy was crucial in this operation to support the landing of troops on the beaches of Normandy. In the context of naval strategy, the Normandy invasion involved coordination between the navy, army, and air force. The writing methodology uses a descriptive method by analyzing the facts that occurred during the 1944 Normandy battle and is supported by literature studies, literature and various scientific journals.

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4

Buonaiuto, Zoë Rose. "A Grave Reconciliation: The Establishment of German War Cemeteries in Normandy, 1944–1964." International Journal of Military History and Historiography 38, no. 2 (October 20, 2018): 170–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-03802003.

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After the Battle of Normandy, one of the primary concerns in the region was what to do with the bodies of the former occupiers: the German war dead. As the Allied graves registration units left Normandy, local French leaders were responsible for the care of German war graves until the German War Graves Commission (Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge, VDK) took over maintenance responsibilities in the mid-1950s and officially inaugurated them as VDK sites in the early 1960s. This essay traces that transition and argues that in the period between 1944 and 1964 it was necessary for Normandy and greater France to assume the role of host to German war dead in perpetuity. The act of hosting German war dead on French soil smoothed the conditions necessary for Franco-German reconciliation in the second half of the 20th century.

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Guse, John C. "Polo Beyris: A Forgotten Internment Camp in France, 1939–47." Journal of Contemporary History 54, no. 2 (February 5, 2018): 368–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009417712113.

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Polo Beyris is a virtually unexplored example of internment under French and German authorities. From 1939 to 1947 the camp of Polo Beyris in Bayonne held successively: Spanish Civil War refugees, French colonial prisoners of war, suspected ‘collaborators’ and German prisoners of war. Despite having up to 8600 prisoners at one time, the large camp and its numerous satellite work detachments were literally ‘forgotten’ for decades. Although similar to other camps in its improvised nature, wretched living conditions, lack of food and constant movement of prisoners, Polo Beyris was also unique: located in a dense urban area, within the wartime Occupied Zone and close to the Spanish frontier. Its civil and military administrators were faced with constantly changing, and often chaotic, political and military circumstances. Not a waystation in the Holocaust, Polo Beyris has been lost from the sight of historians. It provides an additional dimension to the complex history of internment in twentieth century France.

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6

Krammer, Arnold, and Howard Margolian. "Conduct Unbecoming: The Story of the Murder of Canadian Prisoners of War in Normandy." Journal of Military History 62, no. 4 (October 1998): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120229.

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7

Diamond, Hanna. "‘Prisoners of the Peace’: German Prisoners-of-War in Rural France 1944–48." European History Quarterly 43, no. 3 (July 2013): 442–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691413490885.

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8

Laudicina, Matthew. "Book Review: D-Day: The Essential Reference Guide." Reference & User Services Quarterly 58, no. 1 (October 10, 2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.58.1.6852.

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The Normandy Landings, commonly referred to as D-Day, was a pivotal moment in the course of the Second World War. This successful invasion of the northwestern beaches of France marked the beginning of the Allied liberation of the western front, and would ultimately lead to the defeat of Nazi Germany. D-Day: The Essential Reference Guide successfully provides quality reference information on this major historical event.

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Reghina Rizqy Syifaranie, Lukman Yudho Prakoso, Hafidz Kuncoro Jati, and Puja Sari Putri. "Strategy Implementation Of The Indirect Approach In The Battle Of Normandy And The Ukraine-Russia War." Santhet (Jurnal Sejarah Pendidikan Dan Humaniora) 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36526/santhet.v7i1.2601.

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The Russia-Ukraine War is still rolling today, potential and factual threats can make the war even more late. In building a defense and security system the best can be done by studying the history of battles in the past. One of them is the Battle of Normandy which was fought by America and its allies with Germany in northern France. This article aims to gain benefits to build a better strategy for sea defense operations from the events of the Battle of Normandy and the Russia-Ukraine war. The method used is qualitative by using literature as a source of data. The results of the analysis and discussion carried out on these two events, the researcher found that both carried out the concept of implementing the Indirect Approach strategy echoed by Sir Basil Liddell Hart in which Ukraine carried out an unexpected attack on the Russian cruiser, Moskva, which caused the sinking the ship. So that the concept of the Indirect approach strategy carried out by America and its allies in the 2nd World War is still relevant to strategic maritime defense operations in the 21st century.

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10

Harvey, John H., Shelly K. Stein, and Paul K. Scott. "Fifty Years of Grief: Accounts and Reported Psychological Reactions of Normandy Invasion Veterans." Journal of Narrative and Life History 5, no. 4 (January 1, 1995): 315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jnlh.5.4.02fif.

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Abstract From Normandy combat veterans, we obtained narrative evidence on the experiences of loss and grief associated with their involvement in the invasion in France, June 6, 1944. Twelve veterans were interviewed in person in Nor-mandy at the time of the 1994 reunion, and 31 were subsequently interviewed by telephone. We present veterans' reports of battle experiences on D-Day and how they believe those experiences were manifest in psychological reactions over the last 50 years. Our analysis of these reports is framed by a theoretical conception that emphasizes the value of developing and communicating story-like constructions, which we refer to as accounts, as a constructive way of psychologically coping with severe stressors and loss over time. Most of the veterans reported lifelong grieving associated with their losses at Normandy. This grief recurred for most on anniversary dates and when thinking of war and death in general. For some, it was manifest in compelling, regular thoughts about the loss of their friends and their firsthand experiences of loss during the D-Day fighting. Many veterans also reported years of depression associated with their war experience. Some indicated that they kept their stories and feelings mostly private over the half century, and only now, around the time of the commemoration, did they open up. Veterans who indicated that they coped best with their trauma over time emphasized the healing power of working on and telling their stories to close others. (Grief Work, Social and Clinical Psy-chology) "These are the fathers we never knew, the uncles we never met, the friends who never returned, the heroes we can never repay."-President Bill Clinton speak-ing at the American cemetery near Omaha Beach, Normandy, France, June 6, 1994. "I don't think there's a day that goes by that I don't think and grieve about it. When you think about it, you think it was just yesterday. It's so clear in my mind. I'll never forget."-Normandy combat veteran, age 74, reflecting on his experience during the D-Day invasion.

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Kaninskaya, Galina N., and Natalya N. Naumova. "The Soviet Press of the Great Patriotic War about the French Squadron “Normandie-Niemen“." Vestnik Yaroslavskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. P. G. Demidova. Seriya gumanitarnye nauki 15, no. 1 (March 11, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/1996-5648-2021-1-6-19.

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The article is devoted to the participation of French pilots of the Normandy squadron in battles on the Soviet-German front as part of the Red Army in 1943-1945. After the defeat of France at the first stage of World War II (1940), the occupation of its territory by Germany and the organization of the Resistance movement “Fighting France” in London by General Charles de Gaulle, the pilots joined him expressed a burning desire to fight the enemy in the skies over Soviet soil. Their participation in the ranks of the Soviet Air Force was a unique event in the history of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union (1945-1945). The article analyzes the information of the Soviet press during the war years about the French squadron “Normandie-Niemen”, which fought in the Soviet Air Force on the Soviet-German front. It is shown that Soviet readers during the Great Patriotic War could get a very complete and reliable idea of the military exploits of French pilots, find out the names of heroes, get acquainted with the military everyday life of officers, appreciate their patriotism and sincere friendly feelings for the Soviet Union and its people. Along with stories about the air battles of the Normandy, the articles of Soviet correspondents contained information about the history of France, how the pilots reacted to the defeat of their country, how and where they fought in the first stage of the Second World War. The press of the war years gave brief sketches of the everyday life of French fighters on Soviet soil, about the curious events that happened to the pilots of the squadron. On the example of newspaper publications 1943-1945. about the military alliance of our and French pilots, you can get an idea of how the cooperation of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition developed and strengthened.

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Gaffney, C., J. Gater, T. Saunders, and J. Adcock. "D-Day: geophysical investigation of a World War II German site in Normandy, France." Archaeological Prospection 11, no. 2 (April 2004): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arp.233.

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13

Harangi-Tóth, Zoltán. "Hungarians Fighting for France in Indochina." Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 17, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2018.3.4.

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After the Second World War, hundreds of thousands of young Hungarians became prisoners of war (POW). Most of them were transported to the east, to the Soviet Union, but still large numbers were captured by French, British or American troops after the collapse of the Third Reich. Hungarians and Germans joined the French Foreign Legion (FFL) in large numbers due to the terrible living conditions of the prison camps. Thousands of former Honvéd soldiers and members of the Hungarian Royal Levente Movement joined the Légion Étrangère to escape those camps, just to die for France in Indochina, from the mountains of Cao Bang to the fields of Dien Bien Phu. This period of the FFL is less researched than the well-known “périod hongrois” (Hungarian Period), the wave of refugees after the ill-fated 1956 Revolution. This article is about those young men, who went from a war to another just to fight on an even more lethal battlefield.

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Capps Tunwell, David, David G. Passmore, and Stephan Harrison. "A witness in the landscape: The bombing of the Forêt domaniale des Andaines and the Normandy Campaign, NW France, 1944." War in History 25, no. 1 (June 9, 2017): 69–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344516650228.

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An archaeological survey of well-preserved Second World War German supply depots and bomb craters from Allied air raids in the Forêt domaniale des Andaines, Normandy, has prompted an evaluation of the effectiveness of Allied intelligence gathering and tactical bombing of the German logistics network in advance of, and during the Normandy Campaign of June–August 1944. In conjunction with analysis of primary German and Allied archive sources, published historical accounts and aerial photographs, we demonstrate that Allied intelligence knew of the importance of the forest as a major fuel depot and attacked it with at least 46 missions over the period 13 June–4 August. However, landscape evidence demonstrates that only one of three fuel depot sites in the forest was successfully identified and partially destroyed by bombing. Allied intelligence efforts also failed to gather sufficient evidence to target one of the largest Seventh Army munitions depots in Normandy. Supply depots in the forest thus remained operational until late in the campaign and will have supported the German Mortain counter-offensive of 7–14 August. The limited success of Allied bombing in the Forêt domaniale des Andaines testifies to the difficulties in striking well-dispersed and camouflaged woodland facilities and supports the argument that the success of air power against German logistics efforts lay primarily in the degradation of the regional communications infrastructure and the Wehrmacht’s vehicle fleet rather than the destruction of supply dumps.

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15

Donson, A. "Violence against Prisoners of War in the First World War: Britain, France and Germany, 1914-1920." German History 30, no. 3 (December 9, 2011): 466–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghr118.

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Poznakhirev, Vitaliy. "Food Supply of Captured Non-Commissioned Officers and Enlisted Men in Russia and Western Countries in the XVIIIth Century." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 2(62) (December 18, 2023): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2023-62-123-137.

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The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the procedure for providing food to military personnel of various nationalities captured in the wars of the XVIII century. The object of the article is prisoners interned in Russia, Austria, England, France, Prussia, Spain, Sweden and Turkey. The absence of such works in both domestic and foreign historiography indicates the novelty of the work, and its relevance is due to the fact that it allows us to expand and clarify our ideas about the place of Russia in the world in the early modern period. In the process of investigation, mainly historical-typological and historical-comparative method were used. The source base of the article consists of works published mainly abroad, and documents from six archives of the former USSR. In the course of the study, three key Western European models of food supply for prisoners were identified. The genesis and evolution of the corresponding Russian model are studied step by step. The article shows that the basis of the Russian model was based on the principle of equality of food provision for prisoners of war and Russian soldiers of the garrison troops. The article emphasizes that the Russian model was a synthesis of domestic and foreign experience and retained the best features from the practice of the Moscow state of the XVI–XVII centuries. The article proves that in terms of the quantity and assortment of food products released to prisoners (36 kg of bread and 2–3 kg of cereals per month), Russia surpassed any other European country until the middle of the XVIII century and only with the beginning of the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763 was inferior to the leadership of Great Britain and France (and even then only in terms of the assortment). According to the author, the Russian model of prisoners' nutrition was highly effective and could be easily adapted to any situation, including the ethnic and confessional characteristics of individual groups of prisoners of war.

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Echenberg, Myron. "‘Morts Pour La France’; The African Soldier in France during the Second World War." Journal of African History 26, no. 4 (October 1985): 363–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700028796.

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The involvement of African combatants in France from 1939 to 1945 probably surpassed the large mobilization of an earlier generation during the First World War. Carefully prepared ideologically and well received by the French public, Africans nevertheless paid a heavy price in lives and suffering as soldiers during the Battle of France and as prisoners of the Germans. Liberation brought a new set of tribulations, including discriminatory treatment from French authorities. These hardships culminated in a wave of African soldiers' protests in 1944–5, mainly in France, but including the most serious rising, the so-called mutiny at Thiaroye, outside Dakar, where thirty-five African soldiers were killed.The war's impact was ambiguous. Tragedies like Thiaroye sent shock waves throughout French West Africa, delegitimizing naked force as a political instrument in post-war politics and sweeping away an older form of paternalism. Yet while a militant minority were attracted to more radical forms of political and trade-union organization, most African veterans reaffirmed their loyalties to the French State, which ultimately paid their pensions.

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Travassos, Luiz Eduardo Panisset, Pablo Cristiano Alves Coelho, Bruno Durão Rodrigues, and Larissa Duarte Araújo Pereira. "Turismo no Carste da Baixa Normandia (França) em função da História do Dia-D / Tourism in the Lower Normandy (France) karst due to the History of D-Day." Caderno de Geografia 25, no. 44 (July 30, 2015): 312–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2318-2962.2015v25n44p312.

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O trabalho apresenta uma reflexão sobre a atual exploração turística do carste do norte da França, em locais remanescentes e pontos estratégicos utilizados no Teatro de Operações durante o desembarque Aliado nas praias da Baixa Normandia na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Por meio de fundamentação teórica e pesquisa de campo foi possível observar a paisagem cárstica e ponderar sobre o uso dos marcos históricos, cemitérios, museus e modificações na paisagem como suporte ao Turismo Histórico-Cultural. Observa-se que o cenário em questão visa promoção e valorização da história, bem como propõe o resgate da memória através do desenvolvimento turístico regional.Palavras-chave: Carste; Turismo; Baixa Normadia; Segunda Guerra Mundial; Dia D Abstract This work presents a discussion on the current tourist use of the karst from northern France in remaining places and strategic points used in the theater of operations during the Allied landings on the beaches of Lower Normandy in World War II. By means of theoretical basis and fieldwork it was possible to observe the karst landscape and consider its use as historic landmarks, cemeteries, museums and changes in the landscape as support for the historical and cultural tourism. One observes that the scenario is used as a way of enforcing and preserving history as well as proposes the rescue of memory through the development of regional tourism.Keywords: Karst; Tourism; Lower Normandy; Second World War; D-Day.

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Cooper, Olivia. "Within the Confines of Legality." Undergraduate Research Journal for the Humanities 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/1808.23871.

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The Œuvre de secours aux enfants (the “Society for Children’s Aid”, or OSE) was one of several humanitarian organizations working within the confines of the Rivesaltes transit camp in southern France during the Second World War. The OSE, a Jewish humanitarian aid organization, was particularly concerned with Jewish child prisoners in transit and internment camps like Rivesaltes. Members of the OSE entered Rivesaltes camp on a daily basis throughout the war in order to distribute food and offer supplementary educational opportunities to the young children interred there. Its primary objective, however, was to oversee the safe removal of as many Jewish children as possible from Rivesaltes. To do this, the OSE relied on its established children’s homes throughout the country, as well as new ones that were instituted during the war, to petition the Vichy government for the liberation of Jewish children from Rivesaltes. These procedures were expensive, bureaucratic, and lengthy; however, they allowed the OSE to secure the release of many Jewish children from Rivesaltes and other camps. Throughout the course of the Second World War, the OSE—operating legally and transparently—succeeded in liberating hundreds of Rivesaltes’s youngest prisoners.

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Conybeare, John. "Trade Wars: A Comparative Study of Anglo-Hanse, Franco-Italian, and Hawley-Smoot Conflicts." World Politics 38, no. 1 (October 1985): 147–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010354.

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Three trade wars are examined using variable-sum game theory. The Anglo-Hanse trade wars (1300–1700) are explained as an iterated Prisoners' Dilemma that failed to evolve into cooperation due to transaction costs, rent seeking, and economic recession. The late-igthcentury tariff war between France and Italy is a case of an asymmetric trade war that illustrates the danger to a weak country of provoking a trade war with a strong country, with the result that the former is forced to make major concessions. The Hawley-Smoot conflicts of the 1930s are cited as an example of the cooperation-inhibiting effect of publicness in trade negotiations.

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Tunwell, David Capps, David G. Passmore, and Stephan Harrison. "Landscape Archaeology of World War Two German Logistics Depots in the Forêt domaniale des Andaines, Normandy, France." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 19, no. 2 (March 27, 2015): 233–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10761-015-0287-4.

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Hecht, Hope. "Hostages of Empire: Colonial Prisoners of War in Vichy France by Sarah Ann Frank." French Review 96, no. 2 (December 2022): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2022.0277.

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Speed, R. B. "HEATHER JONES. Violence against Prisoners of War in the First World War: Britain, France and Germany, 1914-1920." American Historical Review 117, no. 5 (December 1, 2012): 1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/117.5.1654.

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Thiébot, Emmanuel. "L'affaire des fiches vue par les francs-maçons du Grand Orient de France en Basse-Normandie." Revue Historique des Armées 241, no. 4 (2005): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rharm.2005.5768.

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The Affaire des Fiches and the Freemasons of the Grand Orient of France in Lower Normandy ; Since the Dreyfus Affair and especially under the ministry of “Republican Defence” led by Waldeck-Rousseau in 1899, the Freemasons of the Grand Orient of France (GODF) got into the habit of writing to the Order’s Council to denounce the anti-Republican attitudes of various army officers. When General André was appointed Minister of War in May 1900, with the goal of converting the army to republicanism, it was entirely natural that he turned discreetly to a few Freemasons all across France to help him build up a card-index system that noted army officers’ pro-or anti-republican opinions. This episode is very familiar, on the national level. It went down in history as “The Affaire des Fiches”, after it emerged publicly during an open session of the National Assembly in 1904 and led to the resignation of the Combes government in January 1905. But the role of the Freemasons in all this, at the local level, is much less well known. The study of the archives of the Grand Orient’s masonic lodges in Lower Normandy enables the historian to discover not just the role played by Freemasons in the affair and their supportive stance towards the government in the name of republican defence. It also allows insights as to the attacks that some of them suffered at the hands of the local press. Despite the tide of anti-masonic feeling that succeeded the scandal linked to the Affair, in the following months normal attitudes came to the fore once again with a fresh round of letters to the paperts denouncing officers of supposedly royalist and bonapartist sympathies.

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Segesser, D. M. "Violence against Prisoners of War in the First World War: Britain, France and Germany, 1914-1920, by Heather Jones." English Historical Review 128, no. 531 (February 26, 2013): 464–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cet015.

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Marker, Emily. "Sarah Ann Frank, Hostages of Empire: Colonial Prisoners of War in Vichy France." Cultural History 12, no. 2 (October 2023): 272–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cult.2023.0290.

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Jennings, Eric T. "Sarah Ann Frank. Hostages of Empire: Colonial Prisoners of War in Vichy France." American Historical Review 129, no. 2 (June 1, 2024): 819–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhae138.

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Lisman, Dagmara, Milena Bykowska, Joanna Drath, Grażyna Zielińska, Maria Szargut, Jarosław Piątek, Sandra Cytacka, et al. "Black Devils in Normandy—Identification of an Unknown Soldier Found in the Polish War Cemetery of Urville-Langannerie (France)." Genes 14, no. 3 (February 22, 2023): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14030551.

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A paper dedicated to the identification of a Polish soldier from the 1st Armoured Division under the command of General Stanisław Maczek, who fell in 1944 in Normandy, during World War II. The remains were found at the Urville-Langannerie Polish War Cemetery. A team from the Department of Forensic Genetics at the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, commissioned by the Ministry of Culture Heritage and Sport, exhumed the remains in order to carry out genetic identification tests. A comprehensive anthropological analysis of the heavily degraded remains was carried out, and biological samples were secured for genetic testing. The identification of Jan Dusza is the first case of restoring the identity of an active combatant from the First Armoured Division. In the case analysis, the analysis of mitochondrial DNA in highly degraded biological material proved crucial. Genetic studies decided to reject the original historical hypothesis No. I at their preliminary stage. Regarding hypothesis No. II, a comprehensive genetic analysis of mitochondrial and autosomal DNA was carried out. Comparative material was obtained from the alleged victim’s sister. Thanks to the analysis of kinship in the maternal line based on the mtDNA haplotype, it was possible to establish that the remains belong to Jan Dusza, who served in the Podhale Rifle Battalion, part of the Polish 1st Armoured Division. The research was co-financed by the Polish Ministry of Heritage and National Culture.

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Sanzharov, Valery, and Galina Sanzharova. "Diplomatic Preparation for the English Invasion of France in 1415." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (November 2021): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.5.14.

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Introduction. According to the latest research, the managerial genius of Henry V was most fully manifested in the military, financial and diplomatic fields. The authors analyze in detail the royal diplomacy, which has not been the subject of special study. Diplomacy is analyzed as a space of political communication. Methods and materials. The basic methods of historical analysis were used to work with the material. The sources used in the work are diplomatic documents (treaties, “memorandums”, instructions to ambassadors and their correspondence with monarchs, decisions of royal councils, discussion of the course and results of negotiations in parliament) and chronicles. In historiography, the problem is traditionally considered within the framework of works devoted to the personality of Henry V or the history of the Hundred Years War. Analysis. The article analyzes three phases and three components of English diplomatic policy from the coming of Henry V of Lancaster to power to his invasion of Normandy: 1) negotiations with both sides of the intra-French conflict in order to prevent their reconciliation. 2) the territorial claims of Henry V in France (territory in exchange for giving up the “rights” of inheritance). 3) diplomatic activity as a disguise of preparation for war (territory in exchange for peace). Results. The authors concluded that the English in the years 1413–1415 are moving from military mercenarism on the side of one of the warring groups in the intra-French conflict to declaring themselves as one of the parties to the struggle for power in France with their rights and claims. The diplomacy of the English crown pursued the intentions of 1) demonstrating the impossibility of achieving the claims of the royal house of England on the continent peacefully; 2) maintaining schism and confrontation within the highest French nobility; 3) ensuring international recognition of the English monarch’s right to intervene in the intra-French conflict.

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Kuzmina, Margarita V. "The English and England in the French literature during the Hundred Years War." LOCUS people society cultures meaning 11, no. 2 (2020): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2988-2020-11-2-57-71.

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The article is devoted to the question of how and why the images of the British in French literary works of the Hundred Years War period received their reflection. The Hundred Years War became a catalyst for the formation of the French nation and national identity. French authors, whose works are analyzed, belonged to different age and social groups, had different educational levels, and the time of their work covers the period from the end of the XIV century until the first half of the XV century. It is such a rather long period that allows us to see the dynamics in the development of the national identity of the French authors. The sense of homeland, which each had their own (Champagne, Normandy), they intertwined with the awareness of themselves subjects of the French king. In this sense, we can talk about the transfer of patriotic feelings in relation to a particular territory to France within the French kingdom as a whole. The image of the British as conquerors ravaging the French lands, in the views of some of the authors, however, does not mix with a respectful attitude to English culture.

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Stover, Justin Dolan. "Book Review: Violence against Prisoners of War in the First World War: Britain, France and Germany, 1914–1920 by Heather Jones." War in History 19, no. 4 (November 2012): 524–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344512454380e.

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Zimmerman, Holden. "Defensive Humanitarianism." Undergraduate Research Journal for the Humanities 3, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/1808.26397.

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During World War I, the Swiss state interned nearly 30,000 foreign soldiers who had previously been held in POW camps in Germany, France, Britain, Belgium, Austria, and Russia. The internment camp system that Switzerland implemented arose from the Swiss diplomatic platform of defensive humanitarianism. By offering good offices to the belligerent states of WWI, the Swiss state utilized humanitarian law both to secure Swiss neutrality and to alleviate, to a degree, the immense human suffering of the war. The Swiss government mixed domestic security concerns with international diplomacy and humanitarianism. They elevated a domestic policy platform to the international diplomatic level and succeeded in building enough trust between the party states to create an internment system that reconceptualized the treatment of foreign soldiers from the holding of prisoners to the healing of men.

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MORIEUX, RENAUD. "FRENCH PRISONERS OF WAR, CONFLICTS OF HONOUR, AND SOCIAL INVERSIONS IN ENGLAND, 1744–1783." Historical Journal 56, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 55–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x12000544.

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ABSTRACTDuring the wars of the eighteenth century, French prisoners on parole in Britain were placed in a paradoxical situation of captives with privileges. Instead of studying these men as if they dwelt in a world apart, this article focuses on captivity zones as a social laboratory, where people of different status would socialize. These spaces accordingly provide a lens through which to glimpse the repercussions of international conflicts at the level of local communities. The disputes which opposed these captives to the English population, which were the object of letters of complaints sent by the French prisoners to the authorities, shed light on the normative and moral resources which were used by eighteenth-century Englishmen and Frenchmen to legitimize themselves in situations of social conflict. As a configuration characterized by shifting social relations, the parole zone brought together local, national, and international issues, intertwined primarily in the rhetoric of honour. In these incidents, there was no systematic alignment of class and national discourses and actions, while the precise standing of these Frenchmen on the social ladder was constantly challenged and debated. The resulting quarrels therefore reveal a series of social inversions: dominant groups in France were in many respects dominated in England. Rather than being a mere reflection of pre-existing social hierarchies, such micro-incidents reinvented them.

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Duché, Élodie. "Charitable Connections: Transnational Financial Networks and Relief for British Prisoners of War in Napoleonic France, 1803-1814." Napoleonica La Revue 21, no. 3 (2014): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/napo.153.0074.

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Scotland, Tom. "Henry Gray and John Fraser: Scottish surgeons of the Great War." Res Medica 24, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/resmedica.v24i1.2508.

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Between 1914 and 1918, the British Expeditionary Force fighting in France and Flanders sustained 2.7 million battle casualties. Just over one quarter (26.1%) were never seen by the medical services. These were men who had been killed (14.2%), were missing (5.4%), or were prisoners of war (6.5%). Most of those who were missing had been killed and their bodies never recovered. Just under three-quarters of the wounded (73.9% or 1 988 969) were seen and treated by the medical services and 151 356 died.[i] The worst single day in British military history was Saturday 1 July 1916, the first day of the Battle of the Somme, when there were 57 470 casualties, of whom 20 000 were killed or died from their wounds. In nearly a quarter of a million admissions dealt with by the medical services, 58.5% of wounds were caused by high-explosive shellfire, 39% by bullets (mostly from machine guns), 2% were caused by grenades, and 0.5% from bayonets.

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Kuon, Peter. "Lo sguardo sugli Ebrei, lo sguardo degli Ebrei nelle testimonianze di sopravvissuti al campo di concentramento di Mauthausen." Literaturwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch 61, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/ljb.61.1.253.

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This article examines the self-perception of Jews and the perception by others in a concentration camp that was not built for the genocide of European Jews, but for the gradual extermination of domestic and foreign opponents of the regime through forced labour and malnutrition. How did the survivors remember the presence of Jews in a camp for political prisoners? Which factors determined positive and negative judgments? How did the Jews, who constantly feared being discovered and murdered, perceive themselves in relation to the majority of the others? The study is based on autobiographical texts in French by forty-eight French survivors of the Mauthausen concentration camp and five Eastern European Jews who emigrated to France after the war.

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ROSE, EDWARD P. F. "MILITARY GEOLOGY: AN AMERICAN TERM WITH GERMAN AND FRENCH ANCESTRY." Earth Sciences History 38, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-38.2.357.

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ABSTRACT The year 2019 marks the 80th anniversary of the start of the Second World War and the 75th anniversary of the Allied landings in Normandy: respectively the first major conflict in which geologists were deployed professionally in uniform by opposing sides from the start of hostilities, and the first successful major amphibious assault whose planning was significantly influenced by geologists. ‘Military geology’ had become established within major world powers as a discipline relevant to military operations, following its initial development in the First World War. The term in English had entered scientific literature via publications in the USA from 1917 onwards, initially by Joseph Ezekiel Pogue, Jr (1887–1971). This followed use of ‘Militärgeologie’ from 1913 by Walter Kranz (1873–1953) in Germany, a term subsequently used also in Austria-Hungary, although mostly replaced by ‘Kriegsgeologie’ in both nations from 1915 and by ‘Wehrgeologie’ from about 1935. However, ‘géologie militaire’ was in French use even earlier, notably in the sub-titles of books by an infantry officer, Joseph-Charles-Auguste Clerc (1840–1910), on the French Alps in 1882 and the Jura mountains in 1888. This term complemented use of ‘géographie militaire’, a name in use since 1836 for a subject whose study was given impetus in France by defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. In recent years ‘military geoscience’ has come into more popular use, reuniting military geology with geography and embracing associated disciplines.

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Didion, Philipp. "Zwischen Erinnerung und Verständigung: Der Racing Club de Strasbourg und die Wiederaufnahme der deutsch-französischen Fußballbeziehungen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg." STADION 45, no. 1 (2021): 32–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2021-1-32.

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This article aims to analyse the role of the Alsatian football club Racing Club de Strasbourg throughout the re-establishment process of the French-German football relations after the Second World War. Because of its geographical location between France and Germany and due to the double annexation of the Alsace by the German Reich the club held a special position in the French football landscape. To examine the difficulties and conflicts that came along with the attempt to restore international sport relations between West Germany and France, the paper focuses on three aspects: German prisoners of war in France, efforts to organise football games between French and German top-level-clubs, and the re-establishment of international matches between the two countries. As a result, Racing’s attitude can be situated in a field of tension between hurtful wartime experiences on the one hand and sporting as well as financial benefits on the other hand. While the former was an argument held against an over-hasty spirit of understanding between the French and the German teams especially by the Alsatian Football Association, the latter were a reason for Racing to intensify its pragmatical efforts to re-establish sport relations with West German clubs. This ambivalence is further exemplified by the dualism between Aimé Gissy, secretary general of the Alsatian Football Association (1935-1939, 1945-1974), and Willy Scheuer, president of Racing Club de Strasbourg (1952-1960).

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Nachtigal, Reinhard. "Heather Jones, Violence against Prisoners of War in the First World War. Britain, France and Germany, 1914–1920. Cambridge/New York/Melbourne, Cambridge University Press 2011 Jones Heather Violence against Prisoners of War in the First World War. Britain, France and Germany, 1914–1920. 2011 Cambridge University Press Cambridge/New York/Melbourne £ 65,–." Historische Zeitschrift 296, no. 1 (February 2013): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/hzhz.2013.0075.

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Tingle, Elizabeth. "SACRED LANDSCAPES, SPIRITUAL TRAVEL: EMBODIED HOLINESS AND LONG-DISTANCE PILGRIMAGE IN THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 28 (November 2, 2018): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440118000051.

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ABSTRACTLong regarded as a medieval tradition which declined into insignificance after Luther, pilgrimage expanded considerably from the mid-sixteenth century, until well after 1750. This paper examines long-distance journeys to shrines, rather than sacred sites themselves, to explore how landscapes travelled were perceived, experienced and used by pilgrims in the Counter-Reformation. Using theory such as phenomenology, the focus is on autobiographical accounts of pilgrimages to two case-study sites, the Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy, northern France, and Santiago de Compostela in Galicia, north-west Spain, roughly between 1580 and 1750. These were shrines with origins in the early medieval period and which attracted a clientele over long distances. These pilgrimages were also in some way affected by religious conflict in the sixteenth century, whether by direct attack by Huguenots as at the Mont, or by war-time disruptions of its routes as with Compostela, as well as the theological and polemical attacks on the practice of pilgrimage itself by Protestant authors. Pilgrimage studies have examined ‘place’ – the shrine – but a focus on ‘landscape’ allows for a consideration of wider religious and cultural contexts, relations and experiences in this period of religious change.

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Moshechkov, Petr V. "The solution for the problem of the transportation of the first Czechoslovak transports to France (second half of 1917 — the beginning of 1918)." Slavic Almanac, no. 1-2 (2020): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2020.1-2.1.10.

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The article is concerned with the history of organization and transportation of the first two Czechoslovak echelons from Russia to France. It is aimed at tracing the idea of sending of a part of Czech and Slovak prisoners of war to the Western front. This intention was for the first time expressed by leaders of the Czechoslovak National Council founded in Paris in February 1916. This decision appeared in connection with the shortage of soldiers in the French army and of workers in the war industry of the Third Republic. In this respect, the research touches upon the basic aspects of the negotiations conducted by J. Dürich, M. R. Štefánik and T. G. Masaryk with the Russian governmental and military institutions. The article also dwells on the preparation of departure of these Czechoslovak units by the northern route - via Arkhangelsk and Murmansk and the cooperation between the Branch of the Czechoslovak National Council and the French military missions in Russia in supplying for the volunteers. The article is based on the documents from the collections of the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, Russian State Historical Archive, Military Central Archive of Czech Republic and published materials.

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Elder, A. Jean. "Lancastrian Normandy, 1415-1450: The History of a Medieval Occupation. C. T. AllmandJohn Talbot and the War in France, 1427-1453. A. J. Pollard." Speculum 60, no. 4 (October 1985): 939–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2853735.

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Giusti, Maria Teresa. "Italian Militaries in the USSR during the Second World War. Objectives of the Campaign and Negotiations in the Post-War Period." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 4 (2021): 1190–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.410.

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Italy’s participation in the war against the USSR was dictated by at least three reasons: the common ideology which Mussolini and Hitler shared; Mussolini’s aspiration to revise the European order in the Mediterranean area, to the detriment of France and Great Britain; the goal of supplying Italy with the Russian raw material. The article examines the behavior of the Italian troops towards the Soviet war prisoners and the local population during the occupation from July 1941 to winter 1942–1943, which also depended on these reasons. Since 1944 some countries occupied by Italian forces, such as the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, had started asking the Italian government for the extradition of Italian alleged war criminals to be judged by local courts. In 1944, on the grounds of the reports produced by state and local commissions, the list of alleged war criminals in response to the USSR’s requests was limited to ten militaries who had been repatriated after the defeat. Initially the USSR was intransigent, but afterwards began changing its tune, and finally Moscow proved less adamant in its accusations. This new attitude was connected to negotiations on handing over of Soviet citizens who stayed in Italy after the end of the war. This was most likely a contributing factor in persuading the Soviets to relax their demands on the matter of alleged Italian war criminals. The strategy was successful and, according to the Yalta conference, many Russian and Soviet citizens, who had left the Soviet Union, against their own will were handed over to the Soviet authorities facing a very uncertain fate.

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Górny, Rafał. "Wybrane listy Francuzów do prymasa Józefa Glempa z lat 1981–1982 w zasobie Archiwum Polskiej Misji Katolickiej we Francji." Przegląd Archiwalno-Historyczny 8 (December 2021): 225–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2391-890xpah.21.012.15317.

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Archiwum Polskiej Misji Katolickiej w Paryżu przechowuje zespół nr 36 — Listy do prymasa Polski Józefa Glempa. Jest to korespondencja Francuzów skierowana do polskiego hierarchy kościelnego, w której potępiono wprowadzenie stanu wojennego w Polsce i wyrażono duchowe wsparcie dla wszystkich Polaków — braci i sióstr w wierze katolickiej. Akcja pisania takich listów wsparcia została zainicjowana przez katolicki dziennik „La Croix” i stanowiła element ogólnofrancuskiej manifestacji poparcia dla społeczeństwa polskiego. Treść korespondencji obok szablonowego tekstu zredagowanego przez „La Croix” stanowią również teksty indywidualne, wyrażające emocjonalny stosunek do Polaków i do wydarzeń dziejących się w Polsce. W artykule zebrano te listy, które odnoszą się do wspomnień z czasów II wojny światowej i pobytów w obozach koncentracyjnych. Byli jeńcy francuscy opisali w nich swoje kontakty ze współwięźniami polskimi, podkreślając ich heroizm i wiarę w Boga. The letters of French citizens to primate Glemp from the years 1981–1982 in the collection of the Polish Catholic Mission Archive in France The Polish Catholic Mission Archive in Paris is home to fond no. 36: Letters to Polish primate Józef Glemp. It comprises letters sent by French citizens to the Polish Catholic Church dignitary, in which they condemn the introduction of martial law in Poland and express spiritual support for all Poles — brothers and sisters in the Catholic faith. The letter writing campaign was initiated by the Catholic paper “La Croix”, and was an element of a broader manifestation of French support for Poles. Beside template letters based on the text published in “La Croix”, the fond also includes personal messages, expressing an emotional attitude to Poles and to the events taking place in Poland. The paper discusses those letters whose authors reminisce on the Second World War and their experiences in concentration camps. Former French prisoners of war describe their relations with Polish prisoners, emphasizing their heroism and faith in God.

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Sabet, Amr G. E. "Cobra II." American Journal of Islam and Society 25, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v25i2.1474.

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This book deals with the April 2003 American invasion and occupation ofIraq. Its title comes from the code name of the military operation designedto drive toward Baghdad. The code name, in turn, was inspired by GeneralGeorge Patton’s 1944 military operation Cobra, during which the Allied forces broke out from Normandy to liberate France – hence Cobra II.Written in a journalistic and investigative style, it chronicles the developmentsand events leading to the Bush administration’s decision to attackIraq. Described as a war of “choice” rather than of “necessity” (p. xxxi), itswiftly defeated the Iraqi army and toppled Saddam Hussein’s regime.However, it was a failure insofar as it generated a virulent insurgencythat the occupyingAmerican army could not suppress. This insurgency wasan unexpected by-product of the program of “transformation” espoused byformer Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. As part of President GeorgeW. Bush’s vision of overhauling theAmerican military, this programbecamea sort of “official ideology” (p. 8) and response to two main concerns: (1)the long time (six months) it took to plan and amassAmerican forces duringthe lead-up to the 1992 GulfWar that had reversed Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait(this length of time was considered to fall short of credible “superpower”projection), and (2) the American military’s ability to fight two major warssimultaneously, which came to be known as the “two-war doctrine” (pp. 5and 9). The problem with the second consideration was that it required largeground forces to implement the doctrine, at a time when the foreseen transformationsought to trim American forces in favor of high-tech space andprecision weapons ...

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Rose, Edward P. F. "Geology and the Allied liberation of Normandy in World War II: British military applications of geology in France 1944-1945 contrasted with Italy 1943-1945." Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana 50 (March 2020): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3301/rol.2020.05.

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Engelstein, Laura. "Bobkowski and the Banker." Polish Review 67, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 138–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/23300841.67.3.13.

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Abstract This essay begins with a discussion of the controversy among Polish émigré intellectuals, following Bobkowski's death, on the subject of his attitude toward the Jews during and after the war. In the course of this precursor to more recent debates, Czesław Miłosz (1911–2004), for one, characterized Bobkowski's posture as antisemitic, but others rose to the writer's defense. Among them was Szymon Konarski (1894–1981), wartime director of the Paris office of the Polish Savings Bank (PKO), who came to know Bobkowski through their involvement in the support network for Polish workers in occupied France. An economist and amateur of Polish noble genealogy, Konarski was an ardent Catholic and member of the Knights of Malta. Twice arrested by the Gestapo for his charitable activities, Konarski encountered Jewish prisoners with whom he developed personal connections. Despite his conventional background, the memoirs he published after the war convey a deeply empathic response to the fate of the Jews. The essay compares his reactions to those recorded by Bobkowski at the time. It concludes with a consideration of Bobkowski's conflicted feelings on this matter in the years leading up to his death. The ambiguity inherent in his various pronouncements and published texts may explain Konarski's indignant response to Miłosz's accusation.

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JONES, COLIN, and SIMON MACDONALD. "ROBESPIERRE, THE DUKE OF YORK, AND PISISTRATUS DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY TERROR." Historical Journal 61, no. 3 (December 18, 2017): 643–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x17000267.

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AbstractMaximilien Robespierre was deposed on 27 July 1794/9 Thermidor Year II when the charge that he was a tyrant burst spectacularly into open political discussion in France. This article examines key aspects of how that charge had developed, and been discussed in veiled terms, over the preceding months. First, it analyses a war of words which unfolded between Robespierre and the duke of York, the commander of the British forces on the northern front. This involved allegations that Robespierre had used an assassination attempt against him in late May as a pretext for scapegoating the British – including the orchestration of a notorious government decree of 7 Prairial/26 May 1794 which banned the taking of British and Hanoverian prisoners of war. Second, the article explores how these developments fitted within a larger view of Robespierre as aiming for supreme power. In particular, they meshed closely with a reading of French politics which likened Robespierre to the ancient Athenian leader Pisistratus, a figure who had subverted the city's constitution – including posing as a victim of violent attacks – in order to establish his tyranny. Pisistratus's story, we argue, offered a powerful script for interpreting Robespierre's actions, and a cue for resistance.

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Zernetska, O., and O. Myronchuk. "Historical Memory and Practices of Monumental Commemoration of World War I in Australia (Part 1)." Problems of World History, no. 12 (September 29, 2020): 208–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2020-12-11.

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The authors’ research attention is focused on the specifics of the Australian memorial practices dedicated to the World War I. The statement is substantiated that in the Australian context memorials and military monuments formed a special post-war and post-traumatic part of the visual memory of the first Australian global military conflict. The features of the Australian memorial concept are clarified, the social function of the monuments and their important role in the psychological overcoming of the trauma and bitter losses experienced are noted. The multifaceted aspects of visualization of the monumental memory of the World War I in Australia are analyzed. Monuments and memorials are an important part of Australia’s visual heritage. It is concluded that each Australian State has developed its own concept of memory, embodied in various types and nature of monuments. The main ones are analyzed in detail: Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne (1928–1934); Australian War Memorial in Canberra (1941); Sydney Cenotaph (1927-1929) and Anzac Memorial in Sydney (1934); Desert Mounted Corps Memorial in Western Australia (1932); Victoria Memorials: Avenue of Honour and Victory Arch in Ballarat (1917-1919), Australian Ex-Prisoners of War Memorial (2004), Great Ocean Road – the longest nationwide memorial (1919-1932); Hobart War Memorial in the Australian State of Tasmania (1925), as well as Villers-Bretonneux Australian National Memorial in France dedicated to French-Australian cooperation during the World War I (1938). The authors demonstrate an inseparable connection between the commemorative practices of Australia and the politics of national identity, explore the trends in the creation and development of memorial practices. It is noted that the overwhelming majority of memorial sites are based on the clearly expressed function of a place of memory, a place of mourning and commemoration. It was found that the representation of the memorial policy of the memory of Australia in the first post-war years was implemented at the beginning at the local level and was partially influenced by British memorial practices, transforming over time into a nationwide cultural resource.

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Zernetska, O., and O. Myronchuk. "Historical Memory and Practices of Monumental Commemoration of World War I in Australia (Part 2)." Problems of World History, no. 13 (March 18, 2021): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-10.

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The authors’ research attention is focused on the specifics of the Australian memorial practices dedicated to the World War I. The statement is substantiated that in the Australian context memorials and military monuments formed a special post-war and post-traumatic part of the visual memory of the first Australian global military conflict. The features of the Australian memorial concept are clarified, the social function of the monuments and their important role in the psychological overcoming of the trauma and bitter losses experienced are noted. The multifaceted aspects of visualization of the monumental memory of the World War I in Australia are analyzed. Monuments and memorials are an important part of Australia’s visual heritage. It is concluded that each Australian State has developed its own concept of memory, embodied in various types and nature of monuments. The main ones are analyzed in detail: Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne (1928–1934); Australian War Memorial in Canberra (1941); Sydney Cenotaph (1927-1929) and Anzac Memorial in Sydney (1934); Desert Mounted Corps Memorial in Western Australia (1932); Victoria Memorials: Avenue of Honour and Victory Arch in Ballarat (1917-1919), Australian Ex-Prisoners of War Memorial (2004), Great Ocean Road – the longest nationwide memorial (1919-1932); Hobart War Memorial in the Australian State of Tasmania (1925), as well as Villers-Bretonneux Australian National Memorial in France dedicated to French-Australian cooperation during the World War I (1938). The authors demonstrate an inseparable connection between the commemorative practices of Australia and the politics of national identity, explore the trends in the creation and development of memorial practices. It is noted that the overwhelming majority of memorial sites are based on the clearly expressed function of a place of memory, a place of mourning and commemoration. It was found that the representation of the memorial policy of the memory of Australia in the first post-war years was implemented at the beginning at the local level and was partially influenced by British memorial practices, transforming over time into a nationwide cultural resource.

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