Книги: "Priority map"

1

Society, Sussex Archaeological, ed. Wilmington Priory and Long Man. Lewes: Sussex Archaeological Society, 1987.

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2

Monells, Margarida Genera i. Protohistòria del Priorat: El poblat del Puig Roig del Roget, el Masroig (el Priorat). [Masroig?]: Ajuntament de Masroig, 1993.

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3

Monells, Margarida Genera i. Protohistòria del Priorat: El poblat del Puig Roig del Roget, el Masroig (el Priorat). Tarragona, Spain]: Diputación de Tarragona, 1993.

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4

Gómez, Pere Navarro. Aproximació geolingüística als parlars del Priorat. [Reus]: Carrutxa, 2000.

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5

El poblat protohistòric del Puig Roig del Roget: (el Masroig, Priorat). Barcelona: Generalitat de Catalunya, 1995.

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6

Wolfgang, Kaltenbacher, ed. La recherche fondamentale: Une priorité européenne : actes du Colloque européen de Strasbourg, Palais du Conseil de l'Europe, 22-23 mai 1997. Napoli: Vivarium, 2001.

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7

Torlone, Francesca, and Marios Vryonides, eds. Innovative learning models for prisoners. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-924-5.

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Prison education should be a top priority issue in most societies. Prison conditions must not infringe human rights and dignity and must offer meaningful treatment programmes in order to support inmates in their rehabilitation and reintegration in society. The use of ICTs within a penitentiary context plays a crucial role in that. The present Volume looks at the learning potential in prisons and reports on innovative (e-)learning pathways for basic skills education as designed and tested in Cyprus, Greece, Italy and Romania. Research investigated on what counts as ‘educational’ in such a complex context and how to combine relevant pieces in a ‘learning mosaic’ (the broad range of any learning opportunity across it). This Volume argues that such an approach may be adopted in a wider European perspective within the frame of dynamic security.

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8

Polischuk, Nikolay, and Dmitriy Kohman. The legal mechanism for the implementation of amnesty in the Russian Federation and the social consequences of its application. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1863097.

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The monograph is devoted to the legal mechanism of implementation and the social consequences of the application of amnesty. The conducted research makes it possible to really assess the effectiveness of the amnesty, as well as to determine the directions of its improvement. The formulated conclusions and proposals complement and develop theoretical and legal knowledge in the field under study. The author's classification of amnesties has been developed, which may predetermine the conduct of separate studies for each of the types. The concept of "relapse of amnestied persons" is formulated, the signs of the amnesty act are established, the priority of the penological (penal) component in the characterization of the personality of a potentially amnestied person is justified. Separate ways of improving the mechanism of amnesty implementation in the Russian Federation are highlighted, taking into account the experience of foreign countries and modern achievements of criminal law, criminology and penal enforcement law. For students, postgraduates and teachers of law schools and faculties, as well as a wide range of readers interested in amnesty issues.

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9

J, Bibby C., and International Council for Bird Preservation., eds. Putting biodiversity on the map: Priority areas for global conservation. International Council for Bird Preservation, 1992.

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10

Bureau, Boston Municipal Research. Managing attendance should continue to be a higher priority in Boston. 1988.

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11

First Delineation of the New World and the First Use of the Name America on a Printed Map; an Analytical Comparison of Three Maps for Each of Which Priority of Representation Has Been Claimed (two with Name America and One Without) with an Argument Te. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.

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12

First Delineation of the New World and the First Use of the Name America on a Printed Map; an Analytical Comparison of Three Maps for Each of Which Priority of Representation Has Been Claimed (two with Name America and One Without) with an Argument Te. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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13

First Delineation of the New World and the First Use of the Name America on a Printed Map; an Analytical Comparison of Three Maps for Each of Which Priority of Representation Has Been Claimed (two with Name America and One Without) with an Argument Te. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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14

First Delineation of the New World and the First Use of the Name America on a Printed Map; an Analytical Comparison of Three Maps for Each of Which Priority of Representation Has Been Claimed (two with Name America and One Without) with an Argument Te. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.

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15

Mineral fibres (man-made vitreous fibres) (Priority substances list assessment report). Environment Canada, 1993.

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16

Treue, Stefan. Object- and Feature-Based Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.008.

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The allocation of selective visual attention to a particular region of visual space has been attention’s most-studied variant. But attention can also be allocated to features, such as a particular colour or direction of motion. Studies from the visual cortex of rhesus monkeys have revealed a gain modulation across visual space that enhances the response of neurons that show a preference for the attended feature and a reduced responsiveness of those neurons tuned to the opposite feature. Such studies have also provided evidence for object-based attention, where the attentional enhancement of a neural representation affects the complex amalgamation of features that make up an object. All these forms of visual attention together create an integrated saliency map or priority map, that is, an integrated representation of relative stimulus strength and behavioural relevance across visual space that underlies our perception of the environment.

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17

Hugh, Beale, Bridge Michael, Gullifer Louise, and Lomnicka Eva. Part IV Priorities, 16 Priority Between Consensual and Non-Consensual Security Interests. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198795568.003.0016.

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This chapter demonstrates how, in the case of things in possession, non-consensual security interests may be treated as consisting, for present purposes, of liens, in favour of carriers, repairers, and the like; of maritime liens (and similar statutory rights), in favour of master and crew; claimants against the ship, suppliers, and repairers; rights of distress, in favour of local authorities; rights of commercial rent arrears recovery in favour of landlords; and of execution creditors. In these various instances, the rights of the lienholder, landlord, local authority, and execution creditor, as the case may be, against a competing chargee are part of the larger subject of how those rights might be exercised against the owner in those cases where the owner is not the person in possession of the thing.

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18

Hugh, Beale, Bridge Michael, Gullifer Louise, and Lomnicka Eva. Part IV Priorities, 15 Authorized Dispositions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198795568.003.0015.

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This chapter examines the situation where A disposes of assets in which B has an absolute or security interest to a third party C. The disposition may be absolute or by way of security. Normally, in this situation, the priority rules would determine whether B or C has priority. However, where the disposition is made with the consent or permission of B, then C will always take free from B’s interest. Similarly, where a third party takes an interest in an asset subject to a security interest and the grant is made with the authority or consent of the secured lender, the third party will take free from that security interest. The extent of the authority or consent may be made clear in advance in the security agreement or may be given at the time of the grant of the interest.

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19

Priory of the Isle of May. Records of the Priory of the Isle of May. Franklin Classics, 2018.

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20

Priory of the Isle of May. Records of the Priory of the Isle of May. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.

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21

Records of the Priory of the Isle of May. Franklin Classics, 2018.

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22

Priory of the Isle of May. Records of the Priory of the Isle of May. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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23

Records of the Priory of the Isle of May. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.

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24

McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. 14. Registered land and priorities. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198722847.003.0014.

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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter explores the defences against pre-existing property rights that are available to a purchaser of registered land. It is concerned with priority rules in registered land. The LRA 2002 offers a distinct set of priority rules for one category of transaction: a registrable disposition of a registered estate for valuable consideration. The chapter analyses the priority rules applicable to such transactions, including the effect of limitations on owner's powers, entry of a land registry notice and the category of ‘overriding interests’, in relation to which there is no defence. The chapter concludes by examining the policy of the LRA 2002 to transactions that are tainted by fraud or wrongdoing that is not such as to invalidate the transaction. Such transactions may result, under the general law, in the imposition of personal liability on the registered proprietor, or the creation of new direct rights in favour of a third party.

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25

Manne, Kate. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604981.003.0010.

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Concludes by considering the future of the struggle against misogyny, and the grounds for, if not pessimism, then a certain kind of self-protective, world-weary, and for all that, rational, anger. In the end, we may have to give up on achieving a rational consensus about the moral seriousness of the phenomenon, and convincing those more or less in its grip to make addressing misogyny a priority. The very phenomenon makes insisting that misogyny is a moral priority verboten even when justified, since women are often tasked with giving moral attention to designated others, rather than asking for it for their own sake. So those trying to combat misogyny should be prepared to keep struggling, in the sense of asserting girls’ and women’s entitlement to certain moral as well as material and social benefits.

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26

Mosweu, Iris, and Paul McCrone. Economic evaluations in global mental health. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199680467.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses the importance of undertaking economic evaluations in mental health and the subsequent use of the results to inform policy relating to priority setting, resource allocation, or simply scaling up mental health services in low and middle income settings. We present examples o f economic evaluations conducted either alongside clinical trials or using economic models, in LAMIC. We also point out challenges that researchers in these settings may encounter and possible ways of dealing with these, but at the same time acknowledging that economic evaluation does not provide all solutions for issues facing mental health in the developing world. Access to services, affordability, equity, and stigma also need to be given a priority, while economic evaluation first needs to be understood and approved by policy makers, before it can be adopted.

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27

Krauzlis, Richard J. Attentional Functions of the Superior Colliculus. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.014.

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The superior colliculus (SC) plays an important role in both overt and covert attention. In primates, the SC is well known to be a central component of the motor pathways that orient the eyes and head to important objects in the environment. Accordingly, neurons in the SC show enhanced responses that will be the target of orienting movements, compared to stimuli that will be ignored. Single-neuron recordings in the SC have revealed a variety of attention-related effects, including changes in activity related to bottom-up and top-down attention, attention capture, and inhibition of return. These findings support the view of the SC as a priority map that represents the location of important objects in the visual environment. Manipulation of SC activity by electrical microstimulation and chemical inactivation shows that the SC is not simply a recipient of attention-related effects, but plays a causal role in these processes. In particular, activity in the SC plays a major role in the selection of targets for saccades, and also for pursuit eye movements and movements of the hand. Moreover, activity in the SC is important not only for the control of overt attention, but also plays a crucial role in covert attention—the processing of visual signals for perceptual judgements even in the absence of orienting movements. The mechanisms mediating the role of the SC in the control of covert attention are not yet known, but current models emphasize interactions between the SC and areas of the cerebral cortex.

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28

Charles, Proctor. Part E Guarantees and Security, 30 Charges Over Receivables. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199685585.003.0030.

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A lender may wish to take security over debts owing, or to become owing, to its borrower. Often, a charge over the benefit of book debts owing to the borrower will simply form a part of the standard security package, and will be included as a part of a fixed and floating charge over the entire assets and undertaking of the borrower. This chapter discusses the essential validity of security over book debts; charge over foreign receivables; and the priority of successive charges over receivables.

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29

La recherche fondamentale: Une priorité européenne : actes du colloque européen de Strasbourg, Palais du Conseil de l'Europe, 22-23 mai 1997. Napoli: Vivarium, 2001.

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30

Lacoste, Jean-Yves, and Oliver O’Donovan. Perception, Transcendence, and the Knowledge of God. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827146.003.0002.

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AbstractStarting from Husserl’s account of perception, this chapter argues that every perceptual experience is fragmentary, so that the perception of any “thing” goes beyond the moment-by-moment appearances. The realm of phenomena is wider than that of perceptible entities; it includes values, numbers, etc., and some appearances that present themselves to feeling. God may appear in the realm of feeling, where love has priority over knowledge. Unclarity and incompleteness are essential to an experience that lays claim to the presence of the Absolute. That presence is not a “parousia”; its appearing is understood only in relation to its transcendence of appearance.

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31

Dwan, David. Equality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738527.003.0003.

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‘The whole English-speaking world’, Orwell believed, ‘is haunted by the idea of human equality’. Orwell was convinced that the principle had never been properly realized, but he remained hopeful nevertheless: ‘equality is technically possible whatever the psychological difficulties may be’. The psychological difficulties may have been considerable, but the issues were also conceptual and semantic: people meant many things when they called for equality. Orwell’s own career testified to the ambiguity of the concept. The ‘democratic socialism’ he defended contained a ragbag of equalities—moral, political, and economic—and Orwell had significant trouble deciding which should take priority. This chapter shows how Orwell’s classic parable Animal Farm captures the dizzying complexity of equality as an ideal, emphasizing both its nobility and elusiveness.

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32

Bond, Johanna. The Challenges of Parity: Increasing Women’s Participation in Informal Justice Systems within Sub-Saharan Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829621.003.0007.

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This chapter argues that gender parity should be a priority for both formal governance structures and traditional authorities in sub-Saharan African countries. The path to gender parity within traditional decision-making authorities in the region, however, may be a long one. Efforts to achieve gender parity within traditional institutions are more likely to succeed when they involve local initiatives to facilitate women’s participation in public life and community problem-solving rather than top-down legislative requirements. Efforts to more fully integrate women in positions of public authority and community problem-solving, such as efforts in Tanzania to provide widespread paralegal training for women, may offer more promise in breaking down the public/private divide that continues to characterize much of customary law within the region.

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33

Hargreaves, Ian. 6. Hacks vs flaks: journalism and public relations. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199686872.003.0007.

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Journalists often get a bad press, being portrayed as crusaders, single-minded, and determined above all else to get the information they desire. ‘Hacks vs flaks: journalism and public relations’ considers the motivations of journalists, their public image, and asks in whose interest the journalist works: for the interest of an employer or for a wider ‘public good’? The answer may be both, but in the event of a clash, which interest takes priority? The roles of public relations practitioners, intermediaries, and spin doctors are discussed. Traditional public relations techniques of media management are no longer effective in a world of resource-depleted mainstream journalism and uncontrollable social media.

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34

de Bie, Robertus M. A. An Iatrogenic Catatonia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0030.

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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an iatrogenic movement disorders emergency characterized by rigidity, altered consciousness, and autonomic instability of varying degrees of severity. In severe cases this can be a fatal syndrome, so recognition and withdrawal of potentially causative medications is the priority. Management is otherwise supportive, and some patients will require admission to an intensive care unit. Creatine phosphokinase can be used to monitor the disease course; a decreasing creatine phosphokinase level with an increasing temperature may indicate an infection. The incidence of neuroleptic malignant syndrome has declined considerably with the increased use of atypical neuroleptics with greater D2 receptor blockade compared to older agents.

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35

Pease, Nicola. Palliative medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0049.

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Life near the end of life will mean different things to different people. For some patients, the priority may be length of life, but for many patients ‘life’ may mean something completely different; for example, the ability to put their affairs in order, plan a ‘healthy death’, or to achieve something important which has resonance specifically to them. Patients will have highly individual goals and priorities. Without information about their condition, their treatment options and possible outcomes, patients cannot make informed choices/decisions about how/where they might want to live in the last phase of their lives. The following chapter looks at prognostication tools and describes a ‘toolkit’ applicable to any healthcare setting, to facilitate and promote communication when patients are thought to be nearing the end of life. Within the chapter there are examples of the toolkit in action.

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36

Gugerty, Mary Kay, and Dean Karlan. The Institutional Donor Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199366088.003.0014.

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This chapter considers the perspective of institutional donors like foundations and government in right-fit monitoring and evaluation. Institutional donors may have different data needs than the organizations they fund. This may occur when a donor wants to use the same metrics across its entire portfolio; when a donor supports organizations addressing different aspects of a broad social problem; when donors and organizations have different levels of trust in organizational staff; when they have different views on how to best apply the CART principles; when they have different levels of risk tolerance or place different levels of priority on generating transportable knowledge; or, when donor data requirements create internal tension within organizations. The chapter then examines how Pay for Success (PFS) programs can help to harmonize funder and fundee data incentives, as well as some of the drawbacks of the PFS approach.

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37

Shein, Steven L., and Robert S. B. Clark. Neurocritical Care. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199918027.003.0009.

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Brain injury is the most common proximate cause of death in pediatric intensive care units. For children who survive critical illness, long-standing brain damage and residual brain dysfunction can affect quality of life significantly. Therefore, minimizing neurological injury to improve patient outcomes is a priority of neurocritical care. This may be accomplished by implementing specific targeted therapies, avoiding pathophysiological conditions that exacerbate neurological injury, and using a multidisciplinary team that focuses on contemporary care of children with neurological injury and disease. This chapter reviews pertinent anatomy and physiology; general principles of pediatric neurocritical care; and specifics for caring for children with traumatic brain injury, hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy, status epilepticus, meningitis/encephalitis, stroke, and acute hydrocephalus.

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38

Beasley, Michael John. My Banner is Christ: An Appeal for the Church to Restore the Priority of Solus Christus and to Mortify the Idols of Celebritism and the Fear of Man. The Armoury Ministries, Inc., 2015.

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39

Wilsey, Brian J. Conservation and Restoration of Grasslands. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744511.003.0008.

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Conservation programs alter herbivore stocking rates and find and protect the remaining areas that have not been plowed or converted to crops. Restoration is an ‘Acid Test’ for ecology. If we fully understand how grassland systems function and assemble after disturbance, then it should be easy to restore them after they have been degraded or destroyed. Alternatively, the idea that restorations will not be equivalent to remnants has been termed the ‘Humpty Dumpty’ hypothesis—once lost, it cannot be put back together again. Community assembly may follow rules, and if these rules are uncovered, then we may be able to accurately predict final species composition after assembly. Priority effects are sometimes found depending on species arrival orders, and they can result in alternate states. Woody plant encroachment is the increase in density and biomass of woody plants, and it is strongly affecting grassland C and water cycles.

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40

Vydyanathan, Amaresh, Naum Shaparin, Allan L. Brook, and Samer N. Narouze. Lumbar Transforaminal/Nerve Root Injections: Computed Tomography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0018.

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This chapter discusses the accuracy and safety of lumbar transforaminal or nerve root (periradicular) injections under CT guidance. To maximize procedure accuracy and minimize complications, spinal injections are best performed with image guidance. Though fluoroscopic guidance has been used for decades, greater accuracy and possibly greater safety can be achieved with CT guidance. The radiation exposure is operator dependent, and maintaining the lowest possible dose is critical in optimizing patient care. This is also true for fluoroscopic guidance, for which coning and intermittent exposure are used as well. The future may usher in ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging guidance without the associated radiation exposure. For interventional practitioners, ensuring patient safety and efficacy goals remains a priority, and needs to evolve with advances in technology.

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41

Najavits, Lisa M., and Nicole M. Capezza. Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comorbidity. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.029.

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Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly comorbid diagnoses following a traumatic event. In this chapter, we explore a range of topics related to comorbid depression and PTSD, including impact, prevalence, shared risk factors, temporal priority, key research areas, intervention strategies, and future research directions. Given the overlap in symptoms and shared risk factors, some researchers have suggested that the comorbidity between depression and PTSD following a traumatic event may be better understood as a single general mood disorder rather than two separate disorders. We examine evidence supporting both possibilities. We briefly review the two research areas that have received the most attention, namely comorbidity related to military traumas and interpersonal abuse. Practical implications, assessments, interventions, and treatment recommendations are also discussed.

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42

Grzywacz, Joseph. Work, Family, and Employee Health. Edited by Tammy D. Allen and Lillian T. Eby. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199337538.013.30.

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Evidence and initiatives suggest that everyday work and family life may shape human health. Unfortunately, this literature remains theoretically underdeveloped and methodologically speculative. This chapter is designed to equip researchers to design and implement effective translational research focused on work and family and employee health. The chapter begins by illustrating the complexity of “health” and prioritizing the value of studying discrete aspects of health. The chapter then identifies three primary ways of thinking about “successful integration of work and family,” and it delineates four discrete hypotheses linking successful integration of work and family to health outcomes. This section includes a review of empirical evidence relevant to each hypothesis. The chapter concludes by identifying a high priority agenda for catapulting work, family, and health research forward.

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43

McDougall, Robert. Management of Acutely Burned Children. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0021.

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The general approach for a child who has suffered burns, as for any injured child, should be assessment and management of airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC). A child status post-burn injury may require immediate intubation due to smoke inhalation and ensuing respiratory distress. The resuscitation of the child with burn injury poses a number of challenges to the anesthesiologist and requires an understanding of the pathophysiology of this type of injury. Appropriate vascular access and pain management are also of high priority in this scenario. This chapter discusses the approach to resuscitation of the child with acute burn injuries, reviews the key issues in developing a plan to secure the airway, and describes effective pain management in the setting of an acute burn.

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44

Casal, Paula. Distributive Justice and Human Nature. Edited by Serena Olsaretti. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199645121.013.36.

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This chapter examines the relation between distributive doctrines and human nature. It reviews various responses to the conservative view that many progressive social reforms are doomed because of human nature. Some responses present a different view of human nature while others stress that human nature can be modified because it is the product of nurture or because it can be socially or biomedically altered. The chapter also offers an evolutionary approach to values like ‘liberté, égalité, fraternité’ and discusses whether human nature could have more than merely instrumental relevance to distributive justice. For example, our endorsement, and interpretation, of moral demands regarding human rights, human flourishing, and human capabilities, or even regarding the principles of sufficiency, equality and priority, may depend on assumptions about human nature.

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45

Tolfrey, Keith, and James W. Smallcombe. High-intensity interval training. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0035.

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High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is characterized by brief, intermittent bursts of near- or maximal-intensity exercise, interspersed by periods of active or passive recovery. The limited available evidence suggests that HIIT is an efficacious training method for young athletes. The effect of HIIT on cardiorespiratory fitness, endurance performance, explosive strength, and sport-specific performance has been examined in a range of young athletic populations from various sports. Furthermore, promising preliminary findings suggest that HIIT may confer further benefits to a range of health outcome measures including fasting insulin, lipoproteins, systolic blood pressure, and endothelial function; obese youth may benefit particularly from this type of training. Improved cardiorespiratory fitness has been observed consistently after HIIT in athletic and non-athletic populations. Larger studies, extended over longer periods, that include valid measures of exercise compliance, tolerance, and enjoyment are required to further delineate the priority that could be afforded to this type of training.

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46

Koenig, Harold G. Religion and Spirituality in Gerontology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190272432.003.0008.

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This chapter provides a state-of-the-science review of research on religion, spirituality, and health in later life; examines avenues for future research; explores how religion or spirituality may arise in the patient encounter; and describes best practices in terms of assessing and addressing older adults’ spiritual needs related to illness. First, it summarizes quantitative research through 2010 on religion/spirituality (R/S) conducted in older adults in the areas of mental health and physical health. It then describes a selection of studies published within the past two years that illustrate the most recent findings on R/S and health among older adults, discusses research gaps in areas of mental and physical health, and explores high-priority studies needed to advance the field. It concludes with a case that illustrates how R/S may present in the clinical encounter and demonstrates best practices on how clinicians might sensitively and sensibly address this topic.

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47

Moehler, Michael. Two-Level Contractarian Moral Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785927.003.0005.

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This chapter discusses the domain of traditional morality that represents the first level of the two-level contractarian theory. To this end, the chapter presents, in the form of Hume’s moral conventionalism and Gaus’ moral theory, two accounts of morality that, from the perspective of the two-level contractarian theory, help clarify the origin and general features of traditional first-level morality as understood in this book. Further, the chapter clarifies the reasons that the two-level contractarian theory is a two-level theory and not a two-stage theory, and that traditional first-level morality takes priority in regulating morally relevant types of social interaction. Finally, the chapter addresses some practical concerns that may arise in the application of the two-level contractarian theory, especially the application of the weak principle of universalization.

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48

Goodman, Charles. Śāntideva’s Impartialist Ethics. Edited by Jonardon Ganeri. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314621.013.23.

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Of all the Buddhist teachers whose writings have come down to us, only Śāntideva has yet been shown to have engaged in sustained, general theoretical reflection about ethics. Śāntideva offers a radical critique of the rationality of most emotions, similar in some ways to that of the Stoics. His overall view has important similarities with utilitarianism; and he offers philosophical arguments for a distinctively utilitarian form of impartiality. Śāntideva quotes scriptures that make hyperbolic and implausible claims about the relative value of different practices; it may be possible to interpret these passages in terms of the lexical priority of some values over others. He also tells us that the various Buddhist virtues reinforce and sustain each other. These claims could be used to construct a homeostatic cluster view of well-being.

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49

Hugh, Beale, Bridge Michael, Gullifer Louise, and Lomnicka Eva. Part I Introduction, 1 Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198795568.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter talks about propriety security taken by creditors from debtors to support the repayment of loans or, much less frequently, the performance of other obligations. The security normally takes the form of a pledge, mortgage, or charge over the debtor’s property. The chapter also considers transactions that on a traditional analysis do not involve the taking of security but that have a similar economic function, in that a party that provides credit retains property rights over assets that in practice are being purchased by the debtor with the credit provided. These transactions involve what is often called ‘vendor credit’ as opposed to ‘lender credit’. The equivalent of security may also be produced by a host of other contractual devices, such as priority agreements, contractual set-off, and liens over sub-freights.

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50

Kirchin, Simon. The Thin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803430.003.0004.

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This chapter has two main topics. First, the notion of a thin concept is investigated as is the dividing line between thin and thick concepts, with the conclusion drawn that some thin concepts may be thicker than others. Further, through looking at Allan Gibbard’s work it is argued that separationists are better off thinking of the thin as very thin: either pro or con. Second, what does it mean to say, as separationists have to say, that the thin is conceptually prior to the thick? ‘Conceptual priority’ is investigated, using work by Susan Hurley as a starting point, and three types of argument for the claim are considered; although all three arguments are weak, matters are left inconclusive and it is argued, overall, that nonseparationists should find better ground on which to fight.

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