Дисертації з теми "Primitive Earth"
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Barr, Jay Arthur. "Primitive magmas of the Earth and Moon : a petrologic investigation of magma genesis and evolution." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62493.
"September 2010." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Field studies, major and trace element geochemistry, isotopes, petrography, phase equilibrium experiments and thermodynamics are used investigate and understand primitive melts from the Earth and the Moon. Chapter 1 investigates spinifex orthopyroxene compositions from the komatiites of Commondale, South Africa, and uses phase equilibrium experiments to illustrate that the Commondale Komatiites were hydrous magmas when they were emplaced. Hydrous komatiites provide evidence for the existence of subduction zone volcanism during the Archean, and decreases the temperature required to explain komatiites volcanism, which is the major physical evidence used to determine the mantle potential temperature of the Archean. Chapter 2 uses phase equilibrium experiments investigate the origin of the Apollo 15 green glasses from the Moon. Garnet-lherzolite saturated experiments are used to calibrate a melting algorithm used to estimate the chemical compositions of melts of a primordial lunar mantle. Mixing models are used to reproduce the Apollo 15 green glass compositions. These models are consistent with primordial melts assimilating late stage lunar magma ocean cumulates to produce the green glasses. This provides evidence for the magma overturn hypothesis, as well as evidence that the lunar magma ocean may not have been whole moon. Chapter 3 uses phenocryst petrology, Os-isotopes, major and trace element geochemistry and petrography to argue for the formation of primitive magnesian andesites of Mt. Shasta and Mt. Lassen as primary mantle melts. Recent proposals that primitive magnesian andesites form by mixing dacites with subvolcanic peridotite are disproven. Samples of these lavas from newly discovered localities provide clear evidence for a mantle origin for these melts. Understanding the primitive melts present in the Cascade volcanoes will yield greater insight into the mantle processes involved in the plumbing of the sub-arc mantle. Chapter 4 develops a ternary regular solution model for Au-Pd-Fe alloys and uses this with Fe-exchange experiments to model the dependence of alloy composition on the oxygen fugacity. Au-Pd alloy capsules are essential to hydrous phase equilibrium studies at high-pressure and high-temperature, and the use of this model allows for the quantification of the oxygen fugacity of these experiments without compromising sample volume.
by Jay Arthur Barr.
Ph.D.
Carrasco, Nathalie. "Chimie des atmosphères planétaires : de la Terre à Titan , de Titan à la Terre primitive." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00667618.
Bekaert, David V. "Isotopic constraints on the origin and nature of primitive material in the Solar System and on early Earth." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0002.
The Earth formed some 4.5 Ga from the accumulation of dust, rocks and gas. The composition of these primitive materials is today recorded in meteorites. However, the origin of volatile elements within the atmosphere (e.g., H, C, N, O) remains poorly understood. By combining experimental approaches and the analysis of natural samples, I studied the composition of celestial objects comprising the ingredients required for the formation of the terrestrial atmosphere. These mainly correspond to volatile elements trapped in meteoritic organic materials and in the ice of cometary bodies. In order to better understand the timeline of Earth's formation and volatile accretion, I used noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) as tracers of the physical processes that occurred in the early Solar System and on primitive Earth. Whilst comets significantly contributed to the heavy noble gas budget of the terrestrial atmosphere (~20%), most of the other terrestrial volatile elements (including water, carbon and nitrogen) would have been supplied to Earth by chondrtitic bodies similar to meteorites. Once formed, the atmosphere evolved over geological periods of time, leading to the establishment of suitable environmental conditions for life to develop. The major processes that affected the mass and composition of the ancient atmosphere can be studied by investigating the isotopic evolution of atmospheric Xe, from 4.5 Ga to ~2 Ga. We investigate the possibility to bring constraints on the age of organic materials isolated from sedimentary ricks older than 2 Ga, using the isotopic signature of the Xe component that was trapped at the time of their formation. This method could have implications regarding the presumed age of the earliest remnants of organic life
QUESNEL, Yoann. "INTERPRETATION DES DONNEES MAGNETIQUES MARTIENNES : CONTRAINTES SUR L' EVOLUTION PRIMITIVE DE MARS." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00766102.
Fleury, Benjamin. "La haute atmosphère de la Terre primitive, une source de composés organiques prébiotiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV012/document.
The origin of the organic matter on the early Earth is an important subject of research in planetology. This thesis presents an experimental study of the formation of organic compounds in the atmosphere of the early Earth investigating the reactivity of gaseous mixtures majority made of N2 and CO2. They present an important reactivity highlighted by the formation of gaseous products and solid products called tholins. The formation of these products points out CO2 as an efficiency source of carbon for the organic atmospheric growth. The identification of the gaseous products and the elemental analysis of the tholins showed a composition by C, N, H and O highlighting an efficiency coupling between the chemistry of these elements necessary for the formation of prebiotic compounds. This type of study have been applied then toTitan, which have a more reduced atmosphere, made of N2 and CH4, but, which contained also oxygenated trace species: principally CO. The addition of CO in the reactive medium involves also a coupling between the chemistry of O and the C, N, H chemistry currently considered for Titan. Finally I propose and investigate experimentally two phenomena, which may involve a chemical evolution of the aerosols of Titan during their sedimentation to the surface. First, an exposition of tholins to VUV photons, characteristic of the thermosphere of Titan, involves a selective depletion of amines function in favor of aliphatic functions. Second, an irradiation by UV photons of condensed species at the surface of tholins involves a reactivity of the solid species in interaction with the tholins, changing their chemical composition
Ulvrová, Martina. "Dynamique des fluides et des transports appliquée à la Terre primitive." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00776472.
Dehouck, Erwin. "Caractérisation des processus d'altération à la surface de Mars primitive par approche expérimentale et télédétection." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00774415.
Marrocchi, Yves. "Incorporation des gaz rares dans la matière organique primitive du système solaire." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00258016.
Shah, Vijay Pravin. "A wavelet-based approach to primitive feature extraction, region-based segmentation, and identification for image information mining." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-07062007-134150.
Pons, Marie-Laure. "La Terre à l'Archéen. Apport des isotopes de métaux de transition (Zn, Fe)." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00682665.
Orange, François. "Fossilisation expérimentale de bactéries : appui à l?identification de signatures microbiologiques terrestres et extraterrestres." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00322744.
La fossilisation expérimentale a été suivie en microscopie électronique (MEB, MET, Cryo-MEB) pour l'étude morphologique, et par des analyses chimiques (GC, GC-MS, HPLC) pour l'étude de la dégradation ou de la préservation de la matière organique durant la fossilisation.
Cette étude a montré que tous les micro-organismes ne pouvaient pas être silicifiés. Les cellules de M. jannaschii ont ainsi lysé rapidement tandis, qu'à l'inverse, celles de P. abyssi, Geobacillus sp. et C. aurantiacus ont été préservées, avec des intensités de la fossilisation variables selon les espèces. Les micro-organismes ont souvent mis en place des mécanismes actifs pour se protéger de la silicification, comme la production d'EPS, ou la répulsion de la silice. Ces résultats suggèrent que les différences entre espèces ont une forte influence sur le potentiel des différents micro-organismes à être préservés par la fossilisation.
Cette étude fournit un bon aperçu des processus de silicification et de préservation des types de micro-organismes qui auraient pu exister sur la Terre primitive. La connaissance de ces mécanismes peut être utile pour la recherche et l'identification de microfossiles dans les roches terrestres et extraterrestres, tout particulièrement dans le cas de Mars.
Flahaut, Jessica. "Minéralogie de Valles Marineris (Mars) par imagerie hyperspectrale : histoire magnatique et sédimentaire de la région." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00663363.
Boulliung, Julien. "Solubilité, spéciation et diffusion de l'azote dans les verres et silicates fondus." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0254.
Nitrogen (N) belongs to the volatile elements (like hydrogen and carbon) that are essential for life on Earth. The behavior of N during high temperature geological processes, such as during magmatic processes, remains poorly understood. This study focuses on N solubility, speciation, and diffusion in silicate glasses and melts to better understand the N behavior during these processes. N solubility in silicate melts was studied for different melt compositions and for a wide range of fO₂ (IW –8 to IW +4.1) at 1425°C and 1 atm. The data obtained highlight the fundamental control of fO₂ and the degree of polymerization of the silicate melt on N solubility. These new data suggest that a mafic to ultra-mafic magma ocean could have incorporated a similar or higher amount of N compared to the actual bulk silicate Earth, suggesting that N may have been to the atmosphere and/or stored in Earth's deep interior (i.e., deep mantle, core). For the study of N diffusion in silicate glasses and melts, experimental and analytical developments were necessary. The first diffusion coefficient of N (as N³⁻) in silicate melts was determined from uni-axial diffusion experiments in a basaltic andesitic melt (4.2 × 10⁻⁸ cm².s⁻¹). The data highlight that N³⁻ diffusivity depends on melt composition. This dependence on the melt composition is more important than that of argon (Ar). Furthermore, N³⁻ diffusion is significantly slower than that of Ar in similar silicate melts, implying that N/Ar ratios can be fractionated during reducing magmatic processes (e.g., during Earth's magma ocean stage)
Morison, Adrien. "Convection dans le manteau primitif en interaction avec des océans de magma globaux." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN061.
A common scenario considered during the formation of Earth-like bodies is that of magma oceans. Indeed, the accretion energy as well as the heat produced by the radioactive decay of short-period elements is more than enough to melt entirely the primitive mantle, thereby forming a global magma ocean. The pressure-dependence of the solidification temperature as well as the steep isentropic temperature profile at the base of the mantle could lead to a crystallization of that global magma ocean from the middle. The primitive solid mantle could therefore be bounded by two global magma oceans: one above and one below.This PhD thesis focuses on two aspects of such a system. First, the solid part of the mantle and the magma oceans being of similar composition, convecting matter in the solid is not necessarily stopped by the solid/liquid interface but could instead go through it by melting/freezing provided that the phase change timescale is short enough compared to the viscous timescale needed to build a solid topography in the liquid oceans. A linear stability analysis and direct numerical simulations show the phase change at the boundary greatly affects convection in the solid part of the mantle. The critical Rayleigh number decreases, convective patterns have a larger wavelength, and the heat flux carried through the solid increases of up to several orders of magnitude compared to cases with classical boundary conditions.The second aspect explored in this thesis is the long-term evolution of the primitive mantle. Coupling convection in the solid with simple evolution models for the magma oceans allowed us to build a global evolution model of the primitive mantle monitoring the thermo-compositional evolution of the solid mantle and magma oceans. A linear stability analysis shows convection sets in the solid before the surface magma ocean crystallizes entirely. A preliminary direct numerical simulation shows the fractional crystallization of the basal magma ocean may lead to the formation of large thermo-chemical piles at the base of the solid mantle. These piles are similar to the large low-shear velocity provinces (LLSVP) observed today.The presence of global magma oceans could therefore have important consequences on the long-term evolution of the Earth: first, fractional crystallization of the magma oceans and convection in the solid part affect the resulting thermal and compositional structures; and second, the global heat budget could be tremendously affected by the high heat flux carried out by the solid part owing to the phase change boundary conditions
Marin, Carbonne Johanna. "Composition isotopique de l'oxygène et du silicium des cherts Précambriens : implications Paléo-environnementales." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL086N/document.
Cherts, which are siliceous rocks, are considered as possible proxies of paleo-environmental conditions of the Early Earth. These rocks contain various forms of quartz, microquartz being the predominant one. The study of oxygen and silicon isotopic composition in the various forms of silica in cherts of different ages, from 3,5 Ga to 1,9 Ga, allowed to better understand the origin and the formation of these rocks and allowed to try to reconstruct paleo-temperatures for Precambrian seawater. Isotopic measurements were obtained with the ims 1270 multicollector ion microprobe with a precision better than 0,2 ‰ for [delta]18O and of ˜ 0,3 ‰ for [delta]30Si. These analyses were combined with the measurement of traces elements concentrations (B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, Fe) with the ims 3f ion microprobe, with a petrographical study of microquartz and with the study of fluid inclusions in quartz veins. The major result is the existence at a micrometer scale of a large range of variations for [delta]18O (between 1 ‰ to 14?‰) and [delta]30Si (between 2‰ to 5‰). In the Gunflint cherts, the range of [delta]18O variation has been interpreted as due to diagenesis and has been used to reconstruct oceanic paleo-temperatures. The calculated temperatures range from +37°C to +52°C, suggesting an hot ocean during the Precambrian era if Gunflint cherts are representative of global environmental conditions. The [delta]30Si variations associated with that of trace elements concentrations allow to constrain the various origins of these cherts. The effect of fluid circulations on the isotopic compositions has been characterized by [delta]18O and [delta]30Si analyses and by fluid inclusions study. It is shown that in some cases the [delta]18O value of microquartz can be totally re-equilibrated with the hydrothermal or metamorphic fluids. The approach developed in this thesis will be decisive in future studies of Archean cherts for paleotemperature reconstructions
Fontaine, Asmaa. "Etude des équilibres chimiques dans le contexte d'accrétion et de différenciation des planètes telluriques." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22457/document.
Abundances of siderophile elements in the mantle indicate that the Earth’s core segregated in a deep magma ocean. Yet, it is unfortunately difficult to constrain the oxidation conditions prevailing during planetary accretion based on geochemical tracers due to the number of parameters playing a role in metalsilicate partitioning. In addition, the oxidation state of terrestrial planets can evolve during accretion. The nature of the accreted material during the formation of the terrestrial planets remains then still uncertain. Our strategy to improve our knowledge in this domain is to model the chemical equilibria taking place in the primitive Earth. The equilibria can evolve (i) as P-T conditions of core-mantle segregation increase with the size of the planet, (ii) due to crystallization of the magma ocean and (iii) with accretion of heterogeneous material of different composition and oxidation state. We explored the potential role of collisional erosion in the context of Earth’s accretion from Enstatite Chondrites. For this, we refined experimentally the chemical composition of pseudo-eutectic melts as a function of pressure up to 25 GPa. We show that the first melts are highly enriched in SiO2 (up to 75 wt% SiO2) and alkali elements (Na and K). Therefore, collisional erosion of proto-crusts on EH-planetesimals can efficiently increase their final Mg/Si ratio and decrease their alkali elements budget. It can help to reconcile compositional differences between bulk silicate Earth and Enstatite Chondrites. We performed new experiments on metal-silicate partitioning of sulphur. We show that the present-day sulphur concentration of the Earth’s mantle can be explained by core-mantle equilibration in a deep magma ocean. S-addition in a late veneer (Rose-Weston et al., 2009) cannot be excluded; however, it is not required in order to reach the S-mantel abundance. Our results are consistent with the non-chondritic S-isotopic nature of the mantle (Labidi et al., 2013). We modeled the core-mantle partitioning of the light elements (S, Si, O) at high pressures and temperatures, by taking into account of their mutual chemical interactions and that with C. With 2 wt% S in the core and a C concentration ranging 0 to 1.2 wt% (as evidenced with cosmochemical studies), we found the O solubility from 1 to 2.4 wt%. This O incorporation to the core is insufficient to both allow an Earth accretion from an oxidized meteoritic material and result in a planet composed of a core with a mass equivalent to the third of its mass and a mantle with 8 wt% FeO content. Reduced conditions during coremantle segregation are also required to enhance the Si content in the core, possibly up to 5 wt% Si, to explain the super chondritic Mg/Si of the bulk silicated Earth (Allègre et al., 1995; O’Neill et al. 1998). Altogether, we find that the Earth was most likely accreted from a reduced material, such as enstatite chondrites, leading to a core composed of 2 wt% S, 0 to 1.1 wt% C, 1 wt% O and 5.5 to 7 wt% Si. We investigated the role of Mg-perovskite (the most abundant mineral of the mantle) crystallization on the oxidation state of Earth’s mantle during cooling of the magma ocean. We show that its crystallization induces a decrease of FeO content of the solid mantle as Fe is incompatible in perovskite, when it is in equilibrium with a liquid Fe-alloy at an fO2 of IW-2. At these conditions, the Fe3+ insertion is also low and constant (Fe3+/ Fetot of 21 ±4 %). Hence, the Mg-Pv crystallization cannot be responsible for a substantial increase of the Earth’s mantle oxygen fugacity during core segregation. (...)
Boukaré, Charles-Edouard. "Dynamique du manteau dans la jeune Terre." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1011/document.
Early in the history of terrestrial planet, heat of accreation, radioactive deacay and core-mantle segratation may have melted the silicate mantle significantly. Magma ocean evolution depends on both physical properties of materials at relevant P-T conditions and the complex dynamics of a convecting cristallizing mantle. Present deep Earth mantle structures might be direclty linked to the crystallization of a potential magma ocean. We propose a complete thermodynamic model of the solid-liquid equilibrium in the MgO-FeO-SiO2 system which allows to compute self-consistenltly crystallization sequence at deep mantle conditions. The present study shows that, at thermodynamic equilibrium, the first solids that crystallize in the deep mantle are lighter than the liquid as they are more Mg-rich. This further enriches the melt in iron and this residual melt becomes much denser than the solid phase. Both the anti-freeze effect of iron and its high density suggest a mantle crystallization scenario similar to that described in Labrosse et al. (2007) where the ULVZ are iron rich and very fusible remnants of a primordial basal magma ocean. In addition, we have developped a multiphase convection code accounting for solid-liquid phase change, compaction and fractionnal cristallization. This mechanical model is dedicated to the investigation of the effects of various temperature profile and solid liquid density cross-overs on the dynamics of a cristallizing mantle. In this thesis, we show preliminary models illustrating the effect of chemical density contrasts between melt and solid in the case of univariant crystallization
Jacquet, Emmanuel. "Les solides du système solaire primitif : géochimie et dynamique." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00761687.
Wang, Haiyang. "Devolatilization During the Formation of Rocky Planets: Bulk Elemental Composition." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/153341.
Jannot, Séverine. "Genèse et évolution des magmas primitifs de la chaine des Puys (Massif Central): une approche par l'étude des inclusions magmatiques." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00684061.
Laubier, Muriel. "L'apport des inclusions magmatiques primitives à l'origine des basaltesocéaniques : Exemples de la zone FAMOUS (ride médio-Atlantique Nord)et du point chaud de la Réunion." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00155657.
Les inclusions magmatiques piégées dans un échantillon de la zone FAMOUS (ride médio-Atlantique Nord) se caractérisent par une variabilité importante de leurs teneurs en éléments majeurs et traces, qui excède largement la variabilité chimique des laves émises en surface dans la région. Les liquides inclus sont très primitifs (Mg# = 0.70-0.78) et présentent des similitudes de composition avec les liquides expérimentaux issus de la fusion partielle de lherzolites à spinelle à 1 GPa. Les compositions en éléments en traces évoluent depuis des compositions relativement appauvries ((La/Sm)N<0.75) jusqu'à des compositions légèrement enrichies ((La/Sm)N>1.2). Des modélisations géochimiques suggèrent qu'une grande part de la diversité chimique des inclusions résulte du processus de fusion polybare d'une source de composition homogène. Toutefois, une variation locale de la température potentielle et de la teneur en H2O du manteau semble requise pour reproduire certaines variations en éléments majeurs. Nous n'avons pas décelé de modifications chimiques des magmas liées à des interactions magma/roche (dissolution du clinopyroxène) lors de la ségrégation et l'ascension.
L'étude des inclusions magmatiques dans les olivines d'échantillons de l'île Maurice et l'île de la Réunion a mis en évidence une transition entre des liquides alcalins à transitionnels vers des basaltes à affinité tholéiitique. Cette évolution peut vraisemblablement être expliquée par une augmentation du degré de fusion d'une source péridotitique. D'autre part, la composition chimique et isotopique homogène au cours du temps du panache de la Réunion nous a autorisés à calculer la séquence d'incompatibilité des éléments traces lors du processus de fusion partielle à l'origine des liquides inclus. Les résultats indiquent un comportement très incompatible du Pb, alors que celui-ci est généralement considéré comme voisin du celui du Ce lors de la fusion dans un environnement océanique. Cette observation implique l'absence de sulfure résiduel dans la source du panache lors de l'extraction des magmas, ce qui singulariserait la source du panache de la Réunion des autres sources d'îles océaniques. Enfin, une modélisation de la source du panache suggère une composition relativement comparable à celle du manteau primitif, mais toutefois légèrement appauvrie en éléments les plus incompatibles. Ainsi, la source de la Réunion est constituée d'un manteau faiblement appauvri par l'extraction de la croûte continentale, qui, par la suite, n'a pas ou peu été modifié par les processus de différenciation ou de recyclage.
Charon, Emeline. "Géochimie et nanostructures des carbones des achondrites primitives : recherche de signatures pré-accrétionnelles par SIMS, Raman et METHR." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01059791.
Lebrun, Thomas. "Evolution thermique d'un océan de magma primitif en interaction avec l'atmosphère : conditions pour la condensation d'un océan d'eau." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00931698.
Le, Voyer Marion. "Rôle des fluides dans la genèse des magmas d'arcs : analyses in situ des éléments volatils et des isotopes du bore dans les inclusions magmatiques des olivines primitives." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00453889.
Lambart, Sarah. "Rôle des hétérogénéités mantelliques dans la genèse des MORB : Etude expérimentale de la fusion partielle des pyroxénites et des interactions magma/roche à haute pression." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00455407.
Lambart, Sarah. "Rôle des hétérogénéités mantelliques dans la genèse des MORB : étude expérimentale de la fusion partielle des pyroxénites et des interactions magma/roche à haute pression." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF22009.
Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.