Дисертації з теми "Pressure box"

Liquefaction is a costly phenomenon where soil shear modulus degrades as the generation of excess pore pressures begins. One of the methods to mitigate liquefaction, is the use of prefabricated vertical drains. Prefabricated vertical drains provide a drainage path to effectively mitigate the generation of pore pressures and aid in shear modulus recovery. The aims of this study were to define shear modulus degradation vs. shear strain as a function of excess pore pressure ratio; define the effects of prefabricated vertical drains on the behavior of pore pressure generation vs. shear strain; and to define volumetric strain as a function of shear strain and excess pore pressure ratios. A large-scale laminar shear box test was conducted and measured on clean sands with prefabricated vertical drains spaced at 3-feet and 4-feet. The resulting test data was analyzed and compared to data without vertical drains. The results show the effect of increasing excess pore pressure ratios on shear modulus and curves where developed to encompass these effects in design with computer programing like SHAKE or DEEPSOIL. The data also suggests that prefabricated vertical drains effectively mitigate excess pore pressure build-up, thus increased the shear strain resistance before pore pressures were generated. Regarding volumetric strain, the results suggests that the primary factor governing the measured settlement is the excess pore pressure ratio. This indicates that if the drains can reduce the excess pore pressure ratio, then the resulting settlement can successfully be reduced during a shaking event. The curves for shear modulus vs. cyclic shear strain as function of pore pressure ratio were developed using data with high strain and small strain which leaves a gap of data in the cyclic shear strain range of 0.0001 to 0.01. Further large-scale testing with appropriate sensitivity is needed to observe the effect excess pore pressure generation on intermediate levels of cyclic shear strain.

Seismic safety of underground structures (culvert, subway, natural gas and water sewage systems) plays a major role in sustainable public safety and urban development. Very few experimental data are currently available and there is not generally accepted procedure to estimate the dynamic pressures acting on underground structures. This study aims to enhance the state of prevalent information necessary in understanding the dynamic behavior of box culverts and the stresses acting under dynamic excitations through experimental analyses. For this purpose, a series of shaking table tests were conducted on box-type culverts buried in dry sand. To simulate the free-field boundary conditions, a laminar box was designed and manufactured for use in a 1-g shake table. Four culvert models having different rigidities were tested under various harmonic motions in order to examine the effect of flexibility ratio on dynamic lateral soil pressures. Based on the tests results, a simplified dynamic pressure distribution acting on sidewalls of the culvert model was suggested. Then, a dynamic lateral coefficient was defined for the proposed peak pressure value in the distribution. The values of this coefficient were obtained as a function of shear strain and relative stiffness between the soil and underground structure. Finally, a simplified frame analysis approach was suggested for the assessment of the forces on the structure, to help to carry out a preliminary design of box-type culverts. In this approach, it was assumed that the culvert was fixed at bottom and subjected to lateral stresses on sidewalls and shear stresses on the upper face. For the confirmation of the method, centrifuge tests were conducted on a box-type culvert model under the Seventh Framework Programme of European Union with Grant Agreement No.227887. Results show that the proposed simplified procedure can be used in reasonable accuracy as a practical approach for the preliminary assessment of box-type culverts buried in dry sand under seismic action.

Liquefaction is a major challenge in geotechnical engineering in which soil strength and stiffness are compromised due to earthquake activity. Understanding and predicting the behaviour and liquefaction susceptibility of soils under cyclic loading is a critical issue in civil engineering, mining and protective engineering. Numerous earthquake-induced ground failure events (e.g., substantial ground deformation, reduced bearing capacity) or liquefaction in natural fine-grained soils or manmade fine-grained soils (i.e., fine tailings) produced by mining activities have been observed and reported in the literature. Tailings are manmade soils that remain following the extraction of metals and minerals from mined ore in a mine processing plant. Traditionally, such tailings are stored in surface tailings impoundments at the mine’s surface. However, geotechnical and environmental risks and consequences related to conventional tailings impoundments have attracted the attention of the engineering community to develop novel methods of tailings disposal and management to minimize geotechnical and environmental risks. Thus, engineers have introduced and implemented innovative tailings technologies—thickened tailings and paste tailings—as cost-effective means for tailings management in mining operations. As both thickened tailings and paste tailings have lower water content and higher solid content than tailings in conventional impoundments, these tailings may be more resistant to liquefaction. However, it should be noted that the seismic or cyclic behaviour of these thickened and paste tailings, with and without heavy rainfall effects, are not fully understood. There is little technical information or data about the behaviour and liquefaction of thickened and paste tailings under seismic or cyclic loading conditions. The objective of the present PhD research is to investigate the response of layered thickened and paste tailings deposits, with and without heavy rainfall effects, to cyclic loads by conducting shaking table tests. To simulate the field deposition of thickened and paste tailings, tailings were deposited in three thin layers in a flexible laminar shear box (FLSB) attached to the shaking table equipment. A sinusoidal seismic loading at a frequency of 1 Hz and peak horizontal acceleration of 0.13g was applied at the bottom of the layered tailings deposits. Acceleration, displacement and pore water pressure responses to the cyclic loading were monitored at the middle depth of each layer of the tailings deposits. Regarding the acceleration response of these thickened and paste tailings deposits (without the effect of heavy rainfall), there was no difference between the middle of the bottom and middle layers or at the base of the shaking table. However, the acceleration at the middle of the top layer differed from the acceleration at the base of the shaking table. Throughout shaking, the layered tailings deposits (with and without the effect of heavy rainfall) exhibited contraction and dilation responses. The excess pore water pressure ratios of the layered thickened tailings deposit that was not exposed to heavy rainfall prior to shaking were found to exceed 1.0 during shaking. However, for the layered paste tailings deposit that was not exposed to the effect of heavy rainfall prior to shaking, the excess pore water pressure ratios were found to be lower than 0.85 during shaking. This reveals that without the effect of heavy rainfall, the layered thickened tailings deposit was susceptible to liquefaction, whereas the layered paste tailings deposit was resistant to liquefaction during shaking. The excess pore water ratios of the layered thickened and the paste tailings deposits that were exposed to heavy rainfall prior to shaking were found to be lower than 0.8 during shaking. This reveals that with the effect of heavy rainfall, the layered thickened and paste tailings deposits were resistant to liquefaction during shaking. The results and findings of this PhD research thus provide valuable information for the implementation of tailings in earthquake-prone areas.

Oб'єкт дoслiджeння: тoрцeвe сaльникoвe ущiльнeнь. Прeдмeт дoслiджeння: прoцeс гeрмeтизaцiї тoрцeвoгo сaльникoвoгo ущiльнeння. Мeтa рoбoти: дoслiджeння прoцeсу гeрмeтизaцiї в нoвих кoнструкцiях тoрцeвих сaльникoвих ущiльнeнь зa дoпoмoгoю числoвих мeтoдiв. Мeтoди дoслiджeння: aнaлiз i узaгaльнeння дaних джeрeл нaукoвo тeхнiчнoї iнфoрмaцiї; числoвe рiшeння зaдaчi гiдрoпружнoстi тoрцeвoгo сaльникoвoгo ущiльнeння числoвими мeтoдaми; eкспeримeнтaльнi дoслiджeння прoцeсу гeрмeтизaцiї тoрцeвих сaльникoвих ущiльнeнь. У рoбoтi були рoзглянутi нoвi кoнструкцiї тoрцeвих сaльникoвих ущiльнeнь (ТСУ), їх пeрeвaги i нeдoлiки. Був прoвeдeний oгляд нaукoвo- тeхнiчнoї лiтeрaтури. Викoнaний рoзрaхунoк тoрцeвoгo сaльникoвoгo ущiльнeння (ТСУ), який звoдиться дo рoзв'язaння зaдaчi гiдрoпружнoстi зa дoпoмoгoю прoгрaмнoгo кoмплeксу ANSYS Student. Прoвeдeнo пoрiвняльний aнaлiз рeзультaтiв числoвих рoзрaхункiв.

Дипломний проект: 87 стор., 7 табл., 4 рис., 15 першоджерел, 1 додаток Здійснено обґрунтування розробки технологічного потоку з виробництва газетного паперу в системі Відкритого акціонерного товариства «Жидачівський целюлозно-паперовий комбінат» продуктивністю 95 тис. т/рік. Наведено основні вимоги до сировини та готової продукції. Розроблено та описано технологічну схему виробництва газетного паперу зниженої маси марки ПГ-1. Виконано розрахунки матеріального балансу води та волокна, а також теплового балансу контактного сушіння. Наведено теоретичні відомості про основні технологічні процеси. Наведено об’ємно-планувальне рішення будівлі цеху та заходи щодо охорони навколишнього середовища на підприємстві.
Graduation project: 87 p., 7 tab., 4 fig., 15 primary sources, 1 appendix The substantiation of the development of the technological flow for the production of newsprint in the system of an open joint-stock company "Zhidachivsky pulp and paper plant" with a productivity of 95 thousand tons/year is grounded. The basic requirements for raw materials and finished products are given. The technological scheme of production of the pressed paper of the lower mass PG-1 is developed and described. The calculations of the material balance of water and fibers, as well as the thermal balance of contact drying, have been fulfilled. Theoretical information about the main technological processes is given. The volume-planning decision of the building of the shop and measures on environmental protection at the enterprise are presented.

This thesis describes the design work for the measurement of air values. The first part describes the airflow, pressure build-up in pipes and losses due to airflow losses. There is also a description of fans and explain their characteristics depending on the pressure generated by airflow. The next part describes the design of the measuring chamber, electronics and control for fully automatic measurement of air quantities.

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Cette dissertation a l'objectif de analyser, à l'intérieur d'une perspective historiographique, le contenu des discours de la presse catholique catarinense, via son représentant, le journal O Apóstolo . Établi en 1929 par l'Apostolat de la Prière de la Cathédrale Métropolitaine de Florianópolis, avec le support officiel de l'Église Catholique, et ultérieurement en s'établissant comme agence de la Congrégation Mariana de Florianópolis, O Apóstolo etait utilisé comme instrument de propagation de discours normalisateurs. Au cours de la période entre 1929 et 1959, les représentations normatives concernant à la famille et aux identité de genre, présents dans les pages de O Apóstolo , se construisaient non seulement formés dans des règles religieuses, mais ils dialoguaient avec des intérêts politiques et avec des intentions du clergé catarinense, sans perdre de vue les intérêts et les projets du Vatican. Ces discours normatifs, formés dans une perspective traditionnelle du Catholicisme, voulaient réagir contre une modernisation de la société qui menaçait sa vision de monde et qui proposait autres représentations et modèles de conduite. Des valeurs morales et de civilité, la préoccupation avec la conservation du corps, avec la lecture et avec le cinéma, la formation de modèles de sainteté féminine, étaient des sujets récurrents dans ces discours de O Apóstolo . Discours qui dialoguaient et résistaient aux dynamiques sociales, dans un jeu de stratégies, qui lui a rendues possible jouer un important rôle dans le processus de normalization de l'Église Catholique pendant première moitié du siècle XX
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar, dentro de uma perspectiva historiográfica, o conteúdo dos discursos da imprensa católica catarinense, através de seu representante, o jornal O Apóstolo. Fundado em 1929 pelo Apostolado da Oração da Catedral Metropolitana de Florianópolis, com apoio oficial da Igreja Católica, e posteriormente estabelecendo-se como órgão da Congregação Mariana de Florianópolis, O Apóstolo atuou como instrumento de propagação de discursos normatizadores. Dentro do período compreendido entre 1929 e 1959, as representações normativas referentes à família e a identidades de gênero, presentes nas páginas de O Apóstolo, construíam-se não apenas pautados em preceitos religiosos, mas dialogavam com interesses políticos e com anseios do clero catarinense, sem perder de vista os interesses e projetos do Vaticano. Estes discursos normativos, pautados em uma perspectiva tradicional do catolicismo, buscavam reagir contra uma modernização da sociedade que ameaçava sua visão de mundo e que propunha outras representações e modelos de conduta. Valores morais e de civilidade, a preocupação com a preservação do corpo, com a leitura e com o cinema, a construção de modelos de santidade feminina, eram temas recorrentes nestes discursos de O Apóstolo. Discursos que dialogavam e resistiam às dinâmicas sociais, em um jogo de estratégias, que lhe possibilitou desempenhar importante papel no processo normatizador da Igreja Católica durante a primeira metade do século XX

La traduction est une lecture de texte, ni plus, ni moins. Elle renseigne a la fois sur la reception et la fortune du texte original a l'etranger et sur le traducteur. Defiant les normes etablies dans la culture de reception, le texte traduit s'integre au patrimoine et merite ainsi d'etre etudie. Lorsqu'elle est contemporaine du texte original, elle peut en plus fournir des renseignements sur la genese de celui-ci. Journaliste, romancier et traducteur a la fois, l'abbe prevost (1687-1763) se sert de la traduction pour introduire la pensee anglaise en france a partir de 1733. Les textes publies dans le pour et contre montrent un gout varie et un choix souvent audacieux. Ainsi, le lecteur francais est invite a reflechir sur la hierarchie des arts, les avantages d'une plus grande variete au theatre et les moyens d'y parvenir, l'humour anglais, le bienfonde de l'esclavage, le fonctionnement d'une democratie parlementaire et la liberte d'expression. Neuf textes tires du pc signes swift, lillo, hill, caleb d'anvers, hamilton, etc. Presentes sous forme bilingue et accompagnes d'une iconographie, permettent de suivre la demarche deliberement informative qu'adopte ce traducteur, contraire a la pratique etablie. Maitre du defi bien renseigne, poli et elegant, prevost prepare la voie au drame bourgeois, a richardson et a hume autant qu'il s'exerce a de nouvelles formes d'ecriture qu'il incorpore dans son oeuvre originale
Translation is one way of reading a text and as such is a source of valuable information on both the history and fortunes of a foreign text abroad, and the translator. In becoming part of the recipient culture, the translated text challenges the accepted norms and deserves to be studied more closely. Where the translation is contemporary to its original, it may also be a source of valuable information on the creation of the original. The abbe prevost (1697- 1763) was a journalist, novelist and translator. His work in the latter capacity enables him to introduce english thinking into france from 1733 onwards. The texts that appear his periodical, the pour et contre (1733-1740) , show an editor with an eclectic taste, unafraid of introducing new, foreign ideas. His reader is made to think about the hierarchy in the arts, greater variety on the stage and the means of achieving this, english humour, slavery, parliamentary democracy and the freedom of expression. Nine texts from the pc by swift, lillo, caleb d'anvers, hamilton etc. Are reproduced in bi-lingual format together with their iconography, thus showing the deliberately informative approach this translator adopts, contrary to current practice. He is a master of the polite, well-informed and elegant challenge and paves the way to domestic tragedy, richardson and hume whilst also practising new forms of writing which he incorporates in his own work

Dès les premiers jours de la Libération, de nombreux films sur la Seconde Guerre mondiale vont être projetés dans les salles de cinéma françaises. Entre la fin de l’année 1944 et 1950, ce sont 302 films qui prennent le conflit comme sujet. Pourtant, ces films qui sortent en France ne sont pas issus des mêmes pays, ne datent pas tout à fait de la même période, et n’abordent pas la guerre de la même façon. Surtout, ces films ne vont pas traiter des mêmes victimes de la guerre. Il y a des différences importantes entre une chronique française de l’Occupation, un film de guerre américain, la vision du retour des prisonniers italiens, une histoire de résistants soviétiques ou le récit de vie de citoyens britanniques. Le public français et la presse de l’époque qui commente ces sorties ne reçoivent pas ces différentes visions de la Seconde Guerre mondiale de la même façon. Étudier ces films et l’accueil qui leur a été réservé au lendemain du conflit permet de mieux comprendre la mise en place d’une mythologie de l’évènement en France. Mon étude analyse en trois parties ces représentations des différentes victimes de la guerre, et leur réception dans l’immédiat après-guerre. La première présente les concepts théoriques de l’histoire au cinéma, et l’histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale telle qu’elle est visible durant la période, en prenant en compte des statistiques générales élaborées pour cette étude. Les deux parties suivantes proposent des études de cas, sélectionnés pour leur représentativité. On se concentre d’abord sur les différents types de victimes combattantes – les militaires à la guerre, les militaires hors du front, les résistants et enfin les espions et assimilés. Ensuite, on étudie les victimes non-combattantes – les civils occupés, les civils libres, les prisonniers et déportés, les prisonniers de retour, les Juifs et victimes de l’antisémitisme et enfin les enfants
In the immediate aftermath of the French liberation, theaters across the country began to project movies centered around the recent conflict. Between 1944 and 1950, World War II was the central theme of more than 302 films. However, these films came from different countries; they were not produced at the exact same time; they did not depict the conflict through the same angle; and more importantly, they did not cover the same class of war victims. Wide differences exist between a French chronicle of the Occupation and a U.S. war movie, a depiction of the homecoming of Italian prisoners and the story of soviet resistance or a narration of British citizens’ everyday life during the war. At the time, the response of the French audience and critics to these diverse movie releases varied greatly too. By studying these movies and their reception at the time of their releases, the present study informs our understanding of the emergence of the French mythology surrounding this major conflict. In three chapters, I analyze the cinematographic depictions of various groups of war victims in movies of this era, as well as the audience and critics’ response at the time. In the first chapter, I describe the theoretical underpinnings of the cinema history, as well as the narration of World War II as presented by these movies, using statistics specifically collected for this study. The two following chapters offer a series of representative case studies. I first focus on different groups of victims actively involved in the conflict: militaries on and off the front-lines, members of the resistance, and spies and assimilated individuals. I then study the non-fighting victims: civilians under the occupation, civilians living in the free zone, homecoming prisoners, members of the Jewish community and other victims of antisemitism, and finally, the children

The diploma thesis focuses on the optimization of technological parameters of plastic injection molding and the study of the influence of technological parameters on the quality of molded test specimens’ type 1A. The quality of molded parts for 3 types of polypropylene (PP) with different melt flow rate (Mosten GB 002, Mosten GB 218, Mosten MA 230) and 1 type of polystyrene (PS) (Krasten PS GP 154) was evaluated in terms of dimensional stability and weight. The contribution of software for modeling the plastic injection molding process was evaluated in this work. SOLIDWORKS Plastics software was used to optimize technological parameters. The construction of the bodies, mold and cooling system was constructed, and test bodies were produced on the basis of parameters obtained from the simulation of the injection molding process. Their quality parameters were compared with a 3D model and for each of the studied materials the optimal technological parameters were selected in terms of quality and the degree of influence of individual injection parameters on the quality of moldings was evaluated. The accordance of the results of the theoretical simulation with the real experiment was proved and a computational module independent of the optimized quality parameters, generally suitable for optimizing the quality parameters of the injected parts, was developed.

Cette thèse retrace les parcours croisés de deux éditeurs de presse : Lucien Vogel (1886-1954) et de Michel de Brunhoff (1892-1958). Après La Gazette du bon ton en 1912, les deux beaux-frères lancent Vogue français et le Jardin des modes en 1920. Ces revues, qui accordent une place majeure à l'illustration, contribuent à moderniser radicalement la presse féminine. Le parcours éditorial de Vogel et de Brunhoff, centré autour de la presse féminine. La presse d'art (Feuillets d'Art, Arts et métiers graphiques) et la mode, est semblable jusqu'à la fin des années 1920 avant de diverger en 1928 lorsque Vogel fonde le magazine photographique Vu. À partir de cette période, alors que Brunhoff reste attaché à la réalisation de magazines de mode, Vogel s'engage sur la voie de la politique, défendant avec Le Petit Journal, Marianne et Messidor, des idées de gauche et un antifascisme prononcé. Afin d'appréhender l'itinéraire général de Lucien Vogel et de Michel de Brunhoff tout en en saisissant les singularités - leur rôle dans le renouvellement de la presse féminine, leur intérêt pour les questions techniques liées à l'illustration ainsi que les choix opérés par Vogel en 1930 -, c'est une étude chronologique et comparée que cette thèse a entreprise. En grande partie biographique, afin de mettre en lumière la personnalité et le parcours de Vogel et de Brunhoff de leurs débuts professionnels à leur fin de carrière, cette réflexion se veut aussi une contribution plus générale à l’histoire culturelle, à l'histoire de la presse illustrée, et celle de la presse féminine du début du XXe siècle dans laquelle ces éditeurs ont laissé l'image d'innovateurs de presse et d'éditeurs esthètes
This thesis recounts the crossed career paths of two publishers : Lucien Vogel (1886-1954) and Michel de Brunhoff (1892-1958). After La Gazette du bon ton launched in 1912, the two brothers-in-law published French Vogue and Le Jardin des modes in 1920. These three journals, which give a major role to the illustration, contribute to radically modernize women's magazines. The editorial career of Vogel and de Brunhoff, centered around women's magazines, art press (Feuillets d'Art, Arts et métiers graphiques) and fashion is similar to the late 1920s before diverging in 1928 when Vogel founded the photography magazine Vu. From this period, while Brunhoff remains committed to achieving fashion magazines, Vogel is committed towards politics, defending with Le Petit Journal, Marianne and Messidor, leftist ideas and a pronounced anti-fascism. To understand the general career of Lucien Vogel and Michel de Brunhoff while understanding its singularities - their role in the renewal of women's magazines, their interest in technical issues related to the illustration and the choices made by Vogel in 1930 - this thesis study is based on a chronological and compared work. Largely biographical, to highlight the personality and career of Vogel and de Brunhoff from their profession al beginnings to the end of their career, this reflection has also to be taken as a more general contribution to cultural history, to illustrated press history, and to the history of women's magazines of beginning of the twentieth century in which both publishers have left an image of groundbreaking and aesthetes publishers

This diploma thesis solves the problems of hydrothermal processes in walls of wooden houses and associated issues. A chosen were two apartment buildings, where they underwent exmerimental measurement of indor air, in order to determine the boundary conditions commonly boundary building evelope. Was followed by hygrothermal analysis of four commonly used constructions of wooden buildings in the Czech Republic, using various numerical methods. The quantity of information obtained from various numerical methods were analyzed individually. The final part of the thesis is devoted to experimental measurements of diffusion properties of materials. Namely foil vapor barrier, in terms of its influence on the perforation vapor diffusion resistance factor. Information obtained from the experiments were applied to re numerical analysis for walls with a foil vapor barrier. Followed by comparing both cases, in terms of changes hygrothermal behavior of structures with influence of perforation of the vapor barrier.

It is known that boron containing compounds exhibit interesting chemical and physical properties. In the past 50 years modern preparative methods have led to an overwhelming number of different structures of novel and often unexpected boron–sulfur and boron–selenium compounds. Among all these new compounds, there was only one which comprises rare earth metal (RE), boron and heavier chalcogen, namely sulfur, the europium thioborate Eu[B2S4] [1]. Selenoborates of rare earth metals are hitherto unknown. On the other hand, rare earth oxoborates represent a well-known class of compounds [2] with a wide range of applications, especially in the field of optical materials. In addition, well-defined boron compounds containing the heavier group 16 elements are fairly difficult to prepare due to the high reactivity of in situ formed boron chalcogenides towards most container materials at elevated temperatures. The chalcogenoborates of the heavier chalcogens are sensitive against oxidation and hydrolysis and therefore have to be handled in an inert environment. Therefore, developing and optimization of preparative routes for the syntheses of pure and crystalline RE thio- and selenoborates was needed. In the course of this study, the application of different preparation routes, such as optimized high-temperature routes (HT), metathesis reactions and high-pressure high-temperature routes (Hp – HT), led to sixteen new rare earth thioborates. Their crystal structures were solved and/or refined from powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction data, while the local structure around rare earth metal was confirmed from the results of the EXAFS analyses. Quantum mechanical calculations were used within this work in order to investigate the arrangement of intrinsic vacancies on the boron sites in the crystal structures of rare earth thioborates. Thermal, magnetic and optical properties of these compounds are also discussed. The rare earth thioborates discovered during this work are the first examples of ternary thioborates containing trivalent cations. These compounds can be divided into two groups of isotypic compounds: the rare earth orthothioborates with general formula REIII[BS3] (RE = La – Nd, Sm, Gd and Tb) [3] and the rare earth thioborate sulfides with general formula REIII¦9B5S21, (RE = Gd – Lu, and Y) [4]. In the crystal structure of RE[BS3] (orthorhombic, space group Pna21, Z = 4), the sulfur atoms form the vertices of corrugated kagome nets, within which every second triangle is occupied by boron and the large hexagons are centered by RE cations. The structural features of the isotypic RE[BS3] phases show great similarities to those of rare earth oxoborates RE[BO3] and orthothioborates of alkali and alkaline earth metals as well as to thallium orthothioborate, yet pronounced differences are also observed: the [BS3]3– groups in the crystal structures of RE[BS3] are more distorted, where the distortion decreases with the decreasing size of the RE element, and the coordination environments of the [BS3]3– groups in the crystal structures of RE[BS3] are different in comparison with the coordination environments of the [BO3]3– groups in the crystal structures of λ-Nd[BO3] [5] and of o-Ce[BO3] [6]. The results of the IR and Raman investigations are in agreement with the presence of [BS3]3– anions in the crystal structure of RE[BS3]. Thermal analyses revealed the thermal stability of these compounds under inert conditions up to ~ 1200 K. Analyses of the magnetic properties of the Sm, Gd and Tb thioborates showed that both Gd and Tb phases order antiferromagnetically. The magnetic susceptibility for Sm orthothioborate approximately follows the Van-Vleck theory for Sm3+. Between 50 K and 62 K a transition appears which is independent of the magnetic field: the magnetic susceptibility becomes lower. This effect might indicate a discontinuous valence transition of Sm which was further investigated by means of XANES and X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation, both at low temperatures. The series of isotypic RE thioborate sulfides with composition RE9B5S21, was obtained by the application of Hp – HT conditions to starting mixtures with the initial chemical composition “REB3S6“, after careful optimization of the pressure, temperature and treatment time, as well as the composition of the starting mixtures. Their crystal structures adopt the Ce6Al3.33S14 [7] structure type (hexagonal, space group P63, Z = 2/3). The special features of the RE9B5S21 crystal structures, concerning boron site occupancies and different coordination environments of the two crystallographically independent boron sites, were investigated in more detail by means of quantum chemical calculations, electron diffraction methods, optical and X-ray absorption spectroscopy as well as by 11B NMR spectroscopy. The results obtained from these different experimental and computational methods are in good mutual agreement. The crystal structures of the RE9B5S21 compounds are characterized by two types of anions: tetrahedral [BS4]5– and trigonal planar [BS3]3– as well as [(S2–)3] units. Isolated [BS4]5– tetrahedra (all pointing with one of their apices along the polar [001] direction) represent a unique feature of the crystal structure which is observed for the first time in a thioborate compound. These tetrahedra are stacked along the three-fold rotation axes. Vacancies are located at the trigonal-planar coordinated boron site with preferred ordering –B–B––B–B–– along [001]. No superstructure is observed by means of electron diffraction methods as adjacent columns are shuffled along the c axis, giving rise to a randomly distributed vacancy pattern. Positions of the sulfur atoms within the [(S2–)3] substructure as well as planarity of the [BS3]3– units were investigated in more detail by means of quantum mechanical calculations. Results of the IR and Raman spectroscopy, as well as of the 11B NMR spectroscopy are in agreement with the presence of the boron atoms in two different coordination environments. Thermal analyses showed that compounds RE9B5S21 are stable under inert conditions up to ~ 1200 K. In accordance with the combined results of experimental and computational investigations, the chemical formula of the RE9B5S21 compounds is consistent with RE3[BS3]2[BS4]3S3. A short overview of investigations towards rare earth selenoborates, where in most of the cases only known binary rare earth selenides could be identified, is presented as well in this work. Investigations in the RE–B–Se systems were conducted by the application of different preparation routes by varying the experimental parameters and the initial compositions of the starting mixtures. Although no crystal structure of a ternary phase in these systems could be solved, there are indications that such phases exist, but further investigations are needed. [1] M. Döch, A. Hammerschmidt, B. Krebs, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 2004, 630, 519. [2] H. Huppertz, Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 131; and references therein. [3] J. Hunger, M. Borna, R. Kniep, J. Solid State Chem., 2010, 182, 702; J. Hunger, M. Borna, R. Kniep, Z. Kristallogr. NCS, 2010, 225, 217; M. Borna, J. Hunger, R. Kniep, Z. Kristallogr. NCS, 2010, 225, 223; M. Borna, J. Hunger, R. Kniep, Z. Kristallogr. NCS, 2010, 225, 225. [4] M. Borna, J. Hunger, A. Ormeci, D. Zahn, U. Burkhardt, W. Carrillo-Cabrera, R. Cardoso-Gil, R. Kniep, J. Solid State Chem., 2011, 184, 296; [5] H. Müller-Bunz, T. Nikelski, Th. Schleid, Z. Naturforsch. B, 2003, 58, 375. [6] H. U. Bambauer, J. Weidelt, J.-St. Ysker, Z. Kristallogr., 1969, 130, 207. [7] D. de Saint-Giniez, P. Laruelle, J. Flahaut, C. R. Séances, Acad. Sci. Ser. C, 1968, 267, 1029.

Les activités humaines sont la principale cause des changements globaux avec des conséquences néfastes sur l’ensemble de la biodiversité, aussi bien terrestre que marine. Dans ce contexte, de nombreux pays dont la France souhaite endiguer ce phénomène à travers l’amélioration des réseaux de surveillance et de gestion des écosystèmes à l’aide de nouvelles méthodes et approches qui visent, notamment l’atteinte d’un bon état écologique de leurs masses d’eaux. C’est l’objectif principal que s’est fixé ce projet de thèse, en se concentrant sur un écosystème sentinelle de Méditerranée, les herbiers de Posidonia oceanica. P. oceanica est une plante sous-marine endémique de méditerranée, indicatrice de la qualité de son environnement. En croisant sa distribution spatiale avec des données biologiques et de pressions anthropiques, il est possible de proposer des nouveaux indicateurs faciles à calculer à l’échelle de tout le littoral français (1800 km).Nous avons par une approche multidisciplinaire, mêlant cartographie participative, analyse d’images anciennes et données écologiques actuelles, pu localiser d’anciens herbiers aujourd’hui disparus et quantifier l’importance du déclin (70 % en 66 années par exemple à Agde et Rochelongue). Nos résultats montrent aussi que les indices de composition et de configuration paysagère reflètent bien l’état de conservation d’un herbier de P. oceanica. En utilisant ces indices paysagers, nous avons mis en place une nouvelle approche pour définir des zones de conservation clés pour la gestion de P. oceanica sur la base de l’influence de variables environnementales et d’activités humaines. Enfin nous avons aussi montré qu’en dégradant les herbiers de P. oceanica, les activités humaines favorisent l’installation d’algues exotiques envahissantes, mais peuvent aussi constituer un frein à ces mêmes invasions en modifiant les conditions locales environnementales et en les rendant défavorables aux espèces invasives.Ces résultats laissent présager de multiples applications pour améliorer la gestion et la surveillance du milieu marin en Méditerranée française
Human activities are the main cause of global changes with adverse impacts on all biodiversity, both terrestrial and marine. In this context, many countries, including France, wish to stop this problem by improving networks for monitoring and managing ecosystems using new methods and approaches that aim, in particular, to achieve good ecological status of their water masses. This is the main objective of this thesis project, focusing on a Mediterranean sentinel ecosystem, the Posidonia oceanica seagrass. P. oceanica is an underwater plant endemic to the Mediterranean, and an indicator of the quality of its environment. By linking its spatial distribution with biological data and anthropogenic pressures, it is possible to develop new indicators that are easy to measure at the scale of the entire French coastline (1800 km).Through a multidisciplinary approach, combining participatory mapping, analysis of old images and current ecological data, we have been able to identify the location of former P. oceanica seagrass that have now disappeared and quantify the extent of the decline (70% in 66 years for example in Agde and Rochelongue). Our results also show that the indices of landscape composition and configuration reflect well the state of conservation of a P. oceanica seagrass. Using these landscape indices, we have developed a new approach to define key conservation areas for the management of P. oceanica based on the influence of environmental variables and human activities. Finally, we have also shown that by degrading the P. oceanica seagrass, human activities favour the installation of invasive exotic algae, but can also act as a barrier to invasions by modifying local environmental conditions and making them unfavourable to invasive species.These results suggest multiple applications to improve the management and monitoring of the marine environment in the French Mediterranean

碩士
國立中央大學
化學工程與材料工程研究所
94
Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is a cyclic process used for separation of gas mixtures. This process uses variation of pressure as the main operating parameter to achieve separation and is becoming increasingly popular for the production of oxygen or nitrogen from air. The heat released during gas adsorption will increase the bed temperature, which is an unfavorable to adsorption. On the other hand, gas desorption is an endothermic process and the decrease of temperature caused by desorption is unfavorable to desorption. In this study, the traditional cylindrical adsorbers are replaced by flat-box adsorbers, which are stacked together. We hope this design can reach higher performance of PSA by letting the released heat from the adsorption bed be transferred to the desorption bed. This simulation is performed for the bulk separation of air (21% oxygen ; 79% nitrogen) in Skarstrom cycle and 5A zeolite is utilized as adsorbent. The second part of simulation is to separate water from air(air with relative humidity 90% , equivalent to a water concentration of 3.4241%). In the second part, the adsorbent used is γ-Alumina. This study uses the equilibrium model and the pressure drop can be neglected. We assumed instantaneous equilibrium between solid and gas phase with non-isothermal operation. The simulation results of flat-box type adsorbers and traditional cylindrical adsorbers are compared. The oxygen concentration of products of the flat-box adsorbers is higher than that of the traditional cylindrical adsorbers. From the graphs of adsorber’s temperature, expected temperature changes is observed. The effects of operating variables such as steps time, adsorption pressure, the ratio of bed width to bed height, the heat transfer coefficient between neighboring adsorbers are investigated on the performance of PSA.

碩士
中原大學
生物醫學工程研究所
104
The cases of infection in hospital are increasing recently. The main pathway of infection are: the adhesion of bacterial on medical equipment, patient infection or cross contact vehicle of transmission. Sterilization can reduce the case of infection hospital, but most of way to sterilize may take a lot of time, materials are also limited and must in vacuum state, these cause the medical equipment can’t be used immediately and are inconvenient. The low temperature atmosphere plasma is gradually applied to sterilize. In this study, a new type of atmospheric plasma system with a Dielectric barrier Discharge (DBD) is designed, in order to sterilize the medical equipment in a short time and can be repeatable to use. After sterilization in different times, it seems to have reached 99% of sterilization efficiency to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, the operating voltage is 8.24 kV, and total power is 27 W when activating, reactive oxygen species such as oxygen and hydroxyl radicals can be detected by Optical Emission Spectroscopy. The low temperature atmospheric plasma sterilization box I develop in this research is in a small size, low cost, simple to operate. Therefore, this study prove that this plasma system is consider to sterilization effectively in a short time. I hope this study can be commercialize in the future and can provide to hospital a plasma system that is in a small size, sterilize in a short time and polymer materials also can be sterilized by plasma system.

碩士
逢甲大學
電聲碩士學位學程
102
With the development of sciences and techniques, listening to music is not only the right of aristocracy . It’s already become a kind of indispensable recreation in our normal life. There are many kinds of loudspeaker box, each species has its uniqueness. Different types of the loudspeaker box will effect on the frequency response and sound field. This thesis will focus on the characteristics when put the speaker and sound hole’s at different position, change the distance from the speaker to sound hole or the different sound hole diameter of the vector loudspeaker box . Through the COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software to simulate, in order to understand the relation between sound hole and loudspeaker box, and with same box volume but different structure’s effect. As the result, when the speaker and sound hole’s position at the same side, or the sound hole’s position behind the speaker is better. If the loudspeaker box’s structures is more complex the characteristics will be better.

Os recursos marinhos tem sido vistos como uma alternativa promissora aos recursos fosseis finitos, permitindo impulsionar a implementacao dos conceitos de biorefinaria, economia circular e economia azul. De facto, tem-se observado um aumento dos investimentos biotecnologicos marinhos, em particular envolvendo algas, devido a sua composicao heterogenea e abundancia em compostos bioativos. A Bifurcaria bifurcata (macroalga castanha) tem merecido especial destaque devido a sua capacidade de biossintetizar diterpenos lineares (raramente encontrados noutras especies). Contudo, as metodologias de extracao convencionais normalmente usadas para extrair estes compostos envolvem solventes organicos, muitas vezes toxicos, recorrendo a elevadas temperaturas que promovem a degradacao de compostos termo-sensiveis. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar e otimizar a extracao de diterpenos da B. bifurcata recorrendo a uma metodologia amiga do ambiente, nomeadamente, a extracao por alta pressao (HPE). Esta foi comparada com a extracao convencional em Soxhlet, usando diclorometano. Recorreu-se a um desenho Box-Behnken, para estudar os efeitos lineares, quadraticos e de interacao de 3 variaveis independentes (pressao (..1), percentagem de etanol (..2), e tempo (..3)) nas variaveis de resposta (rendimento de extracao e conteudo em diterpenos, mg g-1 de extrato e mg kg-1 de peso seco), e atraves da metodologia de superficie de resposta foram estimadas as condicoes otimas de extracao (..1: 600 MPa; ..2: 80%; ..3: 5 min). Sob as condicoes otimas de HPE, conseguiu-se obter um extrato com um teor em diterpenos (612,22 } 10,58 mg g-1 de extrato) 12,2 vezes superior ao obtido pela extracao convencional (50,14 } 13,18 mg g-1 de extrato). Do mesmo modo, a quantidade de diterpenos extraida por kg de biomassa seca foi tambem superior nos extratos de HPE (38 954,14 } 633,11) face aos extratos convencionais (6 394,29 } 766,87). A atividade antioxidante, expressa em valores de IC50, do extrato obtido sob as condicoes otimas mostrou-se consideravelmente superior (27,59 } 1,59 ƒÊg mL-1) ao obtido pelo metodo convencional (777,15 } 16,25 ƒÊg mL-1). Em suma, estes resultados indicam que a metodologia de HPE e uma metodologia bastante promissora, comparativamente as metodologias convencionais para a obtencao de extratos da B. bifurcata enriquecidos em diterpenos lineares.
Marine resources have been seen as a promising alternative for finite fossil resources, allowing to boost the concepts of biorefinery, circular economy and blue economy. In fact, an increase of the marine biotechnology investments has been observed, in particular involving algae, due to their heterogeneous composition and abundance in bioactive compounds. Bifurcaria bifurcarta (brown macroalgae) has earned special emphasis due to their ability to biosynthesize linear diterpenes (rarely found in other species). However, the conventional extraction methods normally used to extract these compounds involve the use of organic solvents, often toxics and mostly at high temperatures, which lead to the degradation of thermo-sensible compounds. In this context, the main objective of this work was to study and optimize the diterpenes extraction from B. bifurcata through an eco-friendly methodology, namely, high pressure extraction (HPE). This was compared with a conventional Soxhlet extraction, using dichloromethane. Box-Behnken design was employed to evaluate the linear, quadratic, and interaction effects of 3 independent variables (pressure (𝑋1), ethanol percentage (𝑋2), and time of extraction (𝑋3)) on response variables (extraction yield and diterpenes content (mg g-1 of extract and mg kg-1 of dry weight) and the optimal extraction conditions (𝑋1: 600 MPa; 𝑋2: 80%; 𝑋3: 5 min) were estimated by response surface methodology (RSM). The B. bifurcata extract obtained at the HPE optimal conditions showed a diterpenes content (612.22 ± 10.58 mg g-1 de extract) 12.2 fold higher than that obtained by conventional extraction (50.14 ± 13.18 mg g-1 de extract). Similarly, diterpenes content per kg of dry biomass was also higher in HPE extracts (38 954.14 ± 633.11) than in Soxhlet extracts (6 394.29 ± 766.87). The antioxidant activity, expressed as IC50 values, of the extract obtained under optimal conditions showed to be considerably higher (27.59 ± 1.59 μg mL-1) than that obtained by the conventional method (777.15 ± 16.25 μg mL-1). In conclusion, these results indicate that HPE is a promising methodology, comparatively to conventional methodologies to obtain linear diterpenes rich extracts from B. bifurcata.
Mestrado em Biotecnologia

Large air-cooled heat exchangers (ACHEs) are most popularly implemented in the petrochemical and power industries at arid locations. They operate on a simple concept of convective heat transfer, whereby air in the surrounding atmosphere is caused to flow across a tube bundle, which in turn transports a process fluid. The distribution and direction of the process fluid flow may furthermore be guided via a set of appropriately located header boxes, which essentially consist of a collection of welded flat plates and nozzle attachments. Perforations on one of the faces of these boxes serve as an interface to the tube bundle. The overall design and construction of an ACHE is commonly regulated by an American Petroleum Institute (API) standard, which is required to be used in conjunction with acceptable design codes. In spite of this, the design of certain header box configurations remains of prominent concern. It is the focus of the present study to investigate the approach adopted for a header box variant labelled as the removable cover type. In this configuration, one of the plates used to construct the header box is fastened and sealed by a collection of bolted joints and a gasket, allowing it to be removed. One appropriate design code for the header box equipment is the ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) boiler and pressure vessel code. However, it provides no specific approach pertaining to the removable cover design. Instead it has been commonplace in industry for a number of aspects from this code to be synthesized, together with a collection of assumptions surrounding the header box behaviour, into an all encompassing design by rule approach. In this approach, the header box behaviour is accepted as being planar, whilst circumstances such as nozzle attachments and associated loading would suggest that a more comprehensive approach should be undertaken. The aim of the present study is therefore to critically evaluate the current practice, and establish its adequacy. To do so, a detailed three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) of an example header box design is developed. Subsequent comparisons with the stress distribution predicted via current practice show that the existing analytical model gives inaccurate and, in cases, overly conservative results. A new analytical approach developed from rigid frame theory is demonstrated to provide improved correlation with FEM. The linear elastic design by analysis approach, presented in the ASME code, is also utilised as a method for establishing design adequacy. Results obtained via design by analysis incorporating the finite element method are shown to be less conservative than those arising from design by rule methods. The design by analysis approach is also used to conduct a more detailed investigation of nozzle placement and external loading. In general, the effect of including a nozzle did not result in a significant increase in side plate stress, with failure more likely to occur within the nozzle wall.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
unrestricted

碩士
國立臺灣大學
工程科學及海洋工程學研究所
96
The purpose of this article is to study the strength of containership due to bow flare slamming and plunge by using FEA (finite element analysis). In the numerical analysis, finite element software, MSC/Patran and Nastran, is the analytic tool. In slamming case, an actual containership with damage in bow structures is used as the sample ship to establish FE (finite element) model including bow structures. The slamming impact loads used in the calculation are obtained from rules of classification society and then applied to the analysis of the static and buckling. According to the results of the analysis, we stiffen the structures with damage. In plunge case, the sample ship is same as slamming case, and the established FE model is extend to NO.3 cargo hold. The loads due to plunge are according to different draft, then, confer the strength of structures connected NO.1 cargo hold by the results of static analysis. According to the results obtained from this research approach, use it for the basis about the design of ship structures in the future.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
工程科學及海洋工程學研究所
97
The purpose of this article is to study the strength of containership due to bow flare slamming and plunge by using FEA (finite element analysis). In the numerical analysis, finite element software, MSC/Patran and Nastran are used to be the analytic tools. In slamming case, an actual containership with damage in bow structures is used as the sample ship, using the established FE (finite element) model including bow structures as an analytic target .Refer to the rules of classification society and references to know the wave impact pressure and duration time of wave impact, and then design different wave impact situations applied to the bow flare. Comparing the results of the analysis with the actual damaged part of the bow structure, we can know the real wave impacts, approximately. In plunge case, the sample ship is same as slamming case. This article takes the inertial force of the ship structure into consideration to modify the method provided from LR. Eliminating unreasonable constrained conditions of the LR method to achieve a much more realer phenomenon. Referring to the results obtained from this research approach, use it as the basis for the design of ship structures in the future.

Dès les premiers jours de la Libération, de nombreux films sur la Seconde Guerre mondiale vont être projetés dans les salles de cinéma françaises. Entre la fin de l’année 1944 et 1950, ce sont 302 films qui prennent le conflit comme sujet. Pourtant, ces films qui sortent en France ne sont pas issus des mêmes pays, ne datent pas tout à fait de la même période, et n’abordent pas la guerre de la même façon. Surtout, ces films ne vont pas traiter des mêmes victimes de la guerre. Il y a des différences importantes entre une chronique française de l’Occupation, un film de guerre américain, la vision du retour des prisonniers italiens, une histoire de résistants soviétiques ou le récit de vie de citoyens britanniques. Le public français et la presse de l’époque qui commente ces sorties ne reçoivent pas ces différentes visions de la Seconde Guerre mondiale de la même façon. Étudier ces films et l’accueil qui leur a été réservé au lendemain du conflit permet de mieux comprendre la mise en place d’une mythologie de l’évènement en France. Mon étude analyse en trois parties ces représentations des différentes victimes de la guerre, et leur réception dans l’immédiat après-guerre. La première présente les concepts théoriques de l’histoire au cinéma, et l’histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale telle qu’elle est visible durant la période, en prenant en compte des statistiques générales élaborées pour cette étude. Les deux parties suivantes proposent des études de cas, sélectionnés pour leur représentativité. On se concentre d’abord sur les différents types de victimes combattantes – les militaires à la guerre, les militaires hors du front, les résistants et enfin les espions et assimilés. Ensuite, on étudie les victimes non-combattantes – les civils occupés, les civils libres, les prisonniers et déportés, les prisonniers de retour, les Juifs et victimes de l’antisémitisme et enfin les enfants
In the immediate aftermath of the French liberation, theaters across the country began to project movies centered around the recent conflict. Between 1944 and 1950, World War II was the central theme of more than 302 films. However, these films came from different countries; they were not produced at the exact same time; they did not depict the conflict through the same angle; and more importantly, they did not cover the same class of war victims. Wide differences exist between a French chronicle of the Occupation and a U.S. war movie, a depiction of the homecoming of Italian prisoners and the story of soviet resistance or a narration of British citizens’ everyday life during the war. At the time, the response of the French audience and critics to these diverse movie releases varied greatly too. By studying these movies and their reception at the time of their releases, the present study informs our understanding of the emergence of the French mythology surrounding this major conflict. In three chapters, I analyze the cinematographic depictions of various groups of war victims in movies of this era, as well as the audience and critics’ response at the time. In the first chapter, I describe the theoretical underpinnings of the cinema history, as well as the narration of World War II as presented by these movies, using statistics specifically collected for this study. The two following chapters offer a series of representative case studies. I first focus on different groups of victims actively involved in the conflict: militaries on and off the front-lines, members of the resistance, and spies and assimilated individuals. I then study the non-fighting victims: civilians under the occupation, civilians living in the free zone, homecoming prisoners, members of the Jewish community and other victims of antisemitism, and finally, the children

Title: Magnetism in the non-centrosymmetric uranium compound: UIrSi3 Author: RNDr. Jaroslav Valenta Department: Department of Condensed Matter Physics Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: RNDr. Jiří Prchal, Ph.D., DCMP Abstract: The study presented in this thesis is focused on UIrSi3 which is one of two known uranium compounds that crystallize in a non-centrosymmetric structure. This first study of UIrSi3 in single-crystalline form confirms antiferromagnetic order below TN = 41.7 K and reveals strong uniaxial anisotropy. The antiferromagnetic order is suppressed by application of a magnetic field along the c axis (0HC = 7.3 T at 2 K). In contrast, application of a magnetic field up to 14 T along the a axis gives paramagnetic response. The high TN, contrasting with the low 0HC, together with the opposite signs of the paramagnetic Curie temperatures of the a-axis and c-axis paramagnetic susceptibility indicate a competition between antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions. The first-order metamagnetic transition at HC shows asymmetric hysteresis which reflects a complex antiferromagnetic ground state. With increasing temperature, the hysteresis becomes gradually smaller and vanishes at 28 K where the first-order transition changes to second-order transition which remains up to TN. The point where the...

Open grassland productivity was measured within adjacent East Kootenay range units to evaluate forage availability and calculate elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni) and cattle (Bos taurus) sustainable carrying capacity targets. This research extends rangeland monitoring with an analysis of site differentiation and comparative grazing pressure to 2008 population estimates. Significant productivity differences were found between grass and shrubs for range units (p=0.024 and p<0.0001) and different biogeoclimatic zones (p=0.042 and p<0.0001). Notable grazing pressure distinctions occurred: cattle exceeded the Rampart Mayook carrying capacity, elk exceeded the Pickering Hills carrying capacity, and both species had sustainable populations within the Power Plant range unit. These results provide clear direction for stock management and offer valuable rangeland insight. Furthermore, the study introduces cover-percentage productivity estimation (CPPE), a simple grassland productivity assessment method. Pearson correlation coefficients were significant and high between productivity results and cover estimates, indicating that CPPE will be a useful field tool.

The term "joint centration" is recently perceived primarily in its biomechanical context. This paper suggests a possible neurophysiological point of view and examines the effect of centered or decentered position on pressure pain treshold (PPT) of three muscles (m. temporalis, m. tibialis anterior, m. interosseus dorsalis I) in sitting and lying position, researched on healthy volunteers. PPT was measured in four randomly ordered positions with 49 people (21 women, 28 men). Significantly higher PPT was detected in all three muscles (p=0,001; 0,0016; 0,00009). In percent the PPT change resembles some of studies working with therapeutical techniques (mobilization, joint manipulation, exercise). Influence of higher postural position (sitting compared to lying down) on PPT was not proved. Cenetered joint position increases the PPT of healthy young adults compared to decentered position. This newly proved fact opens further possibilities of conceiving the key physiotherapeutical notion of "joint centration".

Abstract The diurnal cycle is a dominant mode of sea surface temperature (SST) variability in trop-ical oceans, that influences air-sea interaction and climate processes. Diurnal variability of SST generally ranges from ~0.1 to 2.0◦C and is controlled by atmospheric fluxes of heat and momentum. In the present study, the response of intraseasonal variability (ISV) of SST in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) to diurnal atmospheric forcings, during the summer monsoon of 2007, has been examined using an Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM). The model is based on the Modular Ocean Model Version 4 (MOM4p0), having a horizontal resolution of 0.25◦ and 40 vertical levels, with a fine resolution of 5 m in the upper 60 m. Numerical experiments were conducted by forcing the model with daily and hourly atmospheric forcings to examine the SST-ISV modulation with the diurnal cycle. Additional experiments were performed to determine the relative role of diurnal cycle in solar radiation and winds on SST and mixed layer depth (MLD). Since salinity, which is decisive in SST variability, varies meridionally in the BoB, two locations were selected for analyses: one in the northern bay at 89◦E, 19◦N where salinity is lower and the other in the southern bay at 90◦E, 8◦N where salinity is higher, as well as observations are available from Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA) buoy for comparision with model simulation. Diurnal atmospheric forcings modify SST-ISV in both southern and northern bay. SST-ISV in the southern bay, is dominantly controlled by the diurnal cycle of insolation, while in the northern bay, diurnal cycle of insolation and winds have comparable contribution. Diurnal cycle enhanced the amplitude of 3 selected intraseasonal events in the southern bay and 3 out of the 6 events in the northern bay, during the study period. In the southern bay, simulated SST variability with hourly forcing was closer to the observations from RAMA, implying that incorporating the diurnal cycle in model forcing rectifies SST-ISV. Moreover, SST obtained with diurnal forcing consists of additional fluctuations at higher frequencies within and in between intraseasonal events; such fluctuations are absent with daily forcing. The diurnal variability of SST is significant during the warming phase of intraseasonal events and reduces during the cooling phase. Diurnal amplitude of SST decreases with depth; depth dependence also being larger during the warming phase. SST-ISV modulation with diurnal forcing results from the diurnal cycle of upper ocean heat fluxes and vertical mixing. Diurnal warming and cooling result in a net gain or loss of heat in the mixed layer after a day’s cycle. When the retention (loss) of heat in the mixed layer increases with diurnal forcing during the warming (cooling) phase of intraseasonal events, the daily mean SST rise (fall) becomes higher, amplifying the intraseasonal warming (cooling). In the southern bay, SST-ISV amplification is mainly controlled by the diurnal variability of MLD, which modifies the heat fluxes. Increased intraseasonal warming with diurnal forcing results from the increase in radiative heating, due to the shoaling of the daytime mixed layer. Amplified intraseasonal cooling is dominantly con-trolled by the strengthening of sub-surface processes, due to the nocturnal deepening of mixed layer and increased temperature gradients below the mixed layer. In the northern bay, SST-ISV modulation with diurnal forcing is not as large as that in the southern bay. The mean increase in SST-ISV amplitudes with diurnal forcing is ~0.16◦C in the southern bay, while it is only ~0.03◦C in the northern bay. Reduced response of SST-ISV to diurnal forcings in the northern bay is related to the weaker diurnal variability of MLD. Salinity stratification limits diurnal variability of mixed layer in the northern bay, unlike in the southern bay. The seasonal (June - September) mean diurnal amplitude of MLD is ~15 m in the southern bay, while it is reduced to ~1.5 m in the northern bay. Diurnal variability of MLD, spanning only a few meters is not sufficient to create large modifications in mixed layer heat fluxes and SST-ISV in the northern bay. The vertical resolution of the model limits the shallowing of mixed layer to 7.5 m, thus restricting the diurnal variability of simulated MLD.