Дисертації з теми "Presse et littérature – Brésil – 20e siècle"
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Sobrinho, Ailton. "De la chronique journalistique au reportage de guerre : fiction et non-fiction dans le journalisme littéraire de Rubem Braga et de Joel Silveira." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UCFAL021.
Повний текст джерелаFrom the perspective of a notion of “transfer”, this article proposes the analysis of the process of fictionalization of journalistic writing from the adoption of literary techniques. This process, which highlights the porosity of fiction and reality, is claimed by literary journalism, a hybrid modality situated between journalism and literature. Relying on factual and literariness, journalistic-literary writing is characterized, on the one hand, by its adherence to the truth and its search for reality and, on the other hand, by its vital need to narrate. In order to show how fiction and non-fiction are related within the text linked to this journalistic category, we are interested in the work of two journalist-writers who devoted their careers to the production of chronicle and reportage, representative genres of journalism literature in the context of the 20th century Brazilian press. Rubem Braga and Joel Silveira were not only the precursors of literary journalism in Brazil, they were also guarantors of this modality – especially during their work as war correspondents in the service of the newspapers Diário Carioca and Diários Associados. With their writing skills, they inscribed in the pages of these newspapers a poetics of everyday life based on a journalistic and literary approach. During the coverage of the Second World War, the chronicler Braga and the reporter Silveira showed, in their perspective, the ugliness of the war without neglecting the poetry of the facts. Practicing trench journalism, they witnessed the strength of literary journalism on the front and defended, in the writing and publication of their texts as books, the fight for perpetuity claimed by this journalistic aspect. In this research, we adopted as a corpus analysis the collections of chronicles and reports published in the books Crônicas de Guerra (Braga, 1964) and O Inverno da Guerra (Silveira, 2005), which are manifestations of the perennial writing of both authors
Sob a ôtica de uma noção de “transferências”, este trabalho propõe a análise do processo de ficcionalização da escrita jornalística a partir da adoção de técnicas literárias. Esse processo, que coloca em evidência a porosidade da ficção e da realidade, é reivindicado pelo jornalismo literário, modalidade híbrida situada entre o jornalismo e a literatura. Apoiando-se no factual e na literariedade, a escrita jornalístico-literária se caracteriza, de um lado, pela sua aderência à verdade e sua busca de realidade e, de um outro, pela sua necessidade vital de narrar. A fim de mostrar como a ficção e a não-ficção se relacionam no seio do texto ligado a essa categoria jornalística, nós nos interessamospelo trabalho de dois jornalistas-escritores que consagraram suas carreiras à produção dacrônica e da reportagem, gêneros representativos do jornalismo literário no contexto daimprensa brasileira do século XX. Rubem Braga e Joel Silveira não foram somente osprecursores do jornalismo literário no Brasil como também foram fiadores dessamodalidade — sobretudo durante a atuação como correspondentes de guerra a serviço dosjornais Diário Carioca e Diários Associados. Com suas habilidades de escrita, elesinscreveram nas páginas desses jornais uma poética do cotidiano baseada numaabordagem jornalística e literária. Durante a cobertura da Segunda Guerra mundial, ocronista Braga e o repórter Silveira mostraram, na perspectiva deles, a feiura da guerrasem negligenciar a poesia dos fatos. Praticando um jornalismo de trincheira, elestestemunharam a força do jornalismo literário no fronte e defenderam na escrita e napublicação de seus textos em formato livro o combate de perenização reivindicado poressa vertente jornalística. Nesta pesquisa, adotamos como corpus de análise as coletâneasde crônicas e reportagens publicadas nos livros Crônicas de Guerra (Braga, 1964) e oInverno da Guerra (Silveira, 2005), que constituem manifestações da escrita perene dosdois autores.Palavras-chaves : Rubem Braga, Joel Silveira, jornalismo literärio, ficcionalizaçäo,transferéncias
Roig-Sanz, Diana. "La réception de la littérature espagnole à presse de Barcelone pendant la Seconde République." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX10065.
Повний текст джерелаKanno, Kenji. "Péguy et la presse (1894-1902)." Paris 10, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA100058.
Повний текст джерела1894-1902: focused on the earlier years of Charles Peguy (1873-1914), this study aims to throw light on the birth and development of an original thought: what was the "press" for the young promoter of "true journal", for the founder of les cahiers de la quinzaine? After we glanced over principal themes concerning Peguy's ideas about the press --- socialist press, editorial work, typography, educational press --- (chap. 1), we reexamine the formation of Peguy's socialism at the Ecole normale superieure (1894-1897), (chap. 2). It concerns the importance of Georges Renard (1847-1930) and his conception on the socialist press. At the beginning of 1898, Peguy's approach to the Dreyfus affair is recognizable by his vigorous attack against Alexandre Millerand. We reconsider if the image of "Peguy dreyfusard at early hour", under the influence of Lucien Herr of Gabriel Monod, is an established fact as much as biographers have believed until now (chap. 3). Then we examine the convergences and divergences of dreyfusist publications, to determine a position of cahiers towards dreyfusist journalists: Bernard-Lazare, Emile Zola and Urbain Gohier, and in relation to the journals: l'aurore and la petite republique (chap. 4). Our last chapter concerns a series of polemics opened between Peguy and Gustave Tery (1871-1928) from 1900 to 1803. In the light of archives, we observe the birth of Peguy's new script, a brilliant pamphleteer's style
Gaspar, José Teixeira. "Le noir et la critique : une lecture de la place du noir dans le discours critique sur la littérature brésilienne." Paris 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA030103.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this study is to shed the light into the image of Black people of Brazil, in particular through the voices of the literary criticism. This thesis, dealing with the image of Afro-Brazilians through the literary criticism, relies on the hypothesis that the literary criticism is always subjective. We focus our analyses in two theoretical bases, the sociology of the literature and the post-colonials theories. We build a modelization that reflects the importance of these methods in the study of minorities in the literary field. The literary criticism bring a new light on the knowledge of Black Brazilian people, either character or author. The literary criticism had an important development during the twentieth century. Its evolution permit to understand the literary institutions as a system and also to analyse its speech concerning the ethnic questions. Our duty is to compare the literature and the Brazilian society, and so, to show how Black people appear in Brazil, we read constantly the texts of our body of texts to see the tension between the idea ant the image, between the center of an intellectual thought and the snare of the representation of the images
Ferreira, Heris Arnt Telles. "Le néobaroque dans la littérature contemporaine : une étude anthropologique." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05H074.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis is to establish the relationship between the symbolic imaginary in the contemporary and show that literature is a valuable subject of anthropological analysis. We can say that our work has three big lines: literature as a source of knowledge, the nature of that knowledge and the analysis of books that confirm this research. We read sixty Brazilian and French novels to find the most important elements of the contemporary age. From this analysis we see a sensitivity of our world as neobaroque instead of others concepts. Our conclusion is focuses on the use of literature to achieve the symbolic imaginary literary and this makes possible the invisible
Garbe, Edouard. "La Chute de l'URSS et les transformations de la société russe à travers la littérature et la presse russes." Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIML009.
Повний текст джерелаGranger, Laurence. "L'esprit critique dans l'oeuvre journalistique de François Mauriac 1905-1970." Bordeaux 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR30006.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of this dissertation is to assess the importance and the extent to which François Mauriac's critical lucidity manifests itself in his press writings and articles. Based on the methodical analysis of 3,000 articles released between 1905 and 1970 in 147 various newspapers and periodicals, it systematically examines vocabulary, similes, sentence structure so as to reveal the thought process of the writer as columnist. Two recurring areas of vocabulary appear as noticeably privileged. One linked to sight highlights Mauriac's concern for the world around him and his never-sated curiosity. The other deals with appearances and reveals the difficulties the writer encountered when attempting to achieve the true knowledge of the real. Hence the paramount importance granted to the notion of critical lucidity and critical mind which allows the superficial glance to become a penetrating examination. The awakening and the preservation of the critical mind lies at the core of a tension polarised between two contradictory demands; to conciliate Mauriac's involvement in collective action and his wish for autonomy of thought; to master his prejudices and his impulses without destroying the passions which prompt his political and spiritual engagement on behalf of justice and truth. Finally this study exposes a major antinomy: his critical lucidity is not to be confused with scepticism. Mauriac favours methodical questioning and doubt to achieve certitude. He turns out to be extremely aware of the relativity of truth and experiences great difficulties to admit that the critical mind may hold a certitude as definite
Derigond, Solenne. "Migrations nordestines et réinvention de la littérature de cordel au Brésil." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN20032.
Повний текст джерелаThe study aims to understand the dynamism of cordel literature both in terms of its production transmission ; its partnerships with the country's cultural institutions since the turn of the twenty-first century. It takes the party to study this movement from the Nordeste migration phenomenon that marked the twentieth century and continues to lesser extent, to pour the twenty-first century to the city of Sao Paulo. In order to accomplish such study, a literary analysis of six folhetos written between 1977 and 2013 by poets who migrated to São Paulo was undertook, and the poetic narratives by their testimony and that of professional partners of the cordel literature through the use of the oral history method was completed. It is an interdisciplinary study that, on the one hand, explores the figure and the creative narrative of the poet-migrant, Being in the poetics of the inter, marked by the physical displacement that crosses trans-border imaginary territories. On the other hand, it studies the historicity of the cordel literature of the last thirty years in the light of the phenomena of postmodernity - acceleration and increase of exchanges, globalization, new means, places, forms of expression and conception of identity - through narratives of memory and representations contained in both folhetos and oral history interviews.Thus, we discover that folheto, the support of a metalanguage, can itself be the bearer of an identity project elaborated and transmitted by poets since the beginning of the 21st century
Sadoun, Clara. "Le roman de La Vie parisienne, 1863-1970: presse, genre, littérature et mondanité, 1863-1914." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209915.
Повний текст джерела
Doctorat en Langues et lettres
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Barbat, Jean-Marc. "Nature, chroniques et destination des intérêts pour la culture juive et hébraïque dans la presse et la littérature adventistes françaises." Paris 8, 2012. http://octaviana.fr/document/171320484#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Повний текст джерелаOn the background of the collaboration of the German and Austrian Adventist churches to the Nazi regime, the author analyzes the behaviour of the French adventisme in front of the Jewish and Hebraic culture over a period which extends from 1930 till 2010. All numbers of the Adventist magazines, « The Signs of Time » and « The Adventist Review », are inventoried and several Adventist works connected to the Jewish and Hebraic culture are analyzed. An epilogue collects certain number of proposals to the advantage of a « teaching of the respect » which the author proposes in answer to this « teaching of the contempt » raised by Jules Isaac
Riaudel, Michel. "Intertextualité et transferts (Brésil, Etats-Unis, Europe) : réécritures de la modernité poétique dans l’œuvre d’Ana Cristina Cesar (Rio de Janeiro, 1952-1983)." Paris 10, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA100096.
Повний текст джерелаAna Cristina Cesar (Rio de Janeiro, 1952-1983) made of her poetical work a crossroad of modern and contemporary literature by quoting, diverting, translating, imitating, in a more or less clandestine way, her favourite authors of Lusophone, English, French or Spanish expression: W. Whitman, E. Dickinson, K. Mansfield, T. S. Eliot, R. Lowell (following the steps of his Imitations), C. Baudelaire, S. Mallarmé, H. Michaux, Manuel Bandeira, Mário de Andrade, Jorge de Lima, Octavio Paz… This study aims at analysing the modalities of these intertextual encounters, notably by an examination of her readings and manuscripts. Nonetheless, far beyond these statements, her sharp interest for translation and interlinguistic puns, as is testified by her activity as a translator and her Master of Arts in literary translation obtained in 1980 at the University of Essex (United Kingdom), allows us to problematize the convergences and divergences operating in the processes of reading and writing, hermeneutics and creation. These forms of secondary writing bring about effects of cultural and poetical transfers, mechanisms of repetition and difference, metonymic shifts in meaning. Thus, some of the problematics at the core of poetical modernity re-emerge in a very singular manner: the defining of the lyric subject, the dialogical relationship to the reader, the link between body and signifier. This study of comparative poetry casts a light on a very peculiar moment in Brazilian poetry, which seems here to emancipate itself from a sort of postcolonial complex
Beaufils, Cécile. ""The granta/granta, un objet culturel hybride"." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC081.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation proposes to focus on the British literary magazine Granta between 1989 and 2013, and to delineate the articulation of its aesthetic logic and its editorial constraints. This paperback magazine publishes fiction, non-fiction and photographs, and its formai and stylistic hybridity is the starting point of our study. By locating the magazine and its evolutions within a cultural, theoretical and aesthetic context, we first delve into Granta's position in the English-speaking cultural field. The magazine indeed first inserts itself within a rebellious discourse while keeping a link with "hype". Such a precarious stance is achieved through the aesthetic category of philistinism. We then study how the magazine showcases a documentary aesthetics, especially through travel narratives and reportage in their textual and visual forms. Such an aesthetics leads us to consider how the magazine situates itself in the contemporary through montage. We finally focus ou the magazine's insertion in an ever-evolving reading experience, the better to defme its role in a globalized culture economy, as a self-proclaimed cultural guide
Cavagnal, Thierion Brigitte. "Regards sur l'Amazonie : fiction, histoire, identité dans l’oeuvre de Márcio Souza." Rennes 2, 2010. http://www.bu.univ-rennes2.fr/system/files/theses/TheseThieron.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis research investigates the relation between Fiction, History and Identity in the literary universe of Márcio Souza, contemporary Brazilian writer born in the Amazonian region. The present thesis aims at shading light over the dialogue established between his work and the different points of view which “invented” Amazonia through time. The first part analyses the representations of Amazonia in travelers’ and explorers’ discourse and their critical incorporation into fiction. It contextualizes Márcio Souza’s fictional universe. The second part aims at characterizing the writer’s intellectual and literary profile, taking into consideration five novels which are the object of this research and which stage two key periods for the formation of Brazilian nation and for regional Amazonian history: the incorporation of the state of Acre and the Cabanagem Revolt. The literary analysis of the trilogy of novels Crônicas do Grão-Pará e Rio Negro emphasizes the role of the committed intellectual who calls into question the negative and biased representation of this rebellion which, in the 19th century, ravaged the Province of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro, in the Northern Region of Brazil. The analysis of this trilogy exposes the narrative strategies as well as the ideological posture of an author who revisits the onset of the Empire of Brazil and the history of the formation of Brazilian nation, integrating the point of view of a humiliated people, stricken by fierce repression. The desire to fight against oblivion constitutes a strong axis in the writer’s work of memory. This research stresses the importance of the reflection which emanates from Márcio Souza’s work to understand Amazonia’s history and its ascribed place in contemporary Brazil
Este trabalho de pesquisa analisa as relações entre Ficção, História e Identidade no universo literário de Márcio Souza, escritor brasileiro contemporâneo, originário da Amazônia. Esta tese procura esclarecer o diálogo estabelecido pela obra com os diferentes olhares que, no decorrer do tempo, têm “inventado” a Amazônia. A primeira parte analisa as representações da Amazônia dentro dos discursos de viajantes e exploradores e sua incorporação crítica dentro da ficção. Contextualiza o universo ficcional de Márcio Souza. A segunda parte procura caracterizar o perfil intelectual e literário do escritior, igualmente ensaista, dramaturgo e romancista. A terceira parte está centrada no estudo das relações entre Ficção e História, dentro de cinco romances estudados que dramatizam dois momentos emblemáticos da nação brasileira e da história regional : a anexação do Acre pelo Brasil e a Revolta da Cabanagem. A análise literária da trilogia romanesca Crônicas do Grão-Pará e Rio Negro salienta o papel do intelectual engajado que questiona a representação negativa e unívoca desta revolução que no século XIX assolou a Província do Grão-Pará e Rio Negro, ao Norte do Brasil. A análise desta trilogia romanesca evidencia as estratégias narrativas assim como o posicionamento ideológico do autor que revisita o advento do Império brasileiro e a história da formação da nação brasileira integrando o ponto de vista de um povo humiliado, vítima de uma repressão feroz. O desejo de lutar contra o esquecimento constitui um dos eixos fortes daquele trabalho de memória do escritor. A pesquisa sublinha a importância da reflexão que emana da obra do escritor Márcio Souza para compreender a história da Amazônia e o lugar que lhe é atribuído dentro do Brasil atual
Levemfous, Sérgio Israel. "Mémoire et identité dans les œuvres de Moacyr Scliar (Brésil) et de Régine Robin (Québec, Canada)." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL065.
Повний текст джерелаThis is a study of the works of Moacyr Scliar and Régine Robin. The writing of Moacyr Scliar mainly focuses on the issue of Jewish immigration to Brazil and on the adaptation and integration into the Brazilian society. He constructs with humor and lightness characters that are often living internal conflicts, trying to constitute themselves an identity composed of traces of memories and the new reality which surrounds them. It is the case of the characters of his works that integrate my corpus, namely, the Centaur in the garden and His majesty of the Indians. The writings of the Quebec-French Régine Robin include several areas of knowledge and follow a trend or a movement of writers in Quebec who favor in their writings an idea of national construction that does not have the country as the center, but rather an identity approach which strengthens and signals the wide cultural and ethnic diversity that makes up Quebec. This is what they call the migrant writing. Our interest mainly focuses on his literary production, namely the novel La Québécoite and his storybook The immense fatigue of Stones. However, her production as a theorist provides complementary elements for the analysis of his literary works, such as The Memory Novel, Kafka, and The Saturated Memory. Régine Robin and Moacyr Scliar have in common the fact of creating in their books an intermediate space between facts and fiction, and also to present expressions of the American community of Jewish origin. In this way, are intertwined in their works a national dimension, a regional dimension and a transnational community dimension
Astoul, Christiane. "Une revue régionale et régionaliste : "La Revue du Bas-Poitou" (1888-1972)." Angers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ANGE0009.
Повний текст джерелаStudy of a regional and regionalist magazine, representing a train of thought over almost a century. The purpose of la revue du baspoitou, at the same time general and eclectic, is to serve "literature", "science" and "the arts". Although not directly involved in current issues, it reveals its political, literay and artistic values and options. Royalist up to the first wold war, it was to support maurras and then petain in 1939-1945 ; the influence of Louis Chaigne was to bring it closer to christian democracy during the most recent period. Far from all the trends of fashion, its literary and artistic values are those on which the reputation of france is based : clear thinking, moderation, harmony. The poets imaginary world has bean clearly exposed because of the central place devoted to poetry, studied following the bachelard method, as has a certain sensitivity in its artistic reviews. The wars in the vendee region, a founding event of the "vendeenne" identity, at the same time an anchoring point and a myth, crystallize around them a living, painful and rebellious memory. Thankes to the archives, the problems of publishing, distribution and readership, all that makes up the daily life of a provincial magazine, have been dealth with in the correspondance of its directors and contributors. As an expression of a region, and the magazine of te "establishment", it not only has a mere function of reflection but it also poses the problem of reception. The organ of expression of a catholic elite which represents the majority in the region, la revue du bas-poitou reveals the aspirations and dreams of a popular provincial mentality to which it is very close
Vincent, André. "Johan bojer, correspondant de presse. : etude realisee a partir de ses chroniques a aftenposten sur la france de "la belle epoque" ( 1902-1907 ) et de la grande guerre ( 1915 )." Caen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989CAEN1051.
Повний текст джерелаThe norwegian writer johan bojer ( 1872-1959 ) first visited france in 1895 and in 1902 was offered the position of aftenposten correspondent in paris. He satayed there 5 years and established close relationships with a lot of left-wing politicians and writers. The subjects dealt with in the articles are cultural and inspired by contemporary issues concerning the life of france in those days. In 1915, aftenposten applied to bojer to cover the situation created in france by the war. The subjects reviewed are military, human, psychological. Once he was back in norway, bojer edited his articles into a booklet and delivered 80 public lectures thus causing a change in norwegian mentalities in favour of the allies. Although a number of bojer's works are sunk into oblivion, yet 3 of them are still read ("the last viking", " emigrants ", (seasidev people") for the matter and the manner they are akin to the press direct reports he had got to train himself to when he was in france, a job which had forced him to do away with the bias to more or less foggy concepts and long-drawn explanations ha had previously been criticised for
Quenneville-Labelle, Frédéric. "Madeleine à La Revue moderne : une approche sociopoétique (1919-1923)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25580.
Повний текст джерелаGagné, Marie-Pierre. ""Aussi belle fille-- que Maria Chapdelaine" : la littérature dans la revue féminine rurale Paysana (1938-1949)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25148/25148.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBeting, Graziella. "Au fil de la plume : du feuilleton à la chronique, une histoire croisée de la presse entre France et Brésil (1830-1930) à partir des parcours de ses journalistes et écrivains." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020089/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe French press of the 19th century is characterized by a combination of journalism and literature that gave rise to various genres and news sections – from the weekly-magazine type journalism to serialized fiction, from interviews to travel reportage and serialized news stories. All this action was happening in the bottom part of newspaper pages, which had been turned into experimental laboratories for the literati who lent their quills to those periodicals. Those same characteristics can be found in Brazilian newspapers of the time. Indeed, innovations in French periodicals were almost simultaneously adopted by Brazilian newspapers, which in turn would adjust, adapt, transform and reinvent them. This research will focus on the life and work of two pairs of French and Brazilian writers and journalists in order to investigate how those relationships and flows of cultural transfers were established between the two countries. Eugène Sue (1804-1857) and José de Alencar (1829-1877), Jules Huret (1863-1914) and João do Rio (1881-1921) were responsible for innovations in the press of their times and, even if unaware, also played the role of cultural mediators in processes of assimilation and borrowing, between inspiration and creation. Taking the narrative of their crossed biographies as a starting point, this work also seeks to understand the development of a specific genre, the chronicle (crônica in Portuguese), a tributary to this 19th century hybrid form of journalism and literature which is present in the main Brazilian newspapers to date
Latxague, Claire. "Lire Quino : poétique des formes brèves de la littérature dessinée dans la presse argentine (1954-1976)." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENL016.
Повний текст джерелаFrom 1954 to 1976, Quino's work is essentially published in argentinian press. The humorist is very soon acknowledged by his profession and joins the pages of some of the most important journals and magazines of humor and information at this time. Adapting his creation to different editorial lines, he explores several forms of comic, from slapstick to absurdity, and even the satirizing of a society in crisis. His intense rhythm of publication and the diversity of forms used by the humorist – strip, page and cartoon – are favorable to elaborate a poetics of briefness. Quino's work is elaborated in a dynamics of repetition and variation which revisits graphic humor tradition and thematizes the conditions of his creation
De 1954 a 1976, la obra de Quino se publica principalmente en la prensa argentina. Muy pronto, el humorista recibe el reconocimiento de los profesionales del humor y accede a las páginas de algunos de los periódicos y revistas de humor y de actualidad más importantes de la época. Al adaptarse a diversas líneas editoriales, explora varias formas de comicidad, del burlesco al absurdo, pasando por la sátira de una sociedad en crisis. El ritmo de publicación intenso y la diversidad de formas empleadas por el humorista – tira, página y dibujo único – son propicios para elaborar una poética de la brevedad. La obra de Quino se construye en una dinámica de repetición y variación que revisita la tradición del humor gráfico y tematiza las condiciones de su creación
Bulgarelli, Juliana. "Les représentations de la modernité brésilienne dans l'oeuvre de Paulo Barreto et ses pseudonymes." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA111/document.
Повний текст джерелаDuring the end of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth, the city of Rio de Janeiro went through a series of socio-economic changes related to the process of the implementation of modernity and the consolidation of capitalism in Brazil. In this moment, local authorities, along with the elite of the country, created a modernization project whose goal was to eliminate the remaining aspects of the colonial period still present in the city, making it more similar to European capitals through urban reforms. These modifications expressed the desire for progress and civilization from the dominant Brazilian classes while also attempted to follow the example and the rhythm of social, cultural and economic development of Europe. In this context, the authorities from Rio de Janeiro imposed a transformation of habits and popular traditions with the purpose of ending the old customs from the colonial past and the elements of the popular culture that were considered primitive and barbaric. It was in this moment of great changes that Paulo Barreto wrote his work and created several characters. In his texts, he documented and pondered on the urbanization process and the transformations executed to the city of Rio de Janeiro, paying special attention to the alterations that this process caused to the population and its customs, interactions and sociability. Barreto‘s work reflects the impositions of a government concerned with the idea of civilizing the city and the life of its inhabitants in contrast with the reality of the daily life of that population. Through a close observation of the city in all its spheres and its quotidian life, he constructed relevant interpretations about the dynamics and the characteristics of modern life, as well as different representations of modernity. In this sense, this present research intends to analyse the representations of modernity constructed by Paulo Barreto throughout this work
Durante o final do século XIX e as duas primeiras décadas do século XX, a cidade do Rio de Janeiro viveu uma série de transformações socioeconômicas associadas ao processo de implantação da modernidade e de consolidação do capitalismo no Brasil. Nesse momento, as autoridades cariocas, aliadas à elite do país, criaram um projeto de modernização que visava, através de reformas urbanas, acabar com as características coloniais da cidade aproximando-a das grandes capitais européias. Essas reformas expressavam o desejo de progresso e de civilização das classes dominantes brasileiras ao mesmo tempo em que correspondiam a uma tentativa do Brasil em seguir os modelos e os ritmos de desenvolvimento social, cultural e econômico dos países europeus. Nesse contexto, as autoridades cariocas impuseram também uma transformação nos costumes, nos hábitos e nas tradições da população com o objetivo de acabar com as antigas tradições coloniais e com os elementos da cultura popular considerados como marca do primitivismo e da barbárie. É nessa época e nesse contexto de intensas mudanças que Paulo Barreto escreveu suas obras e criou seus inúmeros personagens. Nos seus textos, ele documenta e faz uma reflexão sobre o processo de urbanização e as mudanças sofridas pela cidade do Rio de Janeiro, prestando atenção nas transformações que esse processo provocou na população, seus costumes, suas interações e sua sociabilidade. Sua obra reflete as imposições de um governo preocupado em civilizar a cidade e a vida de seus cidadãos em contraste com a realidade do cotidiano da população. A partir de uma observação atenta da cidade em todas suas esferas e todas as situações possíveis do cotidiano de seus habitantes, ele construiu importantes interpretações sobre a dinâmica e as características da vida moderna, assim que diferentes representações da modernidade. Deste modo, esse trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo determinar as representações da modernidade brasileira construídas por Paulo Barreto no conjunto da sua obra
Brisset, Laurence. "Jean Paulhan, directeur de revues." Paris 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040233.
Повний текст джерелаThe subject of this research derives from a simple fact : the status as editor of literary reviews of Jean Paulhan is the only one which is undisputed. Far from denying such a statement, we have decided to explore it. We have discovered that for Paulhan editorship was not only a profession but also an action. It cannot be dissociated from his actual work, because they were carried out together. We have tried to show what La NRF owes to his subversive vision of literature before extending our study to the other reviews which Paulhan himself edited or to which he gave his support : Commerce, Mesures, Les Cahiers de la Pléiade. . . Paulhan never wasted his energy : he stuck to a certain poetics of reviews which allowed the diversity. The review could challenge the book. It is also important to recall what lay behind his modest status as review editor : Paulhan was an incomparable revelation of conscience, an unusual but ideal reader. He has not finished to disconcert us
Behr, Héloïse. "Impact de la littérature indigène au Brésil : une redéfinition des théories euro-occidentales." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA009/document.
Повний текст джерелаAs Karl Marx summarized, the colonized "cannot represent themselves; they must berepresented.” The Natives of Brazil have always held a special place in Brazilianliterature. Since the 80s, they have become the subject of their works.From Metade Cara, Metade Máscara Eliane Potiguara (2004); Falling from the sky.Words of a Yanomami shaman co-written by the shaman Davi Kopenawa andanthropologist Bruce Albert (2010) and Geografia indígena jointly by teachers intraining from Parque Indígena do Xingu (1995), we address the issue of indigenous and Brazilian identity, questioning the legitimacy and the validity of the description "indigenous literature". From these diverse publications emerge enlightening reflections on the notion of identity, notably when crossed with the challenge of authorship. The adoption of alphabetic writing by the Natives of Brazil allows the appropriation of a portrait subject to scrutiny from others, thus a return to Western and Brazilian writings.Moreover, indigenous literature brings a different view of history dealt with from a perspective of "Western super subjects" (Saïd, 2000). Drawing upon post-colonialtheories, we show that Native literature is revolutionary because it offers an eccentric viewing angle (Bhabha, 1994) extending the European concept of historiography (Mignolo, 2003) based on the multiplicity of the voices of the various (Glissant, 1981) in particular based on orality
Pinyol, Vidal Josep. "Iconographie et iconologie du dessin d'actualité dans la presse barcelonaise catalaniste et républicaine en langue catalane : 1870-1935." Rennes 2, 2007. http://www.bu.univ-rennes2.fr/system/files/theses/thesepinyol.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаLn the latter third of the 19th century, the expansion of both cultural and political Catalanism coincided with the-clevelopment. Ofthe Catalane;languagepressin- whichihe-articleswere reinforced -by-theuse-of--. Political cartoons. Often appearing in the form of satirical tracts or caricatures, they iIIustrated and interpreted both important events and daily life in Barcelona. We can understand these images according to their iconology and iconography. These two concepts, as defined by Erwin Panofsky, reflect the socio-cultural environment in which the image was generated, as weil as the form and attributes related to diverse themes used by the illustrators. Three generations of Barcelonian political cartoonists illustrated current events in real time during the 65 years which separated the First Republic from the tragic end of the Second Republic. Both the diversity and the stylistic evolution of their work leads us towards an aesthetic interpretation of these illustrations, which also respects the natural evolution dictated by the major orientations in fine arts during this period in Catalonia
Simard-Houde, Mélodie. "Le Reporter, médiateur, écrivain et héros : un répertoire culturel (1870-1939)." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MON30012.
Повний текст джерелаReportage, understood as investigative journalism of the written press, was invented in France in the last third of the nineteenth century, not without causing debates and contradictory representations between supporters and opponents. During the interwar period its popularity is at its peak, as reportage presents itself in different media (books, daily and weekly press) and with different relations to news and fictionalization. Reportage therefore appears less like a genre than a matrix of investigative journalism, whose formation and evolution can be traced and generic variations described (such as collective, serialized and news reportages). Linked to the development of the news media, reportage establishes the special correspondent as a mediator, a writer and a hero of modern media culture. The Reporter, as an object of the social imaginary of the Third Republic, is a complex figure, which representations are situated at the crossroads of different productions. These include fictions, press articles (reportages, interviews, obituaries, metadiscourses), Memoirs of journalists, as well as a set of iconographic representations, all of which are drawn upon to define a cultural repertoire of journalistic scenographies, fictional scenarios and authorial positions contributing to the formation of a social imaginary of the reporter, defined both as a publicized figure and a mediator. In the intrigues and stories in which the reporter appears, he meets other social imaginaries – of colonization, of the body, of technical and social progress, of the Nation. These mould the reporter into a Republican figure, closely linked to the development of parliamentary democracy and of freedom of the press, and to modern technology and media. Finally, heir of the French literary journalism, but also associated with new recording techniques (that is, visual media, photography and cinema), the reporter is the pivot between two mediatic imaginaries : one that uses the journalist's subjectivity and the prism of human mediation to account for a worldview ; the other, which will prevail in the second half of the twentieth century, claims to offer an objective grasp of reality, as permitted by the illusion of technical mediation
Quataert, Anne. "Sérgio Milliet: intermédiaire entre avant-garde française et modernisme brésilien (1922-1930) :contribution aux études de réception." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212764.
Повний текст джерелаFravalo, Loïc. "Alvaro Cunqueiro ici et ailleurs : parcours littéraire et idéologique d'un auteur galicien." Rennes 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN20037.
Повний текст джерелаThe main part of the thesis is a study about the first works by the galician poet and writer, Alvaro Cunqueiro, (1911-1981), from the early thirties till the fifties. Poetry, newspaper works, and his first novel are examined in the historical context of the Second Republic, the coup of July 1936, and the victory of Franco's army, in regard of the different ideological choices of the writer. The point consists in examining Alvaro Cunqueiro's position in the literary and political panorama of that period : the lyric avant-garde and the heritage of the Rexurdimento, the cultural and political evolution of the galician movement, the rise of the Falangist party's ideas, according to his own involvement. The contact between the galician and the castillan languages, and the theoretic bases of the galician movement represent a major part of the thesis
Bertrand, Anne. "Walker Evans, écrits et propos. Edition critique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC122.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis aims to provide a critical study of the texts Walker Evans (1903-1975) signed and published during his lifetime. One of the most important photographers of the United States, from his exhibition "American Photographs," at the Museum of Modern Art(MoMA) of New York, and the eponymous book, in 1938, Evans first wanted to become a writer. With the exception of one decade, from the early 1930s to the early 1940s, when hefocused solely on photography and produced the core of his work, never in his life did Evansstop writing. However, he did not theorize about photography but sparingly, and quite late in life. An essay is considering the relation of the photographer to writing ; a selective anthology gathersmost of his texts, each with an introduction which presents and analyses its contents, in the light of sources from the Walker Evans Archive at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York; an iconographical volume reproduces Evans's publications combining his texts and images. Evanswrote as a critic for Time Magazine (1943-1945) beside his friend Agee, then contributed to Fortune(1945-1965). He there invented the form of portfolios combining a short text he would write and images, either by him or by others, often times on vernacular subjects. Furthermore, he would sign critical essays in various periodicals, particularly on photography. From the end of the 1960s, while he was teaching at Yale University, he would publish a few theoretical writings which are decisive for the history of the medium, notably the interview with Leslie Katz which was published at the occasion of Evans's second retrospective at MoMA, in 1971. Here Evans coined the phrase "documentary style", which qualified his own photography, and would apply to manyworks by contemporary artists. At get being his main reference for photography, the other references he mentions are principally literary: Flaubert and Baudelaire, or James, Proust, Nabokov. They indicate how concerned the photographer was, always, with writing, and style
Braschi, Cécilia. "Espaces construits : abstraction et synthèse des arts au Brésil, autour des revues d'André Bloc (1930-1960)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H036.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation investigates art and architecture journals as spaces of discursive construction and as privileged instruments of transnational circulation. Its focus are the relations between the Brazilian and French scenes from 1930 to 1960, with particular emphasis on the transformations undergone after the end of the Second World War, both in artistic and critical production, in the reciprocal representation of two different cultural contexts and in the negotiation of their places within the new geopolitical order. Widely distributed in South America, André Bloc’s journals are closely linked to his militancy in favour of the synthesis of the arts and of geometric abstraction. During post-war reconstruction in France, abstraction and synthesis of the arts are perceived as the driving forces of a great humanist and universalist renewal, and they are simultaneously at the core of the Brazilian journals launched in the early 1950s, which were engaged in defining the qualities of an authentic and modern national art. Following the various stakes at play in these two cultural scenes, a decentralized and post-Occidentalist perspective brings to light the different meanings attributed in Europe and in Latin America to the same theoretical vocabulary, contributing to the formulation of diverse but mutually dependent narratives concerning Brazilian art and architecture. As “constructed” spaces, the journals mirror new cartographies which furnish the basis for rethinking the relations between centre(s) and periphery(ies), while different discourses about art and architecture prefigure as many aesthetic, social and political models
Amilitou, Eftychia. "L'écrivain et le camelot. Enjeux d'une littérature de presse dans les romans "athéniens" (1913-1945) de Gr. Xenopoulos." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030159.
Повний текст джерелаThis work aspires to the description of the connection between the press and the literature. by studying Grigorios Xenopoulos’"Athenian novels", published in serial form between 1913 and 1945 in the Athenian press, I examine the greek literary and journalistic field from the end of the 19th century until the world war II, the description of the urbain space (Athens) and the interdiscourse in the novels. the corpus is treated from the point of view of the media and the largely accessible press literature. Finally, following on from the discourse analysis and in particular from the new rhetoric, I examine the argumentative dimension of the texts and the image of the author in fiction, as it is perceived in particular through the intertextual network
Allouache, Ferroudja. "Réception et fabrication du texte littéraire "francophone" dans la presse française : du prix Goncourt attribué à René Maran (1921) aux lendemains des Soleils des indépendances d'Ahmadou Kourouma (1970)." Thesis, Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080050.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis is to understand the manufacturing of the “Francophone” literary text, from the perspective of its reception in the French press (magazines and newspapers), restoring the archeology of this categorization of the works written by French authors born outside France, particularly in the colonies.Which is the intellectual, ideological, aesthetic posture observed towards those writers? Why are their writings never connected to the memory of the national literature? How does the literary critic read the works of authors from French colonies? What is his role in the development of the contemporary category of "francophone literature"?The corpus chosen begins in 1921, when R. Maran received the Prix Goncourt for Batouala and ends in the aftermath of the publication of The Suns of Independence by A. Kourouma in 1970.The critical review in the press provides elements of interpretation enabling the identification of the reasons why this literary production, long remained unseen, never related to literary history, is confined to anthropology and has mostly received the attention because of its documentary, revendicative dimension.The analysis of the mechanisms used to classify, sort, in order to build borders, margins between what is non-literary vs literary, shows the manufacturing process of the concept of "francophone literature" after the independence. The manufacturing of this category is involved in the development and perception of a separate, broken world at the opposite of that, the porous, hybrid, creolized, promoted by E. Glissant
Azzolin, Luana. "Tupi or not Tupi, rapports de genre dans les dialogues interculturels. : politiques éditoriales d'une structure en développement." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20095.
Повний текст джерелаThrough applied research in cultural studies, a "thesis in action", I raise the ethical, aesthetic and political challenges faced by the editorial structure Tupi or not Tupi to publish in France. To do this, I study the corpus published by the structure, a bilingual short story collection and two novels translated from Brazilian: "t.", "Dame de Nuit" by Manoela Sawitzki and "L'odeur du siphon" by Lourenço Mutarelli. In an analysis of cultural transfer, as a starting language, I question the starting society and the unavoidable contemporary phenomena present in the texts published or being published by Tupi or not Tupi éditions, such as the normative society, state violence, religious obscurantism, necropolitics, with a view to understanding current Brazilian society. Guided by gender studies, this research questions the place occupied by women in the recent history of what I would call "the Tupi or not Tupi society", in other words, the recent history of resistance to the norms of a patriarchal, colonialist, neoliberal society, where freedom and democracy are still the draft of a draft
Marques, Karina Carvalho de Matos. "De l'écriture personnelle à l'écriture de l'histoire : questions d'identité dans l'oeuvre d'Ilse Losa et de Samuel Rawet." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030103.
Повний текст джерелаOur compared study deals with the literary work of Ilse Losa (1913-2006), a German exiled in Portugal, and Samuel Rawet (1929-1984), a Polish immigrant in Brazil, which have adopted Portuguese as writing language. Having arrived in these lusophone countries a few years before the declaration of the Second World War, both share a jewish origin which is expressed in their characters in the form of conflicts between memory and forgetfulness, communitarianism and integration, tradition and cultural performativity. Moreover, their conditions of women and homosexual acted as an inspiration for the construction of a work opposing gender duality in a context of oppression in these host countries : The Salazarist New State (1933-1974) and the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985). This way, through their personal writings in which the jewish identity and the gender identity are key elements, we can consider the exclusion in a broader way. These authors give us a picture of the brazilian and portuguese societies between the end of the 30’s and beginning of the 80’s, highlighting the power relations between elites and masses. During a period in which the national identity is being built on the basis of the myth of the great empire in Portugal and of multiculturalism in Brazil, Ilse Losa and Samuel Rawet show that the nation is always a narrative
Laget, Laurie-Anne. "Les premières Greguerías dans le creuset esthétique des années 1910 : formation littéraire et réception de Ramón Gómez de la Serna." Thesis, Paris 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA030111.
Повний текст джерелаRamón Gómez de la Serna (1888-1963) was the author of a work that introduced in Spain a kind of writing whose singularity was very early underlined by the critics. In 1912, he created the Greguerías, a brief and playful literary form which was immediately commented on for its novelty tinged with subversion. Within a few years, that form spread throughout the Spanish press and was welcomed in a positive way outside the frontiers of the peninsula. Until 1962, Ramón Gómez de la Serna published numbers of these short paragraphs in newspapers or anthologies. He defined them as the alliance of humour and metaphor, and combined there his research into dissonance with a poetical work on our perception of the world. Yet, it is the later form of the greguería that is best known today; very few studies have focused on the literary education of Ramón Gómez de la Serna and raised the issue of the readings which may have influenced the author or o! f the editorial choices which gave birth to the greguerías. The purpose of this study is to reassess the literary position of Ramón Gómez de la Serna within the context of his training, that of the years 1910. The models of writing prevailing then and the vocational dimension the craft took on at the time — shaped by a daily collaboration with newspapers and magazines — were the essential aesthetic foundations of the writer’s future work. In this context, the Ramonian prose sheds a new light on the plural and syncretic nature of what I have called the aesthetic ferment of the years 1910 in Spain
Orlando, Enrico Riccardo. "Emilio Cecchi : i «Tarli» (1921-1923)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040047.
Повний текст джерелаBetween 15th July 1921 and 30th November 1923, Emilio Cecchi published in the newspaper «La Tribuna» 111 articles signed with the pseudonym “Il tarlo”: they are the literary review entitled Libri nuovi e usati. Cecchi wrote about a lot of Italian and foreign books, many of whom are now firmly in the canon. Sometimes he recommended, for the first time in Italy, fondamental masterpieces: for example, on 2nd March 1923, he is the first italian critic who wrote about Ulysses by James Joyce. These short critical texts show Cecchi's interpretive acuity: with an always measured tone, he created a vivid survey of the Italian and foreign literary life after the end of the First World War. This thesis is the complete edition of the literary review, preceded by an introduction and accompanied by critical notes and a detailed index of names
Trancart, Vinciane. "Accords et désaccords. Pratiques et représentations de la guitare à Madrid et en Andalousie de 1883 à 1922." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030100/document.
Повний текст джерелаDuring the transition from the nineteenth to the twentieth centuries, when the question of national identity is continuing to develop in Spain, the guitar is repeatedly mentioned as the “national instrument”. This platitude ultimately proves to be a paradoxical symbol of an identity that is still under debate during this period. While stereotypical descriptions caricature the reality by oversimplifying it, on the contrary, guitar practices diversify during the Restoration, because of technical changes in the instrument and the evolution of folk, classical and flamenco music. The composition in 1920 by Manuel de Falla of the first piece for solo guitar (Homenaje a Debussy) and the organization of the First Contest of the Cante Jondo in Granada in 1922 testify to the gradual recognition of the instrument. Yet the proliferation of printed matter, favored by the freedom of the press law (1883), gives rise to numerous literary and visual representations of the guitar that do not accurately reflect these changes. They mostly bring out its popular, Andalusian and even flamenco character, and its ability to impregnate the imagination. Published in periodicals in Madrid or Andalusia, these works influence the reception of the instrument: it is both appreciated by an increasingly wide audience, disregarded for being absent from museums and institutions, and rejected by social and moral standards because of its presence in decried places. Yet, even when this stereotype is disputed, the guitar takes on an original symbolic dimension, rooted in everyday life, which manifests itself through the emotions it provokes
En la bisagra entre los siglos XIX y XX, cuando la cuestión de la identidad nacional se planteaba con intensidad en España, se aludió muchas veces a la guitarra como el “instrumento nacional”. Este lugar común aparece como un símbolo paradójico de una identidad todavía en debate. Mientras que el cliché caricaturiza la realidad simplificándola, las prácticas de la guitarra, por el contrario, se diversificaron durante la Restauración, debido a las transformaciones técnicas del instrumento y a la evolución de la música popular, clásica y flamenca. La composición en 1920 por Manuel de Falla de la primera obra para una guitarra solista (Homenaje a Debussy) y la organización del Primer Concurso de Cante Jondo en Granada en 1922 dan fe del progresivo reconocimiento del instrumento. Sin embargo, la multiplicación de los impresos, favorecida por la Ley de Policía de Imprenta (1883), dio lugar a numerosas representaciones literarias y plásticas de la guitarra que no reflejaban fielmente esas mutaciones, sino que destacaban, sobre todo, su carácter popular, andaluz e incluso flamenco, y su capacidad de impregnar todo el imaginario colectivo español. Publicadas en periódicos andaluces o madrileños, estas obras influyeron en la recepción del instrumento que, apreciado por un público cada vez más amplio, resultaba también desconocido, por su ausencia en museos e instituciones, al mismo tiempo que era rechazado según criterios sociales y morales por su presencia en lugares considerados deshonrosos. No obstante, incluso cuando se critica el estereotipo, la guitarra posee una dimensión simbólica, enraizada en lo cotidiano, que se manifiesta a través de la emoción que suscita
Sauthier, Etienne. "Combray sous les tropiques : diffusions, réceptions, appropriations et traductions de l'oeuvre de Marcel Proust au Brésil (1913-1960)." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030141.
Повний текст джерелаThe twentieth century was an era of profound cultural change for Brazil. Reacting to the First World War, perceived as Europe’s suicide, and anticipating the centenary of the country’s independence, in 1922, the national elite sensed it was urgent to provide Brazil with a national cultural identity, even if the definition of this identity might be variable. In this context, the observation of the circulation, reception and translation of Marcel Proust’s work in Brazil helps to understand the cultural fragmentation of Brazil during the twentieth century. This thesis shows that Proust’s work could be read in many different ways according to the cultural context which received it. In Search of Lost Time was in this way gradually integrated into the Brazilian cultural horizon and, with time, gained the status of a classic in the country. This study is also and above all an opportunity to analyse the national elite of a country, during an era of deep change. Starting from a particular cultural process – the circulation of a literary work – this study aims to observe the general relation between the Brazilian cultural and social elite and France and its culture, which remained a “ghost interlocutor” throughout the period . We will thus attempt to examine the circulation, reception and translation of Proust’s work to obtain an X-ray of the Brazilian intellectual circles in that period, aware however that such a approach can only show this elite as seen through one particular lens
Mahot, Boudias Florian. "La Poésie insupportable : politiques de la littérature dans l’entre-deux-guerres européen, autour de L. Aragon, W. H. Auden et B. Brecht." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100131.
Повний текст джерелаLeaving behind the spiritualist and idealist method which is frequent in poetry criticism nowadays, this dissertation aims to challenge the model of an essentially non-political poetry. It adopts both a historical and theoretical approach and focuses on so-called minor poems or poems that were later on excluded from the literary canon. Focused on France, Britain and Germany between the two World Wars, it presents how poets became politicized and how they conceived of the links between poetry and politics between 1918 and 1939. The main corpus is composed of L. Aragon, W. H. Auden and Bertolt Brecht but also extends to A. Breton, X. de Magallon, S. Spender, C. Day Lewis, T. S. Eliot, E. Pound, W. Lewis, G. Benn and even V. Mayakovski and R. Alberti, etc. The three main authors should be considered as centres to explore the European literary networks and describe reception effects. The project also encompasses various newspapers, magazines and literary journals (La N.R.f., Commune, Eurydice, The Criterion, The Left Review, Die neue Rundschau, Das Wort, etc.). The first part of this research is historical and establishes how poets and critics quarrelled about the notions of “propaganda” and “pure poetry” over the period. The second part is analytical and delves into how poets evoke contemporary history and how they use writing and publishing strategies to make their poems more effective in the public space. The third part is more theoretical and depicts how poets conceived their own historicity, how they positioned themselves with respect to the poetry of the past, to contemporary modernist theories of artistic autonomy and to the political programmes of the Avant-Garde
Petry, Fernando Floriani. "Revista do Livro : um projeto político, literário e cultural." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2015. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/162804.
Повний текст джерелаMade available in DSpace on 2016-05-24T17:52:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 338230.pdf: 1736912 bytes, checksum: b2e30bc197d6fc15fc7abcdf43ef58bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Publicada entre os anos de 1956 e 1970, a Revista do Livro era o órgão oficial do Instituto Nacional do Livro. Seu projeto foi retomado pelo Departamento Nacional do Livro - subordinado à Fundação Biblioteca Nacional - em 2002. Idealizada pelo poeta gaúcho Augusto Meyer, a revista reuniu em suas páginas nomes significativos da intelectualidade brasileira em suas diferentes fases de publicação, que coincidiram com diferentes momentos polÃticos brasileiros. Sua primeira fase, de 1956 a 1961, compreende exatamente o perÃodo do Governo de Juscelino Kubitschek e possui 24 números divididos em 20 volumes. Sua segunda fase, de 1964 a 1970, ocorreu durante o perÃodo da Ditadura Militar no Brasil, com 19 números publicados em 17 volumes. E sua terceira e atual fase, iniciada em 2002, coincide com a eleição de LuÃs Inácio Lula da Silva, do Partido dos Trabalhadores para a Presidência da República e recupera a sequência numérica da revista. O último número lançado, em 23 de julho de 2015, foi o 55, totalizando 12 números em 12 volumes. Diante dessa proliferação de números, optamos por realizar um recorte na definição do corpus de pesquisa para a presente tese, focando na primeira fase da revista. Assim sendo, trabalharemos com os 24 primeiros números, publicados entre os anos de 1956 e 61, ampliando o olhar para a sua fase embrionária, ou seja, para os anos de planejamento e criação do Instituto Nacional do Livro e da sua revista. A presente tese sustenta a hipótese de que a Revista do Livro atuou a partir de um projeto polÃtico, literário e cultural especÃfico, cujos objetivos eram imaginar e selecionar as tradições que serviriam de base para (re)fundar a Literatura Nacional a partir da constituição de um cânone baseado nos grandes vultos da historiografia literária.
Résumé : La Revista do Livro (Revue du Livre) fut publiée au Brésil entre les années 1956 et 1970, en tant que revue officielle de l'Instituto Nacional do Livro (Institut National du Livre), organe du gouvernement fédéral du Brésil responsable de la politique publique sur le livres et les bibliothèques entre 1938 et 1970. En 2002, la Revista do Livro fut reprise par le Departamento Nacional do Livro (Département national du livre), subordonnéà la Fundação Biblioteca Nacional (Fondation bibliothèque nationale). Le projet conçu par le poète Augusto Meyer, avait attiré d'importants personnages de l'inteligentzia brésilienne au long des différentes étapes de sa publication. Chacune de cellescia correspondu à des différents moments politiques du pays. Dans sa première phase, la Revista do Livro fut publiée entre 1956 et 1961, période qui correspond à celle gouvernement du président Juscelino Kubistchek. La deuxième phase de publication, de 1964 jusqu'à 1970 correspond à la période de la dictature militaire au Brésil. La phase actuelle débuta en 2002, la même année de l'élection du président LuÃs Inácio Lula da Silva, le premier élu d'un parti de gauche à la tête du gouvernement au Brésil. Cette thèse se propose d'analyser, la première phase de publication de la Revista do Livro qui constitue son corpus. La présente thèse part de l'hypothèse que à travers la compréhension de l'action de la revue se dégage un projet politique, littéraire et culturel spécifique dont les objectives étaient d'imaginer et de sélectionner parmi les traditions brésiliennes celles qui devaient être la base de la formation d'une spécificité de la Littérature Brésilienne : la Littérature Brésilienne des « grands hommes ».
Bertrand, Frédérick. "La représentation des souffrances et des horreurs de la Première Guerre mondiale dans les journaux de tranchées." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33128.
Повний текст джерелаFrançois, Noémie. "Concha Alós , une remise en lumière nécessaire." Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU1001.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis aims at placing the writer Concha Alós (1922-2011) in the limelight again and at reevaluating her production. As a writer revealed under Franco’s regime, she received an important media and cultural recognition in the 60s and 70s but suffers today from an almost general indifference. The purpose of this PhD dissertation is to provide – for the first time – a comprehensive study of Concha Alós’s personal and professional path and, in a more fine-grained way, her aesthetic work. After a careful review of a large number of documents (published or not, edited, etc.) and private archives, I retrace the trajectory of a Spanish woman writer in a country shackled by dictatorship, position her amongst her contemporaries, determine the reasons for her oblivion and analyze her productions which appear under the form of narratives, newspaper articles and scenarios. The study’s aim is to update our knowledge of a committed woman, whose caustic pen, direct style and powerful themes today deserve to be rehabilitated
Fincoeur, Michel. "Contribution à l'histoire de l'édition francophone belge sous l'Occupation allemande 1940-1944." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210875.
Повний текст джерела1. Introduction
Le 10 mai 1940 et pour la seconde fois en vingt ans, la Belgique est envahie par l’Allemagne. Contrairement à l’invasion de la Grande Guerre, il ne faut que dix-huit jours aux armées teutonnes pour écraser l’armée belge et occuper le territoire national tout entier. Peu avant la fin des hostilités, la vie culturelle reprend néanmoins timidement. Dès la fin mai 1940, les cinémas rouvrent leurs portes. La presse reparaît sous surveillance allemande. L’édition du livre, machine beaucoup plus lourde, ne reprend son activité qu’à la fin de l’été de 1940. Avec la signature des conventions bilatérales puis internationales sur la propriété intellectuelle dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, la Belgique a vu le secteur de l’édition du livre s’effondrer. Le public belge marque en outre une certaine désaffection envers les auteurs belges et plus particulièrement envers ceux qui se font éditer localement. N’est-ce pas le mémorialiste français Georges Suarez qui écrivait, en 1932, que « L’écrivain wallon trouve devant lui une route hérissée de difficultés ;son public est clairsemé, épars, capricieux […] ;les snobs locaux, acceptent les yeux fermés tout ce qui vient de Paris […] mais exercent un contrôle hautain sur leurs auteurs nationaux » (Georges Suarez, La Belgique vivante. Préface d’André Tardieu. [Louvain, Editions Rex, 1932], p.28-29). Toutes catégories confondues – presse quotidienne ou périodique, livres et brochures diverses –, la production éditoriale belge – domaines francophone, néerlandophone, germanophone et dialectal wallon confondus – connaît pourtant entre 1936 et 1939 une courbe ascendante ;puis, de 1941 à 1945, une inflexion avant de voir remonter lentement la production de 1946 à 1949. Le pic de l’année 1938 ne sera pas égalé dans les dix années qui suivent. En 1939, nous constatons une très infime baisse de l’offre de titres :1,1%. Les sommets atteints par l’éventail de titres proposés en 1938 et 1939 s’explique par la mobilisation des réservistes qui n’ont d’autres loisirs que la lecture. En 1940, le chaos qui suit la Campagne des Dix-Huit Jours contraint la plupart des éditeurs à l’inactivité. La reprise de certains secteurs de l’édition au début de l’été permet toutefois de maintenir une production de titres supérieure aux années 1935-1936. La production reprend de façon spectaculaire en 1941, dépassant le niveau de 1939 et se rapprochant de celui de 1938. Nous interprétons cette remontée du nombre de titres par l’effet de la fermeture des frontières et donc par la nécessité de présenter de nouveaux titres au public belge avide de lecture. De 1942 à 1944, la chute spectaculaire s’explique sans doute par la disparition d’une grande partie de la presse périodique et par le caractère de plus en plus contraignant de la censure allemande. Celle-ci réduit le nombre de titres publiés à cause de la raréfaction croissante du papier disponible. Remarquons que la raréfaction des titres disponibles sur le marché n’implique pas obligatoirement une diminution quantitative des tirages. A partir du mois de septembre 1944 et en 1945, un certain nombre d’éditeurs sont placés sous les projecteurs de la Justice militaire et interrompent ou cessent leurs activités. Par ailleurs, une série de petits éditeurs occasionnels qui publiaient n’importe quoi sous n’importe quelle forme disparaissent du champ éditorial. De plus, la pénurie de papier, les ruptures de fourniture d’électricité industrielle qui fait tourner les rotatives et la réouverture des frontières aux importations françaises, puis néerlandaise dans la seconde moitié de l’année 1945, incitent les éditeurs belges à la frilosité. Enfin, en 1946, la reprise peut s’expliquer par la stabilisation économique.
2. L’épuration des bibliothèques et des librairies
Même si la liberté de presse est garantie par la Constitution, la loi belge organise les délits de presse. Les circonstances exceptionnelles de la déclaration de guerre de la France et de l’Angleterre à l’Allemagne à la suite de l’invasion de la Pologne provoquent la création d’un éphémère Ministère de l’Information nationale (1939-1940), puis d’un Service d’Information du Premier Ministre (1940). Une censure larvée, justifiée par la sécurité du territoire et le respect de la neutralité de la Belgique, est d’ailleurs exercée dès le mois de septembre 1939 afin d’éviter tout prétexte d’intervention de la part des belligérants. Durant les premiers mois de l’Occupation, une épuration anarchique s’exerce à l’encontre des bibliothèques privées et des librairies. Ce sont tantôt des soldats qui brûlent des livres trouvés sur les rayonnages de leur logement réquisitionné, tantôt des officiers qui prennent la mouche en découvrant chez le libraire de leur nouveau lieu de résidence un opuscule de l’espèce J’ai descendu mon premier Boche. Dès le 13 août 1940, la Militärverwaltung ordonne l’épuration systématique des bibliothèques publiques et des librairies. Tout livre ou brochure anti-allemand ou anti-nazi doit être immédiatement mis sous clef et bientôt déposé entre les mains des services allemands. Le soin de déterminer ce qui tombe ou non dans cette catégorie particulièrement vague est laissé à la seule appréciation des bibliothécaires et des libraires. Ceux-ci doivent attendre le mois de septembre 1941 pour que la Propaganda Abteilung daigne publier une liste de 1800 titres interdits. Des compléments sont ensuite régulièrement insérés dans le Journal de la Librairie de la Gilde du Livre et dans les Mededeelingen van het Boekengilde. Le Ministère de l’Instruction publique charge de surcroît des enseignants et des inspecteurs d’épurer les manuels scolaires de tout propos anti-allemands. Cette mesure a pour but d’éviter que l’occupant ne s’en charge lui-même et n’impose le manuel unique à l’instar de ce qui se passe Outre-Rhin. Le 8 octobre 1940, sans en avoir soumis le texte aux autorités allemandes, le Ministère de l’Instruction publique crée donc une Commission chargée de la révision des ouvrages classiques pour l’enseignement normal, moyen, primaire et gardien, plus communément désignée sous le nom de Commission pour la Révision des Ouvrages Classiques. Composée de collaborationnistes notoires mais également d’authentiques résistants, la Commission examinera près de 5000 titres entre la fin octobre 1940 et la fin mai 1944 ;elle interdira l’usage de 564 manuels et en fera modifier 182 autres.
3. La censure des livres
Au début de l’été, les Allemands chargent l’Union des Industries Graphiques & du Livre (UNIGRA), le syndicat des imprimeurs belges, d’exercer une censure préalable générale et d’empêcher ainsi la publication de tout propos anti-allemand. Cette censure est ensuite circonscrite, à partir du 20 août 1940, à la littérature qui traite de sujets militaires et politiques (en ce compris les questions concernant la race, le judaïsme et la Franc-maçonnerie). Le 24 septembre 1940, la Propaganda Abteilung prend le relais de l’organisme belge. Le Referat Schrifttum est dirigé par le Sonderführer Pr Dr Hans Teske et par son adjoint le Sonderführer Leutenant Bruno Orlick. Durant son premier exercice, ce bureau de la littérature refuse 100 manuscrits sur les 600 qu’il examine. A partir du 15 janvier 1943, invoquant le manque de papier, le Referat Schrifttum impose aux éditeurs de soumettre tous leurs manuscrits. Chaque demande est établie en triple exemplaire. Le premier est conservé dans les dossiers de la Propaganda Abteilung, les deux autres exemplaires sont transmis à l’Office Central du Papier - Papier Centrale (OCP-PC). Celui-ci y appose un numéro correspondant à un bon de consommation de papier. L’un est conservé dans les archives de l’OCP et l’autre est retourné à l’éditeur qui doit le présenter à l’imprimeur. Sans ce bon de consommation, l’imprimeur ne peut entreprendre le travail puisqu’il doit justifier les quantités utilisées dans ses ateliers. Tout le processus de contrôle apparaît dans les livres sous la forme de numéros précédés des mentions « Autorisation PA n° » / « Toelating PA nr » / « Zulassung Nr… » et « OCP n° » / « PC nr ». Parfois encore, le numéro d’affiliation de l’imprimeur auprès de l’OCP figure dans le colophon du volume. Chaque numéro est lié à un titre et à l’éditeur qui le demande. En cas d’annulation du projet par l’éditeur, le numéro est alors perdu. Du côté de la SS, l’Abteilung III C 4 de la Sicherheitsdienst se charge notamment de la surveillance des Editions autorisées. Contrairement à la Propaganda Abteilung qui intervient le plus souvent en amont, la SD intervient essentiellement en aval. Celle-ci saisit les ouvrages « séditieux » qui auraient pu échapper à la sagacité des censeurs de la Propaganda Abteilung, ou à l’autocensure des éditeurs belges.
4. La pénurie de papier
Avant la guerre, la Belgique importait la quasi-totalité des matières premières destinées à la fabrication du papier et du carton. Mais le déclenchement des hostilités a rendu l’approvisionnement difficile et réduit en conséquence la fabrication du papier. La pénurie des matières premières provoque une réaction rapide de l’administration militaire allemande. Dès le 17 juin 1940, elle exige un état des lieux de la production, des stocks et de la consommation qui permette la rationalisation de l’économie. Parallèlement à ces mesures et en complément à celles-ci, le Ministère des Affaires économiques crée en février 1941 un Office Central du Papier pour veiller à la production et à l’utilisation rationnelle du papier et du carton. Près de la moitié de la cellulose est alors consacrée à la fabrication de produits ersatz comme le carton-cuir pour les chaussures ou le « Balatum » et l’« Unalit ». En mai 1941, l’OCP interdit la fabrication de produits de luxe tels les confettis, les sous-bocks et le papier-dentelle pour tarte. Les besoins en papier et carton augmentent cependant :pour les emballages en replacement d’autres matières devenues rares, pour le papier d’occultation, ou encore pour la paperasserie administrative occasionnée par la rationalisation de l’économie. En avril 1942, le Referat Papier, sous prétexte de rationalisation, ordonne la fermeture de près de la moitié des papeteries. Mais celles qui restent en activité souffrent de la pénurie de matières premières et de combustible qui entraîne une baisse de la production. En octobre 1942, prétextant cette fois la pénurie de papier, le Referat Schrifttum interdit la publication de livres à plus de 5.000 exemplaires mais autorise des dépassements aux éditeurs suffisamment bien en cour. La consommation de papier est alors contrôlée par l’OCP. En avril 1943, le spectre de la pénurie permet encore le recensement des stocks de papier chez les imprimeurs. Or personne n’est la dupe de ces dernières mesures qui relèvent plus de la censure que de l’économie.
5. La restructuration économique et professionnelle
Dès le début de l’été 1940, la Militärverwaltung commence de saisir les biens ennemis, c’est-à-dire français et britanniques. Grâce à la mise sous séquestre des avoirs du Groupe Hachette, l’actionnaire français de l’Agence Dechenne, le principal distributeur de presse en Belgique est administré par un Allemand, représentant des intérêts du groupe éditorial allemand Amann. Celui-ci obtient le monopole de l’importation de quotidiens étrangers et de la distribution des journaux belges. Il réussit également à devenir le principal grossiste en livres, imposant aux éditeurs le choix de certains titres, le tirage et parfois la couverture des livres. En novembre 1940, tous les éditeurs de livres et de périodiques ainsi que les libraires doivent s’inscrire au Cercle belge de la Librairie ou à son homologue flamand. En juin 1942, le Ministère des Affaires Economiques institue la Gilde du Livre / Boekengilde qui détient, par le biais de ses deux chambres linguistiques, le monopole de la représentation professionnelle. En 1941, l’Occupant suscite la formation d’un organisme de collaboration, la Communauté culturelle wallonne (CCW) qui devrait investir le champ culturel, à l’instar de la Deutsch-Vlämische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DeVlag). Dirigée par l’écrivain prolétarien Pierre Hubermont, la CCW tente de regrouper les auteurs au sein d’une Chambre des Lettres françaises et d’une Chambre des Lettres dialectales. Très peu d’intellectuels se rallieront à cet organisme rapidement démonétisé. A la suite du congrès européen des écrivains tenu à Weimar en octobre 1941, une Europäische Schriftsteller Vereinigung est par ailleurs fondée le 27 mars 1942. Cette Société Européenne des Ecrivains (SEE), destinée à remplacer le PEN-Club international, encourage les traductions et la diffusion des ouvrages de ses membres. Pierre Hubermont est désigné pour tenir le rôle de porte-parole de la Section wallonne et belge de langue française (SWBLF) qui commence d’être organisée dans le courant du mois de mars 1942. Seule une poignée d’écrivains répondront aux sirènes de Weimar. En 1943 la Communauté Culturelle Wallonne fonde une nouvelle structure plus discrète, et surtout, moins discréditée :la Fédération des Artistes wallons et belges d’expression française (FAWBEF) dont l’intitulé est très proche de celui de la section locale de la SEE. Il ne s’agit pas d’un repli stratégique de la part de Pierre Hubermont – qui est cependant contraint de constater le semi échec de la CCW – mais d’une tentative d’officialisation de la structure corporative ébauchée par la CCW sous l’œil attentif du Ministère de l’Instruction publique. La FAWBEF ébauche la création d’une Chambre de Littérature subdivisée en Chambre des Ecrivains d’expression française, en Chambre des Ecrivains d’expression wallonne, en Chambre des Traducteurs et en Chambre des Editeurs. Le but est d’aboutir à une adhésion obligatoire et ainsi à un contrôle de l’accès à la profession. Depuis l’instauration de la législation et la signature des conventions internationales sur la protection des droits d’auteur dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, les redevances sont essentiellement perçues en Belgique par des sociétés de droit français. Face à cette situation de perceptions multiples, l’administration militaire allemande impose une perception unique par une société de droit belge. Dans un premier temps, la Militärverwaltung place sous séquestre les sociétés françaises qui disposent du monopole de fait de la perception des droits d’auteur en Belgique francophone. Dans un second temps, au début du mois de janvier 1941, la Nationale Vereeniging voor Auteursrecht (NAVEA) est réquisitionnée et désignée pour détenir le monopole de la perception des droits. Toujours en janvier 1941, une tentative de rallier l’Association des Artistes professionnels de Belgique (AAPB) à la société unique afin d’en faire sa section francophone échoue grâce à la résistance de ses dirigeants. L’AAPB est alors dissoute par les Allemands. Le monopole de la NAVEA pose de nombreux problèmes juridiques. Pour toucher les droits de suite, les artistes et leurs ayants droit doivent devenir membre de la NAVEA, alors que les sociétés françaises interdisent la double appartenance sous peine de perdre les droits à la pension. Après d’âpres pourparlers, la NAVEA s’engage à payer les pensions pour les artistes qui la rejoindraient rapidement. La NAVEA ne collabore pourtant pas avec l’occupant puisque, clandestinement, celle-ci noue un accord avec la société anglaise The Performing Right Society, via Lausanne et Lisbonne, et répartit en secret les droits des auteurs anglais et américains. Elle tente de surcroît de protéger ses affiliés juifs en refusant de livrer la liste des ses adhérents.
6. La production
Malgré les contraintes liées à la pénurie de papier et celles qu’impose la censure, les éditeurs belges profitent des circonstances pour éditer à tour de bras tout et n’importe quoi, puisant essentiellement dans le vivier des littérateurs locaux. En effet, les Belges s’adonnent au loisir peu onéreux de la lecture. La fermeture des frontières bloque les importations de livres français et néerlandais. D’une part, la culture flamande est revalorisée alors que toute velléité pan-néerlandaise est combattue. D’autre part, la littérature française est contingentée :les Lettres françaises sont systématiquement dénigrées car on les juge délétères. Enfin, la germanisation rampante va bon train grâce à la promotion des Lettres scandinaves et allemandes :il s’agit de remodeler les structures mentales des lecteurs grâce aux traductions. Les tirages sont énormes pour des valeurs sûres comme le Leeuw van Vlaanderen (200 000 exemplaires) d’Hendrik Conscience et De Vlaschaard (100 000 exemplaires) de Stijn Streuvels. La plupart des maisons d’édition développent ou inaugurent des collections de lettres étrangères. A la suite de pressions du Referat Schrifttum, rares sont les grands éditeurs qui ne publient pas de traductions de l’allemand. Aux quelques éditeurs rétifs, le chef du Referat Schrifttum suggère de remplacer les textes allemands par des traductions d’auteurs scandinaves et finno-estoniens. C’est ainsi qu’une maison anti-allemande éditera des romans du prix Nobel norvégien Knut Hamsun pourtant rallié à la collaboration la plus dure. Mais les éditeurs ne peuvent pas publier toutes les traductions :les auteurs slaves du nord (Russes et Polonais), anglo-saxons contemporains et juifs sont considérés comme indésirables et interdits. Le Referat Schrifttum autorise la publication de romans anglo-saxons qui ne sont pas encore tombés dans le domaine public. Ces autorisations exceptionnelles ont trait à des textes qui dénigrent systématiquement le modèle social britannique et américain. Curieusement sont ainsi traduits des romans remettant en cause un ordre social ou moral comme Babbitt (1943) de Sinclair Lewis, The Grapes of Wrath (De Druiven der gramschap, 1943 et Grappes d’amertume, 1944) de John Steinbeck, The Picture of Dorian Gray (Le Portrait de Dorian Gray, 1944) d’Oscar Wilde ou encore The Rains came (La Mousson, 1944) de Louis Bromfield. La réédition de The Scarlet Pimpernel (Le Mouron Rouge, 1943) de la baronne Emmuska Orczy dénonce le fanatisme de la Révolution Française et stigmatise l’hédonisme de la Gentry anglaise. A titre d’exemple, les Editions de La Toison d’Or, financées par les Allemands, publient 26 % de traductions, les Editions Les Ecrits sortent 31,75 % de traductions. A l’Uitgeverij De Lage Landen qui publie en langues néerlandaise, allemande et française, les traductions constituent 44 % du catalogue néerlandais.
7. Les éditeurs
La demande permet à une nouvelle génération d’éditeur de se manifester. Certaines maisons d’édition sont créées avec l’appui de l’un ou l’autre service allemand. D’autres, qui ne s’inscrivent pourtant pas dans une politique de collaboration, sont fondées sous le regard attentif de la Propaganda Abteilung. Des maisons jugées hostiles au national-socialisme sont mises sous séquestre. Enfin, des administrateurs provisoires et des directeurs littéraires inféodés au nouveau pouvoir sont nommés. Comme le reste de la population, les acteurs du champ éditorial adoptent un éventail de positions qui va de la Résistance à la Collaboration avec, pour le plus grand nombre, une accommodation à des degrés divers. Si certains choisissent de résister et freinent la politique allemande du livre dans la mesure de leurs moyens, aucun toutefois n’entre dans la clandestinité. A partir du 15 janvier 1943, tous les manuscrits doivent toutefois passer entre les mains de l’administration allemande ;ce sera souvent la seule compromission des éditeurs. La grande majorité des maisons reste patriote, à l’instar des Editions Casterman, des Editions Dupuis ou des Editions Charles Dessart. Un réseau éditorial d’Ordre nouveau est en revanche composé par Léon Degrelle et des rexistes. Le 25 août 1940, la s.a. La Presse de Rex obtient de pouvoir sortir à nouveau son quotidien de combat, Le Pays Réel (1936). La ligne éditoriale outrancière du journal ne parvient pas à fidéliser son lectorat (moins de 10 000 exemplaires vendus en 1942) et Degrelle renfloue les caisses de la rédaction grâce aux bénéfices du Palais des Parfums, une entreprise juive spoliée, et à des subventions de la SS. En 1943, Degrelle finance un nouveau quotidien, L’Avenir, inspiré de Paris Soir. Le groupe de presse de Degrelle publie également des hebdomadaires :une version collaborationniste du Pourquoi Pas ?intitulée pour l’occasion Voilà ;Tout, copié sur les géants Match, Tempo et Signal ;Indiscrétions, un magazine de mode qui prend rapidement le titre Elle et Lui ;et une revue pour jeunes gens, Mon Copain « volé ». La Presse de Rex possède encore trois maisons d’édition :les Editions Rex (1929), les Editions Ignis (1939), l’Uitgeverij Ignis (1941) et les Editions de L’Archer (1944). La s.a. Editoria, dirigée par le critique d’art Paul Colin, fait également partie du même réseau. Editoria regroupe la Nouvelle Société d’Edition (1934), l’hebdomadaire Cassandre (1934) et Le Nouveau Journal (1940). Des journalistes rexistes participent à la création de maisons littéraires :Claude Chabry fonde, en 1943, les éditions du même nom, les Editions du Rond-Point (1943) puis les Editions de La Mappemonde (1943) ;Victor Meulenijzer s’associe au caricaturiste de Cassandre René Marinus pour monter Les Editions du Dragon (1944) ;Eugène Maréchal relance en 1941 les Editions Maréchal (1938) et participe à la création des Editions du Carrefour (1943). Julien Bernaerts, le fondateur des Editions de la Phalange (1934) et de l’Uitgeverij De Phalanx (1938), se rallie à l’Ordre nouveau. Il est bientôt remarqué par le SS-Hauptsturmführer Hans Schneider qui travaille pour l’Ahnenerbe, le cercle académique de la SS. En 1943, Schneider persuade Bernaerts de créer l’Uitgeverij De Burcht. Dans le même cadre, Franz Briel, Léon Van Huffel et René Baert mettent sur pied les Editions de La Roue Solaire (1943). Proche de la SS, le directeur de l’Uitgeverij Steenlandt (DeVlag), Jan Acke, est abattu par la résistance. Il n’est pas le seul puisque Paul Colin est bientôt exécuté par un étudiant de l’Université libre de Bruxelles, Arnaud Fraiteur. Toujours dans l’orbite de la collaboration, les deux grands trusts de presse allemands Mundus et Amann essayent de pénétrer le marché belge. Tandis que le groupe germano-slovaque Mundus finance la création des Editions de La Toison d’Or (1941), fondées par Edouard Didier, Guido Eeckels et Raymond De Becker, Amann tente de s’emparer de l’Uitgeverij De Lage Landen (1941) de Guido Eeckels, puis Mundus devient un temps actionnaire de l’entreprise qui publie alors des ouvrages pour le compte du Deutsche Institut. Rappelons que, par l’entremise d’administrateurs provisoires, Amann pèse sur l’édition grâce à l’Agence Dechenne et signalons que Mundus a fait tomber le quotidien mosan La Légia (1940) dans son escarcelle. Les Editions de Belgique de Maximilien Mention, qui porte pourtant l’uniforme noir des cadres rexistes, ne semblent pas exprimer les idées nouvelles. Les journalistes rexistes Jules Stéphane et son épouse Marguerite Inghels dirigent la coopérative Les Auteurs Associés (1942) et Het Boek (1943) qui ne sont pas non plus d’obédience nazie. A la marge de ce réseau, mais très impliquées dans le réseau national-catholique, figurent les Editions L’Essor (1939) de Léon Renard. Comme toutes les coopératives ouvrières, les Editions Labor d’Alexandre André sont placées sous séquestre. André est maintenu à la direction commerciale de la maison tandis que le chef de la CCW est propulsé par l’occupant à la direction littéraire.
8. La Libération
A la Libération, l’Etat Belge instaure à nouveau un régime de censure larvée dans le but d’empêcher la diffusion des idées ennemies :des auteurs réputés inciviques sont interdits de publication dans la presse, des livres sont saisis et des maisons d’édition sont placées sous séquestre et leurs livres mis à l’index. Quelques éditeurs de la nouvelle génération quittent Bruxelles pour Paris en prétextant la mauvaise conjoncture économique mais en réalité ils fuient un climat qu’ils jugent répressif. Plusieurs retrouvent une place importante dans les champs éditorial et littéraire parisiens où leur passé est ignoré. Notons que la Justice militaire belge a rarement poursuivi un éditeur pour ses activités, comme si les éditeurs n’étaient pas responsables des idées qu’ils ont mises sur le marché. Le refus de livrer la liste de ses adhérents juifs et les accords clandestins avec The Performing Right Society permettent à la NAVEA de survivre après la Libération sous une nouvelle appellation :la Société des Auteurs Belges-Belgische Auteursmaatschappij (SABAM). L’Etat de droit rétabli, les sociétés françaises reprennent leurs activités en Belgique, restaurant ainsi le système de la perception multiple. L’Association des Artistes professionnels de Belgique constitue un jury d’honneur pour sanctionner ses membres qui auraient fauté. L’Association des Ecrivains belges exclut de ses rangs les auteurs compromis. Les Académies expulsent des immortels et en blâment d’autres, les écartant provisoirement de leur honorable société. Des écrivains, peu ou prou impliqués dans la collaboration, suivent le chemin des éditeurs et posent leurs valises sur les bords de la Seine. Les uns deviennent conseillers littéraires de grandes maisons parisiennes, d’autres, comme Paul Kenny, deviennent millionnaires en publiant des romans d’espionnage. Plusieurs exilés ci-devant anti-bolchevistes se lancent dans la traduction de romans anglais et américains. D’aucuns inventent la solderie de livres neufs à prix réduit s’ils ne revêtent pas l’habit vert. La réouverture des frontières aux livres d’écrivains français, néerlandais et anglo-saxons repousse la plupart des littérateurs belges dans l’ombre dont ils étaient sortis à l’occasion de circonstances exceptionnelles. On pourrait croire que l’âge d’or de l’édition est terminé. Or la crise du papier va entraîner l’émergence d’une nouvelle littérature et la création de nouvelles sociétés d’édition :les imprimeurs sont tenus de prendre deux qualités de papier, l’une bonne et l’autre médiocre. Celle-ci est alors utilisée pour des publications à destination de la jeunesse. Naissent ainsi une quinzaine d’hebdomadaires parmi lesquels figurent Franc-Jeu (1944), Lutin (1944), Perce-Neige (1944), Story (1945), Wrill (1945), Cap’taine Sabord (1946), Jeep (1945), Annette (1945) et Tintin (1946). Les deux derniers deviendront de véritables « blanchisseries » pour les réprouvés de l’Epuration… La bande dessinée belge et ses deux écoles, Marcinelle et Bruxelles, ainsi que les sociétés qui éditent leurs albums vont bientôt dominer le marché francophone.
Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation langue et littérature
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Doyon, Nova. "Le rôle de la presse dans la constitution du littéraire au Bas-Canada et au Brésil au cours du premier XIXe siècle : vers la formation d'une culture nationale dans les collectivités neuves des Amériques." Thèse, 2008. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/931/1/D1660.pdf.
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