Дисертації з теми "Preschool"
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Brizic, Biloglav Marija. "Preschool teachers´ views on preschool mathematical environment." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-31962.
Повний текст джерелаBackvall, Patrik. "Preschool Evolved : Communication With Preschool Through Mobile Services." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-155764.
Повний текст джерелаKahriman-, Ozturk Deniz. "Preschool Children." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612365/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаs attitudes towards environmental issues in terms of consumption patterns, environmental protection, recycling-reusing, and living habits and to investigate gender as a factor affecting environmental attitudes. The sample of the study is comprised of 40 preschool age children living in Ankara, Turkey. The research has been realized by qualitative design and the data were collected through interviews. The interview questionnaire was adapted from
Ozturk, Elif. "Preschool Teachers." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609233/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаbeliefs about integration of visual art with other activities in early childhood settings. More specifically, the present study examined the effects of teachers&rsquo
year of experiences, their educational background and whether they take a course which is related to visual art or not on teachers&rsquo
beliefs about integrated curriculum and integration of visual art with other activities. Preschool teachers were asked to complete &ldquo
teachers&rsquo
beliefs about integration of visual art&rdquo
questionnaire which was developed by the researcher. It includes four parts: demographic information, teachers&rsquo
beliefs about integration, teachers&rsquo
beliefs about integration of visual art with other activities, and the status of the integrated curriculum in early childhood education. The participants of this study consisted of 255 preschool teachers working with children between the ages of 5 to 6. 118 participants were public pre-school teachers whereas 137 of them were private pre-school teachers in Ankara. The results revealed that there were significant relationship between teachers&rsquo
year of experience and their beliefs about integration of activities and teachers&rsquo
perceived role of the integrated curriculum in early childhood education. In addition, a significant relationship was identified between teachers&rsquo
educational background and their beliefs related to integration of visual art with other activities, usage about integration of visual art, and their perceived role or &lsquo
place&rsquo
of the integrated curriculum in early childhood education. Finally, a significant relationship was reported between the last variable, whether the teacher had taken a course related to visual art or not, and with beliefs about integration of visual art with other activities and usage about integration of visual art.
Evanshen, Pamela. "Preschool Literacy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2003. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4420.
Повний текст джерелаWaltemire, Catlyn L. "Preschool Counts: A Case Study Investigating Preschool's Role in Early Numeracy." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami152628417785085.
Повний текст джерелаBaker, Sandberg Veronica. "Reading aloud in preschool - interaction during your reading in preschool." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-27878.
Повний текст джерелаKenda, Natasha, and Marina Bosnjak. "Preschool teacher, working environment and stress Statements from preschool teachers." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-27172.
Повний текст джерелаWitthohn, Anna-Lena. "Outdoor Learning as a Chance for Preschool Children to become a ´We´ and an ´I´ : Preschool Teachers´ Perception towards Outdoor Learning in Swedish Preschools." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för beteendevetenskap och lärande, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177847.
Повний текст джерелаAndréason, Jennie. "Computer tablets as an educational tool in preschool and preschool-class." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-35218.
Повний текст джерелаProsalenti, Glykeria. "Preschool quality in the Swedish context : Preschool Heads’ Perspectives and Actions." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-45658.
Повний текст джерелаBagué, Grifoll Janona. "“Children in preschool class have to learn to sit a bit more” : Swedish preschool, preschool class and primary school teachers’ perspectives on the transition from preschool to school." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, CHILD, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-46542.
Повний текст джерелаGlenn-Applegate, Katherine. "Caregivers’ Preschool Selection Factors and Their Degree of Agency in Selecting High Quality Preschools." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306413949.
Повний текст джерелаSonmez, Sema. "Preschool Teachers'." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609188/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаattitudes toward science teaching and its impact on classroom practices through the frequency of science activities provided in the classroom. In addition, attitudes of preschool teachers'
toward science were investigated in terms of affecting factors such as age, educational level, years of teaching experience, undergraduate course work on science, number of children in classroom, and the age group they work with. The present research was conducted with 292 preschool teachers who work in public and private schools in different districts of Ankara during the second semester of 2006-2007 academic years. The data were collected by administering Early Childhood Teachers'
Attitudes toward Science Teaching Scale (ECTASTS). Analysis of the data indicated that there is a statistically significant relationship between preschool teachers'
attitudes toward science and the frequency of science activities that they provide in the classroom. Also, all factors were found highly related with the teachers'
attitudes toward science teaching and the frequency of science activities except for age and in-service training.
Nilsson, Sara, and Malin Olsson. "Outdoor education in preschool." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-34662.
Повний текст джерелаWALSH, CHERYL J. "THE PRESCHOOL CONNECTION PROGRAM." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1086048987.
Повний текст джерелаLindahl, Sarah. "Preschool teacher attrition : A phenomenological analysis of five interviews with former preschool teachers." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Lärarutbildningen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-27566.
Повний текст джерелаSvenska förskolor är kända över hela världen för sin höga kvalitet, men att behålla erfarna förskollärare är en stor utmaning. Sverige har helt inte råd med att många utbildade förskollärare väljer att lämna yrket då det redan i dag finns för få utbildade förskollärare för att uppfylla myndigheternas krav. Studien ämnar undersöka vilka olika faktorer som påverkar förskollärares beslut att lämna yrket. Med fem inspelade, semi-strukturerade intervjuer med före detta förskollärare samt en fenomenologisk analys av data hoppas jag kunna ge en djupare förståelse för problemet och med några små förändringar av det nuvarande systemet hoppas jag kunna locka förskolä̈rare tillbaka till yrket. Resultaten av intervjuerna pekar mot en upplevd frustration vad gäller organisatoriska faktorer på verksamhetsnivå. Detta beror delvis på få utvecklingsmöjligheter för lärare och delvis på orimliga krav på förskollärare som tar hand om stora barngrupper. Upplevd frustration med organisatoriska faktorer står i kontrast mot stolthet över förskolläraryrket i sig. Förskollärarna i studien skulle komma tillbaka till yrket mot ett löfte om mindre barngrupper och kontinuerliga utbildningsmöjligheter prioriteras.
Tufekcioglu, Arzu, and Sinik-Panic Duska. "Music in preschool - a qualitative study of teachers use of music in preschool." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-29712.
Повний текст джерелаDantas, Maria Luiza. "Social Construction of Gender in Preschool Children: A Descriptive Study of Preschool Girls." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392042958.
Повний текст джерелаSomerwil, Tammy A. "Preschool Educators' Perceptions of Their Emotional Socialiser Role of Preschool Children's Emotional Competence." Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/405195.
Повний текст джерелаThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School Educ & Professional St
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text
Nordén, Sofia, and Lisa Saarnak. "When the mission of culture and diversity is put in the preschool teacher’s lap : A study of how preschool teachers work with intercultural issues in Swedish Preschools." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, Förskolepedagogisk didaktisk forskning, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-30864.
Повний текст джерелаRamli, Liza Isyqi Binti. "Attitudes of preschool teachers towards the introduction of Inclusive Education (IE) in Malaysian government preschools." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19566/.
Повний текст джерелаWaloszczyk, Dorota. "Reconsidering documentation systems : Examining Polish preschool educators’ reflections upon Polish preschool documentation system, preschool democracy and Reggio Emilia-inspired pedagogical documentation from Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, Praktiknära utbildningsforskning (PUF), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-45233.
Повний текст джерелаBalck, Marianne. "Phthalates in preschool dust : the relation between phthalates and parameters in the preschool environment." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-262076.
Повний текст джерелаJiang, Yiqun. "Conflicts in Social Interaction Among Chinese and American Preschool Children in an American Preschool /." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487931993469937.
Повний текст джерелаBorgstam, Allison. "Preschool Teachers of Tomorrow : The trajectories, perception, and intentions of Sweden’s preschool student teachers." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik, didaktik och utbildningsstudier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444050.
Повний текст джерелаDuchastel, Christina. "Sibling Interaction in Preschool Children." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-852.
Повний текст джерелаThis study investigates interaction in eight sibling pairs aged 1-5 years with the purpose of examining the prevalence of certain variables constituting the interaction. The siblings were observed with video camera while playing with a toy brought along by the author. In order to validate and expand upon the information obtained from the observations, the parent(s) were asked to respond to a number of questions from a Questionnaire. The variables investigated were reciprocal and complementary interaction, asymmetrical roles, imitation, conflict, joint and parallel play and communication. The results obtained indicate that, in these eight sibling pairs, reciprocal interaction, that is interaction taking place on an equal level, is signified by joint play. Complementary interaction, that is interaction taking place on different levels, is signified by parallel play. High activity level for boys versus low activity level for girls in three sibling pairs were observed to correspond to gender-specific play activities in everyday life.
Vielhaber, Donna Marie. "Disciplining preschool children, parent interaction." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0027/MQ51814.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаKalantari-Darani, Mehrdad. "Conduct disorders in preschool children." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241820.
Повний текст джерелаLiu, Chui-Hua. "Preschool teacher stress in Taipei." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404139.
Повний текст джерелаFessler, Pirmin, and Alyssa Schneebaum. "The Returns to Preschool Attendance." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5176/1/wp233.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSeries: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
Einhärjar, Soodabeh. "Intersectionality and leadership at preschool." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-31948.
Повний текст джерелаBowers, Prudence Ann. "Indirect intervention for preschool stutterers." PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4208.
Повний текст джерелаMennis, Susan M. "Understanding family experiences as a means for developing relevant curriculum for children in a pre-kindergarten classroom /." Read online, 2008. http://library.uco.edu/UCOthesis/MennisSM2008.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаVu, Jennifer Anh-Thu. "Representations of relationships children have with mothers, teachers, and friends, and their relation to social competence." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1872211291&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Повний текст джерелаArnold-Grine, Lori E. "Laboratory schools a critical link in facilitating and enhancing preschool teacher education /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1179509794.
Повний текст джерелаGiannopoulou, Ioanna. "Preschool hyperactivity : development of observational and self-regulation measures for detecting hyperkinetic disorder in preschool children." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404417.
Повний текст джерелаCakwe, Mandisa. "Understanding educator-mediated conflict resolution in a preschool environment: the experiences and feelings of preschool educators." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002452.
Повний текст джерелаTaylor, Shelbi. "Redefining Undervisning for Swedish Preschool : Viewing preschool teachers’ conceptions of teaching through Cultural Historical Activity Theory." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-40024.
Повний текст джерелаAtmore, Eric. "A critical analysis of preschool educare in South Africa : towards effective provision for the preschool child." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17155.
Повний текст джерелаThis study is a critical analysis of educare policy in South Africa with recommendations towards effective provision for the preschool child. The need for a radically revised policy, structure and provision system is based on the inadequacies, inefficiency and ineffectiveness of the present system. A quantitative descriptive research design is used in which use is made predominantly of secondary data and field experience of the writer. Data collection was hindered by the lack of information available and the reluctance of certain authorities to provide information as requested. The historical development of educare in South Africa is outlined. Legislation which, impacts on educare is recorded and the present education and care policies and structures are described. The extent of educare provision is quantified focusing on who is provided for and who is not. Gil's (1981) framework for Analysis and Synthesis of Social Policies is used in analysing educare policy within the Social Planning and Administration paradigm. The study contends that there is no clear unitary discernible educare policy in existence and this has resulted in fragmented structures controlling educare in this country. Particular attention is made to the ideological and value underpinnings of educare policy, structure and provision. The result is an array of services which are uncoordinated and inadequate in terms of the need and demand. The study concludes by making recommendations aimed at eliminating the inadequacies highlighted. A radically revised educare policy is proposed. A three-tier structure with defined responsibilities and functions at each level is suggested. It is the writers belief that implementation of these recommendations will contribute to the solution of problems faced in the educare field today.
Aljabreen, Haifa. "A Comparative Multi-Case Study of Teacher Roles in U.S. Montessori Preschool and Saudi Public Preschool." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1492596882767711.
Повний текст джерелаBaker, Kim Denise. "A comparison of expressive vocabulary produced by nonambulatory, speaking preschool children and ambulatory speaking preschool children." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4250.
Повний текст джерелаOzturk, Elif. "Exploring The Change In Preschool Teachers." Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612759/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаviews about and practices of integration of visual art into science activities that occured after they attended the workshop. In order to explore the changes in five early childhood teachers&rsquo
views about science teaching, semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and activity plans were used in this study. The study was conducted in a private preschool located in the Ç
ayyolu district of Ankara. The first phase of the analysis consisted of portraying all the data related to participant teachers&rsquo
views about science teaching and the integration of science and visual art on the basis of pre-interviews, observation, and post-interviews. The second phase of the analysis involved finding out whether there was any difference between pre- and post-interviews of participant teachers in terms of their views about science teaching and the integration of early childhood science and art. Meanwhile, observational fieldnotes and teachers&rsquo
activity plans were examined based on the themes emerged from the pre- and post-interviews. The findings of this study indicated that early childhood teachers believed in the importance of science activities in their practices. They provided child-centered activities for children to improve their science experiences. In addition, they used different learning experiences that were naturalistic, informal, and structured in early childhood classrooms. In terms of the place of visual art in early childhood curriculum, all participant teachers stated the importance of visual art in early childhood settings. They also mentioned that visual art could be considered as an effective tool for teaching science because children like attending art activities. They preferred to use art activities after they implemented their science activities. Teachers also mentioned that children could easily express themselves with the help of art activities so they stated that they generally used art activities in their classroom practices.
Gardner, Becky M. "Increasing preschool children's acceptance of vegetables." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1187286405.
Повний текст джерелаHui, Man-yee Mary, and 許文愉. "Educating "moral" children: observations froma preschool." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B35416919.
Повний текст джерелаLiu, Yun-Tsen, and 劉芸岑. "The Preschool Educators’ Perception of Organizational Climate in Taichung Public Preschools." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49248481741877511805.
Повний текст джерела國立臺灣師範大學
人類發展與家庭學系
104
This thesis adopts questionnaire survey method, and uses Jorde-Bloom’s (1998a) Organizational Climate to probe into public preschool educators’ perceptions of organizational climate; it further discusses the relation between the organizational climate and the result of reciprocal interaction between public preschool educators individual variables and organizational variables. This thesis applies Jorde-Bloom’s Work Environment Survey as basis, and adapts it to 50 questions of Public Preschool’s Organizational Climate Inventory; the thesis studies 387 educators in Taichung public preschools as study samples, and conducts statistical analysis using exploratory factor analysis, one-way analysis of variance, t-test, and two-way ANOVA. The findings of this thesis are as follows: 1. A strongest correlation exists between the organizational perceptions and educators’ age and the scale of schools they work for, followed by educators’ salary and job title, and again followed by seniority and academic background. 2. The six background variables of the public preschool educators’ are not strongly related to their perceptions of colleague relations, policies, goal consensus, and physical environment. 3. The perception towards organization is better by educators who enjoy lower salaries and seniorities. 4. The perception towards organization is better by educators who enjoy lower salaries and academic background. 5. The perception towards organization is better by young educators who work for bigger-scaled public preschools. 6. The result of reciprocal interaction between public preschool educators individual variables and organizational variables are strongly related to organizational climate. This thesis, based on its results, proposes recommendations to administration authorities, public preschools, public preschool educators and future studies, in hopes of bringing contributions to prospect development of public schools. Keyword: educator in public preschool, organizational climate, interaction
Guarini-Reyes, Patricia. "Does preschool matter? : a comparison among local preschool intervention programs /." 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3312174.
Повний текст джерелаYuan, Lin Pei, and 林珮媛. "Han Preschool Teachers." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/wnzf47.
Повний текст джерелаChiang, Ting-Yen, and 江亭燕. "Study on Preschool Enrollment DM Advertisements-A Case Study of Preschools in Taichung." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/nw8rjr.
Повний текст джерела朝陽科技大學
幼兒保育系
103
The study aims to probe into the features of preschool enrollment DM and its advertising effects. The study first comprehended the current situations of preschool enrollment DM and then analyzed parents’ opinions about the features of the DM and its advertising effects. In addition, it investigated the relationship among kindergarten DM features, advertising effectiveness, and intention to enroll. In addition to analyzing the related researches of preschool enrollment DM and the DM of other industries with literature review, the study also adopted questionnaire survey. The subjects of the survey were the parents of a private registered preschool in Taichung. Stratified sampling was employed, and a total of 601 valid responses were collected. The tool employed by the study was a self-compiled “research questionnaire of preschool Enrollment DM Advertisements.” After the questionnaires were retrieved, statistical methods including descriptive statistics, independent sample t test, one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance), Scheffe’s multiple comparison, Regression Analysis were adopted to analyze data. The findings of this study were as follows: First, parents’ perceptions of DM features and advertising effectiveness varied significantly by several background variables, including age, occupation, education degree, and monthly household income. Second, DM features were positively related to advertising effectiveness for parents; advertising effectiveness was positively related to intention to enroll; DM features were positively related to intention to enroll; the interaction effect of DM features and advertising effectiveness was positively related to intention to enroll.
Huang, Yueh-Chun, and 黃月君. "A Study on the Willingness and Constraints of being a Preschool Director Perceived by Preschool Educators at Affiliated Preschools of Public Schools in Tainan." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/a9b9js.
Повний текст джерела國立嘉義大學
教育行政與政策發展研究所
106
This study aims at exploring the perceptions of willingness and constraints of being a preschool director perceived by preschool educators at affiliated preschools of public schools in Tainan. The main purposes of this study are as follows: 1.to realize the status of the the willingness and constraints of being a preschool director perceived by preschool educators at affiliated preschools of public schools in Tainan. 2.to explore the difference in the willingness and constraints of being a preschool director perceived among preschool educators with various individual backgrounds in Tainan. In oder to achieve the aims above. This study applies the questionnaire survey method. This study applies stratified cluster sampling, and to send questionnaires to preschool educators from preschools of public schools in Tainan. A total number of 262 questionnaires are administered. 243 questionnaires are returned and the return rate is 93%. The valid questionnaires are 235 copies and the valid return rate is 90%. The data are analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis, t test analysis, and one-way analysis of variance etc. The statistical software is SPSS 22.0. The main findings and results of this research are as follows: 1.the status of current perceptions of willingness of being directors perceived by preschool educators in Tainan city are moderate. Their perceptions on the items of constraints are averagely between medium to high. 2.Preschool educators’ perceptions on willingness of being a director of preschool are significantly different when comparing educators with different age, marriage conditioin, education level, years of teaching, and size of preschool. 3.Preschool educators’ perceptions on constraints of being a director of preschool are significantly different when comparing educators with different age, number of children, and years of teaching. 4.Preschool educators with no children perceived higher on the factor of safety needs of willingness of being a director in the preschool than preschool educators with more than two children. 5.Preschool educators who are not married perceived higher on the factor of organizational climate of constraints of being a director in the preschool than preschool educators who are married. This research offers specific suggestions for educational administrations and future studies based on research outcomes.